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Liu L, Gao J, Xing X, Jiang M, Liu Q, Wang S, Luo Y. Cyclin G2 in macrophages triggers CTL-mediated antitumor immunity and antiangiogenesis via interferon-gamma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:358. [PMID: 36566226 PMCID: PMC9789679 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IFN-γ is a key mediator of tumor immunity that can induce macrophage polarization to suppress tumor growth. Cyclin G2 functions as a tumor suppressor in various cancer cells; however, its role in macrophages remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role and underlying mechanisms of cyclin G2 in macrophages in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Mouse tumor models were used to determine the effect of cyclin G2 in macrophages on tumor growth in vivo following IFN-γ treatment. Immunohistochemistry staining, immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the number of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and blood vessels in the mouse tumors. Moreover, the biological roles of cyclin G2 in macrophages with regard to CTL chemotaxis, cytotoxic function, and vascular endothelial cell tube formation were assessed using in vitro functional experiments. Immunoprecipitation (IP), real-time PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were conducted to investigate the underlying mechanisms by which cyclin G2 regulates CTLs and vascular endothelial cells. RESULTS We found that cyclin G2 expression was upregulated in macrophages after IFN-γ treatment. Upregulated cyclin G2 inhibited lung and colon cancer growth by increasing the secretion of its downstream effector CXCL9, which promoted CTL chemotaxis and suppressed vascular endothelial cell tube formation. Moreover, cyclin G2 increased CXCL9 mRNA levels by promoting STAT1 nuclear translocation. In addition, cyclin G2 promoted the activation of the STAT1 signaling pathway, which was dependent on PP2Ac. CONCLUSIONS Cyclin G2 is upregulated by IFN-γ in macrophages, promotes the secretion of CXCL9 to increase CTL chemotaxis and inhibit angiogenesis to suppress tumor growth. Our findings suggest that targeting cyclin G2 could benefit future immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Liaoning Province, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlan Gao
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Liaoning Province, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesha Xing
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Liaoning Province, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Meixi Jiang
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Liaoning Province, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Liu
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Liaoning Province, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shusen Wang
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Liaoning Province, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Luo
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Liaoning Province, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Suo N, Wu Y, Zhou Z, He Q, Bai H, Lin H, Ke Q, Xu P. Genome-Wide Association and Expression Analysis Revealed the Candidate Variants and Molecular Underpinnings of Cold-Stress Response in Large Yellow Croaker. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:927-941. [PMID: 35971020 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is one of the most economically important fish in China. Recently, global climate change has caused more and more intense and extreme low temperature weathers, resulting in huge losses to the large yellow croaker industry. Therefore, it is essential to understand the mechanisms of low-temperature tolerance in large yellow croaker. Here, we conducted an integrative analysis of genome-wide association study (GWAS) and transcriptome analysis to identify candidate variants and reveal the molecular underpinning of cold-stress response in large yellow croaker. A total of 8 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) loci on 6 chromosomes were identified in the GWAS analysis, and 5764 (gill) and 3588 (liver) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in cold-stressed large yellow croaker, respectively. Further comparative and functional analysis of the candidate genes and DEGs highlighted the importance of pathways/genes related to immune response, cellular stress response, lipid transport, and metabolism in the cold-stress response of large yellow croaker. Our results provide insights into the cold tolerance of large yellow croaker and contribute to genomic-based selection for low-temperature-resistant large yellow croaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Suo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yidi Wu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Qian He
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Huaqiang Bai
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Huanling Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Qiaozhen Ke
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde Fufa Fisheries Company Limited, Ningde, 352130, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde Fufa Fisheries Company Limited, Ningde, 352130, China.
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3
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Wu J, Liu X, Reeser JAW, Trimboli AJ, Pécot T, Sizemore GM, Naidu SK, Fernandez SA, Yu L, Hallett M, Park M, Leone GW, Hildreth BE, Ostrowski MC. Stromal p53 Regulates Breast Cancer Development, the Immune Landscape, and Survival in an Oncogene-Specific Manner. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1233-1246. [PMID: 35533313 PMCID: PMC9357052 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coevolution of tumor cells and adjacent stromal elements is a key feature during tumor progression; however, the precise regulatory mechanisms during this process remain unknown. Here, we show stromal p53 loss enhances oncogenic KrasG12D, but not ErbB2, driven tumorigenesis in murine mammary epithelia. Stroma-specific p53 deletion increases both epithelial and fibroblast proliferation in mammary glands bearing the KrasG12D oncogene in epithelia, while concurrently increasing DNA damage and/or DNA replication stress and decreasing apoptosis in the tumor cells proper. Normal epithelia was not affected by stromal p53 deletion. Tumors with p53-null stroma had a significant decrease in total, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells; however, there was a significant increase in myeloid-derived suppressor cells, total macrophages, and M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages, with no impact on angiogenesis or connective tissue deposition. Stroma-specific p53 deletion reprogrammed gene expression in both fibroblasts and adjacent epithelium, with p53 targets and chemokine receptors/chemokine signaling pathways in fibroblasts and DNA replication, DNA damage repair, and apoptosis in epithelia being the most significantly impacted biological processes. A gene cluster in p53-deficient mouse fibroblasts was negatively associated with patient survival when compared with two independent datasets. In summary, stroma-specific p53 loss promotes mammary tumorigenesis in an oncogene-specific manner, influences the tumor immune landscape, and ultimately impacts patient survival. IMPLICATIONS Expression of the p53 tumor suppressor in breast cancer tumor stroma regulates tumorigenesis in an oncogene-specific manner, influences the tumor immune landscape, and ultimately impacts patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghai Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,Department of Radiation Oncology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Julie A. Wallace Reeser
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Anthony J. Trimboli
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Thierry Pécot
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,Biosit – UMS CNRS 3480, Inserm 018, University of Rennes 1, France
| | - Gina M. Sizemore
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Shan K. Naidu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Soledad A. Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Michael Hallett
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC,Department of Biochemistry and Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC
| | - Morag Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC
| | - Gustavo W. Leone
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI,Co-Corresponding Authors: Michael C. Ostrowski, Hollings Cancer Center, 86 Jonathon Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, , Phone: 843-792-5012; Blake E. Hildreth III, Shelby Biomedical Research Building, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, , Phone: 205-934-8697, Gustavo Leone, Clinical Cancer Center, Froedtert Hospital Campus, 8800 W. Doyne Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53226, , Phone: 414-335-1000
| | - Blake E. Hildreth
- Department of Pathology and O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL,Co-Corresponding Authors: Michael C. Ostrowski, Hollings Cancer Center, 86 Jonathon Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, , Phone: 843-792-5012; Blake E. Hildreth III, Shelby Biomedical Research Building, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, , Phone: 205-934-8697, Gustavo Leone, Clinical Cancer Center, Froedtert Hospital Campus, 8800 W. Doyne Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53226, , Phone: 414-335-1000
| | - Michael C. Ostrowski
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC,Co-Corresponding Authors: Michael C. Ostrowski, Hollings Cancer Center, 86 Jonathon Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, , Phone: 843-792-5012; Blake E. Hildreth III, Shelby Biomedical Research Building, 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, , Phone: 205-934-8697, Gustavo Leone, Clinical Cancer Center, Froedtert Hospital Campus, 8800 W. Doyne Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53226, , Phone: 414-335-1000
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Yuan K, Li Z, Kuang W, Wang X, Ji M, Chen W, Ding J, Li J, Min W, Sun C, Ye X, Lu M, Wang L, Ge H, Jiang Y, Hao H, Xiao Y, Yang P. Targeting dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 2 with a highly selective inhibitor for the treatment of prostate cancer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2903. [PMID: 35614066 PMCID: PMC9133015 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30581-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent cancers in men worldwide, and hormonal therapy plays a key role in the treatment of PCa. However, the drug resistance of hormonal therapy makes it urgent and necessary to identify novel targets for PCa treatment. Herein, dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 2 (DYRK2) is found and confirmed to be highly expressed in the PCa tissues and cells, and knock-down of DYRK2 remarkably reduces PCa burden in vitro and in vivo. On the base of DYRK2 acting as a promising target, we further discover a highly selective DYRK2 inhibitor YK-2-69, which specifically interacts with Lys-231 and Lys-234 in the co-crystal structure. Especially, YK-2-69 exhibits more potent anti-PCa efficacy than the first-line drug enzalutamide in vivo. Meanwhile, YK-2-69 displays favorable safety properties with a maximal tolerable dose of more than 10,000 mg/kg and pharmacokinetic profiles with 56% bioavailability. In summary, we identify DYRK2 as a potential drug target and verify its critical roles in PCa. Meanwhile, we discover a highly selective DYRK2 inhibitor with favorable druggability for the treatment of PCa. The kinase DYRK2 is a known oncogene but its role in prostate cancer is unexplored. Here, the authors identify DYRK2 as a target for prostate cancer with a role in invasion and they discover a specific DYRK2 inhibitor that has good pharmacokinetics and efficacy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenbin Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Minghui Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Weijiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjian Min
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengliang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuquan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Meiling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Liping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China
| | - Haixia Ge
- School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, 313000, Huzhou, China
| | - Yuzhang Jiang
- Department of Laboratory, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 223300, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yibei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China.
| | - Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198, Nanjing, China.
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Zhang D, Gao JL, Zhao CY, Wang DN, Xing XS, Hou XY, Wang SS, Liu Q, Luo Y. Cyclin G2 promotes the formation of smooth muscle cells derived foam cells in atherosclerosis via PP2A/NF-κB/LOX-1 pathway. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:446. [PMID: 33850843 PMCID: PMC8039706 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background To investigate the role and underlying mechanism of cyclin G2 (G2-type cyclin) in the formation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) derived foam cells. Methods The levels of α-SMA (alpha-SM-actin), p-NF-κB (phosphorylation nuclear transcription factors kappa B), and LOX-1 (lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1) were measured by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The mouse aortic root smooth muscle cell line MOVAS was transfected to over-express cyclin G2, which were then stimulated with 80 µg/mL ox-LDL (oxidized low-density lipoprotein) to induce foam cell formation. DT-061 an activator of PP2A (protein phosphatase 2A) agonist was used to verify the role of PP2A in the process. Results Knocking out the Ccng2 gene in Apoe-/- mice alleviated aortic lipid plaque, foam cell formulation, ameliorative body weight, and LDL-cholesterol. We observed that the number of α-SMA positive cells was significantly decreased in Apoe-/-Ccng2-/- mice compared to Apoe-/- mice. Also, the protein levels of p-NF-κB and LOX-1 were markedly reduced in the aortic root of Apoe-/-Ccng2-/- mice. Upon stimulation with ox-LDL, upregulated cyclin G2 increased the intracellular lipid accumulation in MOVAS cells. Also, it suppressed the activity of PP2A but up-regulated LOX-1. Additionally, the cell nuclear translocation of p-NF-κB was increased. Interestingly, DT-061 intervention, re-activating the activity of PP2A, reduced the levels of nuclear p-NF-κB and LOX-1. This led to decreased lipid endocytosis reducing the formation of VSMCs- derived foam cells. Conclusions Cyclin G2 increases the nuclear translocation of p-NF-κB by reducing the enzymatic activity of PP2A and upregulating LOX-1, thereby promotes the formation of VSMCs -derived foam cells in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jin-Lan Gao
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen-Yang Zhao
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dan-Ning Wang
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue-Sha Xing
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Hou
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shu-Sen Wang
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qi Liu
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Luo
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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6
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Quandt E, Ribeiro MPC, Clotet J. Atypical cyclins: the extended family portrait. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:231-242. [PMID: 31420702 PMCID: PMC6971155 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of cell division is orchestrated by cyclins, which bind and activate their catalytic workmates, the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Cyclins have been traditionally defined by an oscillating (cyclic) pattern of expression and by the presence of a characteristic "cyclin box" that determines binding to the CDKs. Noteworthy, the Human Genome Sequence Project unveiled the existence of several other proteins containing the "cyclin box" domain. These potential "cyclins" have been named new, orphan or atypical, creating a conundrum in cyclins nomenclature. Moreover, although many years have passed after their discovery, the scarcity of information regarding these possible members of the family has hampered the establishment of criteria for systematization. Here, we discuss the criteria that define cyclins and we propose a classification and nomenclature update based on structural features, interactors, and phylogenetic information. The application of these criteria allows to systematically define, for the first time, the subfamily of atypical cyclins and enables the use of a common nomenclature for this extended family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Quandt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Josep Trueta, s/n, Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08195, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariana P C Ribeiro
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Josep Trueta, s/n, Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08195, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Clotet
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Josep Trueta, s/n, Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08195, Barcelona, Spain.
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7
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Effect of Hypoxia on Gene Expression in Cell Populations Involved in Wound Healing. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2626374. [PMID: 31534956 PMCID: PMC6724439 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2626374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex process regulated by multiple signals and consisting of several phases known as haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling. Keratinocytes, endothelial cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts are the major cell populations involved in wound healing process. Hypoxia plays a critical role in this process since cells sense and respond to hypoxic conditions by changing gene expression. This study assessed the in vitro expression of 77 genes involved in angiogenesis, metabolism, cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis in human keratinocytes (HaCaT), microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1), differentiated macrophages (THP-1), and dermal fibroblasts (HDF). Results indicated that the gene expression profiles induced by hypoxia were cell-type specific. In HMEC-1 and differentiated THP-1, most of the genes modulated by hypoxia encode proteins involved in angiogenesis or belonging to cytokines and growth factors. In HaCaT and HDF, hypoxia mainly affected the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in cell metabolism. This work can help to enlarge the current knowledge about the mechanisms through which a hypoxic environment influences wound healing processes at the molecular level.
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Dardalhon-Cuménal D, Deraze J, Dupont CA, Ribeiro V, Coléno-Costes A, Pouch J, Le Crom S, Thomassin H, Debat V, Randsholt NB, Peronnet F. Cyclin G and the Polycomb Repressive complexes PRC1 and PR-DUB cooperate for developmental stability. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007498. [PMID: 29995890 PMCID: PMC6065198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, ubiquitous expression of a short Cyclin G isoform generates extreme developmental noise estimated by fluctuating asymmetry (FA), providing a model to tackle developmental stability. This transcriptional cyclin interacts with chromatin regulators of the Enhancer of Trithorax and Polycomb (ETP) and Polycomb families. This led us to investigate the importance of these interactions in developmental stability. Deregulation of Cyclin G highlights an organ intrinsic control of developmental noise, linked to the ETP-interacting domain, and enhanced by mutations in genes encoding members of the Polycomb Repressive complexes PRC1 and PR-DUB. Deep-sequencing of wing imaginal discs deregulating CycG reveals that high developmental noise correlates with up-regulation of genes involved in translation and down-regulation of genes involved in energy production. Most Cyclin G direct transcriptional targets are also direct targets of PRC1 and RNAPolII in the developing wing. Altogether, our results suggest that Cyclin G, PRC1 and PR-DUB cooperate for developmental stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Dardalhon-Cuménal
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS),
Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Laboratory of Developmental Biology
(LBD), Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Deraze
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS),
Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Laboratory of Developmental Biology
(LBD), Paris, France
| | - Camille A. Dupont
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS),
Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Laboratory of Developmental Biology
(LBD), Paris, France
| | - Valérie Ribeiro
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS),
Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Laboratory of Developmental Biology
(LBD), Paris, France
| | - Anne Coléno-Costes
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS),
Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Laboratory of Developmental Biology
(LBD), Paris, France
| | - Juliette Pouch
- Institut de biologie de l’Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale
supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Le Crom
- Institut de biologie de l’Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale
supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Univ Antilles, Univ Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS,
Evolution Paris Seine—Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (EPS - IBPS), Paris,
France
| | - Hélène Thomassin
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS),
Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Laboratory of Developmental Biology
(LBD), Paris, France
| | - Vincent Debat
- Institut de Systematique, Evolution, Biodiversité ISYEB UMR 7205, MNHN,
CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne
Universités, Paris, France
| | - Neel B. Randsholt
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS),
Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Laboratory of Developmental Biology
(LBD), Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Peronnet
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS),
Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Laboratory of Developmental Biology
(LBD), Paris, France
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9
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Zhang D, Wang C, Li Z, Li Y, Dai D, Han K, Lv L, Lu Y, Hou L, Wang J. CCNG2 Overexpression Mediated by AKT Inhibits Tumor Cell Proliferation in Human Astrocytoma Cells. Front Neurol 2018; 9:255. [PMID: 29720957 PMCID: PMC5915460 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclin family protein CCNG2 has an important inhibitory role in cancer initiation and progression, but the exact mechanism is still unknown. In this study, we examined the relationship between CCNG2 and the malignancy of astrocytomas and whether the AKT pathway, which is upregulated in astrocytomas, may inhibit CCNG2 expression. CCNG2 expression was found to be negatively associated with the pathological grade and proliferative activity of astrocytomas, as the highest expression was found in control brain tissue (N = 31), whereas the lowest expression was in high-grade glioma tissue (N = 31). Additionally, CCNG2 overexpression in glioma cell lines, T98G and U251 inhibited proliferation and arrested cells in the G0/G1 phase. Moreover, CCNG2 overexpression could increase glioma cells apoptosis. In contrast, AKT activity increased in glioma cells that had low CCNG2 expression. Expression of CCNG2 was higher in cells treated with the AKT kinase inhibitor MK-2206 indicating that the presence of phosphorylated AKT may inhibit the expression of CCNG2. Inhibition of AKT also led to decreased colony formation in T98G and U251 cells and knocked down of CCNG2 reversed the result. Finally, overexpression of CCNG2 in glioma cells reduced tumor volume in a murine model. To conclude, low expression of CCNG2 correlated with the severity astrocytoma and CCNG2 overexpression could induce apoptosis and inhibit proliferation. Inhibition of AKT activity increased the expression of CCNG2. The present study highlights the regulatory consequences of CCNG2 expression and AKT activity in astrocytoma tumorigenesis and the potential use of CCNG2 in anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenxing Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiwei Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liquan Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yicheng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Monteiro AR, Hill R, Pilkington GJ, Madureira PA. The Role of Hypoxia in Glioblastoma Invasion. Cells 2017; 6:E45. [PMID: 29165393 PMCID: PMC5755503 DOI: 10.3390/cells6040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a grade IV astrocytoma, is the most common and deadly type of primary malignant brain tumor, with a patient's median survival rate ranging from 15 to 17 months. The current treatment for GBM involves tumor resection surgery based on MRI image analysis, followed by radiotherapy and treatment with temozolomide. However, the gradual development of tumor resistance to temozolomide is frequent in GBM patients leading to subsequent tumor regrowth/relapse. For this reason, the development of more effective therapeutic approaches for GBM is of critical importance. Low tumor oxygenation, also known as hypoxia, constitutes a major concern for GBM patients, since it promotes cancer cell spreading (invasion) into the healthy brain tissue in order to evade this adverse microenvironment. Tumor invasion not only constitutes a major obstacle to surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, but it is also the main cause of death in GBM patients. Understanding how hypoxia triggers the GBM cells to become invasive is paramount to developing novel and more effective therapies against this devastating disease. In this review, we will present a comprehensive examination of the available literature focused on investigating how GBM hypoxia triggers an invasive cancer cell phenotype and the role of these invasive proteins in GBM progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Monteiro
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Building 8, Room 3.4, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Richard Hill
- Brain Tumour Research Centre of Excellence, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
| | - Geoffrey J Pilkington
- Brain Tumour Research Centre of Excellence, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
| | - Patrícia A Madureira
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, Building 8, Room 3.4, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
- Brain Tumour Research Centre of Excellence, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
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11
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Cánovas V, Puñal Y, Maggio V, Redondo E, Marín M, Mellado B, Olivan M, Lleonart M, Planas J, Morote J, Paciucci R. Prostate Tumor Overexpressed-1 (PTOV1) promotes docetaxel-resistance and survival of castration resistant prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:59165-59180. [PMID: 28938627 PMCID: PMC5601723 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer is presently incurable. The oncogenic protein PTOV1, first described in prostate cancer, was reported as overexpressed and significantly correlated with poor survival in numerous tumors. Here, we investigated the role of PTOV1 in prostate cancer survival to docetaxel and self-renewal ability. Transduction of PTOV1 in docetaxel-sensitive Du145 and PC3 cells significantly increased cell survival after docetaxel exposure and induced docetaxel-resistance genes expression (ABCB1, CCNG2 and TUBB2B). In addition, PTOV1 induced prostatospheres formation and self-renewal genes expression (ALDH1A1, LIN28A, MYC and NANOG). In contrast, Du145 and PC3 cells knockdown for PTOV1 significantly accumulated in the G2/M phase, presented a concomitant increased subG1 peak, and cell death by apoptosis. These effects were enhanced in docetaxel-resistant cells. Analyses of tumor datasets show that PTOV1 expression significantly correlated with prostate tumor grade, drug resistance (CCNG2) and self-renewal (ALDH1A1, MYC) markers. These genes are concurrently overexpressed in most metastatic lesions. Metastases also show PTOV1 genomic amplification in significant co-occurrence with docetaxel-resistance and self-renewal genes. Our findings identify PTOV1 as a promoter of docetaxel-resistance and self-renewal characteristics for castration resistant prostate cancer. The concomitant increased expression of PTOV1, ALDH1A1 and CCNG2 in primary tumors, may predict metastasis and bad prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Cánovas
- Biomedical Research Group of Urology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Puñal
- Biomedical Research Group of Urology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valentina Maggio
- Biomedical Research Group of Urology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Redondo
- Biomedical Research Group of Urology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Marín
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Medical Oncoloy Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Mellado
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Medical Oncoloy Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Olivan
- Biomedical Research Group of Urology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matilde Lleonart
- Biomedical Research in Cancer Stem Cells, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacques Planas
- Biomedical Research Group of Urology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Deparment of Urology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Morote
- Biomedical Research Group of Urology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Deparment of Urology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosanna Paciucci
- Biomedical Research Group of Urology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Epidermal growth factor promotes cyclin G2 degradation via calpain-mediated proteolysis in gynaecological cancer cells. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28640887 PMCID: PMC5481008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin G2 (CCNG2) is an atypical cyclin that functions to inhibit cell cycle progression and is often dysregulated in human cancers. We have previously shown that cyclin G2 is highly unstable and can be degraded through the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. Furthermore, cyclin G2 contains a PEST domain, which has been suggested to act as a signal for degradation by multiple proteases. In this study, we determined if calpains, a family of calcium-dependent proteases, are also involved in cyclin G2 degradation. The addition of calpain inhibitors or silencing of calpain expression by siRNAs strongly enhanced cyclin G2 levels. On the other hand, incubation of cell lysates with purified calpains or increasing the intracellular calcium concentration resulted in a decrease in cyclin G2 levels. Interestingly, the effect of calpain was found to be dependent on the phosphorylation of cyclin G2. Using a kinase inhibitor library, we found that Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Receptor is involved in cyclin G2 degradation and treatment with its ligand, EGF, induced cyclin G2 degradation. In addition, the presence of the PEST domain is necessary for calpain and EGF action. When the PEST domain was completely removed, calpain or EGF treatment failed to trigger degradation of cyclin G2. Taken together, these novel findings demonstrate that EGF-induced, calpain-mediated proteolysis contributes to the rapid destruction of cyclin G2 and that the PEST domain is critical for EGF/calpain actions.
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13
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Nano-sized iron particles may induce multiple pathways of cell death following generation of mistranscripted RNA in human corneal epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 42:348-357. [PMID: 28483490 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron is closely associated with an ambient particulate matters-induced inflammatory response, and the cornea that covers the front of the eye, is among tissues exposed directly to ambient particulate matters. Prior to this study, we confirmed that nano-sized iron particles (FeNPs) can penetrate the cornea. Thus, we identified the toxic mechanism of FeNPs using human corneal epithelial cells. At 24h after exposure, FeNPs located inside autophagosome-like vacuoles or freely within human corneal epithelial cells. Level of inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide, cytokines, and a chemokine was notably elevated accompanied by the increased generation of reactive oxygen species. Additionally, cell proliferation dose-dependently decreased, and level of multiple pathways of cell death-related indicators was clearly altered following exposure to FeNPs. Furthermore, expression of gene encoding DNA binding protein inhibitor (1, 2, and 3), which are correlated to inhibition of the binding of mistranscripted RNA, was significantly down-regulated. More importantly, expression of p-Akt and caspase-3 and conversion to LC3B-II from LC3B-I was enhanced by pretreatment with a caspase-1 inhibitor. Taken together, we suggest that FeNPs may induce multiple pathways of cell death via generation of mistranscripted RNA, and these cell death pathways may influence by cross-talk. Furthermore, we propose the need of further study for the possibility of tumorigenesis following exposure to FeNPs.
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14
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Comprehensive phenotypic analysis of knockout mice deficient in cyclin G1 and cyclin G2. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39091. [PMID: 27982046 PMCID: PMC5159814 DOI: 10.1038/srep39091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin G1 (CycG1) and Cyclin G2 (CycG2) play similar roles during the DNA damage response (DDR), but their detailed roles remain elusive. To investigate their distinct roles, we generated knockout mice deficient in CycG1 (G1KO) or CycG2 (G2KO), as well as double knockout mice (DKO) deficient in both proteins. All knockouts developed normally and were fertile. Generation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from these mice revealed that G2KO MEFs, but not G1KO or DKO MEFs, were resistant to DNA damage insults caused by camptothecin and ionizing radiation (IR) and underwent cell cycle arrest. CycG2, but not CycG1, co-localized with γH2AX foci in the nucleus after γ-IR, and γH2AX-mediated DNA repair and dephosphorylation of CHK2 were delayed in G2KO MEFs. H2AX associated with CycG1, CycG2, and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), suggesting that γH2AX affects the function of PP2A via direct interaction with its B'γ subunit. Furthermore, expression of CycG2, but not CycG1, was abnormal in various cancer cell lines. Kaplan-Meier curves based on TCGA data disclosed that head and neck cancer patients with reduced CycG2 expression have poorer clinical prognoses. Taken together, our data suggest that reduced CycG2 expression could be useful as a novel prognostic marker of cancer.
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15
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Zimmermann M, Arachchige-Don APS, Donaldson MS, Patriarchi T, Horne MC. Cyclin G2 promotes cell cycle arrest in breast cancer cells responding to fulvestrant and metformin and correlates with patient survival. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:3278-3295. [PMID: 27753529 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1243189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Definition of cell cycle control proteins that modify tumor cell resistance to estrogen (E2) signaling antagonists could inform clinical choice for estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer (BC) therapy. Cyclin G2 (CycG2) is upregulated during cell cycle arrest responses to cellular stresses and growth inhibitory signals and its gene, CCNG2, is directly repressed by E2-bound ER complexes. Our previous studies showed that blockade of HER2, PI3K and mTOR signaling upregulates CycG2 expression in HER2+ BC cells, and that CycG2 overexpression induces cell cycle arrest. Moreover, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor signaling strongly represses CycG2. Here we show that blockade of ER-signaling in MCF7 and T47D BC cell lines enhances the expression and nuclear localization of CycG2. Knockdown of CycG2 attenuated the cell cycle arrest response of E2-depleted and fulvestrant treated MCF7 cells. These muted responses were accompanied by sustained inhibitory phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (RB) protein, expression of cyclin D1, phospho-activation of ERK1/2 and MEK1/2 and expression of cRaf. Our work indicates that CycG2 can form complexes with CDK10, a CDK linked to modulation of RAF/MEK/MAPK signaling and tamoxifen resistance. We determined that metformin upregulates CycG2 and potentiates fulvestrant-induced CycG2 expression and cell cycle arrest. CycG2 knockdown blunts the enhanced anti-proliferative effect of metformin on fulvestrant treated cells. Meta-analysis of BC tumor microarrays indicates that CCNG2 expression is low in aggressive, poor-prognosis BC and that high CCNG2 expression correlates with longer periods of patient survival. Together these findings indicate that CycG2 contributes to signaling networks that limit BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Zimmermann
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of California , Davis , CA , USA.,b Department of Pharmacology , University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA.,c Department of Internal Medicine , Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis , Sacramento , CA , USA
| | | | | | - Tommaso Patriarchi
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of California , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Mary C Horne
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of California , Davis , CA , USA.,b Department of Pharmacology , University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
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16
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Oosthuysen WF, Mueller T, Dittrich MT, Schubert-Unkmeir A. Neisseria meningitidiscauses cell cycle arrest of human brain microvascular endothelial cells at S phase via p21 and cyclin G2. Cell Microbiol 2015; 18:46-65. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Mueller
- Department of Bioinformatics; University of Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Marcus T. Dittrich
- Department of Bioinformatics; University of Wuerzburg; Wuerzburg Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics; University of Wuerzburg; Germany
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17
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Maizels Y, Gerlitz G. Shaping of interphase chromosomes by the microtubule network. FEBS J 2015; 282:3500-24. [PMID: 26040675 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that microtubule dynamics play a major role in chromosome condensation and localization during mitosis. During interphase, however, it is assumed that the metazoan nuclear envelope presents a physical barrier, which inhibits interaction between the microtubules located in the cytoplasm and the chromatin fibers located in the nucleus. In recent years, it has become apparent that microtubule dynamics alter chromatin structure and function during interphase as well. Microtubule motor proteins transport several transcription factors and exogenous DNA (such as plasmid DNA) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Various soluble microtubule components are able to translocate into the nucleus, where they bind various chromatin elements leading to transcriptional alterations. In addition, microtubules may apply force on the nuclear envelope, which is transmitted into the nucleus, leading to changes in chromatin structure. Thus, microtubule dynamics during interphase may affect chromatin spatial organization, as well as transcription, replication and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Maizels
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Israel
| | - Gabi Gerlitz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Israel
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18
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The BMI1 polycomb protein represses cyclin G2-induced autophagy to support proliferation in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Leukemia 2015; 29:1993-2002. [PMID: 25925206 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The BMI1 polycomb protein regulates self-renewal, proliferation and survival of cancer-initiating cells essentially through epigenetic repression of the CDKN2A tumor suppressor locus. We demonstrate here for the first time that BMI1 also prevents autophagy in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell lines, to support their proliferation and clonogenic activity. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we identified CCNG2/cyclin G2 (CCNG2) as a direct BMI1 target. BMI1 downregulation in CD34+ CML cells by PTC-209 pharmacological treatment or shBMI1 transduction triggered CCNG2 expression and decreased clonogenic activity. Also, ectopic expression of CCNG2 in CD34+ CML cells strongly decreased their clonogenicity. CCNG2 was shown to act by disrupting the phosphatase 2A complex, which activates a PKCζ-AMPK-JNK-ERK pathway that engages autophagy. We observed that BMI1 and CCNG2 levels evolved inversely during the progression of CML towards an acute deadly phase, and therefore hypothesized that BMI1 could support acute transformation of CML through the silencing of a CCNG2-mediated tumor-suppressive autophagy response.
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19
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Ramachandiran S, Adon A, Guo X, Wang Y, Wang H, Chen Z, Kowalski J, Sunay UR, Young AN, Brown T, Mar JC, Du Y, Fu H, Mann KP, Natkunam Y, Boise LH, Saavedra HI, Lossos IS, Bernal-Mizrachi L. Chromosome instability in diffuse large B cell lymphomas is suppressed by activation of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:2341-51. [PMID: 25359525 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common form of lymphoma in the United States. DLBCL comprises biologically distinct subtypes including germinal center-like (GCB) and activated-B-cell-like DLBCL (ABC). The most aggressive type, ABC-DLBCL, displays dysregulation of both canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathway as well as genomic instability. Although, much is known about the tumorigenic roles of the canonical NF-kB pathway, the precise role of the noncanonical NF-kB pathway remains unknown. Here we show that activation of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway regulates chromosome stability, DNA damage response and centrosome duplication in DLBCL. Analysis of 92 DLBCL samples revealed that activation of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway is associated with low levels of DNA damage and centrosome amplification. Inhibiting the noncanonical pathway in lymphoma cells uncovered baseline DNA damage and prevented doxorubicin-induced DNA damage repair. In addition, it triggered centrosome amplification and chromosome instability, indicated by anaphase bridges, multipolar spindles and chromosome missegregation. We determined that the noncanonical NF-κB pathway execute these functions through the regulation of GADD45α and REDD1 in a p53-independent manner, while it collaborates with p53 to regulate cyclin G2 expression. Furthermore, this pathway regulates GADD45α, REDD1 and cyclin G2 through direct binding of NF-κB sites to their promoter region. Overall, these results indicate that the noncanonical NF-κB pathway plays a central role in maintaining genome integrity in DLBCL. Our data suggests that inhibition of the noncanonical NF-kB pathway should be considered as an important component in DLBCL therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampath Ramachandiran
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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20
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Mattaloni SM, Ferretti AC, Tonucci FM, Favre C, Goldenring JR, Larocca MC. Centrosomal AKAP350 modulates the G 1/S transition. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2014; 3:e26331. [PMID: 24475373 PMCID: PMC3891632 DOI: 10.4161/cl.26331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AKAP350 (AKAP450/AKAP9/CG-NAP) is an A-kinase anchoring protein, which recruits multiple signaling proteins to the Golgi apparatus and the centrosomes. Several proteins recruited to the centrosomes by this scaffold participate in the regulation of the cell cycle. Previous studies indicated that AKAP350 participates in centrosome duplication. In the present study we specifically assessed the role of AKAP350 in the progression of the cell cycle. Our results showed that interference with AKAP350 expression inhibits G1/S transition, decreasing the initiation of both DNA synthesis and centrosome duplication. We identified an AKAP350 carboxyl-terminal domain (AKAP350CTD), which contained the centrosomal targeting domain of AKAP350 and induced the initiation of DNA synthesis. Nevertheless, AKAP350CTD expression did not induce centrosomal duplication. AKAP350CTD partially delocalized endogenous AKAP350 from the centrosomes, but increased the centrosomal levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2). Accordingly, the expression of this AKAP350 domain increased the endogenous phosphorylation of nucleophosmin by Cdk2, which occurs at the G1/S transition and is a marker of the centrosomal activity of the cyclin E-Cdk2 complex. Cdk2 recruitment to the centrosomes is a necessary event for the development of the G1/S transition. Altogether, our results indicate that AKAP350 facilitates the initiation of DNA synthesis by scaffolding Cdk2 to the centrosomes, and enabling its specific activity at this organelle. Although this mechanism could also be involved in AKAP350-dependent modulation of centrosomal duplication, it is not sufficient to account for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella M Mattaloni
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental; Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Rosario, Argentina
| | - Anabela C Ferretti
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental; Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Rosario, Argentina
| | - Facundo M Tonucci
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental; Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Rosario, Argentina
| | - Cristián Favre
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental; Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Rosario, Argentina
| | - James R Goldenring
- Departments of Surgery and Cell and Developmental Biology; Epithelial Biology Center; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center and the Nashville VA Medical Center; Nashville, TN USA
| | - M Cecilia Larocca
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental; Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Rosario, Argentina
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21
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Xiao X, Zhou L, Cao P, Gong H, Zhang Y. MicroRNA-93 regulates cyclin G2 expression and plays an oncogenic role in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:161-74. [PMID: 25309979 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNA93 (miR-93) is expressed in the miR‑106b-25 cluster, located in intron 13 of the MCM7 gene. Our previous study found that miR-93 was significantly upregulated in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), and cyclin G2 (CCNG2) was a potential target of miR-93 in LSCC. However, the possible functions and molecular mechanisms of miR-93 in LSCC remain unknown. In the present study, we show that the level of CCNG2 protein expression was significantly lower in LSCC cancer tissue than normal tissues. The level of CCNG2 was correlated with clinical stages, lymph node metastasis and histological grade. We further show that the expression level of miR-93 was inversely correlated with CCNG2 expression in clinical specimens. Furthermore, gain-of-function assays revealed that miR-93 promoted cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis rates, induced cell cycle arrest and promoted cell migration and invasion, whereas silencing of miR-93 attenuated these carcinogenic processes. In addition, overexpression of miR-93 in Hep-2 cells could reduce the mRNA and protein levels of CCNG2, whereas silencing of miR-93 in Hep-2 cells significantly increased CCNG2 expression. A luciferase assay verified that miR-93 could bind to the 3' untranslated region of CCNG2. Importantly, ectopic expression of CCNG2 in miR-93 cells rescued the effect of miR-93 on LSCC proliferation. Knockdown of CCNG2 promoted cell proliferation resembling that of miR-93 overexpression. These findings demonstrated that miR-93 promotes tumor growth by directly suppressing CCNG2. Taken together, these results suggested that this newly identified miR-93-CCNG2 axis may be involved in LSCC proliferation and progression. Our findings provide novel potential targets for LSCC therapy and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyan Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Pengyu Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Hongli Gong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Fudan University Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
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Cyclin G2 promotes hypoxia-driven local invasion of glioblastoma by orchestrating cytoskeletal dynamics. Neoplasia 2014; 15:1272-81. [PMID: 24339739 DOI: 10.1593/neo.131440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microenvironmental conditions such as hypoxia potentiate the local invasion of malignant tumors including glioblastomas by modulating signal transduction and protein modification, yet the mechanism by which hypoxia controls cytoskeletal dynamics to promote the local invasion is not well defined. Here, we show that cyclin G2 plays pivotal roles in the cytoskeletal dynamics in hypoxia-driven invasion by glioblastoma cells. Cyclin G2 is a hypoxia-induced and cytoskeleton-associated protein and is required for glioblastoma expansion. Mechanistically, cyclin G2 recruits cortactin to the juxtamembrane through its SH3 domain-binding motif and consequently promotes the restricted tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin in concert with src. Moreover, cyclin G2 interacts with filamentous actin to facilitate the formation of membrane ruffles. In primary glioblastoma, cyclin G2 is abundantly expressed in severely hypoxic regions such as pseudopalisades, which consist of actively migrating glioma cells. Furthermore, we show the effectiveness of dasatinib against hypoxia-driven, cyclin G2-involved invasion in vitro and in vivo. Our findings elucidate the mechanism of cytoskeletal regulation by which severe hypoxia promotes the local invasion and may provide a therapeutic target in glioblastoma.
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Li WJ, Liu GL, Yu F, Xiang XX, Lu YF, Xiao HZ, Shi YP. CCNG2 suppressor biological effects on thyroid cancer cell through promotion of CDK2 degradation. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:6165-71. [PMID: 24289643 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.10.6165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the expression and clinical significance of cyclin G2 (CCNG2) in thyroid carcinoma and the biological effects of CCNG2 overexpression in a cell line. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to analyze CCNG2 protein expression in 63 cases of thyroid cancer and normal tissues to allow the relationship with clinical factors to be assessed. CCNG2 lentiviral and empty vectors were transfected into the thyroid cancer K1 cell line. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting were applied to detect the mRNA and protein levels of CCNG2. MTT assay and cell cycle were also conducted to assess the influence of up-regulated expression of CCNG2 on K1 cell biology. The level of CCNG2 protein expression was found to be significantly lower in thyroid cancer tissue than normal tissues (P<0.05). Western blot: The relative amount of CCNG2 protein in thyroid cancer tissue was respectively found to be significantly lower than in normal tissues (P<0.05), correlating with lymph node metastasis, clinic stage and histological grade (P<0.05), but not gender, age or tumor size (P>0.05). Loss of CCNG2 expression correlated significantly with poor overall survival time on Kaplan-Meier analysis (P<0.05). The results for biological functions showed that K1 cell transfected CCNG2 had a lower survival fraction, a greater percentage in the G0/G1 phases, and lower cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) protein expression compared with K1 cells non-transfected with CCNG2 (P<0.05). CCNG2 expression decreased in thyroid cancer and correlated significantly lymph node metastasis, clinic stage, histological grade and poor overall survival, suggesting that CCNG2 may play important roles as a negative regulator in thyroid cancer K1 cells by promoting degradation of CDK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Juan Li
- Department of Endocrinology (Section I), Tangshan Workers Hospital, Tangshan, China E-mail :
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Garrido-Sánchez L, Roca-Rodríguez MDM, Fernández-Veledo S, Vendrell J, Yubero-Serrano EM, Ocaña-Wilhelmi L, García-Fuentes E, Tinahones FJ. CCNG2 and CDK4 is associated with insulin resistance in adipose tissue. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2014; 10:691-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Down-regulation of cyclin G2 by insulin, IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor 1) and X10 (AspB10 insulin): role in mitogenesis. Biochem J 2014; 457:69-77. [PMID: 24059861 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms whereby insulin analogues may cause enhanced mitogenicity through activation of either the IR (insulin receptor) or the IGF-IR (insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor) are incompletely understood. We demonstrate that in L6 myoblasts expressing only IGF-IRs as well as in the same cells overexpressing the IR, IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor 1), insulin and X10 (AspB10 insulin) down-regulate the mRNA expression level of the cell cycle inhibitor cyclin G2, as measured by qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcription-PCR), and induce cell growth measured by [6-(3)H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. Western blotting showed a marked down-regulation of cyclin G2 at the protein level in both cell lines. Overexpression of cyclin G2 in the two cell lines diminished the mitogenic effect of all three ligands. The use of specific inhibitors indicated that both the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) pathways mediate the down-regulation of Ccng2. The down-regulation of CCNG2 by the three ligands was also observed in other cell lines: MCF-7, HMEC, Saos-2, R(-)/IR and INS-1. These results indicate that regulation of cyclin G2 is a key mechanism whereby insulin, insulin analogues and IGF-I stimulate cell proliferation.
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Sun GG, Zhang J, Hu WN. CCNG2 expression is downregulated in colorectal carcinoma and its clinical significance. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:3339-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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27
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Chen JQ, Liu CJ, Wen HX, Shi CL, Zhang HS, Li M, Sun GG. Changes in the expression of cyclin G2 in esophageal cancer cell and its significance. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:3355-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1442-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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28
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Cui DW, Cheng YJ, Jing SW, Sun GG. Effect of cyclin G2 on proliferative ability of prostate cancer PC-3 cell. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:3017-24. [PMID: 24293374 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1389-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the expression, clinical significance of cyclin G2 (CCNG2) in prostate carcinoma, and the biological effect in its cell line by CCNG2 overexpression. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to analyze CCNG2 protein expression in 85 cases of prostate cancer and normal tissues to study the relationship between CCNG2 expression and clinical factors. CCNG2 lentiviral vector and empty vector were, respectively, transfected into prostate cancer PC-3 cell line. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA level and protein of CCNG2. MTT assay and cell cycle were also conducted as to the influence of the upregulated expression of CCNG2 that might be found on PC-3 cells biological effect. The level of CCNG2 protein expression was found to be significantly lower in prostate cancer tissue than normal tissues (P < 0.05). The level of CCNG2 protein expression was not correlated with age, PSA contention, and tumor size (P < 0.05), but it was correlated with lymph node metastasis, clinic stage, and Gleason score (P < 0.05). The result of biological function shown that PC-3 cell transfected CCNG2 had a lower survival fraction, more percentage of the G0/G1 phases, and lower CDK2 protein expression compared with PC-3 cell untransfected CCNG2 (P < 0.05). CCNG2 expression decreased in prostate cancer and correlated significantly with lymph node metastasis, clinic stage, and Gleason score, suggesting that CCNG2 may play important roles as a negative regulator to prostate cancer cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Cui
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Tangshan Works Hospital, Tangshan, 063000, China
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29
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Change in expression of cyclin G2 in kidney cancer cell and its significance. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:3177-83. [PMID: 24272084 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the expression and clinical significance of cyclin G2 (CCNG2) in kidney carcinoma, and the biological effect in its cell line by CCNG2 overexpression. Immunohistochemistry and western blot were used to analyze CCNG2 protein expression in 63 cases of kidney cancer and normal tissues to study the relationship between CCNG2 expression and clinical factors. CCNG2 lentiviral vector and empty vector were respectively transfected into kidney ACHN cell line. During immunohistochemistry, the level of CCNG2 protein expression was found to be significantly lower in kidney cancer tissue than normal tissues (P < 0.05). After Western blot, the relative amount of CCNG2 protein in kidney cancer tissue was respectively found to be significantly lower than in normal tissues (P < 0.05). The level of CCNG2 protein expression was not correlated with gender, age, tumor size, and pathological types (P > 0.05), but it was correlated with lymph node metastasis, clinic stage, and histological grade (P < 0.05). Loss of CCNG2 expression correlated significantly with poor overall survival time by Kaplan-Meier analysis (P < 0.05). The result of biological function show that ACHN cell-transfected CCNG2 had a lower survival fraction, higher percentage of the G0/G1 phases, and lower CDK2 protein expression compared with ACHN cell-untransfected CCNG2 (P < 0.05). CCNG2 expression decreased in kidney cancer and correlated significantly with lymph node metastasis, clinical stage, histological grade, and poor overall survival, suggesting that CCNG2 may play important roles as a negative regulator to kidney cancer ACHN cell by promoting degradation of CDK2.
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30
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Decreased expression of CCNG2 is significantly linked to the malignant transformation of gastric carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:2631-9. [PMID: 24248541 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the expression, clinical significance of cyclin G2 (CCNG2) in gastric carcinoma, and the biological effect in its cell line by CCNG2 overexpression. Immunohistochemistry and western blot were used to analyze CCNG2 protein expression in 87 cases of gastric cancer and normal tissues to study on the relationship between CCNG2 expression and clinical factors. CCNG2 lentiviral vector was transfected into gastric SGC-7901 cell line. RT-PCR and western blot were used to detect the mRNA level and protein of CCNG2. MTT assay and cell cycle were also conducted as to the influence of the upregulated expression of CCNG2 that might be found on SGC-7901 cell biological effect. Immunohistochemically, the level of CCNG2 protein expression was found to be significantly lower in gastric cancer tissue than in normal tissues (P < 0.05). Western blot shows that the relative amount of CCNG2 protein in gastric cancer tissue was found to be significantly lower than in normal tissues (P < 0.05). The level of CCNG2 protein expression was correlated with T stages, lymph node metastasis, clinical stage, and histological grade (P < 0.05). Loss of CCNG2 expression correlated significantly with poor overall survival time by Kaplan-Meier analysis (P < 0.05). The result of biological function showed that SGC-7901 cell-transfected CCNG2 had a lower survival fraction, higher percentage of the G0/G1 phases, and lower CDK2 protein expression compared with SGC-7901 cell untransfected CCNG2 (P < 0.05). CCNG2 expression decreased in gastric cancer and correlated significantly T stages, lymph node metastasis, clinical stage, histological grade, and poor overall survival, suggesting that CCNG2 may play important roles as a negative regulator to gastric cancer cell by promoting degradation of CDK2.
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Fontes-Oliveira CC, Busquets S, Fuster G, Ametller E, Figueras M, Olivan M, Toledo M, López-Soriano FJ, Qu X, Demuth J, Stevens P, Varbanov A, Wang F, Isfort RJ, Argilés JM. A differential pattern of gene expression in skeletal muscle of tumor-bearing rats reveals dysregulation of excitation-contraction coupling together with additional muscle alterations. Muscle Nerve 2013; 49:233-48. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.23893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cibely Cristine Fontes-Oliveira
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal 643 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Sílvia Busquets
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal 643 Barcelona 08028 Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Gemma Fuster
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal 643 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Elisabet Ametller
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal 643 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Maite Figueras
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal 643 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Mireia Olivan
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal 643 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Míriam Toledo
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal 643 Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - Francisco J. López-Soriano
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal 643 Barcelona 08028 Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Xiaoyan Qu
- Procter & Gamble; Mason Business Center; 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road Mason Ohio 45040 USA
| | - Jeffrey Demuth
- Procter & Gamble; Mason Business Center; 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road Mason Ohio 45040 USA
| | - Paula Stevens
- Procter & Gamble; Mason Business Center; 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road Mason Ohio 45040 USA
| | - Alex Varbanov
- Procter & Gamble; Mason Business Center; 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road Mason Ohio 45040 USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Procter & Gamble; Mason Business Center; 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road Mason Ohio 45040 USA
| | - Robert J. Isfort
- Procter & Gamble; Mason Business Center; 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road Mason Ohio 45040 USA
| | - Josep M. Argilés
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal 643 Barcelona 08028 Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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Forkhead transcription factor FOXF1 is a novel target gene of the p53 family and regulates cancer cell migration and invasiveness. Oncogene 2013; 33:4837-46. [PMID: 24186199 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
p53 is an established tumor suppressor that can activate the transcription of multiple target genes. Recent evidence suggests that p53 may contribute to the regulation of cell invasion and migration. In this study, we show that the forkhead box transcription factor FOXF1 is a novel target of the p53 family because FOXF1 is upregulated by p53, TAp73 and TAp63. We show that FOXF1 is induced upon DNA damage in a p53-dependent manner. Furthermore, we identified a response element located within the FOXF1 gene that is responsive to wild-type p53, TAp73β and TAp63γ. The ectopic expression of FOXF1 inhibited cancer cell invasion and migration, whereas the inactivation of FOXF1 stimulated cell invasion and migration. We also show that FOXF1 regulates the transcriptional activity of E-cadherin (CDH1) by acting on its FOXF1 consensus binding site located upstream of the E-cadherin gene. Collectively, our results show that FOXF1 is a p53 family target gene, and our data suggest that FOXF1 and p53 form a portion of a regulatory transcriptional network that appears to have an important role in cancer cell invasion and migration.
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Naito Y, Yabuta N, Sato J, Ohno S, Sakata M, Kasama T, Ikawa M, Nojima H. Recruitment of cyclin G2 to promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies promotes dephosphorylation of γH2AX following treatment with ionizing radiation. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1773-84. [PMID: 23656780 DOI: 10.4161/cc.24878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin G2 (CycG2) and Cyclin G1 (CycG1), two members of the Cyclin G subfamily, share high amino acid homology in their Cyclin G boxes. Functionally, they play a common role as association partners of the B'γ subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and regulate PP2A function, and their expression is increased following DNA damage. However, whether or not CycG1 and CycG2 have distinct roles during the cellular DNA damage response has remained unclear. Here, we report that CycG2, but not CycG1, co-localized with promyelocytic leukemia (PML) and γH2AX, forming foci following ionizing radiation (IR), suggesting that CycG2 is recruited to sites of DNA repair and that CycG1 and CycG2 have distinct functions. PML failed to localize to nuclear foci when CycG2 was depleted, and vice versa. This suggests that PML and CycG2 mutually influence each other's functions following IR. Furthermore, we generated CycG2-knockout (Ccng2 (-/-) ) mice to investigate the functions of CycG2. These mice were born healthy and developed normally. However, CycG2-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts displayed an abnormal response to IR. Dephosphorylation of γH2AX and checkpoint kinase 2 following IR was delayed in Ccng2 (-/-) cells, suggesting that DNA damage repair may be perturbed in the absence of CycG2. Although knockdown of B'γ in wild-type cells also delayed dephosphorylation of γH2AX, knockdown of B'γ in Ccng2 (-/-) cells prolonged this delay, suggesting that CycG2 cooperates with B'γ to dephosphorylate γH2AX. Taken together, we conclude that CycG2 is localized at DNA repair foci following DNA damage, and that CycG2 regulates the dephosphorylation of several factors necessary for DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Naito
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
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Casimiro MC, Crosariol M, Loro E, Li Z, Pestell RG. Cyclins and cell cycle control in cancer and disease. Genes Cancer 2013; 3:649-57. [PMID: 23634253 DOI: 10.1177/1947601913479022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin D1 overexpression is found in more than 50% of human breast cancers and causes mammary cancer in transgenic mice. Dysregulation of cyclin D1 gene expression or function contributes to the loss of normal cell cycle control during tumorigenesis. Recent studies have demonstrated that cyclin D1 conducts additional specific functions to regulate gene expression in the context of local chromatin, promote cellular migration, and promote chromosomal instability. It is anticipated that these additional functions contribute to the pathology associated with dysregulated cyclin D1 abundance. This article discusses evidence that examines the functional roles that cyclin D1 may play in cancer with an emphasis on other cyclin family members that also may contribute to cancer and disease in a similar fashion.
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Cabeza-Arvelaiz Y, Schiestl RH. Transcriptome analysis of a rotenone model of parkinsonism reveals complex I-tied and -untied toxicity mechanisms common to neurodegenerative diseases. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44700. [PMID: 22970289 PMCID: PMC3436760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pesticide rotenone, a neurotoxin that inhibits the mitochondrial complex I, and destabilizes microtubules (MT) has been linked to Parkinson disease (PD) etiology and is often used to model this neurodegenerative disease (ND). Many of the mechanisms of action of rotenone are posited mechanisms of neurodegeneration; however, they are not fully understood. Therefore, the study of rotenone-affected functional pathways is pertinent to the understanding of NDs pathogenesis. This report describes the transcriptome analysis of a neuroblastoma (NB) cell line chronically exposed to marginally toxic and moderately toxic doses of rotenone. The results revealed a complex pleiotropic response to rotenone that impacts a variety of cellular events, including cell cycle, DNA damage response, proliferation, differentiation, senescence and cell death, which could lead to survival or neurodegeneration depending on the dose and time of exposure and cell phenotype. The response encompasses an array of physiological pathways, modulated by transcriptional and epigenetic regulatory networks, likely activated by homeostatic alterations. Pathways that incorporate the contribution of MT destabilization to rotenone toxicity are suggested to explain complex I-independent rotenone-induced alterations of metabolism and redox homeostasis. The postulated mechanisms involve the blockage of mitochondrial voltage-dependent anions channels (VDACs) by tubulin, which coupled with other rotenone-induced organelle dysfunctions may underlie many presumed neurodegeneration mechanisms associated with pathophysiological aspects of various NDs including PD, AD and their variant forms. Thus, further investigation of such pathways may help identify novel therapeutic paths for these NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yofre Cabeza-Arvelaiz
- Department of Pathology and Environmental Health Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine and School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
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Zimmermann M, Arachchige-Don AS, Donaldson MS, Dallapiazza RF, Cowan CE, Horne MC. Elevated cyclin G2 expression intersects with DNA damage checkpoint signaling and is required for a potent G2/M checkpoint arrest response to doxorubicin. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:22838-53. [PMID: 22589537 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.376855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To maintain genomic integrity DNA damage response (DDR), signaling pathways have evolved that restrict cellular replication and allow time for DNA repair. CCNG2 encodes an unconventional cyclin homolog, cyclin G2 (CycG2), linked to growth inhibition. Its expression is repressed by mitogens but up-regulated during cell cycle arrest responses to anti-proliferative signals. Here we investigate the potential link between elevated CycG2 expression and DDR signaling pathways. Expanding our previous finding that CycG2 overexpression induces a p53-dependent G(1)/S phase cell cycle arrest in HCT116 cells, we now demonstrate that this arrest response also requires the DDR checkpoint protein kinase Chk2. In accord with this finding we establish that ectopic CycG2 expression increases phosphorylation of Chk2 on threonine 68. We show that DNA double strand break-inducing chemotherapeutics stimulate CycG2 expression and correlate its up-regulation with checkpoint-induced cell cycle arrest and phospho-modification of proteins in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) signaling pathways. Using pharmacological inhibitors and ATM-deficient cell lines, we delineate the DDR kinase pathway promoting CycG2 up-regulation in response to doxorubicin. Importantly, RNAi-mediated blunting of CycG2 attenuates doxorubicin-induced cell cycle checkpoint responses in multiple cell lines. Employing stable clones, we test the effect that CycG2 depletion has on DDR proteins and signals that enforce cell cycle checkpoint arrest. Our results suggest that CycG2 contributes to DNA damage-induced G(2)/M checkpoint by enforcing checkpoint inhibition of CycB1-Cdc2 complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Zimmermann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Shen Y, Takahashi M, Byun HM, Link A, Sharma N, Balaguer F, Leung HCE, Boland CR, Goel A. Boswellic acid induces epigenetic alterations by modulating DNA methylation in colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:542-52. [PMID: 22415137 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.19604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that chemopreventive effects of some dietary polyphenols may in part be mediated by their ability to influence epigenetic mechanisms in cancer cells. Boswellic acids, derived from the plant Boswellia serrata, have long been used for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases due to their potent anti-inflammatory activities. Recent preclinical studies have also suggested that this compound has anti-cancer potential against various malignancies. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying their anti-cancer effects remain elusive. Herein, we report that boswellic acids modulate DNA methylation status of several tumor suppressor genes in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. We treated RKO, SW48 and SW480 CRC cell lines with the active principle present in boswellic acids, acetyl-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA). Using genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression microarray analyses, we discovered that AKBA induced a modest genome-wide demethylation that permitted simultaneous re-activation of the corresponding tumor suppressor genes. The quantitative methylation-specific PCR and RT-PCR validated the gene demethylation and re-expression in several putative tumor suppressor genes including SAMD14 and SMPD3. Furthermore, AKBA inhibited DNMT activity in CRC cells. Taken together, these results lend further support to the growing notion that anti-cancer effect of boswellic acids may in part be due to its ability to demethylate and reactivate methylation-silenced tumor suppressor genes. These results suggest that not only boswellic acid might be a promising epigenetic modulator in the chemoprevention and treatment of CRC, but also provide a rationale for future investigations on the usefulness of such botanicals for epigenetic therapy in other human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shen
- GI Cancer Research Laboratory, Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center and Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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38
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Hubert T, Vandekerckhove J, Gettemans J. Cdk1 and BRCA1 target γ-tubulin to microtubule domains. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 414:240-5. [PMID: 21951856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage is a critical event that requires an appropriate cellular response. This is mediated by checkpoint proteins such as Cdk1 that controls S/G2 and G2/M transition. Cdk1 is required for BRCA1 transport to DNA damage sites inside the nucleus where BRCA1 functions as a scaffold to initiate a signaling cascade. BRCA1 is a multifunctional protein that also ubiquitinates γ-tubulin and, consequently, inhibits microtubule nucleation at the centrosome. Here, we report that γ-tubulin also localizes at confined areas in the microtubule network. Nocodazole-mediated microtubule depolymeration results in disappearance of this γ-tubulin fraction, while microtubule stabilization by taxol preserves this structure. Surprisingly, overexpression of Cdk1 or BRCA1 greatly expands the γ-tubulin coating of microtubules, suggesting that the microtubule-bound γ-tubulin is involved in DNA damage response. This is in accordance with numerous reports of microtubule-associated DNA damage proteins, such as p53, that are transported to the nucleus when DNA damage occurs. γ-Tubulin itself has been reported to form complexes with DNA repair proteins in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hubert
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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39
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Runkle EA, Sundstrom JM, Runkle KB, Liu X, Antonetti DA. Occludin localizes to centrosomes and modifies mitotic entry. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30847-30858. [PMID: 21757728 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.262857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper control of cell cycle progression and barrier function are essential processes to the maintenance of epithelial cell homeostasis. The contribution of tight junction proteins to barrier function is well established, whereas their contribution to cell cycle control is only beginning to be understood. Centrosomes are the principal microtubule organizing centers in eukaryotic cells and centrosome duplication and separation are linked to the cell cycle and mitotic entry. Here we demonstrate that occludin localizes with centrosomes in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Immunocytochemistry and biochemical fractionation studies reveal occludin localizes with centrosomes during interphase and occludin Ser-490 phosphorylation at centrosomes increases with mitotic entry. Stable expression of aspartic acid phosphomimetic (S490D) results in centrosomal localization of occludin and increases cell numbers. Furthermore, we provide evidence that occludin regulates centrosome separation and mitotic entry as the nonphosphorylatable alanine mutation (S490A) impedes centrosome separation, delays mitotic entry, and reduces proliferation. Collectively, these studies demonstrate a novel location and function for occludin in centrosome separation and mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Aaron Runkle
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Jeffrey M Sundstrom
- Ophthalmology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Kristin B Runkle
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Xuwen Liu
- University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - David A Antonetti
- University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105.
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Castro DS, Martynoga B, Parras C, Ramesh V, Pacary E, Johnston C, Drechsel D, Lebel-Potter M, Garcia LG, Hunt C, Dolle D, Bithell A, Ettwiller L, Buckley N, Guillemot F. A novel function of the proneural factor Ascl1 in progenitor proliferation identified by genome-wide characterization of its targets. Genes Dev 2011; 25:930-45. [PMID: 21536733 DOI: 10.1101/gad.627811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proneural genes such as Ascl1 are known to promote cell cycle exit and neuronal differentiation when expressed in neural progenitor cells. The mechanisms by which proneural genes activate neurogenesis--and, in particular, the genes that they regulate--however, are mostly unknown. We performed a genome-wide characterization of the transcriptional targets of Ascl1 in the embryonic brain and in neural stem cell cultures by location analysis and expression profiling of embryos overexpressing or mutant for Ascl1. The wide range of molecular and cellular functions represented among these targets suggests that Ascl1 directly controls the specification of neural progenitors as well as the later steps of neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth. Surprisingly, Ascl1 also regulates the expression of a large number of genes involved in cell cycle progression, including canonical cell cycle regulators and oncogenic transcription factors. Mutational analysis in the embryonic brain and manipulation of Ascl1 activity in neural stem cell cultures revealed that Ascl1 is indeed required for normal proliferation of neural progenitors. This study identified a novel and unexpected activity of the proneural gene Ascl1, and revealed a direct molecular link between the phase of expansion of neural progenitors and the subsequent phases of cell cycle exit and neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo S Castro
- Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, Division of Molecular Neurobiology, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom.
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41
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Long Q, Johnson BA, Osunkoya AO, Lai YH, Zhou W, Abramovitz M, Xia M, Bouzyk MB, Nam RK, Sugar L, Stanimirovic A, Williams DJ, Leyland-Jones BR, Seth AK, Petros JA, Moreno CS. Protein-coding and microRNA biomarkers of recurrence of prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:46-54. [PMID: 21703393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An important challenge in prostate cancer research is to develop effective predictors of tumor recurrence following surgery to determine whether immediate adjuvant therapy is warranted. To identify biomarkers predictive of biochemical recurrence, we isolated the RNA from 70 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded radical prostatectomy specimens with known long-term outcomes to perform DASL expression profiling with a custom panel that we designed of 522 prostate cancer-relevant genes. We identified a panel of 10 protein-coding genes and two miRNA genes (RAD23B, FBP1, TNFRSF1A, CCNG2, NOTCH3, ETV1, BID, SIM2, LETMD1, ANXA1, miR-519d, and miR-647) that could be used to separate patients with and without biochemical recurrence (P < 0.001), as well as for the subset of 42 Gleason score 7 patients (P < 0.001). We performed an independent validation analysis on 40 samples and found that the biomarker panel was also significant at prediction of biochemical recurrence for all cases (P = 0.013) and for a subset of 19 Gleason score 7 cases (P = 0.010), both of which were adjusted for relevant clinical information including T-stage, prostate-specific antigen, and Gleason score. Importantly, these biomarkers could significantly predict clinical recurrence for Gleason score 7 patients. These biomarkers may increase the accuracy of prognostication following radical prostatectomy using formalin-fixed specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Long
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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42
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Fujimura A, Michiue H, Nishiki TI, Ohmori I, Wei FY, Matsui H, Tomizawa K. Expression of a constitutively active calcineurin encoded by an intron-retaining mRNA in follicular keratinocytes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17685. [PMID: 21423799 PMCID: PMC3056713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair growth is a highly regulated cyclical process. Immunosuppressive immunophilin ligands such as cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 are known as potent hair growth modulatory agents in rodents and humans that induce active hair growth and inhibit hair follicle regression. The immunosuppressive effectiveness of these drugs has been generally attributed to inhibition of T cell activation through well-characterized pathways. Specifically, CsA and FK506 bind to intracellular proteins, principally cyclophilin A and FKBP12, respectively, and thereby inhibit the phosphatase calcineurin (Cn). The calcineurin (Cn)/NFAT pathway has an important, but poorly understood, role in the regulation of hair follicle development. Here we show that a novel-splicing variant of calcineurin Aß CnAß-FK, which is encoded by an intron-retaining mRNA and is deficient in the autoinhibitory domain, is predominantly expressed in mature follicular keratinocytes but not in the proliferating keratinocytes of rodents. CnAß-FK was weakly sensitive to Ca(2+) and dephosphorylated NFATc2 under low Ca(2+) levels in keratinocytes. Inhibition of Cn/NFAT induced hair growth in nude mice. Cyclin G2 was identified as a novel target of the Cn/NFATc2 pathway and its expression in follicular keratinocytes was reduced by inhibition of Cn/NFAT. Overexpression of cyclin G2 arrested the cell cycle in follicular keratinocytes in vitro and the Cn inhibitor, cyclosporin A, inhibited nuclear localization of NFATc2, resulting in decreased cyclin G2 expression in follicular keratinocytes of rats in vivo. We therefore suggest that the calcineurin/NFAT pathway has a unique regulatory role in hair follicle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Fujimura
- Department of Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Michiue
- Department of Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tei-ichi Nishiki
- Department of Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Iori Ohmori
- Department of Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Fan-Yan Wei
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Matsui
- Department of Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tomizawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- PREST, Japan Science Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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43
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Desarnaud F, Geck P, Parkin C, Carpinito G, Makarovskiy AN. Gene expression profiling of the androgen independent prostate cancer cells demonstrates complex mechanisms mediating resistance to docetaxel. Cancer Biol Ther 2011; 11:204-12. [PMID: 21057205 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.11.2.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms conferring resistance to docetaxel in prostate cancer patients remain partially understood. We generated docetaxel resistant derivatives of the androgen independent prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and DU-145. Docetaxel rapidly induces DU-145 cell death via apoptosis and the drug resistant cells were produced by periodically exposing proliferating DU-145 cultures to small doses of docetaxel. In PC-3 cells docetaxel induces delayed cell death via mitotic catastrophe evident by profound multinucleation and formation of giant cells. Mononucleated progeny of the giant PC-3 cells shows significant resistance to docetaxel. Gene expression profiling of these docetaxel resistant PC-3 cells revealed sets of docetaxel inducible and constitutively expressed genes associated with major cancer pathways. A contradictory overlap with DU-145 docetaxel resistant cells was also found. Analyses suggested significant changes associated with apoptotic function, DNA repair, cell growth, survival and proliferation, metabolism, maintenance of cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix formation. These cellular processes often contribute to drug resistance and our study identified a set of genes managing this phenotype. Additional analyses of the drug resistant PC-3 cells using shRNA constructs determined direct relevance of Cyclin G2 to docetaxel resistance as well as prevention of multinucleation, whereas the knockdown of upregulated CYP1B1 showed no effect on either of these processes. Downregulated GBP1 was explored by ectopic overexpression and even though GBP1 has a potential to mediate resistance to docetaxel, it was not utilized in PC-3 cells. The results suggest complex combination of gene expression pattern changes that enables resistance to docetaxel while preventing death via multinucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Desarnaud
- Department of Urology, Tufts Medical Center/Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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44
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Brewster CD, Birkenheuer CH, Vogt MB, Quackenbush SL, Rovnak J. The retroviral cyclin of walleye dermal sarcoma virus binds cyclin-dependent kinases 3 and 8. Virology 2010; 409:299-307. [PMID: 21067790 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Walleye dermal sarcoma virus encodes a retroviral cyclin (rv-cyclin) with a cyclin box fold and transcription activation domain (AD). Co-immune precipitation (co-IP) identified an association of rv-cyclin with cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (cdk8). Cdk8 is dependent upon cyclin C and regulates transcription with the Mediator complex, a co-activator of transcription. Mutation of cyclin residues, required for cdk binding, disrupts rv-cyclin-cdk8 co-IP. Mutation or removal of the AD has no effect on cdk8 interaction. Direct rv-cyclin-cdk8 binding is demonstrated by pulldown of active cdk8 and by GST-rv-cyclin binding to recombinant cdk8. Cdk3 is also activated by cyclin C and phosphorylates retinoblastoma protein to initiate entry into the cell division cycle. Co-IP and pulldowns demonstrate direct rv-cyclin binding to cdk3 as well. The rv-cyclin functions as a structural ortholog of cyclin C in spite of its limited amino acid sequence identity with C cyclins or with any known cyclins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie D Brewster
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 1619 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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45
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Aguilar V, Annicotte JS, Escote X, Vendrell J, Langin D, Fajas L. Cyclin G2 regulates adipogenesis through PPAR gamma coactivation. Endocrinology 2010; 151:5247-54. [PMID: 20844002 PMCID: PMC3000854 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle regulators such as cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, or retinoblastoma protein play important roles in the differentiation of adipocytes. In the present paper, we investigated the role of cyclin G2 as a positive regulator of adipogenesis. Cyclin G2 is an unconventional cyclin which expression is up-regulated during growth inhibition or apoptosis. Using the 3T3-F442A cell line, we observed an up-regulation of cyclin G2 expression at protein and mRNA levels throughout the process of cell differentiation, with a further induction of adipogenesis when the protein is transiently overexpressed. We show here that the positive regulatory effects of cyclin G2 in adipocyte differentiation are mediated by direct binding of cyclin G2 to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), the key regulator of adipocyte differentiation. The role of cyclin G2 as a novel PPARγ coactivator was further demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, which showed that the protein is present in the PPARγ-responsive element of the promoter of aP2, which is a PPARγ target gene. Luciferase reporter gene assays, showed that cyclin G2 positively regulates the transcriptional activity of PPARγ. The role of cyclin G2 in adipogenesis is further underscored by its increased expression in mice fed a high-fat diet. Taken together, our results demonstrate a novel role for cyclin G2 in the regulation of adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Aguilar
- IRCM, Institut de recherche en cancérologie de Montpellier
INSERM : U896Université Montpellier ICRLC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque F-34298 Montpellier,FR
| | - Jean-Sébastien Annicotte
- IRCM, Institut de recherche en cancérologie de Montpellier
INSERM : U896Université Montpellier ICRLC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque F-34298 Montpellier,FR
| | - Xavier Escote
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit
University Hospital of TarragonaResearch Department. Pere Virgili Institute, 43007 Tarragona,,ES
| | - Joan Vendrell
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit
University Hospital of TarragonaResearch Department. Pere Virgili Institute, 43007 Tarragona,,ES
| | - Dominique Langin
- I2MR, Institut de médecine moléculaire de Rangueil
INSERM : U858IFR31IFR150Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse IIIInstitut Louis Bugnard 1, avenue Jean Poulhes BP 84225 31432 TOULOUSE CEDEX 4,FR
| | - Lluis Fajas
- IRCM, Institut de recherche en cancérologie de Montpellier
INSERM : U896Université Montpellier ICRLC Val d'Aurelle - Paul Lamarque F-34298 Montpellier,FR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Lluis Fajas
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46
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Ahn SH, Deshmukh H, Johnson N, Cowell LG, Rude TH, Scott WK, Nelson CL, Zaas AK, Marchuk DA, Keum S, Lamlertthon S, Sharma-Kuinkel BK, Sempowski GD, Fowler VG. Two genes on A/J chromosome 18 are associated with susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus infection by combined microarray and QTL analyses. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001088. [PMID: 20824097 PMCID: PMC2932726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it has recently been shown that A/J mice are highly susceptible to Staphylococcus aureus sepsis as compared to C57BL/6J, the specific genes responsible for this differential phenotype are unknown. Using chromosome substitution strains (CSS), we found that loci on chromosomes 8, 11, and 18 influence susceptibility to S. aureus sepsis in A/J mice. We then used two candidate gene selection strategies to identify genes on these three chromosomes associated with S. aureus susceptibility, and targeted genes identified by both gene selection strategies. First, we used whole genome transcription profiling to identify 191 (56 on chr. 8, 100 on chr. 11, and 35 on chr. 18) genes on our three chromosomes of interest that are differentially expressed between S. aureus-infected A/J and C57BL/6J. Second, we identified two significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) for survival post-infection on chr. 18 using N2 backcross mice (F1 [C18A]×C57BL/6J). Ten genes on chr. 18 (March3, Cep120, Chmp1b, Dcp2, Dtwd2, Isoc1, Lman1, Spire1, Tnfaip8, and Seh1l) mapped to the two significant QTL regions and were also identified by the expression array selection strategy. Using real-time PCR, 6 of these 10 genes (Chmp1b, Dtwd2, Isoc1, Lman1, Tnfaip8, and Seh1l) showed significantly different expression levels between S. aureus-infected A/J and C57BL/6J. For two (Tnfaip8 and Seh1l) of these 6 genes, siRNA-mediated knockdown of gene expression in S. aureus–challenged RAW264.7 macrophages induced significant changes in the cytokine response (IL-1 β and GM-CSF) compared to negative controls. These cytokine response changes were consistent with those seen in S. aureus-challenged peritoneal macrophages from CSS 18 mice (which contain A/J chromosome 18 but are otherwise C57BL/6J), but not C57BL/6J mice. These findings suggest that two genes, Tnfaip8 and Seh1l, may contribute to susceptibility to S. aureus in A/J mice, and represent promising candidates for human genetic susceptibility studies. Staphylococcus aureus has a wide spectrum of human infection, ranging from asymptomatic nasal carriage to overwhelming sepsis and death. Mouse models offer an attractive strategy for investigating complex diseases such as S. aureus infections. A/J mice are highly susceptible to S. aureus infection compared with C57BL/6J mice. We showed that genes on chromosomes 8, 11, and 18 in A/J are responsible for susceptibility to S. aureus by using chromosome substitution strains (CSS). From the ∼4200 genes on these three chromosomes, we identified 191 which were differentially expressed between A/J and C57BL/6J when challenged with S. aureus. Next, we identified two significant QTLs on chromosome 18 that are associated with susceptibility to S. aureus infection in N2 backcross mice. Ten genes (March3, Cep120, Chmp1b, Dcp2, Dtwd2, Isoc1, Lman1, Spire1, Tnfaip8, and Seh1l) mapped to the two significant QTLs and were differentially expressed between A/J and C57BL/6J. One gene on each QTL, Tnfaip8 and Seh1l, affected expression of cytokines in mouse macrophages exposed to S. aureus. These cytokine response patterns were consistent with those seen in S. aureus-challenged peritoneal macrophages from CSS 18, but not C57BL/6J. Tnfaip8 and Seh1l are strong candidates for genes influencing susceptibility to S. aureus of A/J mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/cytology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/microbiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neutrophils/cytology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Neutrophils/microbiology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Phenotype
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- Quantitative Trait Loci/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sepsis/genetics
- Sepsis/microbiology
- Sepsis/pathology
- Staphylococcal Infections/genetics
- Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology
- Staphylococcal Infections/pathology
- Staphylococcus aureus/genetics
- Staphylococcus aureus/pathogenicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hee Ahn
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hitesh Deshmukh
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicole Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lindsay G. Cowell
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas H. Rude
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William K. Scott
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Charlotte L. Nelson
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Aimee K. Zaas
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Douglas A. Marchuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sehoon Keum
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Supaporn Lamlertthon
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Batu K. Sharma-Kuinkel
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Vance G. Fowler
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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Sleep E, Boué S, Jopling C, Raya M, Raya A, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Transcriptomics approach to investigate zebrafish heart regeneration. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2010; 11:369-80. [PMID: 20179605 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e3283375900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, after a myocardial infarction episode, the damaged myocardium is replaced by scar tissue with negligible cardiomyocyte proliferation. Zebrafish, in contrast, display an extensive regenerative capacity, as they are able to restore completely lost cardiac tissue after partial ventricular amputation. Although questions about the early signals that drive the regenerative response and the relative role of each cardiac cell type in this process still need to be answered, the zebrafish is emerging as a very valuable tool to understand heart regeneration and to devise strategies that may be of potential value to treat human cardiac disease. Here, we performed a genome-wide transcriptome profile analysis focusing on the early time points of zebrafish heart regeneration and compared our results with those of previously published data. Our analyses confirmed the differential expression of several transcripts and identified additional genes whose expression is differentially regulated during zebrafish heart regeneration. We validated the microarray data by conventional and/or quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For a subset of these genes, their expression pattern was analyzed by in-situ hybridization and shown to be upregulated in the regenerating area of the heart. Our results offer new insights into the biology of heart regeneration in the zebrafish and, together with future experiments in mammals, may be of potential interest for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Sleep
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Barcelona, Spain
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48
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Flegg CP, Sharma M, Medina-Palazon C, Jamieson C, Galea M, Brocardo MG, Mills K, Henderson BR. Nuclear export and centrosome targeting of the protein phosphatase 2A subunit B56alpha: role of B56alpha in nuclear export of the catalytic subunit. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:18144-54. [PMID: 20378546 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.093294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase (PP) 2A is a heterotrimeric enzyme regulated by specific subunits. The B56 (or B'/PR61/PPP2R5) class of B-subunits direct PP2A or its substrates to different cellular locations, and the B56alpha, -beta, and -epsilon isoforms are known to localize primarily in the cytoplasm. Here we studied the pathways that regulate B56alpha subcellular localization. We detected B56alpha in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and at the nuclear envelope and centrosomes, and show that cytoplasmic localization is dependent on CRM1-mediated nuclear export. The inactivation of CRM1 by leptomycin B or by siRNA knockdown caused nuclear accumulation of ectopic and endogenous B56alpha. Conversely, CRM1 overexpression shifted B56alpha to the cytoplasm. We identified a functional nuclear export signal at the C terminus (NES; amino acids 451-469), and site-directed mutagenesis of the NES (L461A) caused nuclear retention of full-length B56alpha. Active NESs were identified at similar positions in the cytoplasmic B56-beta and epsilon isoforms, but not in the nuclear-localized B56-delta or gamma isoforms. The transient expression of B56alpha induced nuclear export of the PP2A catalytic (C) subunit, and this was blocked by the L461A NES mutation. In addition, B56alpha co-located with the PP2A active (A) subunit at centrosomes, and its centrosome targeting involved sequences that bind to the A-subunit. Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching (FRAP) assays revealed dynamic and immobile pools of B56alpha-GFP, which was rapidly exported from the nucleus and subject to retention at centrosomes. We propose that B56alpha can act as a PP2A C-subunit chaperone and regulates PP2A activity at diverse subcellular locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron P Flegg
- From the Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute at Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead New South Wales 2145, Australia
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Torres JZ, Ban KH, Jackson PK. A specific form of phospho protein phosphatase 2 regulates anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome association with spindle poles. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:897-904. [PMID: 20089842 PMCID: PMC2836970 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-07-0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In early mitosis, the END (Emi1/NuMA/Dynein-dynactin) network anchors the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) to the mitotic spindle and poles. Spindle anchoring restricts APC/C activity, thereby limiting the destruction of spindle-associated cyclin B and ensuring maintenance of spindle integrity. Emi1 binds directly to hypophosphorylated APC/C, linking the APC/C to the spindle via NuMA. However, whether the phosphorylation state of the APC/C is important for its association with the spindle and what kinases and phosphatases are necessary for regulating this event remain unknown. Here, we describe the regulation of APC/C-mitotic spindle pole association by phosphorylation. We find that only hypophosphorylated APC/C associates with microtubule asters, suggesting that phosphatases are important. Indeed, a specific form of PPP2 (CA/R1A/R2B) binds APC/C, and PPP2 activity is necessary for Cdc27 dephosphorylation. Screening by RNA interference, we find that inactivation of CA, R1A, or R2B leads to delocalization of APC/C from spindle poles, early mitotic spindle defects, a failure to congress chromosomes, and decreased levels of cyclin B on the spindle. Consistently, inhibition of cyclin B/Cdk1 activity increased APC/C binding to microtubules. Thus, cyclin B/Cdk1 and PPP2 regulate the dynamic association of APC/C with spindle poles in early mitosis, a step necessary for proper spindle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Z Torres
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Bollen M, Gerlich DW, Lesage B. Mitotic phosphatases: from entry guards to exit guides. Trends Cell Biol 2009; 19:531-41. [PMID: 19734049 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While the importance of protein kinases for the spatial and temporal control of mitotic events has long been recognized, mitotic phosphatases have only recently come into the limelight. It is now well established that protein phosphatases counteract mitotic kinases, so contributing to the generation of switch-like responses at mitotic stage transitions. In addition, the timely dephosphorylation of mitotic phosphoproteins by tightly regulated phosphatases is required for the assembly and stability of the mitotic spindle, the initiation of anaphase, and exit from mitosis. Mitotic phosphatases also emerge as effectors of the DNA damage and spindle assembly checkpoints. These new findings show that protein phosphatases regulate every step of mitosis and provide novel insights into the dynamic and versatile nature of mitotic phosphoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Bollen
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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