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White Wine Protein Instability: Mechanism, Quality Control and Technological Alternatives for Wine Stabilisation—An Overview. BEVERAGES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages6010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Wine protein instability depends on several factors, but wine grape proteins are the main haze factors, being mainly caused by pathogenesis-related proteins (thaumatin-like proteins and chitinases) with a molecular weight between 10~40 kDa and an isoelectric point below six. Wine protein stability tests are needed for the routine control of this wine instability, and to select the best technological approach to remove the unstable proteins. The heat test is the most used, with good correlation with the natural proteins’ precipitations and because high temperatures are the main protein instability factor after wine bottling. Many products and technological solutions have been studied in recent years; however, sodium bentonite is still the most efficient and used treatment to remove unstable proteins from white wines. This overview resumes and discusses the different aspects involved in wine protein instability, from the wine protein instability mechanisms, the protein stability tests used, and technological alternatives available to stabilise wines with protein instability problems.
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Nadeem T, Khan MA, Ijaz B, Ahmed N, Rahman ZU, Latif MS, Ali Q, Rana MA. Glycosylation of Recombinant Anticancer Therapeutics in Different Expression Systems with Emerging Technologies. Cancer Res 2018; 78:2787-2798. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Domeradzka NE, Werten MWT, de Vries R, de Wolf FA. Production in Pichia pastoris of complementary protein-based polymers with heterodimer-forming WW and PPxY domains. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:105. [PMID: 27286861 PMCID: PMC4902918 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Specific coupling of de novo designed recombinant protein polymers for the construction of precisely structured nanomaterials is of interest for applications in biomedicine, pharmaceutics and diagnostics. An attractive coupling strategy is to incorporate specifically interacting peptides into the genetic design of the protein polymers. An example of such interaction is the binding of particular proline-rich ligands by so-called WW-domains. In this study, we investigated whether these domains can be produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris as part of otherwise non-interacting protein polymers, and whether they bring about polymer coupling upon mixing. Results We constructed two variants of a highly hydrophilic protein-based polymer that differ only in their C-terminal extensions. One carries a C-terminal WW domain, and the other a C-terminal proline-rich ligand (PPxY). Both polymers were produced in P.pastoris with a purified protein yield of more than 2 g L−1 of cell-free broth. The proline-rich module was found to be O-glycosylated, and uncommonly a large portion of the attached oligosaccharides was phosphorylated. Glycosylation was overcome by introducing a Ser → Ala mutation in the PPxY peptide. Tryptophan fluorescence monitored during titration of the polymer containing the WW domain with either the glycosylated or nonglycosylated PPxY-containing polymer revealed binding. The complementary polymers associated with a Kd of ~3 µM, regardless of glycosylation state of the PPxY domain. Binding was confirmed by isothermal titration calorimetry, with a Kd of ~9 µM. Conclusions This article presents a blueprint for the production in P. pastoris of protein polymers that can be coupled using the noncovalent interaction between WW domains and proline-rich ligands. The availability of this highly specific coupling tool will hereafter allow us to construct various supramolecular structures and biomaterials. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0498-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia E Domeradzka
- Wageningen UR Food and Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc W T Werten
- Wageningen UR Food and Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Renko de Vries
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frits A de Wolf
- Wageningen UR Food and Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Striebeck A, Robinson DA, Schüttelkopf AW, van Aalten DMF. Yeast Mnn9 is both a priming glycosyltransferase and an allosteric activator of mannan biosynthesis. Open Biol 2013; 3:130022. [PMID: 24026536 PMCID: PMC3787745 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.130022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell possesses an essential carbohydrate cell wall. The outer layer, mannan, is formed by mannoproteins carrying highly mannosylated O- and N-linked glycans. Yeast mannan biosynthesis is initiated by a Golgi-located complex (M-Pol I) of two GT-62 mannosyltransferases, Mnn9p and Van1p, that are conserved in fungal pathogens. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans mnn9 knockouts show an aberrant cell wall and increased antibiotic sensitivity, suggesting the enzyme is a potential drug target. Here, we present the structure of ScMnn9 in complex with GDP and Mn2+, defining the fold and catalytic machinery of the GT-62 family. Compared with distantly related GT-78/GT-15 enzymes, ScMnn9 carries an unusual extension. Using a novel enzyme assay and site-directed mutagenesis, we identify conserved amino acids essential for ScMnn9 ‘priming’ α-1,6-mannosyltransferase activity. Strikingly, both the presence of the ScMnn9 protein and its product, but not ScMnn9 catalytic activity, are required to activate subsequent ScVan1 processive α-1,6-mannosyltransferase activity in the M-Pol I complex. These results reveal the molecular basis of mannan synthesis and will aid development of inhibitors targeting this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Striebeck
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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Ueno K, Okawara A, Yamagoe S, Naka T, Umeyama T, Utena-Abe Y, Tarumoto N, Niimi M, Ohno H, Doe M, Fujiwara N, Kinjo Y, Miyazaki Y. The mannan of Candida albicans lacking β-1,2-linked oligomannosides increases the production of inflammatory cytokines by dendritic cells. Med Mycol 2012; 51:385-95. [PMID: 23101887 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2012.733892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mannans are mannose polymers attached to cell wall proteins in all Candida species, including the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Mannans are sensed by pattern recognition receptors expressed on innate immune cells. However, the detailed structural patterns affecting immune sensing are not fully understood because mannans have a complex structure that includes α- and β-mannosyl linkages. In this study, we focused on the β-1,2-mannosides of N-linked mannan in C. albicans because this moiety is not present in the non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To investigate the impact of β-1,2-mannosides on immune sensing, we constructed a C. albicans ∆mnn4/∆bmt1 double deletant. Thin-layer chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed that the deletant lacked β-1,2-mannosides in N-linked mannan. Mannans lacking the β-1,2-mannosides induced the production of higher levels of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-12p40 and TNF-α, in mice dendritic cells compared to wild-type mannan. Our data show that β-1,2-mannosides in N-linked mannan reduce the production of inflammatory cytokines by dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Ueno
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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Shibata N, Okawa Y. Enzymatic synthesis of new oligosaccharides using mannosyltransferases from Candida species and their NMR assignments. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:895-9. [PMID: 20460773 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The outer layer of the cell wall of pathogenic fungi, Candida species, consists of mannan, which plays an important role in infection. In this study, we synthesized several oligosaccharides using mannosyltransferases obtained from Candida parapsilosis and Candida albicans. Namely, we synthesized mannotetraoses [Manalpha1--> 2Manalpha1-->3Manalpha1-->2Man and Manalpha1-->3(Manalpha1-->6)Manalpha1-->2Man] from mannotriose, Manalpha1-->3Manalpha1--> 2Man, and mannohexaoses [Manalpha1-->2Manalpha1-->3Manalpha1-->3Manalpha1-->2Manalpha1-->2Man and Manalpha1-->3(Manalpha1-->6)Manalpha1-->3Manalpha1-->2Manalpha1-->2Man] from mannopentaose, Manalpha1-->3Manalpha1-->3Manalpha1-->2Manalpha1-->2Man. The linkage sequence of these oligosaccharides was identified by a sequential (1)H-NMR assignment method combined with rotating frame nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy and relayed coherence transfer spectroscopy. The steric effect by the alpha-1,6-linked branching mannose residue to the H-1 proton chemical shift of the neighboring 3-O-substituted mannose residue was different from that of the 2-O-substituted mannose residue. These oligosaccharides having novel structures seem to be useful as the substrate or ligand for glycomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Shibata
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan.
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Corbacho I, Olivero I, Hernández LM. Identification of the MNN3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Glycobiology 2010; 20:1336-40. [PMID: 20663959 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The MNN3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been identified as a synonym of VPS74. We have compared phenotype characteristics of the original mnn3 mutant, including low dye binding phenotype, size of external invertase, clump formation, and sodium orthovanadate resistance and found these to be identical to those shown by vps74Δ. Mating of both haploid strains resulted in non-complementation of mutant phenotypes. Finally, a vector containing wild-type VPS74 complemented the defects of both vps74Δ and mnn3. This work completes the identification of the entire collection of genes that are defective in mnn mutants. In addition, we have identified the mnn3 mutation by sequencing the VPS74 gene from the original mnn3 strain. We found a single amino acid change of Arg97 to Cys. This unique alteration seems to be sufficient to account for the phenotype of mnn3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Corbacho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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Blanchard V, Gadkari RA, Gerwig GJ, Leeflang BR, Dighe RR, Kamerling JP. Characterization of the N-linked oligosaccharides from human chorionic gonadotropin expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Glycoconj J 2007; 24:33-47. [PMID: 17146714 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-006-9010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a heterodimeric, placental glycoprotein hormone involved in the maintenance of the corpus luteum during the first trimester of pregnancy. Biologically active hCG has been successfully expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris (phCG). In the context of structural studies and therapeutic applications of phCG, detailed information about its glycosylation pattern is a prerequisite. To this end N-glycans were released with peptide-N(4)-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase F and fractionated via anion-exchange chromatography (Resource Q) yielding both neutral (80%) and charged, phosphate-containing (20%) high-mannose-type structures. Subfractionations were carried out via normal phase (Lichrosorb-NH(2)) and high-pH anion-exchange (CarboPac PA-1) chromatography. Structural analyses of the released N-glycans were carried out by using HPLC profiling of fluorescent 2-aminobenzamide derivatives, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and 500-MHz(1)H-NMR spectroscopy. Detailed neutral oligosaccharide structures, in the range of Man(8)GlcNAc(2) to Man(11)GlcNAc(2) including molecular isomers, could be established, and structures up to Man(15)GlcNAc(2) were indicated. Phosphate-containing oligosaccharides ranged from Man(9)PGlcNAc(2) to Man(13)PGlcNAc(2). Mannosyl O-glycans were not detected. Profiling studies carried out on different production batches showed that the oligosaccharide structures are similar, but their relative amounts varied with the culturing media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Blanchard
- Bijvoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Corbacho I, Olivero I, Hernández LM. A genome-wide screen for Saccharomyces cerevisiae nonessential genes involved in mannosyl phosphate transfer to mannoprotein-linked oligosaccharides. Fungal Genet Biol 2005; 42:773-90. [PMID: 15993632 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A collection of haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion strains--both MAT a and alpha--was screened for mutants that exhibit low dye binding (ldb) phenotype. This phenotype has previously been associated with reduced incorporation of mannosyl phosphate groups into the mannoprotein-linked oligosaccharides. We identified 199 nonessential genes whose deletion resulted in a detectable ldb phenotype. They fell into diverse functional categories, including those involved in protein glycosylation, vacuolar function, intracellular transport, cytoskeleton organization, transcription, signal transduction, among others. The study extends the number of known genes that affect mannosyl phosphorylation of mannoprotein-linked oligosaccharides, and establishes a link with other relevant pathways in the cell, especially vacuolar function. We have assigned an LDB name to four uncharacterized ORFs identified in this study: YCL005W, LDB16; YDL146W, LDB17; YLL049W, LDB18; and YOR322C, LDB19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Corbacho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Extremadura, Avda Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
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10
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D'Alessio C, Caramelo JJ, Parodi AJ. Absence of nucleoside diphosphatase activities in the yeast secretory pathway does not abolish nucleotide sugar-dependent protein glycosylation. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:40417-27. [PMID: 16172132 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503149200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It is accepted that glycosyltransferase-generated nucleoside diphosphates are converted to monophosphates in the secretory pathway by nucleoside diphosphatases (NDPases) to provide substrates for antiport transport systems by which entrance of nucleotide sugars from the cytosol into the lumen is coupled to exit of nucleoside monophosphates. Working with Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants affected in anterograde and/or retrograde endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi vesicular traffic and/or defective in one or both secretory pathway (Golgi) NDPases, we show that UDP-Glc: glycoprotein glucosyltransferase-mediated glucosylation is not dependent on the presence of NDPases or on ER-Golgi vesicular traffic and that GDP-Man-dependent N- and O-mannosylations are reduced but not abolished in the absence of NDPases in the secretory pathway. Further, the absence of the main Man-1-P transferase (a Golgi GMP-generating enzyme) does not modify the limited mannosylation observed in the absence of NDPases. Based on these results and on available additional information, we suggest that in the absence of NDPases, the already characterized nucleotide sugar transporters allow entrance of nucleotide sugars into the luminal compartments and that resulting nucleoside diphosphates exit to the cytosol by a still unknown mechanism. Further, an unexpected side result suggests that formation of Ser/Thr-Man(2) may occur in the ER and not exclusively in the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia D'Alessio
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Avda. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
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Wills EA, Redinbo MR, Perfect JR, Poeta MD. New potential targets for antifungal development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.4.3.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
We have completed the identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes that are defective in previously isolated ldb (low-dye-binding) mutants. This was done by complementation of the mutant's phenotype with DNA fragments from a genomic library and by running standard tests of allelism with single-gene deletion mutants of similar phenotype. The results were as follows: LDB2 is allelic to ERD1; LDB4 to SPC72; LDB5 to RLR1; LDB6 to GON7/YJL184W; LDB7 to YBL006C; LDB9 to ELM1; LDB10 to CWH36; LDB11 to COG1; LDB12 to OCH1; LDB13 to VAN1; LDB14 to BUD32; and LDB15 to PHO85. Since the precise function of some of the genes is not known, these data may contribute to the functional characterization of the S. cerevisiae genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Corbacho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
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Shibata N, Kobayashi H, Okawa Y, Suzuki S. Existence of novel beta-1,2 linkage-containing side chain in the mannan of Candida lusitaniae, antigenically related to Candida albicans serotype A. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:2565-75. [PMID: 12787022 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The antigenicity of Candida lusitaniae cells was found to be the same as that of Candida albicans serotype A cells, i.e. both cell wall mannans react with factors 1, 4, 5, and 6 sera of Candida Check. However, the structure of the mannan of C. lusitaniae was significantly different from that of C. albicans serotype A, and we found novel beta-1,2 linkages among the side-chain oligosaccharides, Manbeta1-->2Manbeta1--> 2Manalpha1-->2Manalpha1-->2Man (LM5), and Manbeta1-->2Man-beta1-->2Manbeta1-->2Manalpha1-->2Manalpha1-->2Man (LM6). The assignment of these oligosaccharides suggests that the mannoheptaose containing three beta-1,2 linkages obtained from the mannan of C. albicans in a preceding study consisted of isomers. The molar ratio of the side chains of C. lusitaniae mannan was determined from the complete assignment of its H-1 and H-2 signals and these signal dimensions. More than 80% of the oligomannosyl side chains contained beta-1,2-linked mannose units; no alpha-1,3 linkages or alpha-1,6-linked branching points were found in the side chains. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent inhibition assay using oligosaccharides indicated that LM5 behaves as factor 6, which is the serotype A-specific epitope of C. albicans. Unexpectedly, however, LM6 did not act as factor 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Shibata
- Second Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Okawa Y, Monma K, Shibata N, Kobayashi H, Yamada Y. A new mannoheptaose containing alpha and beta-(1-->2) linkages isolated from the mannan of Torulaspora delbrueckii: ELISA inhibition studies. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:1175-82. [PMID: 12747859 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Torulaspora delbrueckii starin IFO 0955 was examined with respect to its structural and serological properties of the cell wall mannan (Td-0955-M). Td-0955-M revealed significant reactivities with sera from a commercially available factor serum kit (Candida Check) in ELISA. Td-0955-M was investigated for its chemical structure by acetolysis under conventional and mild conditions. NMR and GC techniques were used as analytical techniques. The mannooligosaccharide fractions eluted from a Bio-Gel P-2 column were found to consist of Man(alpha1-2)Man, M2, Man(alpha1-2)Man(alpha1-2)Man and Man(beta1-2)Man(alpha1-2)Man, M3, Man(alpha1-2)Man(beta1-2)Man(beta1-2)Man(alpha1-2)Man, M5, and a new mannoheptaose, which possesses the structure, Man(alpha1-2)Man(beta1-2)Man(beta1-2)Man(beta1-2)Man(beta1-2)Man(alpha1-2)Man, M7. The results of the inhibition ELISA showed that the M7 oligosaccharide significantly inhibited the reactivities in the Td-0955-M-factor serum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Okawa
- Second Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Sendai Aoba-ku, 981-8558, Miyagi, Japan.
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Stolz J, Munro S. The components of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannosyltransferase complex M-Pol I have distinct functions in mannan synthesis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:44801-8. [PMID: 12235155 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208023200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae processes N-linked glycans in the Golgi apparatus in two different ways. Whereas most of the proteins of internal membranes receive a simple core-type structure, a long branched polymer termed mannan is attached to the glycans of many of the proteins destined for the cell wall. The first step in mannan synthesis is the initiation and extension of an alpha-1,6-linked polymannose backbone. This requires the sequential action of two enzyme complexes, mannan polymerases (M-Pol) I and II. M-Pol I contains the proteins Mnn9p and Van1p, although the stoichiometry and individual contributions to enzyme action are unclear. We report here that the two proteins are each present as a single copy in the complex. Both proteins contain a DXD motif found in the active site of many glycosyltransferases, and mutations in this motif in Mnn9p or Van1p reveal that both proteins contribute to mannose polymerization. However, the effects of these mutations on both the in vivo and in vitro activity are distinct, suggesting that the two proteins may have different roles in the complex. Finally, we show that a simple glycoprotein based on hen egg lysozyme can be used as a substrate for modification by purified M-Pol I in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen Stolz
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom
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Zhou Q, Kyazike J, Edmunds T, Higgins E. Mannose 6-phosphate quantitation in glycoproteins using high-pH anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Anal Biochem 2002; 306:163-70. [PMID: 12123652 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2002.5703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An assay has been developed to quantitate the amount of mannose 6-phosphate in glycoproteins using high-pH anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). The method was tested on a recombinant lysosomal enzyme, human alpha-galactosidase A, that contains mannose 6-phosphate. The assay includes two steps: hydrolysis of the glycoprotein in 6.75 M trifluoroacetic acid to release mannose 6-phosphate and quantitation of the released mannose 6-phosphate using HPAEC with PAD. There is a linear relationship between the amount of mannose 6-phosphate measured and the amount of alpha-galactosidase hydrolyzed. The assay is also sensitive for as little as 2.5 microg alpha-galactosidase, which contains 117 pmol mannose 6-phosphate. Further, the assay has been shown to have good day-to-day and operator-to-operator consistency. In order to evaluate the assay for glycoprotein in crude extract, the glycoprotein was separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. The amount of mannose 6-phosphate in the electroblots following hydrolysis was determined using HPAEC-PAD. The assay was also linear when measuring mannose 6-phosphate on electroblots. Therefore, this assay has been shown to be specific, sensitive, and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhou
- Structural Protein Chemistry, Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701, USA
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Tanimoto T, Ikuta A, Sugiyama M, Koizumi K. HPLC analysis of manno-oligosaccharides derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan using an amino column or a graphitized carbon column. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2002; 50:280-3. [PMID: 11848224 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.50.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The chromatographic behavior of manno-oligosaccharides derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan on two kinds of HPLC columns, an aminopropyl-silica column or a graphitized carbon column (GCC), was investigated. The order of elution of manno-oligosaccharides on both columns with acetonitrile-water was almost the same, that is, the retention increased with increasing molecular size. However, the GCC made it possible to isolate completely two isomers of mannotrioses (M(3)-1 and M(3)-2) with different linkage positions. We reinvestigated the structures of mannobiose (M(2)), M(3)s, and mannotetraose (M(4)) that were completely isolated by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiko Tanimoto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women s University, Nishinomiya, Japan.
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Cipollo JF, Trimble RB, Chi JH, Yan Q, Dean N. The yeast ALG11 gene specifies addition of the terminal alpha 1,2-Man to the Man5GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol N-glycosylation intermediate formed on the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:21828-40. [PMID: 11278778 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010896200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial steps in N-linked glycosylation involve the synthesis of a lipid-linked core oligosaccharide followed by the transfer of the core glycan to nascent polypeptides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, we describe alg11, a new yeast glycosylation mutant that is defective in the last step of the synthesis of the Man(5)GlcNAc(2)-PP-dolichol core oligosaccharide on the cytosolic face of the ER. A deletion of the ALG11 gene leads to poor growth and temperature-sensitive lethality. In an alg11 lesion, both Man(3)GlcNAc(2)-PP-dolichol and Man(4)GlcNAc(2)-PP-dolichol are translocated into the ER lumen as substrates for the Man-P-dolichol-dependent sugar transferases in this compartment. This leads to a unique family of oligosaccharide structures lacking one or both of the lower arm alpha1,2-linked Man residues. The former are elongated to mannan, whereas the latter are poor substrates for outerchain initiation by Ochlp (Nakayama, K.-I., Nakanishi-Shindo, Y., Tanaka, A., Haga-Toda, Y., and Jigami, Y. (1997) FEBS Lett. 412, 547-550) and accumulate largely as truncated biosynthetic end products. The ALG11 gene is predicted to encode a 63.1-kDa membrane protein that by indirect immunofluorescence resides in the ER. The Alg11 protein is highly conserved, with homologs in fission yeast, worms, flies, and plants. In addition to these Alg11-related proteins, Alg11p is also similar to Alg2p, a protein that regulates the addition of the third mannose to the core oligosaccharide. All of these Alg11-related proteins share a 23-amino acid sequence that is found in over 60 proteins from bacteria to man whose function is in sugar metabolism, implicating this sequence as a potential sugar nucleotide binding motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Cipollo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12201, USA
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19
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Olivero I, Mañas P, Hernández LM. The mnn2 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is affected in phosphorylation of N-linked oligosaccharides. FEBS Lett 2000; 475:111-6. [PMID: 10858499 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01635-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We studied the phosphorylation of the inner core region of N-linked oligosaccharides in the mannan defective mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae mnn2 which was described as unable to synthesize branches on the outer chain. We performed structural studies of the N-oligosaccharides synthesized by the strains mnn2, mnn1mnn2mnn9 and mnn1mnn9ldb8, and the results are compared with previously published structural data of mnn1mnn2mnn10 and mnn1mnn9 [Hernández, L.M., Ballou, L., Alvarado, E., Tsai, P.-K. and Ballou, C.E. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 13648-13659]. We conclude that the mnn2/ldb8 mutation is responsible for the inhibition of incorporation of phosphate to mannose A(3) (see below), a particular phosphorylation site of the inner core, while phosphorylation at the other possible site (mannose C(1)) is allowed, although it is also reduced. *Phosphorylation sites in mnn1mnn9. (see structure below)
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Affiliation(s)
- I Olivero
- Department of Microbiology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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20
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Montesino R, Nimtz M, Quintero O, García R, Falcón V, Cremata JA. Characterization of the oligosaccharides assembled on the Pichia pastoris-expressed recombinant aspartic protease. Glycobiology 1999; 9:1037-43. [PMID: 10521540 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/9.10.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspartic protease, widely used as a milk-coagulating agent in industrial cheese production, contains three potential N-glycosylation sites. In this study, we report the characterization of N-linked oligosaccharides on recombinant aspartic protease secreted from the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris using a combination of mass spectrometric, 2D chromatographic, chemical and enzymatic methods. The carbohydrates from site I (Asn79) were found to range from Man6-17GlcNAc2 with 50% bearing a phospho-diester-motif, site II (Asn113) was not occupied and site III (Asn188) contained mostly uncharged species ranging from Man-13GlcNAc2. These charged groups are not affecting the transport through the secretion pathway of the recombinant glycoprotein. Changes from a molasses-based medium to a minimal salts-based medium led to a clear reduction of the degree of phosphorylation of the N-glycan population.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Montesino
- GlycoLab, BioIndustry Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
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21
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Abstract
The Golgi complex is the site where the terminal carbohydrate modification of proteins and lipids occurs. These carbohydrates play a variety of biological roles, ranging from the stabilization of glycoprotein structure to the provision of ligands for cell-cell interactions to the regulation of cell surface properties. Progress in our understanding of the biosynthesis and regulation of glycoconjugates has been accelerating at a rapid pace. Recent advances in the field of yeast glycobiology have been particularly impressive. This review focuses on glycosylation of proteins in the Golgi of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with emphasis on the candidate mannosyltransferases that participate in the synthesis of N-linked oligosaccharides. Current views on how these enzymes may be regulated and how glycosylation relates on other cellular processes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dean
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA.
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22
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Strahl-Bolsinger S, Gentzsch M, Tanner W. Protein O-mannosylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1426:297-307. [PMID: 9878797 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(98)00131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein O-mannosylation, originally observed in fungi, starts at the endoplasmic reticulum with the transfer of mannose from dolichyl activated mannose to seryl or threonyl residues of secretory proteins. This reaction is catalyzed by a family of protein O-mannosyltransferases (PMTs), which were first characterized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The identification of this evolutionarily conserved PMT gene family has led to the finding that protein O-mannosylation plays an essential role in a number of physiologically important processes. Focusing on the PMT gene family, we discuss here the main aspects of the biogenesis of O-linked carbohydrate chains in S. cerevisiae, Candida albicans, and other fungi. We summarize recent work utilizing pmt mutants that demonstrates the impact of protein O-mannosylation on protein secretion, on maintenance of cell wall integrity, and on budding. Further, the occurrence of PMT orthologs in higher eukaryotes such as Arabidopsis, Drosophila and mammals is reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Strahl-Bolsinger
- Lehrstuhl für Zellbiologie und Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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23
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Ilg T, Craik D, Currie G, Multhaup G, Bacic A. Stage-specific proteophosphoglycan from Leishmania mexicana amastigotes. Structural characterization of novel mono-, di-, and triphosphorylated phosphodiester-linked oligosaccharides. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:13509-23. [PMID: 9593686 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.22.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular amastigotes of the protozoan parasite Leishmania mexicana secrete a macromolecular proteophosphoglycan (aPPG) into the phagolysosome of their host cell, the mammalian macrophage. The structures of aPPG glycans were analyzed by a combination of high pH anion exchange high pressure liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, enzymatic digestions, electrospray-mass spectrometry as well as 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Some glycans are identical to oligosaccharides known from Leishmania mexicana promastigote lipophosphoglycan and secreted acid phosphatase. However, the majority of the aPPG glycans represent amastigote stage-specific and novel structures. These include neutral glycans ([Glcbeta1-3]1-2Galbeta1-4Man, Galbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Man, Galbeta1-3Glcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Man), several monophosphorylated glycans containing the conserved phosphodisaccharide backbone (R-3-[PO4-6-Gal]beta1-4Man) but carrying stage-specific modifications (R = Galbeta1-, [Glcbeta1-3]1-2Glcbeta1-), and monophosphorylated aPPG tri- and tetrasaccharides that are uniquely phosphorylated on the terminal hexose (PO4-6-Glcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Man, PO4-6-Glcbeta1-3Glcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Man, PO4-6-Galbeta1-3Glcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Man). In addition aPPG contains highly unusual di- and triphosphorylated glycans whose major species are PO4-6-Glcbeta1-3Glcbeta1-3[PO4-6-Gal]beta1-4Man, PO4-6-Galbeta1-3Glcbeta1-3[PO4-6-Gal]beta1-4Man, PO4-6-Galbeta1-3Glcbeta1-3Glcbeta1-3[PO4-6-Gal]beta1-+ ++4Man, PO4-6-Glcbeta1-3[PO4-6-Glc]beta1-3[PO4-6-Gal]beta1-4Man, PO4-6-Galbeta1-3[PO4-6-Glc]beta1-3Glcbeta1-3[PO4-6-Gal]beta1 -4Man, and PO4-6-Glcbeta1-3[PO4-6-Glc]beta1-3Glcbeta1-3[PO4-6-Gal]beta1 -4Man. These glycans are linked together by the conserved phosphodiester R-Manalpha1-PO4-6-Gal-R or the novel phosphodiester R-Manalpha1-PO4-6-Glc-R and are connected to Ser(P) of the protein backbone most likely via the linkage R-Manalpha1-PO4-Ser. The variety of stage-specific glycan structures in Leishmania mexicana aPPG suggests the presence of developmentally regulated amastigote glycosyltransferases which may be potential anti-parasite drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ilg
- Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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24
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Mañas P, Olivero I, Hernández LM. Proteolytic processing of a secreted glycoprotein and O-glycosylation of mannoproteins are affected in the N-glycosylation mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae ldb1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1380:320-8. [PMID: 9555075 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(97)00160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In a previous work [P.I. Mañas, I. Olivero, M. Avalos, L.M. Hernández, Glycobiology, 7 (1997) 487-497], we described the isolation and characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ldb1 mutant which is affected in several steps of the N-glycosylation of mannoproteins probably due to a malfunction of the Golgi apparatus. Here, we found that two further functions assigned to the Golgi cisternae are also affected in the mutant: proteolytic processing of a secreted protein and O-glycosylation. We found that around 70% of the exoglucanase activity that is secreted into the culture medium by ldb1 bears an extra tetrapeptide in its NH2-terminus due to incomplete proteolytic processing. The O-linked oligosaccharides from ldb1 mnn1 were indistinguishable from those synthesized by the parental strain mnn1. However, when the O-oligosaccharides from the wild type and ldb1 were compared, we found a significant decrease in the tetrasaccharide in the latter, as well as a concomitant increase in the disaccharide, suggesting a defect in the Kre2p/Mnt1p involved in the transfer of the third mannose of these residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mañas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
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25
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Nakayama K, Nakanishi-Shindo Y, Tanaka A, Haga-Toda Y, Jigami Y. Substrate specificity of alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase that initiates N-linked mannose outer chain elongation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 1997; 412:547-50. [PMID: 9276464 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00634-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae OCH1 gene encodes the mannosyltransferase that is essential for the outer chain elongation of N-linked oligosaccharides. Mannosyltransferase activity of OCH1 gene product (Och1p) was measured on HPLC by using pyridylaminated Man8GlcNAc2 (Man8GlcNAc2-PA) as an acceptor and the reaction product was observed at the retention time corresponding to Man9GlcNAc2-PA. 1H-NMR and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) fragmentation analysis of Man9GlcNAc2-PA showed that the additional mannose was attached with an alpha-1,6 linkage at the site where mannose outer chain elongation initiates. Substrate specificity of Och1p was investigated by using various high mannose-type oligosaccharides as acceptors. Man8GlcNAc2 was the best acceptor for Och1p. The loss of one or two alpha-1,2-mannoses from Man8GlcNAc2 reduced the mannosyltransferase activity and the Man5GlcNAc2 completely lacking alpha-1,2-mannose residues did not serve as an acceptor. Man8GlcNAcOH that involves an open sugar ring by reduction of reducing terminal GlcNAc residue did not serve as an acceptor for Och1p. The loss of three mannoses at the alpha-1,6-branch also reduced the Och1p activity. These results suggest that Och1p is an initiation specific alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase that requires the intact structure of Man8GlcNAc for efficient mannose outer chain initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakayama
- Molecular Biology Department, National Institute of Bioscience and Human Technology, Ibaraki, Japan
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26
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Suzuki A, Shibata N, Suzuki M, Saitoh F, Oyamada H, Kobayashi H, Suzuki S, Okawa Y. Characterization of beta-1,2-mannosyltransferase in Candida guilliermondii and its utilization in the synthesis of novel oligosaccharides. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:16822-8. [PMID: 9201988 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.27.16822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A particulate insoluble enzyme fraction containing mannosyltransferases from Candida guilliermondii IFO 10279 strain cells was obtained as the residue after extracting a 105,000 x g pellet of cell homogenate with 1% Triton X-100. Incubation of this fraction with a mannopentaose, Manalpha1-->3(Manalpha1-->6)Manalpha1-->2Manalpha1+ ++-->2Man, in the presence of GDP-mannose and Mn2+ ion at pH 6.0 gave a third type of beta-1,2 linkage-containing mannohexaose, Manbeta1-->2Manalpha1-->3(Manalpha1-->6)Manalpha1++ +-->2Manalpha1-->2Man , the structure of which was identified by means of a sequential NMR assignment. The results of a substrate specificity study indicated that the beta-1,2-mannosyltransferase requires a mannobiosyl unit, Manalpha1--> 3Manalpha1-->, at the nonreducing terminal site. We synthesized novel oligosaccharides using substrates possessing a nonreducing terminal alpha-1,3-linked mannose unit prepared from various yeast mannans. Further incubation of the enzymatically synthesized oligosaccharide with the enzyme fraction gave the following structure, Manbeta1-->2Manbeta1-->2Manalpha1-->3(Manalpha1- ->6)Manalpha1--> 2Manalpha1-->2Man, which has been found to correspond to antigenic factor 9. Incubation of Candida albicans serotype B mannan with the enzyme fraction gave significantly transformed mannan, which contains the third type of beta-1,2-linked mannose units.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suzuki
- Second Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Tohoku College of Pharmacy, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981, Japan
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27
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Shibata N, Senbongi N, Hosoya T, Kawahara K, Akagi R, Suzuki A, Kobayashi H, Suzuki S, Okawa Y. Demonstration of the presence of alpha-1,6-branched side chains in the mannan of Candida stellatoidea. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 246:477-85. [PMID: 9208941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A mild acetolysis of the mannans of Candida stellatoidea was performed after acetylation to yielded an alpha-1,6-branched mannohexaose, the presence of which had been predicted from the appearance of a specific H1-H2-correlated cross-peak in two-dimensional homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn spectroscopy. In this study, we found that the de-O-acetylation of a 4-O-acetyl group at the branching point, the 3,6-di-O-substituted mannose unit, of an acetylated oligosaccharide by sodium methoxide is significantly slower than that of other acetyl groups. We could separate the 4-O-acetylated branching oligosaccharide from linear isomer using high-performance liquid chromatography. Before and after the de-O-acetylation of the purified branching oligosaccharide, their 1H-NMR signals were sequentially assigned by means of the nuclear Overhauser effect. In the sequential NMR assignment study, we showed that the alpha-1,6-linked mannose unit is attached to the 3-O-substituted unit based on the presence of NOE cross-peak between H1 of the branching mannose unit and H6 of the 3-O-substituted mannose unit. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent inhibition assay of the reactivity of factor 4 serum to C. stellatoidea mannan by several oligosaccharides indicated that the alpha-1,6-branched oligosaccharide and the beta-1,2 linkage-containing oligosaccharides showed inhibitory activity. This result indicates that factor 4 serum, as well as factor 5 and 6 sera, contains antibodies against beta-1,2-linked mannose units which have been reported to participate in pathogenicity via cytokine production and/or adherence. From the assignment results of H1-H2-correlated cross-peaks of oligosaccharides and mannans, the molar ratio of the mannan side chains was proposed. In this study, we demonstrated that the epitope structure of the C. stellatoidea type I strains was the same as that of the C. albicans NIH B-792 (serotype B) strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shibata
- Second Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Tohoku College of Pharmacy, Sendai, Japan
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28
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Kobayashi H, Suzuki J, Tanaka S, Kiuchi Y, Oyamada H, Iwadate N, Suzuki H, Shibata N, Suzuki S, Okawa Y. Structure of a cell wall mannan from the pathogenic yeast, Candida catenulata: assignment of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts of the inner alpha-1,6-linked mannose residues substituted by a side chain. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997; 341:70-4. [PMID: 9143354 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.9939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We performed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of the cell wall mannan purified from the pathogenic yeast, Candida catenulata, using antisera to factors of the genus Candida. The results suggest that mannan possesses a linear backbone consisting of alpha-1, 6-linked mannose residues and side chains possessing nonreducing terminal alpha-1,2- and alpha-1,3-linked mannose residues. The chemical structure of the mannan was analyzed by two-dimensional homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn and two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement and exchange spectroscopy. The sequential assignments of the cross-peaks caused by J-coupling and the nuclear Overhauser effect from these terminal mannose residues demonstrate that the H1 signal of an inner alpha-1,6-linked mannose residue substituted by an alpha-oligomannosyl side chain or a single mannose through the C-2 position in an alpha-anomer configuration undergoes a significant downfield shift (delta delta = 0.16 or 0.19 ppm, respectively) compared with that of unsubstituted residues. We therefore propose the exact overall structure of the antigenic mannan obtained from C. catenulata. The assignment data in the present study are useful for the determination of the exact overall structure of various yeast mannans using the two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance analysis without the need for harsh procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kobayashi
- Second Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Tohoku College of Pharmacy, Miyagi, Japan
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29
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Suzuki A, Shibata N, Suzuki M, Saitoh F, Takata Y, Oshie A, Oyamada H, Kobayashi H, Suzuki S, Okawa Y. Characterization of alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase responsible for the synthesis of branched side chains in Candida albicans mannan. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 240:37-44. [PMID: 8797833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0037h.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A particulate insoluble fraction from Candida albicans NIH B-792 (serotype B) strain cells was obtained as the residue after extracting a 105000 x g pellet of cell homogenate with 1% Triton X-100. Incubation of this fraction with a mannopentaose, Man alpha 1-->3Man alpha 1-->2Man alpha 1-->Man alpha 1-->2Man, in the presence of GDP-mannose and Mn2+ at pH 6.0 gave a branched mannohexaose, [sequence: see text] 6 the structure of which was identified by means of sequential off assignment. However, the enzyme fraction obtained from Candida parapsilosis gave Man alpha 1-->2Man alpha 1-->3Man alpha 1-->2Man alpha 1-->2 Man alpha 1-->2Man under the same conditions. These results demonstrate the finding that the structural difference in the mannans of these two species is due to the presence of alpha-1.6-linked branching mannose units in the C. albicans mannan [Shibata, N., Ikuta, K., Imai, T., Satoh, Y., Satoh, R., Suzuki, A., Kojima, C., Kobayashi, H., Hisamichi, K. & Suzuki, S. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 1113-1122]. The substrate-specificity study of the enzyme indicated that the structural requirement of the alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase is Man alpha 1-->3Man alpha 1-->. The alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase also transferred the alpha-1,6-linked branching mannose unit to the mannan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The transformation of the mannan was detected by the appearance of antigenic factor 4 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and two-dimensional homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suzuki
- Second Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Tohoku College of Pharmacy, Miyagi, Japan
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30
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Shibata N, Akagi R, Hosoya T, Kawahara K, Suzuki A, Ikuta K, Kobayashi H, Hisamichi K, Okawa Y, Suzuki S. Existence of novel branched side chains containing beta-1,2 and alpha-1,6 linkages corresponding to antigenic factor 9 in the mannan of Candida guilliermondii. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:9259-66. [PMID: 8621586 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.16.9259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolation of beta-linkage-containing side chain oligosaccharides from the mannan of Candida guilliermondii IFO 10279 strain has been conducted by acetolysis under mild conditions. A structural study of these oligosaccharides by one- and two-dimensional NMR and methylation analyses indicated the presence of extended oligosaccharide side chains with two consecutive beta-1,2-linked mannose units at the nonreducing terminal of alpha-linked oligosaccharides. The linkage sequence present in this mannan, Man beta 1-->2Man alpha 1-->3Man alpha-->, has also been found in the mannan of Saccharomyces kluyveri but not in the mannan of Candida species. Furthermore, these oligosaccharides are branched at position 6 of the 3-O-substituted mannose units as follows. (Carbohydrate sequence in text) Structure 1 and (Carbohydrate sequence in text) Structure 2 The H-1 signals of the mannose units substituted by a 3,6-di-O-substituted unit showed a significant upfield shift (delta delta = 0.04-0.08 ppm) due to a steric effect. The inhibition of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay between the mannan of C. guilliermondii and factor 9 serum with oligosaccharides obtained from several mannans indicated that only the oligosaccharides with the above structure were active, suggesting that these correspond to the epitope of antigenic factor 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shibata
- Second Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Tohoku College of Pharmacy, Sendai, Japan
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31
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Cueva R, Muñoz MD, Andaluz E, Basco RD, Larriba G. Preferential transfer to truncated oligosaccharides to the first sequon of yeast exoglucanase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae alg3 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1289:336-42. [PMID: 8620017 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(95)00171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the exoglucanases (Exg) secreted into the culture medium by wild type cells, ExgIa and ExgIb, which have oligosaccharides attached to both potential N-glycosylation sites, Saccharomyces cerevisiae alg3 mutant secreted substantial amounts (35--44%) of underglycosylated and unglycosylated forms. Quantification of these forms indicated that no more than 78% of the available N-sites were occupied. About 50% of the transferred oligosaccharides were endo H sensitive, indicating that the lipid-linked precursor had completed its synthesis to Glc3-Man9-GlcNAc2. The other 50% remained endo H-resistant and, accordingly, it should be derived from the precursor oligosaccharide Man5-GlcNAc2 synthesized by this mutant. A closer analysis of forms that have received two oligosaccharides (ExgIb) showed that the first sequon was enriched in truncated residues, whereas the second one was enriched in regular counterparts. Similarly, analysis of the individual underglycosylated glycoforms indicated that 38% of the oligosaccharides attached to the second site were regular. This percentage dropped to 20% for glycoforms carrying the oligosaccharide in the first sequon. The preferential transfer of truncated oligosaccharides to the first glycosylation site seems to be a consequence of (1) the low percentage of truncated lipid linked oligosaccharides that receives the glucotriose unit, and (2) the effect of the glucotriose unit on the selection of N-sites to be glycosylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cueva
- Departmento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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32
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Abstract
Electrospray ionization, a natural interface with microbore and capillary high-pressure liquid chromatography, has become the method of choice for the reliable structural characterization of protein glycosylation by mass spectrometry at the picomole level. Its advantages include inherent sensitivity in the femtomole range, compatibility with collisional activation methods that both permit the detection and monitoring of structurally specific ions and enable the induction of glycopeptide fragmentation that facilitates determination of glycoform sequence and branching. Developments in high-performance electrospray mass spectrometry include sample introduction at nanoliter flow rates, tandem magnetic sector/orthogonal time-of-flight instruments, Fourier transform instruments, and new ion optical strategies, including ion traps. Although a sensitive and important complementary technique, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry suffers from matrix-dependent deposition of excess internal energies, which produce extensive metastable fragmentation and (photo)adduct formation. These metastable fragments may be focused into a mass spectrum by employing an ion mirror (reflectron) in time-of-flight instrumentation. In favorable cases, structural information may be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0446, USA
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33
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Basco RD, Cueva R, Andaluz E, Larriba G. In vivo processing of the precursor of the major exoglucanase by KEX2 endoprotease in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae secretory pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1310:110-8. [PMID: 9244183 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(95)00156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have established the main post-translational modification of the major exoglucanase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the enzyme progresses through the secretory pathway. The protein portion of the enzyme accumulated by sec18 cells was about 2 kDa larger than that of the secreted enzyme. This precursor (form A) was stable when maintained in the endoplasmic reticulum but was processed to the mature form (form B) before the block imposed by the sec7 mutation. Sec7 cells, when incubated at 37 degrees C, accumulated form B first, but upon prolonged incubation, form A was preferentially accumulated. When the supply of newly synthesized exoglucanase was prevented by the addition of cycloheximide, the accumulated A was transformed into B in the presence of altered Sec7p that still prevented secretion. Conversion of A into B was prevented in the double mutant sec7 kex2-1, indicating that Kex2p is central to the in vivo processing. Consistent with this, a KEX2 deletion mutant secreted form A exclusively. Conversion of A into B was also prevented in sec7 cells by the presence of dinitrophenol, a poison that depletes ATP levels, indicating that processing is dependent upon intracellular transport which involves ER --> Golgi and/or, at least, one intra-Golgi step(s). It follows that this transport step(s) is independent of functional Sec7p.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Basco
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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34
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Jars MU, Osborn S, Forstrom J, MacKay VL. N- and O-glycosylation and phosphorylation of the bar secretion leader derived from the barrier protease of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:24810-7. [PMID: 7559601 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.42.24810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A secretion leader derived from a domain of the extracellular Barrier protease of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been expressed in wild-type and in mnn1, mnn9, and mnn1 mnn9 glycosylation mutant strains of S. cerevisiae. Structural comparison of the extracellular leader by mass spectrometry, peptide mapping, and elementary analysis proved that all strains produced a heterogeneous, heavily glycosylated polypeptide of 161 amino acids with both N- and O-glycosylation and phosphorylation. All three potential Asn N-linked sites were glycosylated to some extent with the expected structures. Neither the different growth media used nor the glycosylation mutations had significant effect on O-glycosylation with respect to both site selectivity and size of the carbohydrate structures. All 33 Ser and 21 Thr residues in the polypeptide were glycosylated at least partially, with an average of more than 2 mannoses/site. Although the mnn1 mutation blocks addition of alpha 1,3-linked mannose, the bar secretion domain expressed in the mnn1 and mnn1 mnn9 transformants unexpectedly contained some O-linked structures with at least 4 mannoses/chain. These O-linked structures were as large as when the leader was expressed in the mnn9 and wild-type strains. The bar secretion domain also had a previously undocumented phosphorylated O-linked structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Jars
- ZymoGenetics, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98102, USA
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35
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Shibata N, Ikuta K, Imai T, Satoh Y, Satoh R, Suzuki A, Kojima C, Kobayashi H, Hisamichi K, Suzuki S. Existence of branched side chains in the cell wall mannan of pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans. Structure-antigenicity relationship between the cell wall mannans of Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:1113-22. [PMID: 7836369 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.3.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolation of side chain oligosaccharides from mannans of Candida albicans NIH B-792 (serotype B) and Candida parapsilosis IFO 1396 strains has been conducted by acetolysis under mild conditions. Structural study of these oligosaccharides by 1H and 13C NMR and methylation analyses indicated the presence of novel branched side chains with the following structures in C. albicans mannan. [sequence: see text] It was observed that the H-1 proton chemical shifts of the second and the third mannose units from the reducing terminus in each oligosaccharide are shifted upfield by substitution with an alpha-linked mannose unit at position 6 of the 3-O-substituted mannose unit. An agglutination inhibition assay between factor 4 serum and cells of Candida stellatoidea IFO 1397 lacking the beta-1,2-linked mannose unit, with oligosaccharides obtained from these mannans, indicated that only the branched oligosaccharides were active. This finding suggests that the branched oligosaccharides correspond to the epitope of antigenic factor 4. The presence of the branched structure in other mannans was detected by the characteristic H-1-H-2-correlated cross-peak of the alpha-1,2-linked mannose unit connected with the 3,6-di-O-substituted one by two-dimensional homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shibata
- Second Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Tohoku College of Pharmacy, Sendai, Japan
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36
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Chapter 7 Protein Glycosylation in Yeast. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
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37
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Chapter 12 Mass Spectrometry of Carbohydrates and Glycoconjugates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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38
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Glucomannoproteins in the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contain a novel type of carbohydrate side chain. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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39
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Dell A, Reason AJ, Khoo KH, Panico M, McDowell RA, Morris HR. Mass spectrometry of carbohydrate-containing biopolymers. Methods Enzymol 1994; 230:108-32. [PMID: 8139492 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(94)30010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Dell
- Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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40
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Gozalbo D, Elorza MV, Sanjuan R, Marcilla A, Valentín E, Sentandreu R. Critical steps in fungal cell wall synthesis: strategies for their inhibition. Pharmacol Ther 1993; 60:337-45. [PMID: 8022864 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(93)90015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Development of new effective antifungal drugs is limited by the absence of specific target sites in the fungal cells. Knowledge of the fungal cell wall structure and biosynthesis is of interest in searching for a potential target site for new chemotherapeutic agents. Our group has demonstrated that the fungal cell wall is a metabolically active structure where interaction between distinct components occurs to give rise to the mature cell wall structure. Mannoproteins play an essential role in the cell wall organization, and there is evidence for the formation of covalent bonds between these molecules and the structural polymers (glucans and chitin) outside the plasma membrane. Such interactions, which specifically occur at the fungal cell wall, are of great interest in defining target sites for potential new chemotherapeutic agents, which may inhibit the interactions and, thus, lead to a defective cell wall formation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gozalbo
- Secció de Microbiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Spain
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41
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Shibata N, Kojima C, Satoh Y, Satoh R, Suzuki A, Kobayashi H, Suzuki S. Structural study of a cell-wall mannan of Saccharomyces kluyveri IFO 1685 strain. Presence of a branched side chain and beta-1,2-linkage. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 217:1-12. [PMID: 8223546 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Acetolysis of the cell-wall mannan of Saccharomyces kluyveri under mild conditions, gave fragments with 1-6 mannose residues. The structures of mannopentaose and mannohexaose were determined to be [Formula; see text] respectively, by two-dimensional homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn spectroscopy and a sequential NMR assignment method that combines 1H-13C correlated spectroscopy, relayed coherence transfer spectroscopy, 1H-detected heteronuclear multiple-bond connectivity and methylation analysis. The H1 proton chemical shift of a neighboring alpha-1,2-linked mannose unit of the 3-O-substituted structure was shifted upfield by the addition of a mannose unit to the adjacent 3-O-substituted unit by an alpha-1,6 linkage. The characteristic H1--H2-correlated cross-peak of the alpha-1,3-linked mannose unit substituted by a beta-1,2 linkage, beta 1-->2Man alpha 1-->3, in the mannan of S. kluyveri, as also found by two-dimensional homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn spectroscopy in the mannan of Candida guilliermondii, a pathogenic yeast in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shibata
- Second Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Tohoku College of Pharmacy, Sendai, Japan
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42
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Ataoglu H, Zueco J, Sentandreu R. Characterization of epitopes recognized by Candida factor 1 and 9 antisera by use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mnn mutants. Infect Immun 1993; 61:3313-7. [PMID: 7687583 PMCID: PMC281005 DOI: 10.1128/iai.61.8.3313-3317.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mnn mutants has facilitated the study of the epitopes recognized by antisera against several antigenic factors of the genus Candida (Candida Check; Iatron Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan). We have taken advantage of the very well characterized structure of the mannans of the different mnn mutants to compare their reactivities with the factor antisera used in the identification of different species of the genus Candida. The results of this study provide evidence that one of the antigenic determinants recognized by factor 1 antisera is the O-linked mannose chains of the cell wall mannoproteins, while that recognized by factor 9 antiserum is the alpha 1-6-linked mannose backbone of the outer chain of the N-linked oligosaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ataoglu
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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43
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Nagasu T, Shimma Y, Nakanishi Y, Kuromitsu J, Iwama K, Nakayama K, Suzuki K, Jigami Y. Isolation of new temperature-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficient in mannose outer chain elongation. Yeast 1992; 8:535-47. [PMID: 1523886 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320080705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated two temperature-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants which exhibit a deficiency in mannose outer chain elongation of asparagine-linked oligosaccharide. The size of yeast glycoprotein, secretory form of invertase, of one mutant (och1) was slightly larger than that of the sec18 mutant at the non-permissive temperature, while that of the other mutant (och2) was almost the same as that of the sec18 mutant. Unlike sec mutants, the och mutants were not deficient in secretion of invertase. The och1 mutant showed a 2+:2- cosegregation with regard to the temperature sensitivity and mannose outer chain deficiency, suggesting that a single gene designated as OCH1 is responsible for these two phenotypes. The och1 mutant stopped its growth at the early stage of bud formation and rapidly lost its viability at the non-permissive temperature. The och1 mutation was mapped near the ole1 on the left arm of chromosome VII. The och1 mutant cells accumulated the external invertase containing a large amount of core-like oligosaccharides (Man9-10GlcNAc2) and a small amount of high mannose oligosaccharides (greater than Man50GlcNAc2) at the non-permissive temperature. Production of the active form of human tissue-type plasminogen activator was increased in the och1 mutant compared with the parental strain, suggesting the potential advantage of this mutant for the production of mammalian-type glycoproteins which lack mannose outer chains in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagasu
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
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44
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Shibata N, Hisamichi K, Kikuchi T, Kobayashi H, Okawa Y, Suzuki S. Sequential nuclear magnetic resonance assignment of beta-1,2-linked mannooligosaccharides isolated from the phosphomannan of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans NIH B-792 strain. Biochemistry 1992; 31:5680-6. [PMID: 1610816 DOI: 10.1021/bi00139a036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The H-1 and H-2 signals of beta-1,2-linked mannooligosaccharides isolated from the phosphomannan of Candida albicans NIH B-792 strain by mild acid hydrolysis were assigned by a sequential NMR assignment method that combines two-dimensional 1H-1H correlated spectroscopy (COSY) and two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement and exchange spectroscopy (NOESY). The results indicated that the H-1 and H-2 of each beta-1,2-linked mannopyranose unit show largely different signals compared with those of the alpha-linked ones and that the correlation between linkages and signals could not be explained by a conventional additivity rule. Furthermore, a regular proportional downfield shift of the H-1 signal was observed in the order of the mannose unit from the reducing terminal except those of the reducing and nonreducing terminal positions. Although the 1H NMR spectra of these oligosaccharides were complicated due to the presence of a large portion of the beta-anomer from the reducing terminal mannose unit, reduction of the oligosaccharides with NaBH4 to the corresponding alcohols gave simple and more readily interpretable 1H NMR spectra. Unexpectedly, however, a shift of H-1 signals by this reduction occurred not only on the second mannose unit but also on the third and fourth mannose units from the modified reducing terminal group of each oligosaccharide alcohol. This result indicates that the reducing terminal mannose unit is able to affect up to the fourth mannose unit from the reducing terminal. The presence of a long-distance interresidue NOE also suggests that the beta-1,2-linked mannooligosaccharides have a compactly folded conformation in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shibata
- Second Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Tohoku College of Pharmacy, Sendai, Japan
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45
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Basse C, Bock K, Boller T. Elicitors and suppressors of the defense response in tomato cells. Purification and characterization of glycopeptide elicitors and glycan suppressors generated by enzymatic cleavage of yeast invertase. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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46
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Trimble R, Atkinson P, Tschopp J, Townsend R, Maley F. Structure of oligosaccharides on Saccharomyces SUC2 invertase secreted by the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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47
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Van Rinsum J, Klis FM, van den Ende H. Cell wall glucomannoproteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mnn9. Yeast 1991; 7:717-26. [PMID: 1776362 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320070707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannoproteins were isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae mnn9 mutant cell walls by laminarinase digestion and purified by affinity and anion-exchange chromatography. The purified mannoprotein fraction contained three predominant proteins with molecular masses of 300 kDa, 220 kDa and 160 kDa. These compounds were absent in an SDS extract of cell walls or in a hot-citrate extract of mnn9 cells. The carbohydrate part of the purified mannoproteins consisted of (N-acetyl)glucosamine, mannose and glucose in a molar ratio of 1:53:4. O-Glycosidically linked chains, containing 70% of the mannose, were released by mild beta-elimination. N-Glycosidically linked chains, representing 80% of the (N-acetyl)glucosamine and 20% of the mannose, were released by peptide N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) digestion. Complete degradation of protein by alkaline hydrolysis released besides the N- and O-glycosidically linked chains, another type of carbohydrate chain containing the residual (N-acetyl)glucosamine, mannose and most of the glucose in a molar ratio of 1:17:18. Glucose was beta-glycosidically linked. The results indicate that beta-glucose is linked to PNGase F-resistant N-linked chains present on cell wall mannoproteins. We propose that these chains are responsible for the linkage between mannoproteins and glucan in the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Van Rinsum
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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48
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Townsend RR, Atkinson PH, Trimble RB. Separation of high-mannose isomers from yeast and mammalian sources using high-pH anion-exchange chromatography. Carbohydr Res 1991; 215:211-7. [PMID: 1786578 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(91)84021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R R Townsend
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0446
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49
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Camirand A, Heysen A, Grondin B, Herscovics A. Glycoprotein biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Isolation and characterization of the gene encoding a specific processing alpha-mannosidase. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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50
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Separation and characterization of two alpha 1,2-mannosyltransferase activities from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)92970-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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