1
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Tanaka A, Maeda S, Nomura T, Llamas-Covarrubias MA, Tanaka S, Jin L, Lim EL, Morikawa H, Kitagawa Y, Akizuki S, Ito Y, Fujimori C, Hirota K, Murase T, Hashimoto M, Higo J, Zamoyska R, Ueda R, Standley DM, Sakaguchi N, Sakaguchi S. Construction of a T cell receptor signaling range for spontaneous development of autoimmune disease. J Exp Med 2023; 220:213728. [PMID: 36454183 PMCID: PMC9718937 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic selection and peripheral activation of conventional T (Tconv) and regulatory T (Treg) cells depend on TCR signaling, whose anomalies are causative of autoimmunity. Here, we expressed in normal mice mutated ZAP-70 molecules with different affinities for the CD3 chains, or wild type ZAP-70 at graded expression levels under tetracycline-inducible control. Both manipulations reduced TCR signaling intensity to various extents and thereby rendered those normally deleted self-reactive thymocytes to become positively selected and form a highly autoimmune TCR repertoire. The signal reduction more profoundly affected Treg development and function because their TCR signaling was further attenuated by Foxp3 that physiologically repressed the expression of TCR-proximal signaling molecules, including ZAP-70, upon TCR stimulation. Consequently, the TCR signaling intensity reduced to a critical range generated pathogenic autoimmune Tconv cells and concurrently impaired Treg development/function, leading to spontaneous occurrence of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, such as autoimmune arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. These results provide a general model of how altered TCR signaling evokes autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Frontier Research in Tumor Immunology, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Maeda
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mara Anais Llamas-Covarrubias
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Lin Jin
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Ee Lyn Lim
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Morikawa
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yohko Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shuji Akizuki
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshinaga Ito
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chihiro Fujimori
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiji Hirota
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tosei Murase
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Motomu Hashimoto
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junichi Higo
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Rose Zamoyska
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ryuzo Ueda
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daron M Standley
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Noriko Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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2
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van der Stegen SJC, Lindenbergh PL, Petrovic RM, Xie H, Diop MP, Alexeeva V, Shi Y, Mansilla-Soto J, Hamieh M, Eyquem J, Cabriolu A, Wang X, Abujarour R, Lee T, Clarke R, Valamehr B, Themeli M, Riviere I, Sadelain M. Generation of T-cell-receptor-negative CD8αβ-positive CAR T cells from T-cell-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:1284-1297. [PMID: 35941192 PMCID: PMC9669107 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The production of autologous T cells expressing a chimaeric antigen receptor (CAR) is time-consuming, costly and occasionally unsuccessful. T-cell-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (TiPS) are a promising source for the generation of 'off-the-shelf' CAR T cells, but the in vitro differentiation of TiPS often yields T cells with suboptimal features. Here we show that the premature expression of the T-cell receptor (TCR) or a constitutively expressed CAR in TiPS promotes the acquisition of an innate phenotype, which can be averted by disabling the TCR and relying on the CAR to drive differentiation. Delaying CAR expression and calibrating its signalling strength in TiPS enabled the generation of human TCR- CD8αβ+ CAR T cells that perform similarly to CD8αβ+ CAR T cells from peripheral blood, achieving effective tumour control on systemic administration in a mouse model of leukaemia and without causing graft-versus-host disease. Driving T-cell maturation in TiPS in the absence of a TCR by taking advantage of a CAR may facilitate the large-scale development of potent allogeneic CD8αβ+ T cells for a broad range of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoukje J C van der Stegen
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pieter L Lindenbergh
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roseanna M Petrovic
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hongyao Xie
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mame P Diop
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vera Alexeeva
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuzhe Shi
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jorge Mansilla-Soto
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohamad Hamieh
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin Eyquem
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Annalisa Cabriolu
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiuyan Wang
- Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Tom Lee
- Fate Therapeutics Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Maria Themeli
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Riviere
- Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Yan HY, Wen X, Chen LZ, Feng YT, Liu HX, Qu W, Zhao WH, Xu DQ, Ping J. Augmented autophagy suppresses thymocytes development via Bcl10/p-p65 pathway in prenatal nicotine exposed fetal mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111272. [PMID: 32927162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke is a common global environmental pollutant. Maternal tobacco smoke/nicotine exposure has long-term toxic effects on immune organs. We previously found that prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE)-induced programmed immune diseases caused by fetal thymic hypoplasia, but the mechanism still unknown. Autophagy has important functions in maintaining thymopoiesis, whether autophagy was involved in PNE-inhibited fetal thymocytes development is also obscure. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate how nicotine changed the development of fetal thymocytes from the perspective of autophagy in vivo and in vitro. PNE model was established by 3 mg/kg nicotine administration in Balb/c mice from gestational day 9 to 18. The results showed that PNE reduced the percentage and absolute number of CD69-CD4+SP cells, suggesting a block of fetal thymocytes mature. PNE promoted autophagosome formation, autophagy related proteins (Beclin1, LC3I/II) expression, and upregulated α7 nAChR as well as AMPK phosphorylation in fetal thymus. Moreover, PNE promoted Bcl10 degradation via autophagy-mediated proteolysis and inhibited p65 activation, blocking the transition of thymocytes between the DP to SP stage. Further, primary thymocytes were treated with nicotine in vitro and showed induced autophagy in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, nicotine-inhibited CD69-CD4+SP cells and the Bcl10/p-p65 pathway have been reversed by an autophagy inhibitor. The α7 nAChR specific antagonist abrogated nicotine-induced AMPK phosphorylation and autophagy initiation. In conclusion, our findings showed that PNE repressed the Bcl10/p-p65 development pathway of CD4+SP cells by triggering autophagy, and illuminated the developmental origin mechanism of programmed immune diseases in PNE offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yi Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiao Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lan-Zhou Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yi-Ting Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Han-Xiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wen Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dong-Qin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jie Ping
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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4
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Diacylglycerol metabolism attenuates T-cell receptor signaling and alters thymocyte differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e912. [PMID: 24201811 PMCID: PMC3847306 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DAG) metabolism has a critical function in Ras-regulated functions in mature T cells, but causal data linking defects in DAG-based signals with altered thymus development are missing. To study the effect of increased DAG metabolism in T-cell development, we engineered a membrane-targeted constitutive active version of DAG kinase-α (DGKα). We show that transgenic expression of constitutive active DGK leads to developmental defects in T cells, with a marked accumulation of immature CD8 thymocytes and a reduction in positive selected populations. These alterations are reflected in the periphery by a CD4/CD8 cell imbalance and general T-cell lymphopenia. The results link DAG metabolism to T-cell homeostasis, and show that correctly controlled generation and consumption of this lipid at the plasma membrane ensure T-cell passage through quality-control checkpoints during differentiation.
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5
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Dervovic DD, Liang HCY, Cannons JL, Elford AR, Mohtashami M, Ohashi PS, Schwartzberg PL, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. Cellular and molecular requirements for the selection of in vitro-generated CD8 T cells reveal a role for Notch. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:1704-15. [PMID: 23851691 PMCID: PMC3801448 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of CD8 single-positive (SP) T cells is predicated by the ability of lymphocyte progenitors to integrate multiple signaling cues provided by the thymic microenvironment. In the thymus and the OP9-DL1 system for T cell development, Notch signals are required for progenitors to commit to the T cell lineage and necessary for their progression to the CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive (DP) stage of T cell development. However, it remains unclear whether Notch is a prerequisite for the differentiation of DP cells to the CD8 SP stage of development. In this study, we demonstrate that Notch receptor-ligand interactions allow for efficient differentiation and selection of conventional CD8 T cells from bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells. However, bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells isolated from Itk(-/-)Rlk(-/-) mice gave rise to T cells with decreased IFN-γ production, but gained the ability to produce IL-17. We further reveal that positive and negative selection in vitro are constrained by peptide-MHC class I expressed on OP9 cells. Finally, using an MHC class I-restricted TCR-transgenic model, we show that the commitment of DP precursors to the CD8 T cell lineage is dependent on Notch signaling. Our findings further establish the requirement for Notch receptor-ligand interactions throughout T cell differentiation, including the final step of CD8 SP selection.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD8 Antigens/analysis
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Calcium-Binding Proteins
- Cell Lineage
- Cells, Cultured
- Cellular Microenvironment
- Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated
- Coculture Techniques
- Crosses, Genetic
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D/immunology
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/immunology
- Lymphopoiesis/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Notch/physiology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Stromal Cells/cytology
- Stromal Cells/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzana D. Dervovic
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Haydn C-Y. Liang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Cannons
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Alisha R. Elford
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Mahmood Mohtashami
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Pamela S. Ohashi
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Pamela L. Schwartzberg
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
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6
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Dervović D, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. Positive selection of T cells, an in vitro view. Semin Immunol 2010; 22:276-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Kim YM, Kim HK, Kim HJ, Lee HW, Ju SA, Choi BK, Kwon BS, Kim BS, Kim JB, Lim YT, Yoon S. Expression of 4-1BB and 4-1BBL in thymocytes during thymus regeneration. Exp Mol Med 2010; 41:896-911. [PMID: 19745604 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2009.41.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
4-1BB, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, is a major costimulatory receptor that is rapidly expressed on the surface of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells after antigen- or mitogen-induced activation. The interaction of 4-1BB with 4-1BBL regulates immunity and promotes the survival and expansion of activated T cells. In this study, the expression of 4-1BB and 4-1BBL was examined during regeneration of the murine thymus following acute cyclophosphamide- induced involution. Four-color flow cytometry showed that 4-1BB and 4-1BBL were present in the normal thymus and were preferentially expressed in the regenerating thymus, mainly in CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive (DP) thymocytes. Furthermore, the CD4(lo)CD8(lo), CD4(+)CD8(lo) and CD4(lo)CD8(+) thymocyte subsets, representing stages of thymocyte differentiation intermediate between DP and single-positive (SP) thymocytes, also expressed 4-1BB and 4-1BBL during thymus regeneration but to a lesser degree. Interestingly, the 4-1BB and 4-1BBL positive cells among the CD4(+)CD8(+) DP thymocytes present during thymus regeneration were TCR(hi) and CD69(+) unlike the corresponding controls. Moreover, the 4-1BB and 4-1BBL positive cells among the intermediate subsets present during thymus regeneration also exhibited TCR(hi/int+) and CD69(+/int) phenotypes, indicating that 4-1BB and 4-1BBL are predominantly expressed by the positively selected population of the CD4(+)CD8(+) DP and the intermediate thymocytes during thymus regeneration. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses confirmed the presence and elevated levels of 4-1BB and 4-1BBL mRNA and protein in thymocytes during thymus regeneration. We also found that the interaction of 4-1BB with 4-1BBL promoted thymocyte adhesion to thymic epithelial cells. Our results suggest that 4-1BB and 4-1BBL participate in T lymphopoiesis associated with positive selection during recovery from acute thymic involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Korea
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8
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Hendricks DW, Fink PJ. Uneven colonization of the lymphoid periphery by T cells that undergo early TCR{alpha} rearrangements. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 182:4267-74. [PMID: 19299725 PMCID: PMC2709763 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A sparse population of thymocytes undergoes TCRalpha gene rearrangement early in development, before the double-positive stage. The potential of these cells to contribute to the peripheral T cell pool is unknown. To examine the peripheral T cell compartment expressing a repertoire biased to early TCR gene rearrangements, we developed a mouse model in which TCRalpha rearrangements are restricted to the double-negative stage of thymocyte development. These mice carry floxed RAG2 alleles and a Cre transgene driven by the CD4 promoter. As expected, conventional T cell development is compromised in such Cre(+) RAG2(fl/fl) mice, and the TCRalphabeta(+) T cells that develop are limited in their TCRalpha repertoire, preferentially using early rearranging Valpha genes. In the gut, the Thy-1(+)TCRalphabeta(+) intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) compartment is surprisingly intact, whereas the Thy-1(-)TCRalphabeta(+) subset is almost completely absent. Thus, T cells expressing a TCRalpha repertoire that is the product of early gene rearrangements can preferentially populate distinct IEL compartments. Despite this capacity, Cre(+) RAG2(fl/fl) T cell progenitors cannot compete with wild-type T cell progenitors in mixed bone marrow chimeras, suggesting that in normal mice, there is only a small contribution to the peripheral T cell pool by cells that have undergone early TCRalpha rearrangements. In the absence of wild-type competitors, aggressive homeostatic proliferation in the IEL compartment can promote a relatively normal Thy-1(+) TCRalphabeta(+) T cell pool from the limited population derived from Cre(+) RAG2(fl/fl) progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela J. Fink
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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9
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Shrimpton RE, Butler M, Morel AS, Eren E, Hue SS, Ritter MA. CD205 (DEC-205): a recognition receptor for apoptotic and necrotic self. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:1229-39. [PMID: 19135256 PMCID: PMC2680960 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CD205 is an endocytic receptor that is expressed at high levels by cortical thymic epithelial cells and by dendritic cell (DC) subsets, including the splenic CD8+ DC population that is responsible for cross-presentation of apoptotic cell-derived antigens. Antigen endocytosed via CD205 enters the MHC class I and MHC class II antigen presentation pathways and is subsequently presented to both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Despite the known role of CD205 in antigen uptake, the nature of the ligands bound by CD205 has not been determined, and most studies have relied on the use of monoclonal antibodies as surrogate ligands. To go beyond this approach, we created a panel of CD205-IgG fusion proteins spanning the extracellular portion of CD205 and used these to identify the physiological distribution of CD205 ligands. Our data demonstrate that two areas of the CD205 molecule, within C-type lectin-like domains (CTLDs) 3+4 and 9+10, recognise ligands expressed during apoptosis and necrosis of multiple cell types, and are additionally expressed by live cells of the dendritic cell line DC2.4. Thus, CD205 acts as a recognition receptor for dying cells, potentially providing an important pathway for the uptake of self-antigen in intrathymic and peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Shrimpton
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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10
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Nepomnaschy I, Lombardi G, Bekinschtein P, Berguer P, Francisco V, De Almeida J, Buggiano V, Pasqualini C, Piazzon I. Alterations during Positive Selection in the Thymus of nackt CD4-Deficient Mice. Scand J Immunol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2000.00818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Kuwano Y, Prazma CM, Yazawa N, Watanabe R, Ishiura N, Kumanogoh A, Okochi H, Tamaki K, Fujimoto M, Tedder TF. CD83 influences cell-surface MHC class II expression on B cells and other antigen-presenting cells. Int Immunol 2007; 19:977-92. [PMID: 17804692 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD83 is a member of the Ig superfamily expressed primarily by mature dendritic cells (DCs). In mice, CD83 expression by thymic stromal cells regulates CD4(+) T cell development, with CD83(-/-) mice demonstrating dramatic reductions in both thymus and peripheral CD4(+) T cells. In this study, CD83 expression was also found to affect MHC class II antigen expression within the thymus and periphery. CD83 deficiency reduced cell-surface class II antigen expression by 25-50% on splenic B cells and DCs, thymic epithelial cells and peritoneal macrophages. Reduced class II expression was a stable and intrinsic property that resulted from increased internalization of class II from the surface of CD83(-/-) B cells. Otherwise, class II antigen transcription, intracellular expression, heterodimer structure, antigen processing and antigen presentation were normal. Reduced class II antigen expression was not the primary cause of the CD83(-/-) phenotype since thymocyte and peripheral T cell development was normal in class II(+/-) mice. Comparable blocks in CD4(+) thymocyte development were also observed in CD83(-/-) and CD83(-/-)class II(+/-) littermates. TCR and CD69 expression patterns in CD83(-/-) mice further suggested that double-positive thymocytes proceed through the class II-dependent stages of positive selection in the absence of CD83. These studies further emphasize a role for CD83 in lymphocyte development and immune regulation and reveal an unexpected role for CD83 expression in influencing cell-surface MHC class II turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kuwano
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Geraldes P, Rebrovich M, Herrmann K, Wong J, Jäck HM, Wabl M, Cascalho M. Ig Heavy Chain Promotes Mature B Cell Survival in the Absence of Light Chain. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:1659-68. [PMID: 17641032 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.3.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Survival of mature B cells is thought to depend on the BCR signaling (BCR) because ablation of either H chain (HC) expression or BCR signaling causes B cells to rapidly disappear. Whether a complete BCR is required for survival of mature B cells is not known. To address this question, we generated a mouse in which we can repress the expression of a transgenic Ig L chain (IgL) by doxycycline (IgL-repressible mouse). Repression of IgL abrogated expression. Surprisingly, however, IgL-negative B cells survived longer than 14 wk, expressed signal-competent HC on the cell's surface, and active unfolded protein response factors. Like postgerminal center B cells, IgL-negative B cells were small lymphocytes, not dividing and expressed Bcl-6. Our results indicate that expression of unpaired HC, as it may occur as a consequence of Ag ligation, somatic hypermutation, or receptor editing, facilitates the survival of cells either by inducing receptor signaling or by inducing unfolded protein response and/or the expression of survival genes such as Bcl-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Geraldes
- Transplantation Biology Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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13
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Licona-Limón P, Soldevila G. The role of TGF-beta superfamily during T cell development: new insights. Immunol Lett 2007; 109:1-12. [PMID: 17287030 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2006.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily are soluble factors that regulate a variety of functional responses including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and cell cycle, among others, depending not only on the cell type and its differentiation state, but also on the milieu of cytokines present. All three members of this superfamily: TGF-betas, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and Activins, have been shown to be expressed in the thymus suggesting their potential role as regulators of the T lymphocyte differentiation process. Although initial reports described the role of TGF-beta in controlling specific checkpoints during thymocyte development, recent data has provided new evidence on the role of BMPs and Activins in this process. This review provides new insights on the function of members of the TGF-beta superfamily at different stages of thymocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Licona-Limón
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar s/n, México DF-04510, Mexico
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14
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Abstract
The thymus provides the essential microenvironment for T-cell development and maturation. Thymic epithelial cells (TECs), which are composed of thymic cortical epithelial cells (cTECs) and thymic medullary epithelial cells (mTECs), have been well documented to be critical for these tightly regulated processes. It has long been controversial whether the common progenitor cells of TECs could give rise to both cTECs and mTECs. Great progress has been made to characterize the common TEC progenitor cells in recent years. We herein discuss the sole origin paradigm with regard to TEC differentiation as well as these progenitor cells in thymus regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianjun Zhang
- Transplantation Biology Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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15
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Thomas T, Corcoran LM, Gugasyan R, Dixon MP, Brodnicki T, Nutt SL, Metcalf D, Voss AK. Monocytic leukemia zinc finger protein is essential for the development of long-term reconstituting hematopoietic stem cells. Genes Dev 2006; 20:1175-86. [PMID: 16651658 PMCID: PMC1472476 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1382606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Monocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (MOZ), a transcriptional coactivator and member of the MYST family of histone acetyltransferases, is the target of recurrent translocations in acute myeloid leukemia. Since genes associated with translocations in leukemia are typically important regulators of blood formation, we investigated if Moz has a role in normal hematopoiesis. We generated mice carrying a mutation in the Moz gene. Homozygous Moz mutant mice died at birth. Moz mutant fetal liver hematopoietic cells were incapable of contributing to the hematopoietic system of recipients after transplantation. We observed profound defects in the stem cell compartment of Moz-deficient mice. Progenitors of all lineages were reduced in number. However, blood cell lineage commitment was unaffected. Together, these results show that Moz is essential for a fundamental property of hematopoietic stem cells, the ability to reconstitute the hematopoietic system of a recipient after transplantation and that Moz is specifically required in the stem cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Thomas
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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16
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Stahl D. Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: A Clinical Model to Study Mechanisms of Immunoregulation*. Transfus Med Hemother 2006. [DOI: 10.1159/000091108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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17
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Aliahmad P, Kaye J. Commitment issues: linking positive selection signals and lineage diversification in the thymus. Immunol Rev 2006; 209:253-73. [PMID: 16448547 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The thymus is responsible for the production of CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, which constitute the cellular arm of the immune system. These cell types derive from common precursors that interact with thymic stroma in a T-cell receptor (TCR)-specific fashion, generating intracellular signals that are translated into function-specific changes in gene expression. This overall process is termed positive selection, but it encompasses a number of temporally distinct and possibly mechanistically distinct cellular changes, including rescue from apoptosis, initiation of cell differentiation, and commitment to the CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell lineage. One of the puzzling features of positive selection is how specificity of the TCR controls lineage commitment, as both helper and cytolytic T cells utilize the same antigen-receptor components, with the exception of the CD4 or CD8 coreceptors themselves. In this review, we focus on the signals required for positive selection, particularly as they relate to lineage commitment. Identification of genes encoding transcriptional regulators that play a role in T-cell development has led to significant recent advances in the field. We also provide an overview of nuclear factors in this context and, where known, how their regulation is linked to the same TCR signals that have been implicated in initiating and regulating positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Aliahmad
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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18
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Rodríguez-Barbosa JI, Haller GW, Zhao G, Sachs DH, Sykes M. Host thymectomy and cyclosporine lead to unstable skin graft tolerance after class I mismatched allogeneic neonatal thymic transplantation in mice. Transpl Immunol 2005; 15:25-33. [PMID: 16223670 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our laboratory has demonstrated that xenogeneic porcine thymus tissue grafted in thymectomized (ATX) and T cell-depleted mice induces donor-specific tolerance. Recipient thymectomy is essential for the success of tolerance induction. In contrast, studies in pigs grafted with non-vascularized allogeneic class I mismatched thymus tissue under the cover of CyA have shown that removal of host thymus is detrimental to thymic graft survival. To determine the requirements for nonvascularized allogeneic class I-mismatched thymic engraftment in mice, we performed thymic allotransplantation under the cover of CyA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Euthymic and ATX B10.MBR mice received class I mismatched B10.AKM neonatal mouse thymus (NMTHY) tissue under the kidney capsule with or without a short course of CyA. The grafts were allowed to engraft for two and a half months before exploratory laparotomy was performed to evaluate them. Three months after the thymic transplant, mice were challenged with donor-specific skin grafts to assess tolerance. One month after donor-specific skin grafting, they received third party B10.BR skin grafts. Cellular anti-donor immune responses were studied at the time of euthanasia. RESULTS CyA-treated ATX and euthymic control mice showed good engraftment of the allogeneic thymic tissue at the time of exploratory laparotomy, whereas non-CyA-treated ATX and euthymic controls had rejected the grafts. The CyA-treated ATX B10.MBR mice accepted donor-specific skin grafts, but rejected them following a challenge with third party B10.BR skin grafts. Untreated ATX and euthymic mice and 6 of 7 CyA-treated euthymic mice rejected donor skin within 15 days. Mixed lymphocyte reactions did not show an increased anti-donor response, but CML clearly showed sensitization and increased killing activity against donor-type targets in these mice. CONCLUSION Allogeneic thymic transplantation across a class I MHC barrier under the cover of CyA induces a metastable state of tolerance in mice. To achieve this state, ATX of the recipient is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Ignacio Rodríguez-Barbosa
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Bone Marrow Transplantation Section, Surgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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19
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Simeoni L, Posevitz V, Kölsch U, Meinert I, Bruyns E, Pfeffer K, Reinhold D, Schraven B. The transmembrane adapter protein SIT regulates thymic development and peripheral T-cell functions. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:7557-68. [PMID: 16107703 PMCID: PMC1190311 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.17.7557-7568.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SIT is a transmembrane adapter protein that modulates signals emanating from the T-cell receptor (TCR). Here, we have used gene-targeted mice to assess the role of SIT for T-cell development and peripheral T-cell functions. SIT(-/-) double-positive thymocytes show an upregulation of the activation markers CD5 and CD69, suggesting that SIT negatively regulates TCR-mediated signals at the CD4(+) CD8(+) stage of thymic development. This assumption is further supported by the observation that in female H-Y TCR transgenic mice, positive selection is enhanced and even converted to negative selection. Similarly, mature peripheral T cells are hyperresponsive towards TCR-mediated stimuli and produce larger amounts of T-helper 1 (TH1) cytokines, and SIT-deficient mice show an increased susceptibility to develop experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. These results demonstrate that SIT is a critical negative regulator of TCR-mediated signaling and finely tunes the signals required for thymic selection and peripheral T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Simeoni
- Otto von Guericke University, Institute of Immunology, Magdeburg, Germany.
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20
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Witt CM, Raychaudhuri S, Schaefer B, Chakraborty AK, Robey EA. Directed migration of positively selected thymocytes visualized in real time. PLoS Biol 2005; 3:e160. [PMID: 15869324 PMCID: PMC1088277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of many vertebrate tissues involves long-range cell migrations. In most cases, these migrations have been inferred from analysis of single time points and the migration process has not been directly observed and quantitated in real time. In the mammalian adult thymus, immature CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) thymocytes are found in the outer cortex, whereas after T cell antigen receptor (TCR) repertoire selection, CD4+CD8– and CD4–CD8+ single-positive (SP) thymocytes are found in the central medulla. Here we have used two-photon laser-scanning microscopy and quantitative analysis of four-dimensional cell migration data to investigate the movement of thymocytes through the cortex in real time within intact thymic lobes. We show that prior to positive selection, cortical thymocytes exhibit random walk migration. In contrast, positive selection is correlated with the appearance of a thymocyte population displaying rapid, directed migration toward the medulla. These studies provide our first glimpse into the dynamics of developmentally programmed, long-range cell migration in the mammalian thymus. Two-photon laser-scanning microscopy reveals the change from random motion to directed migration that occurs when thymocytes undergo positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Witt
- 1Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of CaliforniaBerkeley, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Subhadip Raychaudhuri
- 2Department of Chemical Engineering, University of CaliforniaBerkeley, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Brian Schaefer
- 3Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesda, MarylandUnited States of America
| | - Arup K Chakraborty
- 2Department of Chemical Engineering, University of CaliforniaBerkeley, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Ellen A Robey
- 1Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of CaliforniaBerkeley, CaliforniaUnited States of America
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21
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Klinger MB, Guilbault B, Goulding RE, Kay RJ. Deregulated expression of RasGRP1 initiates thymic lymphomagenesis independently of T-cell receptors. Oncogene 2004; 24:2695-704. [PMID: 15829980 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
RasGRP1 is a Ras-specific exchange factor, which is activated by T-cell receptor (TCR) and promotes TCR-dependent positive selection of thymocytes. RasGRP1 is highly expressed on most T lymphocytic leukemias and is a common site of proviral insertion in retrovirus-induced murine T-cell lymphomas. We used RasGRP1 transgenic mice to determine if deregulated expression of RasGRP1 has a causative role in the development of T-cell malignancies. Thymic lymphomas occurred in three different RasGRP1 transgenic mouse lines. Thymocyte transformation correlated with high transgene expression in early stage lymphomas, indicating that deregulated RasGRP1 expression contributed to the initiation of lymphomagenesis. Expression of the positively selectable H-Y TCR accelerated lymphomagenesis in RasGRP1 transgenic mice. However, the transformed thymocytes lacked markers of positive selection and lymphomas occurred when positive selection was precluded by negative selection of the H-Y TCR. Therefore, initiation of lymphomagenesis via RasGRP1 was not associated with TCR-dependent positive selection of thymocytes. Thymic lymphomas occurred in RasGRP1 transgenic/Rag2-/- mice, demonstrating that neither TCR nor pre-TCR were required for RasGRP1-driven lymphomagenesis. The RasGRP1 transgene conferred pre-TCR-independent survival and proliferation of immature thymocytes, suggesting that deregulated expression of RasGRP1 promotes lymphomagenesis by expanding the pool of thymocytes which are susceptible to transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Klinger
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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22
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Suzuki G, Shimada Y, Hayashi T, Akashi M, Hirama T, Kusunoki Y. An association between oxidative stress and radiation-induced lymphomagenesis. Radiat Res 2004; 161:642-7. [PMID: 15161356 DOI: 10.1667/rr3188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
It is generally thought that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in carcinogenesis. However, direct evidence supporting this idea is still lacking. In the present study, we measured ROS in thymocytes at the thymic prelymphoma stage in C57BL/6 mice. Mice (n = 20) were irradiated at 1.6 Gy/week for 4 consecutive weeks and the levels of ROS were measured 8 to 11 weeks later by dehydrorhodamine 123, which accumulated in mitochondria and became fluorescent dye upon oxidation. Unirradiated littermates (n = 17) served as controls. Thymic prelymphoma cells were diagnosed by the aberrant CD4/CD8 staining profile and monoclonal or oligoclonal T-cell receptor gene rearrangement. A significant fraction of mice (11/13) bearing thymic prelymphoma cells exhibited elevated levels of ROS in thymocytes (P < 0.001). The result is consistent with the hypothesis that ROS may play an important role in radiation carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Studies, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan.
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23
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Abstract
The recent advances in molecular biology and genetics, as well as the progress of in vitro techniques, have provided a more coherent image of the thymic function on the molecular level. But they have shifted the attention away from studies on the cellular level, which are necessary to clarify the biological roles of different cell types of the thymic microenvironment. The structure and function of the normal thymus depend on mutual interactions between thymocytes and nonlymphocyte cells. In this review a detailed description of morphological and phenotypic features of both maturing thymocytes and nonlymphocyte cells is given. The recent genetic and biochemical data are presented in conjunction with cytological results to enlighten the thymus cell-cell interactions during thymopoiesis and organization of thymic microstructure. Special emphasis is put on the experimental approaches, which may be used to study the interactions between thymocytes and nonlymphocyte cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novica M Milićević
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Beograd, YU-11000 Beograd, Serbia and Montenegro
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24
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Blais ME, Gérard G, Martinic MM, Roy-Proulx G, Zinkernagel RM, Perreault C. Do thymically and strictly extrathymically developing T cells generate similar immune responses? Blood 2003; 103:3102-10. [PMID: 15070691 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-09-3311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
If present in sufficient numbers, could extrathymic T cells substitute for thymus-derived T cells? To address this issue, we studied extrathymic T cells that develop in athymic mice under the influence of oncostatin M (OM). In this model, extensive T-cell development is probably due to amplification of a minor pathway of T-cell differentiation taking place only in the lymph nodes. Extrathymic CD4 T cells expanded poorly and were deficient in providing B-cell help after infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Compared with classic T cells, stimulated extrathymic CD8 T cells produced copious amounts of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), and their expansion was precocious but of limited amplitude because of a high apoptosis rate. Consequently, although extrathymic cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) responded to LCMV infection, as evidenced by the expansion of GP33-41 tetramer-positive CD8 T cells, they were unable to eradicate the virus. Our data indicate that the site of development impinges on T-cell quality and function and that extrathymic T cells functionally cannot substitute for classical thymic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Blais
- Guy-Bernier Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
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25
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Abstract
The thymus is a complex epithelial organ in which thymocyte development is dependent upon the sequential contribution of morphologically and phenotypically distinct stromal cell compartments. It is these microenvironments that provide the unique combination of cellular interactions, cytokines, and chemokines to induce thymocyte precursors to undergo a differentiation program that leads to the generation of functional T cells. Despite the indispensable role of thymic epithelium in the generation of T cells, the mediators of this process and the differentiation pathway undertaken by the primordial thymic epithelial cells are not well defined. There is a lack of lineage-specific cell-surface-associated markers, which are needed to characterize putative thymic epithelial stem cell populations. This review explores the role of thymic stromal cells in T-cell development and thymic organogenesis, as well as the molecular signals that contribute to the growth and expansion of primordial thymic epithelial cells. It highlights recent advances in these areas, which have allowed for a lineage relationship amongst thymic epithelial cell subsets to be proposed. While many fundamental questions remain to be addressed, collectively these works have broadened our understanding of how the thymic epithelium becomes specialized in the ability to support thymocyte differentiation. They should also facilitate the development of novel, rationally based therapeutic strategies for the regeneration and manipulation of thymic function in the treatment of many clinical conditions in which defective T cells have an important etiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Gill
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Monash University, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Prahran, Australia.
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26
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Louis I, Dulude G, Corneau S, Brochu S, Boileau C, Meunier C, Côté C, Labrecque N, Perreault C. Changes in the lymph node microenvironment induced by oncostatin M. Blood 2003; 102:1397-404. [PMID: 12702501 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-01-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OM) transforms the lymph node (LN) into a "super lymphoid organ" with 2 striking features: massive thymus-independent T-cell development and major expansion of the memory T-cell pool. We report that T-cell development in the LckOM LN is regulated by a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-dependent neoangiogenesis involving high endothelial venules (HEVs). That LN HEVs are particularlyrich in OM-receptor beta-chain provides aplausible explanation for the fact that extrathymic T-cell development in LckOM mice is limited to the LN. Moreover, we found that increased production of the CCL20 chemokine by LN stromal cells was instrumental in the expansion of the memory phenotype CD4 T-cell pool in LckOM mice. The generality of the latter finding was demonstrated by the fact that CCL20/CCR6 interactions increase the basal proliferation rate of CD62L(lo) CD4 T cells irrespective of their thymic (in non-OM-transgenic mice) or extrathymic (in LckOM mice) origin. To our knowledge, CCL20 is the first molecule found to increase the proliferation of memory phenotype CD4 T cells. These findings identify potential targets for the creation of thymic substitutes (LN HEVs) and for expansion of the CD4 memory T-cell compartment (CCL20).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chemokine CCL20
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Chemokines/genetics
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Chemokines, CC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/immunology
- Cyclooxygenase 2
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Immunologic Memory/physiology
- Interleukin-7/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-7/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/biosynthesis
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/genetics
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- Oncostatin M
- Peptides/deficiency
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/immunology
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR6
- Receptors, Chemokine
- Receptors, Cytokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/immunology
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Louis
- Guy-Bernier Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
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27
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Hüe S, Monteiro RC, Berrih-Aknin S, Caillat-Zucman S. Potential role of NKG2D/MHC class I-related chain A interaction in intrathymic maturation of single-positive CD8 T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:1909-17. [PMID: 12902493 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.4.1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The nonclassical MHC class I molecule MHC class I-related chain A (MICA) interacts with the NKG2D receptor expressed at the surface of most peripheral CD8 T cells, gammadelta T cells, and NK cells. We investigated the role of MICA-NKG2D interactions in the selection or maturation of the T cell repertoire within the thymus using MICA tetramers and anti-MICA mAbs. MICA tetramers identified a small population of late stage CD8 single-positive, CD45RA(+) CD62L(+) CCR7(+) CD69(-) thymocytes, a phenotype compatible with that of fully mature CD8(+) cells ready to emigrate to the periphery as naive cells. MICA molecules were expressed in the outer layer of Hassal's corpuscles within the medulla of normal thymus. In thymomas, an overexpression of MICA in cortical and medullar epithelial cells was observed. This was associated with a decreased percentage of NKG2D-positive thymocytes, which expressed a less mature phenotype than in normal thymus. These results indicate that CD8(+) thymocytes up-regulate NKG2D as they complete their developmental program before leaving the thymic medulla to seed the periphery, and identify NKG2D as a potential regulator of the developmental processes in T cells that are essential for immune homeostasis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- HT29 Cells
- HeLa Cells
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/blood
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/physiology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/immunology
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/pathology
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymoma/immunology
- Thymoma/pathology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/pathology
- Thymus Neoplasms/immunology
- Thymus Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hüe
- Laboratory of Immunology, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
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28
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Bassing CH, Suh H, Ferguson DO, Chua KF, Manis J, Eckersdorff M, Gleason M, Bronson R, Lee C, Alt FW. Histone H2AX: a dosage-dependent suppressor of oncogenic translocations and tumors. Cell 2003; 114:359-70. [PMID: 12914700 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We employed gene targeting to study H2AX, a histone variant phosphorylated in chromatin surrounding DNA double-strand breaks. Mice deficient for both H2AX and p53 (H(delta/delta)P(-/-)) rapidly developed immature T and B lymphomas and solid tumors. Moreover, H2AX haploinsufficiency caused genomic instability in normal cells and, on a p53-deficient background, early onset of various tumors including more mature B lymphomas. Most H2AX(delta/delta)p53(-/-) or H2AX(+/delta)p53(-/-) B lineage lymphomas harbored chromosome 12 (IgH)/15 (c-myc) translocations with hallmarks of either aberrant V(D)J or class switch recombination. In contrast, H2AX(delta/delta)p53(-/-) thymic lymphomas had clonal translocations that did not involve antigen receptor loci and which likely occurred during cellular expansion. Thus, H2AX helps prevent aberrant repair of both programmed and general DNA breakage and, thereby, functions as a dosage-dependent suppressor of genomic instability and tumors in mice. Notably, H2AX maps to a cytogenetic region frequently altered in human cancers, possibly implicating similar functions in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig H Bassing
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Children's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and The Center for Blood Research, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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29
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van Eijk M, van Noorden CJF, de Groot C. Proteinases and their inhibitors in the immune system. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2003; 222:197-236. [PMID: 12503850 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(02)22015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The most important roles of proteinases in the immune system are found in apoptosis and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-mediated antigen presentation. A variety of cysteine proteinases, serine proteinases, and aspartic proteinases as well as their inhibitors are involved in the regulation of apoptosis in neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells, in selection of specific B and T lymphocytes, and in killing of target cells by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. In antigen presentation, endocytosed antigens are digested into antigenic peptides by both aspartic and cysteine proteinases. In parallel, MHC class II molecules are processed by aspartic and cysteine proteinases to degrade the invariant chain that occupies the peptide-binding site. Proteinase activity in these processes is highly regulated, particularly by posttranslational activation and the balance between active proteinases and specific endogenous inhibitors such as cystatins, thyropins, and serpins. This article discusses the regulation of proteolytic processes in apoptosis and antigen presentation in immune cells and the consequences of therapeutic interference in the balance of proteinases and their inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco van Eijk
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Norment AM, Bogatzki LY, Klinger M, Ojala EW, Bevan MJ, Kay RJ. Transgenic expression of RasGRP1 induces the maturation of double-negative thymocytes and enhances the production of CD8 single-positive thymocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:1141-9. [PMID: 12538669 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.3.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RasGRP1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras that is required for the efficient production of both CD4 and CD8 single-positive thymocytes. We found that RasGRP1 expression is rapidly up-regulated in double-negative thymocytes following pre-TCR ligation. Transgenic overexpression of RasGRP1 compensated for deficient pre-TCR signaling in vivo, enabling recombinase-activating gene 2(-/-) double-negative thymocytes to mature to the double-positive stage. RasGRP1 transgenic mice had a 4-fold increase in CD8 single-positive thymocytes, most of which had atypically low levels of CD3. The RasGRP1 transgene lowered the threshold of TCR signaling needed to initiate proliferation of single-positive thymocytes, with this effect being particularly evident among CD8 single-positive cells. In 3-day cultures, TCR stimulation via anti-CD3 caused a 10-fold increase in the ratio of CD8 to CD4 thymocytes among RasGRP1 transgenic vs nontransgenic thymocytes. These results demonstrate that in addition to driving the double-negative to double-positive transition, increased expression of RasGRP1 selectively increases CD8 single-positive thymocyte numbers and enhances their responsiveness to TCR signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Crosses, Genetic
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nuclear Proteins
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transgenes/immunology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- ras Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Norment
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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31
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Rodriguez-Barbosa JI, Zhao Y, Zhao G, Ezquerra A, Sykes M. Murine CD4 T cells selected in a highly disparate xenogeneic porcine thymus graft do not show rapid decay in the absence of selecting MHC in the periphery. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:6697-710. [PMID: 12471101 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.12.6697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CD4 repopulation can be achieved in T cell-depleted, thymectomized mice grafted with xenogeneic porcine thymus tissue. These CD4 T cells are specifically tolerant of the xenogeneic porcine thymus donor and the recipient, but are positively selected only by porcine MHC. Recent studies suggest that optimal peripheral survival of naive CD4 T cells requires the presence of the same class II MHC in the periphery as that of the thymus in which they were selected. These observations would suggest that T cells selected on porcine thymic MHC would die rapidly in the periphery, where porcine MHC is absent. Persistent CD4 reconstitution achieved in mice grafted with fetal porcine thymus might be due to increased thymic output to compensate for rapid death of T cells in the periphery. Comparison of CD4 T cell decay after removal of porcine or murine thymic grafts ruled out this possibility. No measurable role for peripheral murine class II MHC in maintaining the naive CD4 pool originating in thymic grafts was demonstrable. However, mouse class II MHC supported the conversion to, survival, and/or proliferation of memory-type CD4 cells selected in fetal porcine thymus. Thus, the same MHC as that mediating positive selection in the thymus is not critical for maintenance of the memory CD4 cell pool in the periphery. Our results support the interpretation that xenogeneic thymic transplantation is a feasible strategy to reconstitute CD4 T cells and render recipients tolerant of a xenogeneic donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Ignacio Rodriguez-Barbosa
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Bone Marrow Transplantation Section, Surgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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32
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Naeher D, Luescher IF, Palmer E. A role for the alpha-chain connecting peptide motif in mediating TCR-CD8 cooperation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:2964-70. [PMID: 12218110 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.6.2964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To generate peripheral T cells that are both self-MHC restricted and self-MHC tolerant, thymocytes are subjected to positive and negative selection. How the TCR discriminates between positive and negative selection ligands is not well understood, although there is substantial evidence that the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors play an important role in this cell fate decision. We have previously identified an evolutionarily conserved motif in the TCR, the alpha-chain connecting peptide motif (alpha-CPM), which allows the TCR to deliver positive selection signals. Thymocytes expressing alpha-CPM-deficient receptors do not undergo positive selection, whereas their negative selection is not impaired. In this work we studied the ligand binding and receptor function of alpha-CPM-deficient TCRs by generating T cell hybridomas expressing wild-type or alpha-CPM-deficient forms of the T1 TCR. This K(d)-restricted TCR is specific for a photoreactive derivative of the Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite peptide(252-260) IASA-YIPSAEK(ABA)I and is therefore amenable to TCR photoaffinity labeling. The experiments presented in this work show that alpha-CPM-deficient TCRs fail to cooperate with CD8 to enhance ligand binding and functional responses.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/physiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha/genetics
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha/physiology
- Humans
- Hybridomas
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Ligands
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/physiology
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Naeher
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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33
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Terra R, Labrecque N, Perreault C. Thymic and extrathymic T cell development pathways follow different rules. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:684-92. [PMID: 12097370 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.2.684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Separation between primary and secondary lymphoid organs is a universal feature in jawed vertebrates. Strikingly, oncostatin M (OM)-transgenic mice present massive extrathymic T cell development, localized exclusively in the lymph nodes (LN). According to the prevailing paradigm, the thymus is the main source of T lymphocytes in gnathostomes mainly because thymic epithelial cells have a unique ability to support early steps in T cell development. It is therefore remarkable that productive T cell development occurs in the OM(+) LN, despite the absence of epithelial cells. The present study shows that in the OM(+) LN: 1) MHC class I expression strictly on hemopoietic cells is sufficient to support the development of a diversified repertoire of CD8 T cells; 2) the efficiency of positive selection of specific TCR-transgenic T cells is not the same as in the thymus; 3) negative selection is very effective, despite the lack of an organized thymic-like medulla. Furthermore, our data suggest that extrathymic T lymphocytes developing in the OM(+) LN undergo extensive postselection expansion because they live in the microenvironment in which they were positively selected. This work illustrates how the division of labor between primary and secondary lymphoid organs influences the repertoire and homeostasis of T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafik Terra
- Guy-Bernier Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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34
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Yahata T, Ando K, Nakamura Y, Ueyama Y, Shimamura K, Tamaoki N, Kato S, Hotta T. Functional human T lymphocyte development from cord blood CD34+ cells in nonobese diabetic/Shi-scid, IL-2 receptor gamma null mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:204-9. [PMID: 12077246 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.1.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An experimental model for human T lymphocyte development from hemopoietic stem cells is necessary to study the complex processes of T cell differentiation in vivo. In this study, we report a newly developed nonobese diabetic (NOD)/Shi-scid, IL-2Rgamma null (NOD/SCID/gamma(c)(null)) mouse model for human T lymphopoiesis. When these mice were transplanted with human cord blood CD34(+) cells, the mice reproductively developed human T cells in their thymus and migrated into peripheral lymphoid organs. Furthermore, these T cells bear polyclonal TCR-alphabeta, and respond not only to mitogenic stimuli, such as PHA and IL-2, but to allogenic human cells. These results indicate that functional human T lymphocytes can be reconstituted from CD34(+) cells in NOD/SCID/gamma(c)(null) mice. This newly developed mouse model is expected to become a useful tool for the analysis of human T lymphopoiesis and immune response, and an animal model for studying T lymphotropic viral infections, such as HIV.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD34/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Crosses, Genetic
- Fetal Blood/cytology
- Fetal Blood/immunology
- Fetal Blood/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Species Specificity
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yahata
- Research Center for Cell Transplantation, Kanagawa, Japan
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35
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Abstract
The relevance of cyclooxygenases (COX)-1 and -2 and their products to inflammation, thrombosis and gastroprotection are well known. Their importance in the immune response was first recognized more than 25 years ago, but has only gained widespread attention recently. In this review, we attempt to integrate information on prostanoids and both the innate and acquired immune responses, including effects on leukocytes, antigen presenting cells, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes. Prostanoids may be relevant to immunotolerance, autoimmune disorders, transplantation, immunologic defense against tumors, acquired immunodeficiencies and viral infections. Insight into the role of prostanoids in immune function may afford novel therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Rocca
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
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36
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Grant AJ, Lalor PF, Salmi M, Jalkanen S, Adams DH. Homing of mucosal lymphocytes to the liver in the pathogenesis of hepatic complications of inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 2002; 359:150-7. [PMID: 11809275 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis is strongly linked to inflammatory bowel disease, but any model to explain the development of primary sclerosing cholangitis must take into account the fact that it usually runs a course independent from inflammation in the bowel, illustrated by the fact that this disease can develop many years after proctocolectomy. Thus, liver disease can develop in the absence of a diseased colon and cannot be explained solely by release of toxic factors from the inflamed gut. We propose the existence of an enterohepatic circulation of lymphocytes, whereby some mucosal lymphocytes generated in the gut during active inflammatory disease subsequently persist as longlived memory cells capable of recirculation through the liver. Under the right conditions, these dual-homing lymphocytes might become activated in the liver resulting in hepatic inflammation that is independent from inflammation in the gut. Recent reports that some lymphocyte homing-receptors are shared by the liver and gut provide a molecular basis for this hypothesis and explain the distribution of extraintestinal disease in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allister J Grant
- Liver Research Laboratories, University of Birmingham Institute of Clinical Science, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
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37
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Anderson G, Pongracz J, Parnell S, Jenkinson EJ. Notch ligand-bearing thymic epithelial cells initiate and sustain Notch signaling in thymocytes independently of T cell receptor signaling. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:3349-54. [PMID: 11745352 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200111)31:11<3349::aid-immu3349>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Thymic epithelial cells are specialized to play essential roles at multiple stages of T cell development in the thymus, yet the molecular basis of this specialization is largely unknown. Recently, the Notch family of transmembrane proteins has been implicated in thymocyte development. Such proteins interact with cell surface proteins of the Delta-like and Jagged families. It is known that Notch ligands are expressed intrathymically, and that Notch signaling is regulated by Notch ligands expressed on either the same or third-party cells. However, functional analysis of Notch ligand expression, and elucidation of the mechanism of Notch ligand signaling in thymocyte development, are unclear. Here, we find that Notch ligand expression in the thymus is compartmentalized, with MHC class II(+) thymic epithelium, but not thymocytes nor dendritic cells, expressing Jagged-1, Jagged-2 and Delta-like-1. We also provide evidence that contact with Notch ligands on thymic epithelium is necessary to activate and sustain Notch signaling in thymocytes, and that this can occur independently of positive selection induction. Our data suggest that Notch ligand expression by thymic epithelium may partly explain the specialization of these cells in supporting thymocyte development, by regulating Notch activation via an inductive signaling mechanism independently of signaling leading to positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Anderson
- Department of Anatomy, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Division of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, GB.
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38
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Sosinowski T, Killeen N, Weiss A. The Src-like adaptor protein downregulates the T cell receptor on CD4+CD8+ thymocytes and regulates positive selection. Immunity 2001; 15:457-66. [PMID: 11567635 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we show that the Src-like adaptor protein (SLAP) plays an important role in thymocyte development. SLAP expression is developmentally regulated; it is low in CD4-CD8- thymocytes, it peaks in the CD4+CD8+ subset, and it decreases to low levels in more mature cells. Disruption of the SLAP gene leads to a marked upregulation of TCR and CD5 expression at the CD4+CD8+ stage. The absence of SLAP was also developmentally significant because it enhanced positive selection in mice expressing the DO11.10 transgenic T cell receptor. Moreover, SLAP deletion at least partially rescued the development of ZAP-70-deficient thymocytes. These results demonstrate that SLAP participates in a novel mechanism of TCR downregulation at the CD4+CD8+ stage and regulates positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sosinowski
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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39
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Honey K, Rudensky A. The pIV-otal class II transactivator promoter regulates major histocompatibility complex class II expression in the thymus. J Exp Med 2001; 194:F15-8. [PMID: 11514611 PMCID: PMC2193492 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.4.f15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K Honey
- Department of Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.
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40
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Nawijn MC, Ferreira R, Dingjan GM, Kahre O, Drabek D, Karis A, Grosveld F, Hendriks RW. Enforced expression of GATA-3 during T cell development inhibits maturation of CD8 single-positive cells and induces thymic lymphoma in transgenic mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:715-23. [PMID: 11441075 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.2.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The zinc finger transcription factor GATA-3 is of critical importance for early T cell development and commitment of Th2 cells. To study the role of GATA-3 in early T cell development, we analyzed and modified GATA-3 expression in vivo. In mice carrying a targeted insertion of a lacZ reporter on one allele, we found that GATA-3 transcription in CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive thymocytes correlated with the onset of positive selection events, i.e., TCRalphabeta up-regulation and CD69 expression. LacZ expression remained high ( approximately 80% of cells) during maturation of CD4 single-positive (SP) cells in the thymus, but in developing CD8 SP cells the fraction of lacZ-expressing cells decreased to <20%. We modified this pattern by enforced GATA-3 expression driven by the CD2 locus control region, which provides transcription of GATA-3 throughout T cell development. In two independent CD2-GATA3-transgenic lines, approximately 50% of the mice developed thymic lymphoblastoid tumors that were CD4(+)CD8(+/low) and mostly CD3(+). In tumor-free CD2-GATA3-transgenic mice, the total numbers of CD8 SP cells in the thymus were within normal ranges, but their maturation was hampered, as indicated by increased apoptosis of CD8 SP cells and a selective deficiency of mature CD69(low)HSA(low) CD8 SP cells. In the spleen and lymph nodes, the numbers of CD8(+) T cells were significantly reduced. These findings indicate that GATA-3 supports development of the CD4 lineage and inhibits maturation of CD8 SP cells in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Nawijn
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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41
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Sato T, Sato C, Suzuki D, Yoshida Y, Nunomura S, Matsumura T, Hozumi K, Habu S. Surface molecules essential for positive selection are retained but interfered in thymic epithelial cells after monolayer culture. Cell Immunol 2001; 211:71-9. [PMID: 11585390 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2001.1823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that the three-dimensional structure of thymic epithelial cells (TECs) is responsible for thymic positive selection but that this ability disappears when TECs are cultured in monolayer. These results have supported the hypothesis that certain TEC-specific molecules are extinguished during monolayer culture. In this study, using MHC class II-restricted T-cell receptor transgenic mice, we demonstrated that preselected CD4(+)8(+) (DP) thymocytes were inhibited from developing into CD4(+)8(-) (CD4SP) cells in reaggregate thymus organ culture with monolayer-cultured TECs, but this inhibition was removed when TECs were cultured in monolayer with protein synthesis inhibitor or when the cultured TECs were treated with fixative. These results seem to be inconsistent with the previous hypothesis and indicate that monolayer culture allows TECs to retain the surface molecules necessary for positive selection but interferes with their function, which must be sustained for three dimensional structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sato
- Department of Immunology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Boseidai, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1197, Japan
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42
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Wong P, Barton GM, Forbush KA, Rudensky AY. Dynamic tuning of T cell reactivity by self-peptide-major histocompatibility complex ligands. J Exp Med 2001; 193:1179-87. [PMID: 11369789 PMCID: PMC2193333 DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.10.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrathymic self-peptide–major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC) molecules shape the T cell repertoire through positive and negative selection of immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes. By analyzing the development of MHC class II–restricted T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic T cells under conditions in which the endogenous peptide repertoire is altered, we show that self-peptide–MHC complexes are also involved in setting T cell activation thresholds. This occurs through changes in the expression level of molecules on thymocytes that influence the sensitivity of TCR signaling. Our results suggest that the endogenous peptide repertoire modulates T cell responsiveness in the thymus in order to enforce tolerance to self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Wong
- Department of Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle,Washington 98195
| | - Gregory M. Barton
- Department of Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle,Washington 98195
| | - Katherine A. Forbush
- Department of Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle,Washington 98195
| | - Alexander Y. Rudensky
- Department of Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle,Washington 98195
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43
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Robert J, Sung M, Cohen N. In vitro thymocyte differentiation in MHC class I-negative Xenopus larvae. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 25:323-336. [PMID: 11246072 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(00)00066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
CTX is a surface antigen whose expression in larval and adult Xenopus is primarily restricted to MHC class I-negative immature cortical thymocytes. In adult Xenopus, surface expression of CTX marks a population of MHC class I(-) CD8(+) immature thymocytes that appears to be the equivalent of the mammalian CD4CD8 double positive subset. The present study reveals that transient in vitro exposure of immature CTX(+) thymocytes from MHC class I-negative tadpoles to suboptimal mitogenic concentrations of phorbol ester (PMA) plus ionomycin, induces larval cells to differentiate into more mature T-lymphoblasts that express high level of surface CD5 and CD45. These T-lymphoblasts have downregulated CTX, Rag 1 and TdT genes, whereas TCR-beta genes remain actively transcribed. Signaling induced by PMA/ionomycin modulates both class I and class II expression of MHC class I/II-negative larval thymocytes. This study also reveals that larval T-lymphoblasts are composed of two distinct subsets: CD5(high)CD8(-) and CD5 (high)CD8 (high).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Outbred Strains
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte
- CD5 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD5 Antigens/genetics
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase/biosynthesis
- DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Genes, MHC Class I
- Genes, MHC Class II
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/analysis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis
- Homeodomain Proteins/biosynthesis
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Immunophenotyping
- Ionomycin/pharmacology
- Larva
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/biosynthesis
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/growth & development
- Xenopus Proteins
- Xenopus laevis/growth & development
- Xenopus laevis/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- J Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 672, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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44
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Capone M, Romagnoli P, Beermann F, MacDonald HR, van Meerwijk JP. Dissociation of thymic positive and negative selection in transgenic mice expressing major histocompatibility complex class I molecules exclusively on thymic cortical epithelial cells. Blood 2001; 97:1336-42. [PMID: 11222378 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.5.1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic positive and negative selection of developing T lymphocytes confronts us with a paradox: How can a T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/peptide interaction in the former process lead to transduction of signals allowing for cell survival and in the latter induce programmed cell death or a hyporesponsive state known as anergy? One of the hypotheses put forward states that the outcome of a TCR-MHC/peptide interaction depends on the cell type presenting the selecting ligand to the developing thymocyte. Here we describe the development and lack of self-tolerance of CD8(+) T lymphocytes in transgenic mice expressing MHC class I molecules in the thymus exclusively on cortical epithelial cells. Despite the absence of MHC class I expression on professional antigen-presenting cells, normal numbers of CD8(+) cells were observed in the periphery. Upon specific activation, transgenic CD8(+) T cells efficiently lysed syngeneic MHC class I(+) targets in vitro and in vivo, indicating that thymic cortical epithelium (in contrast to medullary epithelium and antigen-presenting cells of hematopoietic origin) is incapable of tolerance induction. Thus, compartmentalization of the antigen-presenting cells involved in thymic positive selection and tolerance induction can (at least in part) explain the positive/negative selection paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Capone
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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45
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Abstract
To characterize the ligand binding properties of a naive T cell repertoire capable of responding to a foreign antigen, we analyzed T cell populations from T cell receptor (TCR) beta transgenic mice using a novel, single cell peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) tetramer dissociation assay. The largely CD4+CD8(-/low) antigen-specific thymocyte repertoire exhibited a broad, bimodal distribution of tetramer binding half-lives (t(1/2)s), with a significant underrepresentation in the intermediate half-life range in which the majority of the peripheral repertoire lies. Thus, cells with the potential to bind foreign antigen with the lowest and highest stability are likely to be selectively removed from the repertoire prior to their establishment in the periphery. These studies provide direct evidence that thymic selection biases the naive peripheral T cell repertoire toward TCR-ligand interactions that fall within a moderate half-life "window."
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Savage
- Program in Cancer Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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46
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Kremer L, Carramolino L, Goya I, Zaballos A, Gutiérrez J, Moreno-Ortiz M del C, Martínez-A C, Márquez G. The transient expression of C-C chemokine receptor 8 in thymus identifies a thymocyte subset committed to become CD4+ single-positive T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:218-25. [PMID: 11123295 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.1.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Developing T cells journey through the different thymic microenvironments while receiving signals that eventually will allow some of them to become mature naive T cells exported to the periphery. This maturation can be visualized by the phenotype of the developing cells. CCR8 is a ss-chemokine receptor preferentially expressed in the thymus. We have developed 8F4, an anti-mouse CCR8 mAb that is able to neutralize the ligand-induced activation of CCR8, and used it to characterize the CCR8 protein expression in the different thymocyte subsets. Taking into account the intrathymic lineage relationships, our data showed that CCR8 expression in thymus followed two transient waves along T cell maturation. The first one took place in CD4(-) CD8(-) double-negative thymocytes, which showed a low CCR8 expression, and the second wave occurred after TCR activation by the Ag-dependent positive selection in CD4(+) CD8(+) double-positive cells. From that maturation stage, CCR8 expression gradually increased as the CD4(+) cell differentiation proceeded, reaching a maximum at the CD4(+) CD8(-) single-positive stage. These CD4(+) cells expressing CCR8 were also CD69(high) CD62L(low) thymocytes, suggesting that they still needed to undergo some differentiation step before becoming functionally competent naive T cells ready to be exported from the thymus. Interestingly, no significant amounts of CCR8 protein were detectable in CD4(-) CD8(+) thymocytes. Our data showing a clear regulation of the CCR8 protein in thymus suggest a relevant role for CCR8 in this lymphoid organ, and identify CCR8 as a possible marker of thymocyte subsets recently committed to the CD4(+) lineage.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibody Specificity
- Binding Sites, Antibody/immunology
- Binding, Competitive/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Chemokine CCL1
- Chemokines, CC
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muromonab-CD3/pharmacology
- Receptors, CCR8
- Receptors, Chemokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kremer
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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47
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Uncovering the Differences between T Cell Tolerance and Immunity. Autoimmunity 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-0981-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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48
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Nepomnaschy I, Lombardi G, Bekinschtein P, Berguer P, Francisco V, de Almeida J, Buggiano V, Pasqualini CD, Piazzon I. Alterations during positive selection in the thymus of nackt CD4-deficient mice. Scand J Immunol 2000; 52:555-62. [PMID: 11119260 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2000.00818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The T-cell repertoire is shaped by the positive and negative selection of immature CD4(+) CD8(+) double positive (DP) thymocytes. Positive selection of DP T cells to the CD4(+) CD8(-) and CD4(-) CD8(+) simple positive (SP) lineages is a multistep process which involves cellular interactions between thymocytes and stromal cells. Mutant nackt (nkt/nkt) mice have been shown to have a deficiency in the CD4(+) CD8(-) T-cell subset both in the thymus and in the periphery. The present report suggests that nkt/nkt mice present alterations in early steps of positive selection because they show decreases in the percentages of CD69(+) and CD5(+) cells within the DP subset. Experiments involving bone marrow transfer and thymic chimeras demonstrate that the thymic epithelium of nkt/nkt mice is involved in the alterations registered during positive selection and dictates the ultimate fate of CD4(+) SP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nepomnaschy
- ILEX-CONICET, División Medicina Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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49
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Fink PJ, McMahan CJ. Lymphocytes rearrange, edit and revise their antigen receptors to be useful yet safe. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 2000; 21:561-6. [PMID: 11094260 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(00)01734-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pamela Fink and Catherine McMahan discuss how B and T cells test for useful antigen receptors and weed out potentially harmful ones, with special attention paid to T-cell receptor revision, a newly described mechanism by which mature T cells can maintain self tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Fink
- University of Washington, Dept of Immunology, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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50
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Abstract
As they mature, thymocytes migrate to specific regions of the thymus, interact with different types of stromal cells, and thereby receive signals for survival, differentiation, or death. Despite its importance, the molecular control of thymocyte trafficking remains poorly understood. Chemokines and their receptors probably control the homing of T cell progenitors to the thymus, their intrathymic migration, and exit to the periphery. Certain chemokines are abundant in the thymus, and their receptors are expressed during distinct developmental stages. Below, we discuss recent studies of chemokines and their receptors in the thymus, speculating on their function in the frame work of thymocyte trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Norment
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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