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Chen D, Zhao C, Zhang J, Knol CWJ, Osipyan A, Majerníková N, Chen T, Xiao Z, Adriana J, Griffith AJ, Gamez AS, van der Wouden PE, Coppes RP, Dolga AM, Haisma HJ, Dekker FJ. Small Molecule MIF Modulation Enhances Ferroptosis by Impairing DNA Repair Mechanisms. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2403963. [PMID: 38924362 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that can be modulated by small molecules and has the potential for the development of therapeutics for oncology. Although excessive lipid peroxidation is the defining hallmark of ferroptosis, DNA damage may also play a significant role. In this study, a potential mechanistic role for MIF in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair is identified. The inhibition or genetic depletion of MIF or other HR proteins, such as breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1), is demonstrated to significantly enhance the sensitivity of cells to ferroptosis. The interference with HR results in the translocation of the tumor suppressor protein p53 to the mitochondria, which in turn stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species. Taken together, the findings demonstrate that MIF-directed small molecules enhance ferroptosis via a putative MIF-BRCA1-RAD51 axis in HR, which causes resistance to ferroptosis. This suggests a potential novel druggable route to enhance ferroptosis by targeted anticancer therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Chen
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Chunlong Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Jianqiu Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina W J Knol
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Angelina Osipyan
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Nad'a Majerníková
- Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Zhangping Xiao
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Jeaunice Adriana
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J Griffith
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Abel Soto Gamez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cell & Systems, Section Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9712 CP, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9713 GZ, Netherlands
| | - Petra E van der Wouden
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P Coppes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cell & Systems, Section Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9712 CP, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9713 GZ, Netherlands
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Hidde J Haisma
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
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Matsuzaki K, Shinohara A, Shinohara M. Human AAA+ ATPase FIGNL1 suppresses RAD51-mediated ultra-fine bridge formation. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:5774-5791. [PMID: 38597669 PMCID: PMC11162793 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
RAD51 filament is crucial for the homology-dependent repair of DNA double-strand breaks and stalled DNA replication fork protection. Positive and negative regulators control RAD51 filament assembly and disassembly. RAD51 is vital for genome integrity but excessive accumulation of RAD51 on chromatin causes genome instability and growth defects. However, the detailed mechanism underlying RAD51 disassembly by negative regulators and the physiological consequence of abnormal RAD51 persistence remain largely unknown. Here, we report the role of the human AAA+ ATPase FIGNL1 in suppressing a novel type of RAD51-mediated genome instability. FIGNL1 knockout human cells were defective in RAD51 dissociation after replication fork restart and accumulated ultra-fine chromosome bridges (UFBs), whose formation depends on RAD51 rather than replication fork stalling. FIGNL1 suppresses homologous recombination intermediate-like UFBs generated between sister chromatids at genomic loci with repeated sequences such as telomeres and centromeres. These data suggest that RAD51 persistence per se induces the formation of unresolved linkage between sister chromatids resulting in catastrophic genome instability. FIGNL1 facilitates post-replicative disassembly of RAD51 filament to suppress abnormal recombination intermediates and UFBs. These findings implicate FIGNL1 as a key factor required for active RAD51 removal after processing of stalled replication forks, which is essential to maintain genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Matsuzaki
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara City, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Shinohara
- Laboratory of Genome and Chromosome Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Miki Shinohara
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara City, Nara 631-8505, Japan
- Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, Nara City, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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3
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Yang ZX, Deng DH, Gao ZY, Zhang ZK, Fu YW, Wen W, Zhang F, Li X, Li HY, Zhang JP, Zhang XB. OliTag-seq enhances in cellulo detection of CRISPR-Cas9 off-targets. Commun Biol 2024; 7:696. [PMID: 38844522 PMCID: PMC11156888 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06360-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The potential for off-target mutations is a critical concern for the therapeutic application of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. Current detection methodologies, such as GUIDE-seq, exhibit limitations in oligonucleotide integration efficiency and sensitivity, which could hinder their utility in clinical settings. To address these issues, we introduce OliTag-seq, an in-cellulo assay specifically engineered to enhance the detection of off-target events. OliTag-seq employs a stable oligonucleotide for precise break tagging and an innovative triple-priming amplification strategy, significantly improving the scope and accuracy of off-target site identification. This method surpasses traditional assays by providing comprehensive coverage across various sgRNAs and genomic targets. Our research particularly highlights the superior sensitivity of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in detecting off-target mutations, advocating for using patient-derived iPSCs for refined off-target analysis in therapeutic gene editing. Furthermore, we provide evidence that prolonged Cas9 expression and transient HDAC inhibitor treatments enhance the assay's ability to uncover off-target events. OliTag-seq merges the high sensitivity typical of in vitro assays with the practical application of cellular contexts. This approach significantly improves the safety and efficacy profiles of CRISPR-Cas9 interventions in research and clinical environments, positioning it as an essential tool for the precise assessment and refinement of genome editing applications.
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Grants
- the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2019YFA0110803, 2019YFA0110204, and 2021YFA1100900), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 82070115 and 81890990), the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS) (Grant Nos. 2022-I2M-2-003, 2022-I2M-2-001, 2021-I2M-1-041, 2021-I2M-1-040, and 2021-I2M-1-001), the Nonprofit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Grant No. 2020-PT310-011), the Tianjin Synthetic Biotechnology Innovation Capacity Improvement Project (Grant No. TSBICIP-KJGG-017), the CAMS Fundamental Research Funds for Central Research Institutes (Grant No. 3332021093), the Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem Innovation Fund (Grant No. HH23KYZX0005 and HH22KYZX0022), the State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology Research Grant (Grant No. Z23-05), and the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF (Grant No. GZB20230081)
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 300020, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, 301600, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong-Hao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 300020, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, 301600, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhu-Ying Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 300020, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, 301600, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Kang Zhang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266000, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya-Wen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 300020, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 300020, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, 301600, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 300020, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, 301600, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 300020, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, 301600, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua-Yu Li
- College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266000, Qingdao, China.
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 300020, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, 301600, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 300020, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Institutes of Health Science, 301600, Tianjin, China.
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Liu Z, Feng C, Li C, He T, Wu G, Fu C, Li H, Shen M, Liu H. IGF-I protects porcine granulosa cells from hypoxia-induced apoptosis by promoting homologous recombination repair through the PI3K/AKT/E2F8/RAD51 pathway. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23332. [PMID: 38095232 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301464r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Severe hypoxia induced by vascular compromise (ovarian torsion, surgery), obliteration of vessels (aging, chemotherapy, particularly platinum drugs) can cause massive follicle atresia. On the other hand, hypoxia increases the occurrence of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and triggers cellular damage repair mechanisms; however, if the damage is not promptly repaired, it can also induce the apoptosis program. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a polypeptide hormone that plays essential roles in stimulating mammalian follicular development. Here, we report a novel role for IGF-I in protecting hypoxic GCs from apoptosis by promoting DNA repair through the homologous recombination (HR) process. Indeed, the hypoxic environment within follicles significantly inhibited the efficiency of HR-directed DNA repair. The presence of IGF-I-induced HR pathway to alleviate hypoxia-induced DNA damage and apoptosis primarily through upregulating the expression of the RAD51 recombinase. Importantly, we identified a new transcriptional regulator of RAD51, namely E2F8, which mediates the protective effects of IGF-I on hypoxic GCs by facilitating the transcriptional activation of RAD51. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the PI3K/AKT pathway is crucial for IGF-I-induced E2F8 expression, resulting in increased RAD51 expression and enhanced HR activity, which mitigates hypoxia-induced DNA damage and thereby protects against GCs apoptosis. Together, these findings define a novel mechanism of IGF-I-mediated GCs protection by activating the HR repair through the PI3K/AKT/E2F8/RAD51 pathway under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chungang Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengyu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongmin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Pham TX, Huynh TTX, Choi J, Lee JB, Park SC, Kim B, Lim YS, Hwang SB. SARS-CoV-2 exploits cellular RAD51 to promote viral propagation: implication of RAD51 inhibitor as a potential drug candidate against COVID-19. J Virol 2023; 97:e0173723. [PMID: 38051260 PMCID: PMC10734463 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01737-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Viruses are constantly evolving to promote propagation in the host. Here, we show that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) utilizes host RAD51 for replication. Silencing of RAD51 impaired SARS-CoV-2 propagation. Viral RNA colocalized with RAD51 in the cytoplasm of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, suggesting that both viral RNA and RAD51 may form a replication complex. We, therefore, evaluated RAD51 inhibitors as possible therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2. Indeed, RAD51 inhibitors exerted antiviral activities against not only Wuhan but also variants of SARS-CoV-2. Molecular docking model shows that RAD51 inhibitors impede SARS-CoV-2 propagation by interfering with dimerization of RAD51. These data suggest that RAD51 may represent a novel host-based drug target for coronavirus disease 2019 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy X. Pham
- Laboratory of RNA Viral Diseases, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Trang T. X. Huynh
- Laboratory of RNA Viral Diseases, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Bong Lee
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Seok-Chan Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Yun-Sook Lim
- Laboratory of RNA Viral Diseases, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Soon B. Hwang
- Laboratory of RNA Viral Diseases, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul, South Korea
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Chiang YC, Leu WJ, Chen YC, Ye PC, Hsu YT, Hsiao YC, Hsu JL, Chan SH, Hsu LC, Huang HS, Guh JH. Mechanistic study of dual-function inhibitors targeting topoisomerase II and Rad51-mediated DNA repair pathway against castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2023; 83:1549-1563. [PMID: 37583103 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is refractory to hormone treatment and the therapeutic options are continuously advancing. This study aims to discover the anti-CRPC effects and underlying mechanisms of small-molecule compounds targeting topoisomerase (TOP) II and cellular components of DNA damage repair. METHODS Cell proliferation was determined in CRPC PC-3 and DU-145 cells using anchorage-dependent colony formation, sulforhodamine B assay and flow cytometric analysis of CFSE staining. Flow cytometric analyses of propidium iodide staining and JC-1 staining were used to examine the population of cell-cycle phases and mitochondrial membrane potential, respectively. Nuclear extraction was performed to detect the nuclear localization of cellular components in DNA repair pathways. Protein expressions were determined using Western blot analysis. RESULTS A series of azathioxanthone-based derivatives were synthesized and examined for bioactivities in which WC-A13, WC-A14, WC-A15, and WC-A16 displayed potent anti-CRPC activities in both PC-3 and DU-145 cell models. These WC-A compounds selectively downregulated both TOP IIα and TOP IIβ but not TOP I protein expression. WC-A13, WC-A14, and WC-A15 were more potent than WC-A16 on TOP II inhibition, mitochondrial dysfunction, and induction of caspase cascades indicating the key role of amine-containing side chain of the compounds in determining anti-CRPC activities. Furthermore, WC-A compounds induced an increase of γH2AX and activated ATR-Chk1 and ATM-Chk2 signaling pathways. P21 protein expression was also upregulated by WC-A compounds in which WC-A16 showed the least activity. Notably, WC-A compounds exhibited different regulation on Rad51, a major protein in homologous recombination of DNA in double-stranded break repair. WC-A13, WC-A14, and WC-A15 inhibited, whereas WC-A16 induced, the nuclear translocation of Rad51. CONCLUSION The data suggest that WC-A compounds exhibit anti-CRPC effects through the inhibition of TOP II activities, leading to mitochondrial stress-involved caspase activation and apoptosis. Moreover, WC-A13, WC-A14, and WC-A15 but not WC-A16 display inhibitory activities of Rad51-mediated DNA repair pathway which may increase apoptotic effect of CRPC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chang Chiang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wohn-Jenn Leu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chen Ye
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tung Hsu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Hsiao
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Ling Hsu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - She-Hung Chan
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Ching Hsu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Shan Huang
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Hwa Guh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lee CY, Cheng WF, Lin PH, Chen YL, Huang SH, Lei KH, Chang KY, Ko MY, Chi P. An activity-based functional test for identifying homologous recombination deficiencies across cancer types in real time. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101247. [PMID: 37863059 PMCID: PMC10694588 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA repair is a prerequisite for maintaining genome stability. Cancer cells displaying HR deficiency (HRD) are selectively eliminated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis). To date, sequencing of HR-associated genes and analyzing genome instability have been used as clinical predictions for PARPi therapy. However, these genetic tests cannot reflect dynamic changes in the HR status. Here, we have developed a virus- and activity-based functional assay to quantify real-time HR activity directly. Instead of focusing on a few HR-associated genes, our functional assay detects endpoint HR activity and establishes an activity threshold for identifying HRD across cancer types, validated by PARPi sensitivity and BRCA status. Notably, this fluorescence-based assay can be applied to primary ovarian cancer cells from patients to reflect their level of HRD, which is associated with survival benefits. Thus, our work provides a functional test to predict the response of primary cancer cells to PARPis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ying Lee
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Fang Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Han Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Li Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Han Huang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hang Lei
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Yu Chang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yu Ko
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peter Chi
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Tsai YF, Chan LP, Chen YK, Su CW, Hsu CW, Wang YY, Yuan SSF. RAD51 is a poor prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:231. [PMID: 37798649 PMCID: PMC10552296 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03071-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES RAD51 overexpression has been reported to serve as a marker of poor prognosis in several cancer types. This study aimed to survey the role of RAD51 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and whether RAD51 could be a potential therapeutic target. MATERIALS AND METHODS RAD51 protein expression, assessed by immunohistochemical staining, was used to examine associations with survival and clinicopathological profiles of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Lentiviral infection was used to knock down or overexpress RAD51. The influence of RAD51 on the biological profile of oral cancer cells was evaluated. Cell viability and apoptosis after treatment with chemotherapeutic agents and irradiation were analyzed. Co-treatment with chemotherapeutic agents and B02, a RAD51 inhibitor, was used to examine additional cytotoxic effects. RESULTS Oral squamous cell carcinoma patients with higher RAD51 expression exhibited worse survival, especially those treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. RAD51 overexpression promotes resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in oral cancer cells in vitro. Higher tumorsphere formation ability was observed in RAD51 overexpressing oral cancer cells. However, the expression of oral cancer stem cell markers did not change in immunoblotting analysis. Co-treatment with RAD51 inhibitor B02 and cisplatin, compared with cisplatin alone, significantly enhanced cytotoxicity in oral cancer cells. CONCLUSION RAD51 is a poor prognostic marker for oral squamous cell carcinoma. High RAD51 protein expression associates with resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Addition of B02 significantly increased the cytotoxicity of cisplatin. These findings suggest that RAD51 protein may function as a treatment target for oral cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION Number: KMUHIRB-E(I)-20190009 Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, approved on 20190130, Retrospective registration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fen Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, E-Da Cancer Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 824, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 824, Taiwan
| | - Leong-Perng Chan
- Cohort Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Yuk-Kwan Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Division of Oral Pathology & Maxillofacial Radiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Wei Su
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wei Hsu
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Division of Oral Pathology & Maxillofacial Radiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yun Wang
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
| | - Shyng-Shiou F Yuan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 75 Bo-Ai Street, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
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9
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Li Q, Qian W, Zhang Y, Hu L, Chen S, Xia Y. A new wave of innovations within the DNA damage response. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:338. [PMID: 37679326 PMCID: PMC10485079 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome instability has been identified as one of the enabling hallmarks in cancer. DNA damage response (DDR) network is responsible for maintenance of genome integrity in cells. As cancer cells frequently carry DDR gene deficiencies or suffer from replicative stress, targeting DDR processes could induce excessive DNA damages (or unrepaired DNA) that eventually lead to cell death. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have brought impressive benefit to patients with breast cancer gene (BRCA) mutation or homologous recombination deficiency (HRD), which proves the concept of synthetic lethality in cancer treatment. Moreover, the other two scenarios of DDR inhibitor application, replication stress and combination with chemo- or radio- therapy, are under active clinical exploration. In this review, we revisited the progress of DDR targeting therapy beyond the launched first-generation PARP inhibitors. Next generation PARP1 selective inhibitors, which could maintain the efficacy while mitigating side effects, may diversify the application scenarios of PARP inhibitor in clinic. Albeit with unavoidable on-mechanism toxicities, several small molecules targeting DNA damage checkpoints (gatekeepers) have shown great promise in preliminary clinical results, which may warrant further evaluations. In addition, inhibitors for other DNA repair pathways (caretakers) are also under active preclinical or clinical development. With these progresses and efforts, we envision that a new wave of innovations within DDR has come of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 200131, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyuan Qian
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 200131, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 200131, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihong Hu
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 200131, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhui Chen
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 200131, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanfeng Xia
- Domestic Discovery Service Unit, WuXi AppTec, 200131, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Hara T, Nakaoka H, Miyoshi T, Ishikawa F. The CST complex facilitates cell survival under oxidative genotoxic stress. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289304. [PMID: 37590191 PMCID: PMC10434909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic DNA is constantly exposed to a variety of genotoxic stresses, and it is crucial for organisms to be equipped with mechanisms for repairing the damaged genome. Previously, it was demonstrated that the mammalian CST (CTC1-STN1-TEN1) complex, which was originally identified as a single-stranded DNA-binding trimeric protein complex essential for telomere maintenance, is required for survival in response to hydroxyurea (HU), which induces DNA replication fork stalling. It is still unclear, however, how the CST complex is involved in the repair of diverse types of DNA damage induced by oxidizing agents such as H2O2. STN1 knockdown (KD) sensitized HeLa cells to high doses of H2O2. While H2O2 induced DNA strand breaks throughout the cell cycle, STN1 KD cells were as resistant as control cells to H2O2 treatment when challenged in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, but they were sensitive when exposed to H2O2 in S/G2/M phase. STN1 KD cells showed a failure of DNA synthesis and RAD51 foci formation upon H2O2 treatment. Chemical inhibition of RAD51 in shSTN1 cells did not exacerbate the sensitivity to H2O2, implying that the CST complex and RAD51 act in the same pathway. Collectively, our results suggest that the CST complex is required for maintaining genomic stability in response to oxidative DNA damage, possibly through RAD51-dependent DNA repair/protection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Hara
- Department of Gene Mechanisms, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenori Nakaoka
- Department of Gene Mechanisms, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoicihiro Miyoshi
- Department of Gene Mechanisms, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory for Retrotransposon Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Ishikawa
- Department of Gene Mechanisms, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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11
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Zelceski A, Francica P, Lingg L, Mutlu M, Stok C, Liptay M, Alexander J, Baxter JS, Brough R, Gulati A, Haider S, Raghunandan M, Song F, Sridhar S, Forment JV, O'Connor MJ, Davies BR, van Vugt MATM, Krastev DB, Pettitt SJ, Tutt ANJ, Rottenberg S, Lord CJ. MND1 and PSMC3IP control PARP inhibitor sensitivity in mitotic cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112484. [PMID: 37163373 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The PSMC3IP-MND1 heterodimer promotes meiotic D loop formation before DNA strand exchange. In genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis and interference screens in mitotic cells, depletion of PSMC3IP or MND1 causes sensitivity to poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) used in cancer treatment. PSMC3IP or MND1 depletion also causes ionizing radiation sensitivity. These effects are independent of PSMC3IP/MND1's role in mitotic alternative lengthening of telomeres. PSMC3IP- or MND1-depleted cells accumulate toxic RAD51 foci in response to DNA damage, show impaired homology-directed DNA repair, and become PARPi sensitive, even in cells lacking both BRCA1 and TP53BP1. Epistasis between PSMC3IP-MND1 and BRCA1/BRCA2 defects suggest that abrogated D loop formation is the cause of PARPi sensitivity. Wild-type PSMC3IP reverses PARPi sensitivity, whereas a PSMC3IP p.Glu201del mutant associated with D loop defects and ovarian dysgenesis does not. These observations suggest that meiotic proteins such as MND1 and PSMC3IP have a greater role in mitotic DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Zelceski
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Paola Francica
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Departement of Biomedical Research (DBMR), Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lea Lingg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Departement of Biomedical Research (DBMR), Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Merve Mutlu
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Colin Stok
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Liptay
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - John Alexander
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Joseph S Baxter
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Rachel Brough
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Aditi Gulati
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Syed Haider
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Maya Raghunandan
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Feifei Song
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Sandhya Sridhar
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Dragomir B Krastev
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Stephen J Pettitt
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK.
| | - Andrew N J Tutt
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK.
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Departement of Biomedical Research (DBMR), Cancer Therapy Resistance Cluster, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Christopher J Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK.
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12
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Noor F, Ashfaq UA, Bakar A, ul Haq W, Allemailem KS, Alharbi BF, Al-Megrin WAI, Tahir ul Qamar M. Discovering common pathogenic processes between COVID-19 and HFRS by integrating RNA-seq differential expression analysis with machine learning. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1175844. [PMID: 37234545 PMCID: PMC10208410 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1175844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic virus spillover in human hosts including outbreaks of Hantavirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) imposes a serious impact on the quality of life of patients. Recent studies provide a shred of evidence that patients with Hantavirus-caused hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) are at risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2. Both RNA viruses shared a higher degree of clinical features similarity including dry cough, high fever, shortness of breath, and certain reported cases with multiple organ failure. However, there is currently no validated treatment option to tackle this global concern. This study is attributed to the identification of common genes and perturbed pathways by combining differential expression analysis with bioinformatics and machine learning approaches. Initially, the transcriptomic data of hantavirus-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and SARS-CoV-2 infected PBMCs were analyzed through differential gene expression analysis for identification of common differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The functional annotation by enrichment analysis of common genes demonstrated immune and inflammatory response biological processes enriched by DEGs. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of DEGs was then constructed and six genes named RAD51, ALDH1A1, UBA52, CUL3, GADD45B, and CDKN1A were identified as the commonly dysregulated hub genes among HFRS and COVID-19. Later, the classification performance of these hub genes were evaluated using Random Forest (RF), Poisson Linear Discriminant Analysis (PLDA), Voom-based Nearest Shrunken Centroids (voomNSC), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers which demonstrated accuracy >70%, suggesting the biomarker potential of the hub genes. To our knowledge, this is the first study that unveiled biological processes and pathways commonly dysregulated in HFRS and COVID-19, which could be in the next future used for the design of personalized treatment to prevent the linked attacks of COVID-19 and HFRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Noor
- Integrative Omics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Integrative Omics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abu Bakar
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Waqar ul Haq
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khaled S. Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basmah F. Alharbi
- Department of Basic Health Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa Abdullah I. Al-Megrin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar
- Integrative Omics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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13
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Heat Shock Protein Family A Member 1 Promotes Intracellular Amplification of Hepatitis B Virus Covalently Closed Circular DNA. J Virol 2023; 97:e0126122. [PMID: 36519896 PMCID: PMC9888207 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01261-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) contains a partially double-stranded relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA) genome that is converted into a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in the nucleus of the infected hepatocyte by cellular DNA repair machinery. cccDNA associates with nucleosomes to form a minichromosome that transcribes RNA to support the expression of viral proteins and reverse transcriptional replication of viral DNA. In addition to the de novo synthesis from incoming virion rcDNA, cccDNA can also be synthesized from rcDNA in the progeny nucleocapsids within the cytoplasm of infected hepatocytes via the intracellular amplification pathway. In our efforts to identify cellular DNA repair proteins required for cccDNA synthesis using a chemogenetic screen, we found that B02, a small-molecule inhibitor of DNA homologous recombination repair protein RAD51, significantly enhanced the synthesis of cccDNA via the intracellular amplification pathway in human hepatoma cells. Ironically, neither small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of RAD51 expression nor treatment with another structurally distinct RAD51 inhibitor or activator altered cccDNA amplification. Instead, it was found that B02 treatment significantly elevated the levels of multiple heat shock protein mRNA, and siRNA knockdown of HSPA1 expression or treatment with HSPA1 inhibitors significantly attenuated B02 enhancement of cccDNA amplification. Moreover, B02-enhanced cccDNA amplification was efficiently inhibited by compounds that selectively inhibit DNA polymerase α or topoisomerase II, the enzymes required for cccDNA intracellular amplification. Our results thus indicate that B02 treatment induces a heat shock protein-mediated cellular response that positively regulates the conversion of rcDNA into cccDNA via the authentic intracellular amplification pathway. IMPORTANCE Elimination or functional inactivation of cccDNA minichromosomes in HBV-infected hepatocytes is essential for the cure of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, lack of knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of cccDNA metabolism and regulation hampers the development of antiviral drugs to achieve this therapeutic goal. Our findings reported here imply that enhanced cccDNA amplification may occur under selected pathobiological conditions, such as cellular stress, to subvert the dilution or elimination of cccDNA and maintain the persistence of HBV infection. Therapeutic inhibition of HSPA1-enhanced cccDNA amplification under these pathobiological conditions should facilitate the elimination of cccDNA and cure of chronic hepatitis B.
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14
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Yang Y, Mai Z, Zhang Y, Yu Z, Li W, Zhang Y, Li F, Timashev P, Luan P, Luo D, Liang XJ, Yu Z. A Cascade Targeted and Mitochondrion-Dysfunctional Nanomedicine Capable of Overcoming Drug Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ACS NANO 2023; 17:1275-1286. [PMID: 36602608 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a formidable issue in clinical anticancer therapy and is pertinent to the lowered efficacies of chemotherapeutics and the activated tumor self-repairing proceedings. Herein, bifunctional amphiphiles containing galactose ligands and high-density disulfide are synthesized for encapsulating mitochondrion-targeting tetravalent platinum prodrugs to construct a cascade targeted and mitochondrion-dysfunctional nanomedicine (Gal-NP@TPt). Subsequent investigations verify that Gal-NP@TPt with sequential targeting functions toward tumors and mitochondria improved the spatiotemporal level of platinum. In addition, glutathione depletion by Gal-NP@TPt appear to substantially inhibit the proceedings of platinum detoxification, inducing the susceptibility to the mitochondrial platinum. Moreover, the strategic transportation of platinum to mitochondria lacking DNA repair machinery by Gal-NP@TPt lowers the possibility of platinum deactivation. Eventually, Gal-NP@TPt demonstrates appreciable antitumor effects for the systemic treatment of patient-derived tumor xenografts of hepatocellular carcinoma. Note that these strategies in overcoming drug resistance have also been confirmed to be valid based on genome-wide analysis via RNA-sequencing. Therefore, an intriguing multifunctional nanomedicine capable of resolving formidable chemoresistance is achieved, which should be greatly emphasized in practical applications for the treatment of intractable tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongguan Institute of Clinical Cancer Research, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523018, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ziyi Mai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongguan Institute of Clinical Cancer Research, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523018, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yanxin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhiyu Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fangzhou Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Peter Timashev
- Laboratory of Clinical Smart Nanotechnologies, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ping Luan
- Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital & Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dixian Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongguan Institute of Clinical Cancer Research, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan 523018, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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15
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Tsang ES, Munster PN. Targeting RAD51-Mediated Homologous Recombination as a Treatment for Advanced Solid and Hematologic Malignancies: Opportunities and Challenges Ahead. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:1509-1518. [PMID: 36536949 PMCID: PMC9758980 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s322297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
RAD51 is integral in homologous recombination DNA damage repair and has garnered much interest as both a biomarker and potential therapeutic target in oncology. Multiple in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated its role as a predictive marker, particularly in the context of platinum-based therapies and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. In this review, we highlight the development of RAD51 inhibitors, with a focus on novel molecules and ongoing clinical trials. Despite many efforts to develop effective and tolerable direct RAD51 inhibitors, identification of these agents remains challenging. Clinically, however, there may be a role of pharmacological indirect RAD51 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica S Tsang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Pamela N Munster
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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16
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Benureau Y, Pouvelle C, Dupaigne P, Baconnais S, Moreira Tavares E, Mazón G, Despras E, Le Cam E, Kannouche P. Changes in the architecture and abundance of replication intermediates delineate the chronology of DNA damage tolerance pathways at UV-stalled replication forks in human cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:9909-9929. [PMID: 36107774 PMCID: PMC9508826 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA lesions in S phase threaten genome stability. The DNA damage tolerance (DDT) pathways overcome these obstacles and allow completion of DNA synthesis by the use of specialised translesion (TLS) DNA polymerases or through recombination-related processes. However, how these mechanisms coordinate with each other and with bulk replication remains elusive. To address these issues, we monitored the variation of replication intermediate architecture in response to ultraviolet irradiation using transmission electron microscopy. We show that the TLS polymerase η, able to accurately bypass the major UV lesion and mutated in the skin cancer-prone xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XPV) syndrome, acts at the replication fork to resolve uncoupling and prevent post-replicative gap accumulation. Repriming occurs as a compensatory mechanism when this on-the-fly mechanism cannot operate, and is therefore predominant in XPV cells. Interestingly, our data support a recombination-independent function of RAD51 at the replication fork to sustain repriming. Finally, we provide evidence for the post-replicative commitment of recombination in gap repair and for pioneering observations of in vivo recombination intermediates. Altogether, we propose a chronology of UV damage tolerance in human cells that highlights the key role of polη in shaping this response and ensuring the continuity of DNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Benureau
- UMR9019 CNRS, Genome Integrity and Cancers, Laboratory Genome Integrity , Immune Response and Cancers, Equipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Gustave Roussy 94805 , Villejuif , France
- UMR9019 CNRS, Genome Integrity and Cancers, Laboratory DSB Repair , Replication stress and Genome Integrity, Gustave Roussy 94805 , Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay , France
| | - Caroline Pouvelle
- UMR9019 CNRS, Genome Integrity and Cancers, Laboratory Genome Integrity , Immune Response and Cancers, Equipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Gustave Roussy 94805 , Villejuif , France
- Université Paris-Saclay , France
| | - Pauline Dupaigne
- UMR9019 CNRS, Genome Integrity and Cancers, Laboratory DSB Repair , Replication stress and Genome Integrity, Gustave Roussy 94805 , Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay , France
| | - Sonia Baconnais
- UMR9019 CNRS, Genome Integrity and Cancers, Laboratory DSB Repair , Replication stress and Genome Integrity, Gustave Roussy 94805 , Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay , France
| | - Eliana Moreira Tavares
- UMR9019 CNRS, Genome Integrity and Cancers, Laboratory DSB Repair , Replication stress and Genome Integrity, Gustave Roussy 94805 , Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay , France
| | - Gerard Mazón
- UMR9019 CNRS, Genome Integrity and Cancers, Laboratory DSB Repair , Replication stress and Genome Integrity, Gustave Roussy 94805 , Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay , France
| | - Emmanuelle Despras
- UMR9019 CNRS, Genome Integrity and Cancers, Laboratory Genome Integrity , Immune Response and Cancers, Equipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Gustave Roussy 94805 , Villejuif , France
- Université Paris-Saclay , France
| | - Eric Le Cam
- UMR9019 CNRS, Genome Integrity and Cancers, Laboratory DSB Repair , Replication stress and Genome Integrity, Gustave Roussy 94805 , Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay , France
| | - Patricia L Kannouche
- UMR9019 CNRS, Genome Integrity and Cancers, Laboratory Genome Integrity , Immune Response and Cancers, Equipe Labellisée La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Gustave Roussy 94805 , Villejuif , France
- Université Paris-Saclay , France
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17
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Feu S, Unzueta F, Ercilla A, Pérez-Venteo A, Jaumot M, Agell N. RAD51 is a druggable target that sustains replication fork progression upon DNA replication stress. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266645. [PMID: 35969531 PMCID: PMC9377619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Solving the problems that replication forks encounter when synthesizing DNA is essential to prevent genomic instability. Besides their role in DNA repair in the G2 phase, several homologous recombination proteins, specifically RAD51, have prominent roles in the S phase. Using different cellular models, RAD51 has been shown not only to be present at ongoing and arrested replication forks but also to be involved in nascent DNA protection and replication fork restart. Through pharmacological inhibition, here we study the specific role of RAD51 in the S phase. RAD51 inhibition in non-transformed cell lines did not have a significant effect on replication fork progression under non-perturbed conditions, but when the same cells were subjected to replication stress, RAD51 became necessary to maintain replication fork progression. Notably, the inhibition or depletion of RAD51 did not compromise fork integrity when subjected to hydroxyurea treatment. RAD51 inhibition also did not decrease the ability to restart, but rather compromised fork progression during reinitiation. In agreement with the presence of basal replication stress in human colorectal cancer cells, RAD51 inhibition reduced replication fork speed in these cells and increased γH2Ax foci under control conditions. These alterations could have resulted from the reduced association of DNA polymerase α to chromatin, as observed when inhibiting RAD51. It may be possible to exploit the differential dependence of non-transformed cells versus colorectal cancer cells on RAD51 activity under basal conditions to design new therapies that specifically target cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Feu
- Dept. Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Unzueta
- Dept. Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amaia Ercilla
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | | | - Montserrat Jaumot
- Dept. Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Agell
- Dept. Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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18
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Nickoloff JA. Targeting Replication Stress Response Pathways to Enhance Genotoxic Chemo- and Radiotherapy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27154736. [PMID: 35897913 PMCID: PMC9330692 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proliferating cells regularly experience replication stress caused by spontaneous DNA damage that results from endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA sequences that can assume secondary and tertiary structures, and collisions between opposing transcription and replication machineries. Cancer cells face additional replication stress, including oncogenic stress that results from the dysregulation of fork progression and origin firing, and from DNA damage induced by radiotherapy and most cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Cells respond to such stress by activating a complex network of sensor, signaling and effector pathways that protect genome integrity. These responses include slowing or stopping active replication forks, protecting stalled replication forks from collapse, preventing late origin replication firing, stimulating DNA repair pathways that promote the repair and restart of stalled or collapsed replication forks, and activating dormant origins to rescue adjacent stressed forks. Currently, most cancer patients are treated with genotoxic chemotherapeutics and/or ionizing radiation, and cancer cells can gain resistance to the resulting replication stress by activating pro-survival replication stress pathways. Thus, there has been substantial effort to develop small molecule inhibitors of key replication stress proteins to enhance tumor cell killing by these agents. Replication stress targets include ATR, the master kinase that regulates both normal replication and replication stress responses; the downstream signaling kinase Chk1; nucleases that process stressed replication forks (MUS81, EEPD1, Metnase); the homologous recombination catalyst RAD51; and other factors including ATM, DNA-PKcs, and PARP1. This review provides an overview of replication stress response pathways and discusses recent pre-clinical studies and clinical trials aimed at improving cancer therapy by targeting replication stress response factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jac A Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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19
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Lebrec V, Poteau M, Morretton JP, Gavet O. Chk1 dynamics in G2 phase upon replication stress predict daughter cell outcome. Dev Cell 2022; 57:638-653.e5. [PMID: 35245445 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In human cells, ATR/Chk1 signaling couples S phase exit with the expression of mitotic inducers and prevents premature mitosis upon replication stress (RS). Nonetheless, under-replicated DNA can persist at mitosis, prompting chromosomal instability. To decipher how the DNA replication checkpoint (DRC) allows cells to enter mitosis over time upon RS, we developed a FRET-based Chk1 activity sensor. During unperturbed growth, a basal Chk1 activity level is sustained throughout S phase and relies on replication origin firing. Incremental RS triggers stepwise Chk1 over-activation that delays S-phase, suggesting a rheostat-like role for DRC coupled with the replication machinery. Upon RS, Chk1 is inactivated as DNA replication terminates but surprisingly is reactivated in a subset of G2 cells, which relies on Cdk1/2 and Plk1 and prevents mitotic entry. Cells can override active Chk1 signaling and reach mitosis onset, revealing checkpoint adaptation. Cell division following Chk1 reactivation in G2 results in a p53/p21-dependent G1 arrest, eliminating the daughter cells from proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivianne Lebrec
- UMR9019 CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Marion Poteau
- UMR9019 CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Morretton
- UMR9019 CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Gavet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris VI, UFR927, 75005 Paris, France; UMR9019 CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France.
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20
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García-Lepe UO, Torres-Dimas E, Espinal-Centeno A, Cruz-Ramírez A, Bermúdez-Cruz RM. Evidence of requirement for homologous-mediated DNA repair during Ambystoma mexicanum limb regeneration. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1035-1053. [PMID: 35040539 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limb regeneration in the axolotl is achieved by epimorphosis, thus depending on the blastema formation, a mass of progenitor cells capable of proliferating and differentiating to recover all lost structures functionally. During regeneration, the blastema cells accelerate the cell cycle and duplicate its genome, which is inherently difficult to replicate because of its length and composition, thus being prone to suffer double-strand breaks. RESULTS We identified and characterized two remarkable components of the homologous recombination repair pathway (Amex.RAD51 and Amex.MRE11), which were heterologously expressed, biochemically characterized, and inhibited by specific chemicals. These same inhibitors were applied at different time points after amputation to study their effects during limb regeneration. We observed an increase in cellular senescent accompanied by a slight delay in regeneration at 28 days post-amputation regenerated tissues; moreover, inhibitors caused a rise in the double-strand break signaling as a response to the inhibition of the repair mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed the participation and importance of homologous recombination during limb regeneration. Where the chemical inhibition induces double-strand breaks that lead to DNA damage associated senescence, or in an alternatively way, this damage could be possibly repaired by a different DNA repair pathway, permitting proper regeneration and avoiding senescence. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulises Omar García-Lepe
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Department, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Esteban Torres-Dimas
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Department, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Annie Espinal-Centeno
- Molecular and Developmental Complexity Group, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Ramírez
- Molecular and Developmental Complexity Group, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Bermúdez-Cruz
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Department, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN Mexico city, Mexico
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21
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van de Kamp G, Heemskerk T, Kanaar R, Essers J. DNA Double Strand Break Repair Pathways in Response to Different Types of Ionizing Radiation. Front Genet 2021; 12:738230. [PMID: 34659358 PMCID: PMC8514742 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.738230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The superior dose distribution of particle radiation compared to photon radiation makes it a promising therapy for the treatment of tumors. However, the cellular responses to particle therapy and especially the DNA damage response (DDR) is not well characterized. Compared to photons, particles are thought to induce more closely spaced DNA lesions instead of isolated lesions. How this different spatial configuration of the DNA damage directs DNA repair pathway usage, is subject of current investigations. In this review, we describe recent insights into induction of DNA damage by particle radiation and how this shapes DNA end processing and subsequent DNA repair mechanisms. Additionally, we give an overview of promising DDR targets to improve particle therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerarda van de Kamp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tim Heemskerk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Essers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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22
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Wassing IE, Graham E, Saayman X, Rampazzo L, Ralf C, Bassett A, Esashi F. The RAD51 recombinase protects mitotic chromatin in human cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5380. [PMID: 34508092 PMCID: PMC8433380 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25643-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAD51 recombinase plays critical roles in safeguarding genome integrity, which is fundamentally important for all living cells. While interphase functions of RAD51 in maintaining genome stability are well-characterised, its role in mitosis remains contentious. In this study, we show that RAD51 protects under-replicated DNA in mitotic human cells and, in this way, promotes mitotic DNA synthesis (MiDAS) and successful chromosome segregation. In cells experiencing mild replication stress, MiDAS was detected irrespective of mitotically generated DNA damage. MiDAS broadly required de novo RAD51 recruitment to single-stranded DNA, which was supported by the phosphorylation of RAD51 by the key mitotic regulator Polo-like kinase 1. Importantly, acute inhibition of MiDAS delayed anaphase onset and induced centromere fragility, suggesting a mechanism that prevents the satisfaction of the spindle assembly checkpoint while chromosomal replication remains incomplete. This study hence identifies an unexpected function of RAD51 in promoting genomic stability in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel E Wassing
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily Graham
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xanita Saayman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucia Rampazzo
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christine Ralf
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Fumiko Esashi
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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23
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Inhibition of the DSB repair protein RAD51 potentiates the cytotoxic efficacy of doxorubicin via promoting apoptosis-related death pathways. Cancer Lett 2021; 520:361-373. [PMID: 34389435 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The anthracycline derivative doxorubicin (Doxo) induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by inhibition of DNA topoisomerase type II. Defective mismatch repair (MMR) contributes to Doxo resistance and has been reported for colon and mammary carcinomas. Here, we investigated the outcome of pharmacological inhibition of various DNA repair-related mechanisms on Doxo-induced cytotoxicity employing MMR-deficient HCT-116 colon carcinoma cells. Out of different inhibitors tested (i.e. HDACi, PARPi, MRE11i, RAD52i, RAD51i), we identified the RAD51-inhibitor B02 as the most powerful compound to synergistically increase Doxo-induced cytotoxicity. B02-mediated synergism rests on pleiotropic mechanisms, including pronounced G2/M arrest, damage to mitochondria and caspase-driven apoptosis. Of note, B02 also promotes the cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin and 5-fluoruracil (5-FU) in HCT-116 cells and, furthermore, also increases Doxo-induced cytotoxicity in MMR-proficient colon and mammary carcinoma cells. Summarizing, pharmacological inhibition of RAD51 is suggested to synergistically increase the cytotoxic efficacy of various types of conventional anticancer drugs in different tumor entities. Hence, pre-clinical in vivo studies are preferable to determine the therapeutic window of B02 in a clinically oriented therapeutic regimen.
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24
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Chien JCY, Badr CE, Lai CP. Multiplexed bioluminescence-mediated tracking of DNA double-strand break repairs in vitro and in vivo. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:3933-3953. [PMID: 34163064 PMCID: PMC9124064 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00564-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repairs including homology-directed repair and nonhomologous end joining play an important role in diseases and therapies. However, investigating DSB repair is typically a low-throughput and cross-sectional process, requiring disruption of cells and organisms for subsequent nuclease-, sequencing- or reporter-based assays. In this protocol, we provide instructions for establishing a bioluminescent repair reporter system using engineered Gaussia and Vargula luciferases for noninvasive tracking of homology-directed repair and nonhomologous end joining, respectively, induced by SceI meganuclease, SpCas9 or SpCas9 D10A nickase-mediated editing. We also describe complementation with orthogonal DSB repair assays and omics analyses to validate the reporter readouts. The bioluminescent repair reporter system provides longitudinal and rapid readout (~seconds per sample) to accurately and efficiently measure the efficacy of genome-editing tools and small-molecule modulators on DSB repair. This protocol takes ~2-4 weeks to establish, and as little as 2 h to complete the assay. The entire bioluminescent repair reporter procedure can be performed by one person with standard molecular biology expertise and equipment. However, orthogonal DNA repair assays would require a specialized facility that performs Sanger sequencing or next-generation sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian E. Badr
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, United States,Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, United States,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Christian E. Badr, Tel: 1-617-643-3485; Fax: 1-617-724-1537; ; Charles P. Lai, Tel: 886-2-2366-8204; Fax: 886-2-2362-0200; . C.E.B and C.P.L contributed equally to this work
| | - Charles P. Lai
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Christian E. Badr, Tel: 1-617-643-3485; Fax: 1-617-724-1537; ; Charles P. Lai, Tel: 886-2-2366-8204; Fax: 886-2-2362-0200; . C.E.B and C.P.L contributed equally to this work
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25
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Inhibiting homologous recombination by targeting RAD51 protein. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188597. [PMID: 34332021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is involved in repairing DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), the most harmful for the cell. Regulating HR is essential for maintaining genomic stability. In many forms of cancer, overactivation of HR increases tumor resistance to DNA-damaging treatments. RAD51, HR's core protein, is very often over-expressed in these cancers and plays a critical role in cancer cell development and survival. Targeting RAD51 directly to reduce its activity and its expression is therefore one strategy to sensitize and overcome resistance cancer cells to existing DNA-damaging therapies which remains the limiting factor for the success of targeted therapy. This review describes the structure and biological roles of RAD51, summarizes the different targeted sites of RAD51 and its inhibitory compounds discovered and described in the last decade.
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26
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Raimundo L, Calheiros J, Saraiva L. Exploiting DNA Damage Repair in Precision Cancer Therapy: BRCA1 as a Prime Therapeutic Target. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143438. [PMID: 34298653 PMCID: PMC8303227 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chemical inhibition of central DNA damage repair (DDR) proteins has become a promising approach in precision cancer therapy. In particular, BRCA1 and its DDR-associated proteins constitute important targets for developing DNA repair inhibiting drugs. This review provides relevant insights on DDR biology and pharmacology, aiming to boost the development of more effective DDR targeted therapies. Abstract Precision medicine aims to identify specific molecular alterations, such as driver mutations, allowing tailored and effective anticancer therapies. Poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are the prototypical example of targeted therapy, exploiting the inability of cancer cells to repair DNA damage. Following the concept of synthetic lethality, PARPi have gained great relevance, particularly in BRCA1 dysfunctional cancer cells. In fact, BRCA1 mutations culminate in DNA repair defects that can render cancer cells more vulnerable to therapy. However, the efficacy of these drugs has been greatly affected by the occurrence of resistance due to multi-connected DNA repair pathways that may compensate for each other. Hence, the search for additional effective agents targeting DNA damage repair (DDR) is of crucial importance. In this context, BRCA1 has assumed a central role in developing drugs aimed at inhibiting DNA repair activity. Collectively, this review provides an in-depth understanding of the biology and regulatory mechanisms of DDR pathways, highlighting the potential of DDR-associated molecules, particularly BRCA1 and its interconnected partners, in precision cancer medicine. It also affords an overview about what we have achieved and a reflection on how much remains to be done in this field, further addressing encouraging clues for the advance of DDR targeted therapy.
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27
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Shkundina IS, Gall AA, Dick A, Cocklin S, Mazin AV. New RAD51 Inhibitors to Target Homologous Recombination in Human Cells. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060920. [PMID: 34208492 PMCID: PMC8235719 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting DNA repair proteins with small-molecule inhibitors became a proven anti-cancer strategy. Previously, we identified an inhibitor of a major protein of homologous recombination (HR) RAD51, named B02. B02 inhibited HR in human cells and sensitized them to chemotherapeutic drugs in vitro and in vivo. Here, using a medicinal chemistry approach, we aimed to improve the potency of B02. We identified the B02 analog, B02-isomer, which inhibits HR in human cells with significantly higher efficiency. We also show that B02-iso sensitizes triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells to the PARP inhibitor (PARPi) olaparib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina S. Shkundina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (I.S.S.); (A.D.); (S.C.)
| | | | - Alexej Dick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (I.S.S.); (A.D.); (S.C.)
| | - Simon Cocklin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (I.S.S.); (A.D.); (S.C.)
| | - Alexander V. Mazin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (I.S.S.); (A.D.); (S.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Correspondence:
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28
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Orhan E, Velazquez C, Tabet I, Sardet C, Theillet C. Regulation of RAD51 at the Transcriptional and Functional Levels: What Prospects for Cancer Therapy? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2930. [PMID: 34208195 PMCID: PMC8230762 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The RAD51 recombinase is a critical effector of Homologous Recombination (HR), which is an essential DNA repair mechanism for double-strand breaks. The RAD51 protein is recruited onto the DNA break by BRCA2 and forms homopolymeric filaments that invade the homologous chromatid and use it as a template for repair. RAD51 filaments are detectable by immunofluorescence as distinct foci in the cell nucleus, and their presence is a read out of HR proficiency. RAD51 is an essential gene, protecting cells from genetic instability. Its expression is low and tightly regulated in normal cells and, contrastingly, elevated in a large fraction of cancers, where its level of expression and activity have been linked with sensitivity to genotoxic treatment. In particular, BRCA-deficient tumors show reduced or obliterated RAD51 foci formation and increased sensitivity to platinum salt or PARP inhibitors. However, resistance to treatment sets in rapidly and is frequently based on a complete or partial restoration of RAD51 foci formation. Consequently, RAD51 could be a highly valuable therapeutic target. Here, we review the multiple levels of regulation that impact the transcription of the RAD51 gene, as well as the post-translational modifications that determine its expression level, recruitment on DNA damage sites and the efficient formation of homofilaments. Some of these regulation levels may be targeted and their impact on cancer cell survival discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esin Orhan
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier U1194 INSERM, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (E.O.); (I.T.); (C.S.)
| | | | - Imene Tabet
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier U1194 INSERM, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (E.O.); (I.T.); (C.S.)
| | - Claude Sardet
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier U1194 INSERM, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (E.O.); (I.T.); (C.S.)
| | - Charles Theillet
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier U1194 INSERM, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; (E.O.); (I.T.); (C.S.)
- ICM, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France;
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29
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Fernandes SG, Shah P, Khattar E. Recent Advances in Therapeutic Application of DNA Damage Response Inhibitors against Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:469-484. [PMID: 34102988 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210608105735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA integrity is continuously challenged by intrinsic cellular processes and environmental agents. To overcome this genomic damage, cells have developed multiple signaling pathways collectively named as DNA damage response (DDR) and composed of three components: (i) sensor proteins, which detect DNA damage, (ii) mediators that relay the signal downstream and recruit the repair machinery, and (iii) the repair proteins, which restore the damaged DNA. A flawed DDR and failure to repair the damage lead to the accumulation of genetic lesions and increased genomic instability, which is recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Cancer cells tend to harbor increased mutations in DDR genes and often have fewer DDR pathways than normal cells. This makes cancer cells more dependent on particular DDR pathways and thus become more susceptible to compounds inhibiting those pathways compared to normal cells, which have all the DDR pathways intact. Understanding the roles of different DDR proteins in the DNA damage response and repair pathways and identification of their structures have paved the way for the development of their inhibitors as targeted cancer therapy. In this review, we describe the major participants of various DDR pathways, their significance in carcinogenesis, and focus on the inhibitors developed against several key DDR proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina George Fernandes
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be) University, Mumbai, India
| | - Prachi Shah
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be) University, Mumbai, India
| | - Ekta Khattar
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be) University, Mumbai, India
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30
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Lindemann A, Patel AA, Tang L, Tanaka N, Gleber-Netto FO, Bartels MD, Wang L, McGrail DJ, Lin SY, Frank SJ, Frederick MJ, Myers JN, Osman AA. Combined Inhibition of Rad51 and Wee1 Enhances Cell Killing in HNSCC Through Induction of Apoptosis Associated With Excessive DNA Damage and Replication Stress. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1257-1269. [PMID: 33947685 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, there are limited treatment options for advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and survival remains very poor. Therefore, effective therapies are desperately needed. Recently, selective exploitation of DNA damage and replication stress responses has become a novel approach for cancer treatment. Wee1 kinase and Rad51 recombinase are two proteins involved in regulating replication stress and homologous recombination repair in cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the combined effect of Rad51 inhibitor (B02) and Wee1 inhibitor (AZD1775) in vitro and in vivo in various HNSCC cell lines. Clonogenic survival assays demonstrated that B02 synergized with AZD1775 in vitro in all HNSCC cell lines tested. The synergy between these drugs was associated with forced CDK1 activation and reduced Chk1 phosphorylation leading to induction of excessive DNA damage and replication stress, culminating in aberrant mitosis and apoptosis. Our results showed that elevated Rad51 mRNA expression correlated with worse survival in HNSCC patients with HPV-positive tumors. The combination of B02 and AZD1775 significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo in mice bearing HPV-positive HNSCC tumors as compared to HPV-negative HNSCC. This differential sensitivity appears to be linked to HPV-positive tumors having more in vivo endogenous replication stress owing to transformation by E6 and E7 oncogenes. Furthermore, addition of B02 radiosensitized the HPV-negative HNSCC tumors in vitro and in vivo In conclusion, our data implicate that a novel rational combination with Rad51 and Wee1 inhibitors holds promise as synthetic lethal therapy, particularly in high-risk HPV-positive HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Lindemann
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ameeta A Patel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lin Tang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Noriaki Tanaka
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Osaka Police Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Frederico O Gleber-Netto
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mason D Bartels
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel J McGrail
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shiaw-Yih Lin
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Steven J Frank
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mitchell J Frederick
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey N Myers
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Abdullah A Osman
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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RAD51 Inhibition Induces R-Loop Formation in Early G1 Phase of the Cell Cycle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073740. [PMID: 33916766 PMCID: PMC8038378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
R-loops are three-stranded structures generated by annealing of nascent transcripts to the template DNA strand, leaving the non-template DNA strand exposed as a single-stranded loop. Although R-loops play important roles in physiological processes such as regulation of gene expression, mitochondrial DNA replication, or immunoglobulin class switch recombination, dysregulation of the R-loop metabolism poses a threat to the stability of the genome. A previous study in yeast has shown that the homologous recombination machinery contributes to the formation of R-loops and associated chromosome instability. On the contrary, here, we demonstrate that depletion of the key homologous recombination factor, RAD51, as well as RAD51 inhibition by the B02 inhibitor did not prevent R-loop formation induced by the inhibition of spliceosome assembly in human cells. However, we noticed that treatment of cells with B02 resulted in RAD51-dependent accumulation of R-loops in an early G1 phase of the cell cycle accompanied by a decrease in the levels of chromatin-bound ORC2 protein, a component of the pre-replication complex, and an increase in DNA synthesis. Our results suggest that B02-induced R-loops might cause a premature origin firing.
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32
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Traver G, Sekhar KR, Crooks PA, Keeney DS, Freeman ML. Targeting NPM1 in irradiated cells inhibits NPM1 binding to RAD51, RAD51 foci formation and radiosensitizes NSCLC. Cancer Lett 2020; 500:220-227. [PMID: 33358698 PMCID: PMC7822076 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability of chemo-radiation therapy to control locally advanced stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is poor. While addition of consolidation immunotherapy has improved outcomes in subsets of patients there is still an urgent need for new therapeutic targets. Emerging research indicates that nucleophosmin1 (NPM1) is over-expressed in NSCLC, promotes tumor growth and that over-expression correlates with a lower survival probability. NPM1 is critical for APE1 base excision activity and for RAD51-mediated repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). YTR107 is a small molecule radiation sensitizer that has been shown to bind to NPM1, suppressing pentamer formation. Here we show that in irradiated cells YTR107 inhibits SUMOylated NPM1 from associating with RAD51, RAD51 foci formation and repair of DSBs. YTR107 acts synergistically with the PARP1/2 inhibitor ABT 888 to increase replication stress and radiation-induced cell lethality. YTR107 was found to radiosensitize tumor initiating cells. Congruent with this knowledge, adding YTR107 to a fractionated irradiation regimen diminished NSCLC xenograft growth and increased overall survival. These data support the hypothesis that YTR107 represents a therapeutic target for control of NSCLC.
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MESH Headings
- Barbiturates/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/radiotherapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded/radiation effects
- DNA Repair/drug effects
- DNA Repair/radiation effects
- DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase/genetics
- Humans
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/radiotherapy
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nucleophosmin
- Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1/genetics
- Rad51 Recombinase/genetics
- Radiation Tolerance/drug effects
- Radiation-Sensitizing Agents/pharmacology
- Sumoylation/drug effects
- Sumoylation/radiation effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Geri Traver
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Konjeti R Sekhar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Peter A Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR72205, USA
| | - Diane S Keeney
- Cumberland Emerging Technologies, Inc., 2525 West End Ave, Suite 950, Nashville, TN, 37203-1608, USA
| | - Michael L Freeman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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33
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Chien JCY, Tabet E, Pinkham K, da Hora CC, Chang JCY, Lin S, Badr CE, Lai CPK. A multiplexed bioluminescent reporter for sensitive and non-invasive tracking of DNA double strand break repair dynamics in vitro and in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:e100. [PMID: 32797168 PMCID: PMC7515717 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tracking DNA double strand break (DSB) repair is paramount for the understanding and therapeutic development of various diseases including cancers. Herein, we describe a multiplexed bioluminescent repair reporter (BLRR) for non-invasive monitoring of DSB repair pathways in living cells and animals. The BLRR approach employs secreted Gaussia and Vargula luciferases to simultaneously detect homology-directed repair (HDR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), respectively. BLRR data are consistent with next-generation sequencing results for reporting HDR (R2 = 0.9722) and NHEJ (R2 = 0.919) events. Moreover, BLRR analysis allows longitudinal tracking of HDR and NHEJ activities in cells, and enables detection of DSB repairs in xenografted tumours in vivo. Using the BLRR system, we observed a significant difference in the efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing with guide RNAs only 1-10 bp apart. Moreover, BLRR analysis detected altered dynamics for DSB repair induced by small-molecule modulators. Finally, we discovered HDR-suppressing functions of anticancer cardiac glycosides in human glioblastomas and glioma cancer stem-like cells via inhibition of DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 (RAD51). The BLRR method provides a highly sensitive platform to simultaneously and longitudinally track HDR and NHEJ dynamics that is sufficiently versatile for elucidating the physiology and therapeutic development of DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elie Tabet
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, 4800 N. Career Ave, Suite 221, Sioux Falls, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Kelsey Pinkham
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Cintia Carla da Hora
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jason Cheng-Yu Chang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Steven Lin
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Christian E Badr
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Charles Pin-Kuang Lai
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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34
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Grundy MK, Buckanovich RJ, Bernstein KA. Regulation and pharmacological targeting of RAD51 in cancer. NAR Cancer 2020; 2:zcaa024. [PMID: 33015624 PMCID: PMC7520849 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of homologous recombination (HR) is central for cancer prevention. However, too little HR can increase cancer incidence, whereas too much HR can drive cancer resistance to therapy. Importantly, therapeutics targeting HR deficiency have demonstrated a profound efficacy in the clinic improving patient outcomes, particularly for breast and ovarian cancer. RAD51 is central to DNA damage repair in the HR pathway. As such, understanding the function and regulation of RAD51 is essential for cancer biology. This review will focus on the role of RAD51 in cancer and beyond and how modulation of its function can be exploited as a cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKenzie K Grundy
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ronald J Buckanovich
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kara A Bernstein
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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35
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Amplification and overexpression of E2 ubiquitin conjugase UBE2T promotes homologous recombination in multiple myeloma. Blood Adv 2020; 3:3968-3972. [PMID: 31805191 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
UBE2T is frequently amplified and/or overexpressed and is required for homologous recombination activity in multiple myeloma cells. UBE2T is a potential therapeutic target to increase chemosensitivity in multiple myeloma cells.
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36
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Zhao Y, Chen S. Targeting DNA Double-Strand Break (DSB) Repair to Counteract Tumor Radio-resistance. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:891-902. [PMID: 30806313 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190222181857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, advances of radiotherapy (RT) have been made in the clinical practice of cancer treatment. RT exerts its anticancer effect mainly via leading to the DNA Double-Strand Break (DSB), which is one of the most toxic DNA damages. Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) and Homologous Recombination (HR) are two major DSB repair pathways in human cells. It is known that dysregulations of DSB repair elicit a predisposition to cancer and probably result in resistance to cancer therapies including RT. Therefore, targeting the DSB repair presents an attractive strategy to counteract radio-resistance. In this review, we describe the latest knowledge of the two DSB repair pathways, focusing on several key proteins contributing to the repair, such as DNA-PKcs, RAD51, MRN and PARP1. Most importantly, we discuss the possibility of overcoming radiation resistance by targeting these proteins for therapeutic inhibition. Recent tests of DSB repair inhibitors in the laboratory and their translations into clinical studies are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucui Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
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37
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Could Protons and Carbon Ions Be the Silver Bullets Against Pancreatic Cancer? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134767. [PMID: 32635552 PMCID: PMC7369903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a very aggressive cancer type associated with one of the poorest prognostics. Despite several clinical trials to combine different types of therapies, none of them resulted in significant improvements for patient survival. Pancreatic cancers demonstrate a very broad panel of resistance mechanisms due to their biological properties but also their ability to remodel the tumour microenvironment. Radiotherapy is one of the most widely used treatments against cancer but, up to now, its impact remains limited in the context of pancreatic cancer. The modern era of radiotherapy proposes new approaches with increasing conformation but also more efficient effects on tumours in the case of charged particles. In this review, we highlight the interest in using charged particles in the context of pancreatic cancer therapy and the impact of this alternative to counteract resistance mechanisms.
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38
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Targeting Rad51 as a strategy for the treatment of melanoma cells resistant to MAPK pathway inhibition. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:581. [PMID: 32719412 PMCID: PMC7385107 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rad51 is an essential factor of the homologous recombination DNA repair pathway and therefore plays an important role in maintaining genomic stability. We show that RAD51 and other homologous recombination repair genes are overexpressed in metastatic melanoma cell lines and in melanoma patient samples, which correlates with reduced survival of melanoma patients. In addition, Rad51 expression in melanoma cells was regulated on a transcriptional level by the MAPK signaling pathway with Elk1 as the main downstream transcriptional effector. Most strikingly, melanoma cells which developed resistance towards MAPK inhibitors could be efficiently targeted by Rad51 inhibitors similar to their sensitive counterparts, leading to DNA damage, G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Furthermore, the treatment of MAPK inhibitor resistant cells with Rad51 inhibitors enhances the susceptibility of these cells for MAPK inhibitor treatment in vitro and in vivo. These data indicate that Rad51 plays a critical role in the survival of metastatic melanoma cells and is a promising target for the therapy of melanoma irrespective of its MAPK inhibitor resistance status.
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39
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A Pt(IV)-based mononitro-naphthalimide conjugate with minimized side-effects targeting DNA damage response via a dual-DNA-damage approach to overcome cisplatin resistance. Bioorg Chem 2020; 101:104011. [PMID: 32599363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Platinum(Pt)(II) drugs and new Pt(IV) agents behave the dysregulation of apoptosis as the result of DNA damage repair and thus, are less effective in the treatment of resistant tumors. Herein, mononitro-naphthalimide Pt(IV) complex 10b with minimized side-effects was reported targeting DNA damage response via a dual-DNA-damage approach to overcome cisplatin resistance. 10b displayed remarkably evaluated antitumor (70.10%) activities in vivo compared to that of cisplatin (52.88%). The highest fold increase (FI) (5.08) for A549cisR cells and the lowest (0.72) for A549 indicated 10b preferentially accumulated in resistant cell lines. The possible molecular mechanism indicates that 10b targets resistant cells in a totally different way from the existing Pt drugs. The cell accumulation and the Pt levels in genomic DNA from 10b is almost 5 folds higher than that of cisplatin and oxaliplatin, indicating the naphthalimide moiety in 10b exhibits preferentially DNA damage. Using 5'-dGMP as a DNA model, the DNA-binding properties of 10b (1 mM) with 5'-dGMP (3 mM) in the presence of ascorbic acid (5 mM) deduced that 10b was generated by the combination of cisplatin with 5'-dGMP after reduction by ascorbic acid. Moreover, 10b promoted the expression of p53 gene and protein more effectively than cisplatin, leading to the increased anticancer activity. The up-regulated γH2A.X and down-regulated RAD51 indicates that 10b not only induced severe DNA damage but also inhibited the DNA damage repair, thus resulting in its higher cytotoxicity in comparison to that of cisplatin. Their preferential accumulation in cancer cells (SMMC-7721) compared to the matched normal cells (HL-7702 cells) demonstrated that they were potentially safe for clinical therapeutic use. In addition, the higher therapeutic indices of 10b for 4T1 cells in vivo indicated that naphthalimide-Pt(IV) conjugates behaved a vital function in the treatment of breast cancer. For the first time, our study implies a significant strategy for Pt drugs to treat resistance cancer targeting DNA damage repair via dual DNA damage mechanism in a totally new field.
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40
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Stefanovie B, Hengel SR, Mlcouskova J, Prochazkova J, Spirek M, Nikulenkov F, Nemecek D, Koch BG, Bain FE, Yu L, Spies M, Krejci L. DSS1 interacts with and stimulates RAD52 to promote the repair of DSBs. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:694-708. [PMID: 31799622 PMCID: PMC6954417 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper repair of deleterious DNA lesions such as double strand breaks prevents genomic instability and carcinogenesis. In yeast, the Rad52 protein mediates DSB repair via homologous recombination. In mammalian cells, despite the presence of the RAD52 protein, the tumour suppressor protein BRCA2 acts as the predominant mediator during homologous recombination. For decades, it has been believed that the RAD52 protein played only a back-up role in the repair of DSBs performing an error-prone single strand annealing (SSA). Recent studies have identified several new functions of the RAD52 protein and have drawn attention to its important role in genome maintenance. Here, we show that RAD52 activities are enhanced by interacting with a small and highly acidic protein called DSS1. Binding of DSS1 to RAD52 changes the RAD52 oligomeric conformation, modulates its DNA binding properties, stimulates SSA activity and promotes strand invasion. Our work introduces for the first time RAD52 as another interacting partner of DSS1 and shows that both proteins are important players in the SSA and BIR pathways of DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Stefanovie
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarah R Hengel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jarmila Mlcouskova
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Prochazkova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mario Spirek
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Fedor Nikulenkov
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Brandon G Koch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Fletcher E Bain
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Liping Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- NMR Core Facility, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Maria Spies
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lumir Krejci
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital in Brno, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
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41
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Navarra G, Pagano C, Pacelli R, Crescenzi E, Longobardi E, Gazzerro P, Fiore D, Pastorino O, Pentimalli F, Laezza C, Bifulco M. N 6-Isopentenyladenosine Enhances the Radiosensitivity of Glioblastoma Cells by Inhibiting the Homologous Recombination Repair Protein RAD51 Expression. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1498. [PMID: 31993371 PMCID: PMC6971108 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is among the most common malignant brain tumors and has a dismal prognosis due to the poor response to therapeutic regimens such as ionizing radiation and DNA-alkylating agents. In our study, we investigated the radiosensitizing activity of the N6-isopentenyladenosine (iPA), an naturally modified adenosine harboring an isopenenyl moiety, which shows antiproliferative effects on glioblastoma cell lines. We observed that co-treatment with ionizing radiation and iPA at micromolar concentration inhibited colony formation and viability of glioblastoma cell lines but not of non-malignant human cells. The combined treatment significantly attenuated the repair of radiation-induced DNA damage by inhibiting both the expression and irradiation-induced foci formation of RAD51, a key player in the homologous recombination repair process, leading to persistent DNA damage, as reflected by an increase of γ-H2AX foci. The radiosensitizing effect relied also on the inhibition of STAT5a/b activation, which is crucial for RAD51 expression, suggesting that iPA modulates the STAT5a/b-RAD51 axis following exposure to ionizing radiation. Overall, these data suggest that iPA, by acting through RAD51 inhibition at the mechanistic level, could function as a promising radiosensitizing agent and warrants further evaluation in prospective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Navarra
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Pagano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Pacelli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University School of Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | - Elvira Crescenzi
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Longobardi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Donatella Fiore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Naples, Italy
| | - Olga Pastorino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Pentimalli
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Laezza
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
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42
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Advances in genome editing through control of DNA repair pathways. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1468-1478. [PMID: 31792376 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0425-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells deploy overlapping repair pathways to resolve DNA damage. Advancements in genome editing take advantage of these pathways to produce permanent genetic changes. Despite recent improvements, genome editing can produce diverse outcomes that can introduce risks in clinical applications. Although homology-directed repair is attractive for its ability to encode precise edits, it is particularly difficult in human cells. Here we discuss the DNA repair pathways that underlie genome editing and strategies to favour various outcomes.
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43
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Guo Y, He Y, Wu S, Zhang S, Song D, Zhu Z, Guo Z, Wang X. Enhancing Cytotoxicity of a Monofunctional Platinum Complex via a Dual-DNA-Damage Approach. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:13150-13160. [PMID: 31539237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is an attractive cellular target for anticancer agents in addition to nuclear DNA (nDNA). The cationic platinum(II) complex cis-[Pt(NP)(NH3)2Cl]NO3 (PtNP, NP = N-(2-ethylpyridine)-1,8-naphthalimide) bearing the DNA-intercalating moiety NP was designed. The structure of PtNP was fully characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, NMR, and HRMS. PtNP is superior to cisplatin in both in vitro and in vivo anticancer activities with low systemic toxicity. The interaction of PtNP with CT-DNA demonstrated that PtNP could effectively bind to DNA through both covalent and noncovalent double binding modes. In addition to causing significant damage to nDNA and remarkable inhibition to DNA damage repair, PtNP also distributed in mitochondria, inducing mtDNA damage and affecting the downstream transcriptional level of mitochondrion-encoded genes. In addition, PtNP disturbed the physiological processes of mitochondria by reducing the mitochondrial membrane potential and promoting the generation of reactive oxygen species. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that PtNP induced apoptosis via mitochondrial pathways by upregulating Bax and Puma and downregulating Bcl-2 proteins, leading to the release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9. As a dual-DNA-damage agent, PtNP is able to improve the anticancer activity by damaging both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, thus providing a new anticancer mechanism of action for the naphthalimide monofunctional platinum(II) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yafeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shengde Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shuren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , People's Republic of China
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44
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Pastushok L, Fu Y, Lin L, Luo Y, DeCoteau JF, Lee K, Geyer CR. A Novel Cell-Penetrating Antibody Fragment Inhibits the DNA Repair Protein RAD51. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11227. [PMID: 31375703 PMCID: PMC6677837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damaging chemotherapies are successful in cancer therapy, however, the damage can be reversed by DNA repair mechanisms that may be up-regulated in cancer cells. We hypothesized that inhibiting RAD51, a protein involved in homologous recombination DNA repair, would block DNA repair and restore the effectiveness of DNA damaging chemotherapy. We used phage-display to generate a novel synthetic antibody fragment that bound human RAD51 with high affinity (KD = 8.1 nM) and inhibited RAD51 ssDNA binding in vitro. As RAD51 is an intracellular target, we created a corresponding intrabody fragment that caused a strong growth inhibitory phenotype on human cells in culture. We then used a novel cell-penetrating peptide "iPTD" fusion to generate a therapeutically relevant antibody fragment that effectively entered living cells and enhanced the cell-killing effect of a DNA alkylating agent. The iPTD may be similarly useful as a cell-penetrating peptide for other antibody fragments and open the door to numerous intracellular targets previously off-limits in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon Pastushok
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics Research Lab, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Yongpeng Fu
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Leo Lin
- iProgen Biotech Inc., Burnaby, Canada
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - John F DeCoteau
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Advanced Diagnostics Research Lab, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Ken Lee
- iProgen Biotech Inc., Burnaby, Canada
| | - C Ronald Geyer
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
- Advanced Diagnostics Research Lab, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Canada.
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45
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Oellerich T, Schneider C, Thomas D, Knecht KM, Buzovetsky O, Kaderali L, Schliemann C, Bohnenberger H, Angenendt L, Hartmann W, Wardelmann E, Rothenburger T, Mohr S, Scheich S, Comoglio F, Wilke A, Ströbel P, Serve H, Michaelis M, Ferreirós N, Geisslinger G, Xiong Y, Keppler OT, Cinatl J. Selective inactivation of hypomethylating agents by SAMHD1 provides a rationale for therapeutic stratification in AML. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3475. [PMID: 31375673 PMCID: PMC6677770 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypomethylating agents decitabine and azacytidine are regarded as interchangeable in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, their mechanisms of action remain incompletely understood, and predictive biomarkers for HMA efficacy are lacking. Here, we show that the bioactive metabolite decitabine triphosphate, but not azacytidine triphosphate, functions as activator and substrate of the triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1 and is subject to SAMHD1-mediated inactivation. Retrospective immunohistochemical analysis of bone marrow specimens from AML patients at diagnosis revealed that SAMHD1 expression in leukemic cells inversely correlates with clinical response to decitabine, but not to azacytidine. SAMHD1 ablation increases the antileukemic activity of decitabine in AML cell lines, primary leukemic blasts, and xenograft models. AML cells acquire resistance to decitabine partly by SAMHD1 up-regulation. Together, our data suggest that SAMHD1 is a biomarker for the stratified use of hypomethylating agents in AML patients and a potential target for the treatment of decitabine-resistant leukemia. In acute myeloid leukemia, hypomethylating agents decitabine and azacytidine are used interchangeably. Here, the authors show that the major metabolite of decitabine, but not azacytidine, is subject to SAMHD1 inactivation, highlighting SAMHD1 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Oellerich
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60590, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium/German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60596, Germany
| | - Constanze Schneider
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60590, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60596, Germany.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60590, Germany
| | - Dominique Thomas
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60590, Germany
| | - Kirsten M Knecht
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Olga Buzovetsky
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Lars Kaderali
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | | | | | - Linus Angenendt
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hartmann
- Gerhard Domagk Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Eva Wardelmann
- Gerhard Domagk Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Tamara Rothenburger
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60590, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mohr
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60590, Germany
| | - Sebastian Scheich
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60590, Germany
| | - Federico Comoglio
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, Cambridge University, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Anne Wilke
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60590, Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Hubert Serve
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60590, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium/German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60596, Germany
| | - Martin Michaelis
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Nerea Ferreirós
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60590, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60590, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Frankfurt, 60596, Germany
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Oliver T Keppler
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60590, Germany. .,Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, 80336, Germany.
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, 60590, Germany.
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46
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Wéra AC, Lobbens A, Stoyanov M, Lucas S, Michiels C. Radiation-induced synthetic lethality: combination of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and RAD51 inhibitors to sensitize cells to proton irradiation. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1770-1783. [PMID: 31238782 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1632640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although improvements in radiation therapy were made over the years, radioresistance is still a major challenge. Cancer cells are often deficient for DNA repair response, a feature that is currently exploited as a new anti-cancer strategy. In this context, combination of inhibitors targeting complementary pathways is of interest to sensitize cells to radiation. In this work, we used PARP (Olaparib) and RAD51 (B02) inhibitors to radiosensitize cancer cells to proton and X-ray radiation. More particularly, Olaparib and B02 were used at concentration leading to limited cytotoxic (alone or in combination) but increasing cell death when the cells were irradiated. We showed that, although at limited concentration, Olaparib and B02 were able to radiosensitize different cancer cell lines, i.e. lung and pancreatic cancer cells. Antagonistic, additive or synergistic effects were observed and correlated to cell proliferation rate. The inhibitors enhanced persistent DNA damage, delayed apoptosis, prolonged cell cycle arrest and senescence upon irradiation. These results demonstrated that radiation-induced synthetic lethality might widen the therapeutic window, hence extending the use of PARP inhibitors to patients without BRCAness.
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47
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Lewis TW, Barthelemy JR, Virts EL, Kennedy FM, Gadgil RY, Wiek C, Linka RM, Zhang F, Andreassen PR, Hanenberg H, Leffak M. Deficiency of the Fanconi anemia E2 ubiqitin conjugase UBE2T only partially abrogates Alu-mediated recombination in a new model of homology dependent recombination. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:3503-3520. [PMID: 30715513 PMCID: PMC6468168 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary function of the UBE2T ubiquitin conjugase is in the monoubiquitination of the FANCI-FANCD2 heterodimer, a central step in the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway. Genetic inactivation of UBE2T is responsible for the phenotypes of FANCT patients; however, a FANCT patient carrying a maternal duplication and a paternal deletion in the UBE2T loci displayed normal peripheral blood counts and UBE2T protein levels in B-lymphoblast cell lines. To test whether reversion by recombination between UBE2T AluYa5 elements could have occurred in the patient's hematopoietic stem cells despite the defects in homologous recombination (HR) in FA cells, we constructed HeLa cell lines containing the UBE2T AluYa5 elements and neighboring intervening sequences flanked by fluorescent reporter genes. Introduction of a DNA double strand break in the model UBE2T locus in vivo promoted single strand annealing (SSA) between proximal Alu elements and deletion of the intervening color marker gene, recapitulating the reversion of the UBE2T duplication in the FA patient. To test whether UBE2T null cells retain HR activity, the UBE2T genes were knocked out in HeLa cells and U2OS cells. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic knockout of UBE2T only partially reduced HR, demonstrating that UBE2T-independent pathways can compensate for the recombination defect in UBE2T/FANCT null cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd W Lewis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Joanna R Barthelemy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Virts
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Felicia M Kennedy
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Rujuta Y Gadgil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rene M Linka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Feng Zhang
- Division of Experimental Hematology & Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Paul R Andreassen
- Division of Experimental Hematology & Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duüsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Leffak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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48
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Budke B, Tueckmantel W, Miles K, Kozikowski AP, Connell PP. Optimization of Drug Candidates That Inhibit the D-Loop Activity of RAD51. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1031-1040. [PMID: 30957434 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
RAD51 is the central protein in homologous recombination (HR) repair, where it first binds ssDNA and then catalyzes strand invasion via a D-loop intermediate. Additionally, RAD51 plays a role in faithful DNA replication by protecting stalled replication forks; this requires RAD51 to bind DNA but may not require the strand invasion activity of RAD51. We previously described a small-molecule inhibitor of RAD51 named RI(dl)-2 (RAD51 inhibitor of D-loop formation #2, hereafter called 2 h), which inhibits D-loop activity while sparing ssDNA binding. However, 2 h is limited in its ability to inhibit HR in vivo, preventing only about 50 % of total HR events in cells. We sought to improve upon this by performing a structure-activity relationship (SAR) campaign for more potent analogues of 2 h. Most compounds were prepared from 1-(2-aminophenyl)pyrroles by forming the quinoxaline moiety either by condensation with aldehydes, then dehydrogenation of the resulting 4,5-dihydro intermediates, or by condensation with N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole, chlorination, and installation of the 4-substituent through Suzuki-Miyaura coupling. Many analogues exhibited enhanced activity against human RAD51, but in several of these compounds the increased inhibition was due to the introduction of dsDNA intercalation activity. We developed a sensitive assay to measure dsDNA intercalation, and identified two analogues of 2 h that promote complete HR inhibition in cells while exerting minimal intercalation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Budke
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Kelsey Miles
- StarWise Therapeutics LLC, Madison, WI, 53719, USA
| | | | - Philip P Connell
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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49
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Gardiner LJ, Wingen LU, Bailey P, Joynson R, Brabbs T, Wright J, Higgins JD, Hall N, Griffiths S, Clavijo BJ, Hall A. Analysis of the recombination landscape of hexaploid bread wheat reveals genes controlling recombination and gene conversion frequency. Genome Biol 2019; 20:69. [PMID: 30982471 PMCID: PMC6463664 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sequence exchange between homologous chromosomes through crossing over and gene conversion is highly conserved among eukaryotes, contributing to genome stability and genetic diversity. A lack of recombination limits breeding efforts in crops; therefore, increasing recombination rates can reduce linkage drag and generate new genetic combinations. RESULTS We use computational analysis of 13 recombinant inbred mapping populations to assess crossover and gene conversion frequency in the hexaploid genome of wheat (Triticum aestivum). We observe that high-frequency crossover sites are shared between populations and that closely related parents lead to populations with more similar crossover patterns. We demonstrate that gene conversion is more prevalent and covers more of the genome in wheat than in other plants, making it a critical process in the generation of new haplotypes, particularly in centromeric regions where crossovers are rare. We identify quantitative trait loci for altered gene conversion and crossover frequency and confirm functionality for a novel RecQ helicase gene that belongs to an ancient clade that is missing in some plant lineages including Arabidopsis. CONCLUSIONS This is the first gene to be demonstrated to be involved in gene conversion in wheat. Harnessing the RecQ helicase has the potential to break linkage drag utilizing widespread gene conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - James D. Higgins
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
| | - Neil Hall
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, NR4 7UZ UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | | | | | - Anthony Hall
- Earlham Institute, Norwich, NR4 7UZ UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
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50
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Lima ZS, Ghadamzadeh M, Arashloo FT, Amjad G, Ebadi MR, Younesi L. Recent advances of therapeutic targets based on the molecular signature in breast cancer: genetic mutations and implications for current treatment paradigms. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:38. [PMID: 30975222 PMCID: PMC6460547 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women all over the world. Genetic background of women contributes to her risk of having breast cancer. Certain inherited DNA mutations can dramatically increase the risk of developing certain cancers and are responsible for many of the cancers that run in some families. Regarding the widespread multigene panels, whole exome sequencing is capable of providing the evaluation of genetic function mutations for development novel strategy in clinical trials. Targeting the mutant proteins involved in breast cancer can be an effective therapeutic approach for developing novel drugs. This systematic review discusses gene mutations linked to breast cancer, focusing on signaling pathways that are being targeted with investigational therapeutic strategies, where clinical trials could be potentially initiated in the future are being highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Safarpour Lima
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghadamzadeh
- Departement of Radiology, Hasheminejad Kidney Centre (HKC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ghazaleh Amjad
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ebadi
- Shohadaye Haft-e-tir Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Younesi
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShCRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
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