1
|
Holbourn A, Kuhnt W, Kulhanek DK, Mountain G, Rosenthal Y, Sagawa T, Lübbers J, Andersen N. Re-organization of Pacific overturning circulation across the Miocene Climate Optimum. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8135. [PMID: 39289389 PMCID: PMC11408672 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The response of the ocean overturning circulation to global warming remains controversial. Here, we integrate a multiproxy record from International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1490 in the western equatorial Pacific with published data from the Pacific, Southern and Indian Oceans to investigate the evolution of deep water circulation during the Miocene Climate Optimum (MCO) and Middle Miocene Climate Transition (MMCT). We find that the northward export of southern-sourced deep waters was closely tied to high-latitude climate and Antarctic ice cover variations. Global warming during the MCO drove a progressive decrease in carbonate ion concentration and density stratification, shifting the overturning from intermediate to deeper waters. In the western equatorial Pacific, carbonate dissolution was compensated by increased pelagic productivity, resulting in overall elevated carbonate accumulation rates after ~16 Ma. Stepwise global cooling and Antarctic glacial expansion during the MMCT promoted a gradual improvement in carbonate preservation and the initiation of a near-modern Pacific overturning circulation. We infer that changes in the latitudinal thermal gradient and in Southern Ocean zonal wind stress and upper ocean stratification drove radically different modes of deep water formation and overturning across the MCO and MMCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Holbourn
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Kuhnt
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Denise K Kulhanek
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gregory Mountain
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Yair Rosenthal
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Takuya Sagawa
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Julia Lübbers
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
- Center for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Nils Andersen
- Leibniz Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Stable Isotope Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hess AV, Auderset A, Rosenthal Y, Miller KG, Zhou X, Sigman DM, Martínez-García A. A well-oxygenated eastern tropical Pacific during the warm Miocene. Nature 2023; 619:521-525. [PMID: 37380780 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen content of the oceans is susceptible to climate change and has declined in recent decades1, with the largest effect in oxygen-deficient zones (ODZs)2, that is, mid-depth ocean regions with oxygen concentrations <5 μmol kg-1 (ref. 3). Earth-system-model simulations of climate warming predict that ODZs will expand until at least 2100. The response on timescales of hundreds to thousands of years, however, remains uncertain3-5. Here we investigate changes in the response of ocean oxygenation during the warmer-than-present Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO; 17.0-14.8 million years ago (Ma)). Our planktic foraminifera I/Ca and δ15N data, palaeoceanographic proxies sensitive to ODZ extent and intensity, indicate that dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) exceeded 100 µmol kg-1 during the MCO. Paired Mg/Ca-derived temperature data suggest that an ODZ developed in response to an increased west-to-east temperature gradient and shoaling of the ETP thermocline. Our records align with model simulations of data from recent decades to centuries6,7, suggesting that weaker equatorial Pacific trade winds during warm periods may lead to decreased upwelling in the ETP, causing equatorial productivity and subsurface oxygen demand to be less concentrated in the east. These findings shed light on how warm-climate states such as during the MCO may affect ocean oxygenation. If the MCO is considered as a possible analogue for future warming, our findings seem to support models suggesting that the recent deoxygenation trend and expansion of the ETP ODZ may eventually reverse3,4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anya V Hess
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - Alexandra Auderset
- Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yair Rosenthal
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Kenneth G Miller
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaoli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniel M Sigman
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hansen AK, Brunke AJ, Thomsen PF, Simonsen TJ, Solodovnikov A. Formation of the Holarctic Fauna: Dated molecular phylogenetic and biogeographic insights from the Quedius-lineage of Ground-Dwelling Rove Beetles (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 182:107749. [PMID: 36878419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the Holarctic fauna has been explored for centuries, many questions on its formation are still unanswered. For example, i) what was the impact of the uplift of the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau?, ii) what were the timings and climate of the faunal bridges connecting the Nearctic and Palearctic regions?, and iii) how did insect lineages respond to the late Paleogene global cooling and regional aridification? To answer these, we developed a phylogenetic dataset of 1229 nuclear loci for a total of 222 species of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) with emphasis in the tribe Quediini, especially Quedius-lineage and its subclade Quedius sensu stricto. Using eight fossils for calibrating molecular clock, we estimated divergence times and then analysed in BioGeoBEARS paleodistributions of the most recent common ancestor for each target lineage. For each species we generated climatic envelopes of the temperature and precipitation and mapped them across the phylogeny to explore evolutionary shifts. Our results suggest that the warm and humid Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau acted as an evolutionary cradle for the Quedius-lineage originating during the Oligocene from where, in the Early Miocene, the ancestor of the Quedius s. str. dispersed into the West Palearctic. With the climate cooling from the Mid Miocene onwards, new lineages within Quedius s. str. emerged and gradually expanded distributions across the Palearctic. In Late Miocene, a member of the group dispersed to the Nearctic region via Beringia before the closure of this land bridge 5.3 Ma. Paleogene global cooling and regional aridification largely shaped the current biogeographic pattern for Quedius s. str. species, many of them originating during the Pliocene and shifting or contracting their ranges during Pleistocene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aslak Kappel Hansen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Zoological Museum, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Natural History Museum Aarhus, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 10, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Adam J Brunke
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | | | - Thomas J Simonsen
- Natural History Museum Aarhus, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 10, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alexey Solodovnikov
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Zoological Museum, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bagniewski W, Rousseau DD, Ghil M. The PaleoJump database for abrupt transitions in past climates. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4472. [PMID: 36934110 PMCID: PMC10024733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tipping points (TPs) in Earth's climate system have been the subject of increasing interest and concern in recent years, given the risk that anthropogenic forcing could cause abrupt, potentially irreversible, climate transitions. Paleoclimate records are essential for identifying past TPs and for gaining a thorough understanding of the underlying nonlinearities and bifurcation mechanisms. However, the quality, resolution, and reliability of these records can vary, making it important to carefully select the ones that provide the most accurate representation of past climates. Moreover, as paleoclimate time series vary in their origin, time spans, and periodicities, an objective, automated methodology is crucial for identifying and comparing TPs. To address these challenges, we introduce the open-source PaleoJump database, which contains a collection of carefully selected, high-resolution records originating in ice cores, marine sediments, speleothems, terrestrial records, and lake sediments. These records describe climate variability on centennial, millennial and longer time scales and cover all the continents and ocean basins. We provide an overview of their spatial distribution and discuss the gaps in coverage. Our statistical methodology includes an augmented Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Recurrence Quantification Analysis; it is applied here, for illustration purposes, to selected records in which abrupt transitions are automatically detected and the presence of potential tipping elements is investigated. These transitions are shown in the PaleoJump database along with other essential information about the records, including location, temporal scale and resolution, as well as temporal plots. This open-source database represents, therefore, a valuable resource for researchers investigating TPs in past climates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Witold Bagniewski
- Department of Geosciences and Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (CNRS and IPSL), École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Paris, France.
| | - Denis-Didier Rousseau
- Geosciences Montpellier, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institute of Physics - CSE, Division of Geochronology and Environmental Isotopes, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Michael Ghil
- Department of Geosciences and Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (CNRS and IPSL), École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Paris, France
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang R, Zhang XJ, Guo XX, Xing Y, Qu XJ, Fan SJ. Plastid phylogenomics and morphological character evolution of Chloridoideae (Poaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1002724. [PMID: 36407581 PMCID: PMC9666777 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1002724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chloridoideae is one of the largest subfamilies of Poaceae, containing many species of great economic and ecological value; however, phylogenetic relationships among the subtribes and genera of Cynodonteae are controversial. In the present study, we combined 111 plastomes representing all five tribes, including 25 newly sequenced plastomes that are mostly from Cynodonteae. Phylogenetic analyses supported the five monophyletic tribes of Chloridoideae, including Centropodieae, Triraphideae, Eragrostideae, Zoysieae and Cynodonteae. Simultaneously, nine monophyletic lineages were revealed in Cynodonteae: supersubtribe Boutelouodinae, subtribes Tripogoninae, Aeluropodinae, Eleusininae, Dactylocteniinae, supersubtribe Gouiniodinae, Cleistogenes and Orinus, and subtribe Triodiinae. Within the tribe of Cynodonteae, the basal lineage is supersubtribe Boutelouodinae and Tripogoninae is sister to the remaining lineages. The clade formed of Aeluropodinae and Eleusininae is sister to the clade composed of Dactylocteniinae, supersubtribe Gouiniodinae, Cleistogenes and Orinus, and subtribe Triodiinae. The clade comprising Dactylocteniinae and supersubtribe Gouiniodinae is sister to the clade comprising Cleistogenes, Orinus, and Triodiinae. Acrachne is a genus within Eleusininae but not within Dactylocteniinae. Molecular evidence determined that Diplachne is not clustered with Leptochloa, which indicated that Diplachne should not be combined into Leptochloa. Cleistogenes is sister to a clade composed of Orinus and Triodia, whereas the recently proposed subtribe Orininae was not supported. Cynodonteae was estimated to have experienced rapid divergence within a short period, which could be a major obstacle in resolving its phylogenetic relationships. Ancestral state reconstructions of morphological characters showed that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Chloridoideae has a panicle, multiple florets in each spikelet, the peaked type of stomatal subsidiary cells, and a saddle-shaped phytoliths, while the ancestral morphological characters of Cynodonteae are the panicle, peaked type of stomatal subsidiary cells, sharp-cap cell typed and equal-base-cell microhair, and square-shaped phytoliths. Overall, plastome phylogenomics provides new insights into the phylogenetic relationships and morphological character evolution of Chloridoideae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xue-Jie Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiu-Xiu Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Xing
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Qu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Shou-Jin Fan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Auderset A, Moretti S, Taphorn B, Ebner PR, Kast E, Wang XT, Schiebel R, Sigman DM, Haug GH, Martínez-García A. Enhanced ocean oxygenation during Cenozoic warm periods. Nature 2022; 609:77-82. [PMID: 36045236 PMCID: PMC9433325 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dissolved oxygen (O2) is essential for most ocean ecosystems, fuelling organisms’ respiration and facilitating the cycling of carbon and nutrients. Oxygen measurements have been interpreted to indicate that the ocean’s oxygen-deficient zones (ODZs) are expanding under global warming1,2. However, models provide an unclear picture of future ODZ change in both the near term and the long term3–6. The paleoclimate record can help explore the possible range of ODZ changes in warmer-than-modern periods. Here we use foraminifera-bound nitrogen (N) isotopes to show that water-column denitrification in the eastern tropical North Pacific was greatly reduced during the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO) and the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO). Because denitrification is restricted to oxygen-poor waters, our results indicate that, in these two Cenozoic periods of sustained warmth, ODZs were contracted, not expanded. ODZ contraction may have arisen from a decrease in upwelling-fuelled biological productivity in the tropical Pacific, which would have reduced oxygen demand in the subsurface. Alternatively, invigoration of deep-water ventilation by the Southern Ocean may have weakened the ocean’s ‘biological carbon pump’, which would have increased deep-ocean oxygen. The mechanism at play would have determined whether the ODZ contractions occurred in step with the warming or took centuries or millennia to develop. Thus, although our results from the Cenozoic do not necessarily apply to the near-term future, they might imply that global warming may eventually cause ODZ contraction. By using foraminifera-bound nitrogen isotopes, it is shown that, during two warm periods of the Cenozoic, oxygen-deficient zones contracted rather than expanded, suggesting that global warming may not necessarily lead to increased oceanic anoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Auderset
- Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany. .,Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Simone Moretti
- Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Björn Taphorn
- Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pia-Rebecca Ebner
- Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Emma Kast
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xingchen T Wang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Ralf Schiebel
- Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel M Sigman
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Gerald H Haug
- Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Casadei‐Ferreira A, Feitosa RM, Pie MR. Size and shape in the evolution of the worker head in
Pheidole
ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J Zool (1987) 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Casadei‐Ferreira
- Departamento de Zoologia Setor de Ciências Biológicas Centro Politécnico Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Paraná Brazil
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Onna Okinawa Japan
| | - R. M. Feitosa
- Departamento de Zoologia Setor de Ciências Biológicas Centro Politécnico Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Paraná Brazil
| | - M. R. Pie
- Departamento de Zoologia Setor de Ciências Biológicas Centro Politécnico Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Paraná Brazil
- Biology Department Edge Hill University Ormskirk Lancashire UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oligocene moisture variations as evidenced by an aeolian dust sequence in Inner Mongolia, China. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5597. [PMID: 35379883 PMCID: PMC8980076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09362-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aridification of Central Asia since the Eocene has widespread evidence, but climate-controlled environmental reorganizations during the Oligocene remain ambiguous. We employed environmental magnetic, mineralogical and geochemical methods on a latest Eocene to late Oligocene terrestrial sequence in Inner Mongolia, China, to examine how global climatic trends and regional factors influenced the evolution of moisture and weathering in the region. Highlighting the climatic influence, our weathering and rainfall proxy data document the drawdown of atmospheric CO2 and global cooling during the early Oligocene semi-arid phase, which culminated in the Early Oligocene Aridification Event at 31 Ma. Moreover, for the first time in the terrestrial eastern Central Asian setting, we provide geochemical and geophysical evidence for a second major Oligocene aridification event nearly synchronous to the mid-Oligocene Glacial Maximum at around 28 Ma. These aridification events were interrupted by periods of increased rainfall and weathering and can be associated with the terminations of glacial events seen in marine oxygen isotope records.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang D, Huang Z, Billen J, Zhang G, He H, Wei C. Complex co-evolutionary relationships between cicadas and their symbionts. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:195-211. [PMID: 34927333 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous evidence suggests that cicadas lacking Hodgkinia may harbour the yeast-like fungal symbionts (YLS). Here, we reinforce an earlier conclusion that the pathogenic ancestor of YLS independently infected different cicada lineages instead of the common ancestor of Cicadidae. Five independent replacement events in the loss of Hodgkinia/acquisition of YLS and seven other replacement events of YLS (from an Ophiocordyceps fungus to another Ophiocordyceps fungus) are hypothesised to have occurred within the sampled cicada taxa. The divergence time of YLS lineages was later than that of corresponding cicada lineages. The rapid shift of diversification rates of YLS and related cicada-parasitizing Ophiocordyceps began at approximately 32.94 Ma, and the diversification rate reached the highest value at approximately 24.82 Ma, which corresponds to the cooling climate changes at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary and the Oligocene-Miocene transition respectively. Combined with related acquisition/replacement events of YLS occurred during the cooling-climate periods, we hypothesise that the cooling-climate changes impacted the interactions between cicadas and related Ophiocordyceps, which coupled with the unusual life cycle and the differentiation of cicadas may finally led to the diversification of YLS in Cicadidae. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the evolutionary transition of YLS from entomopathogenic fungi in insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Control of Forest Biological Disasters in Western China, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Johan Billen
- Zoological Institute, University of Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Guoyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hong He
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Control of Forest Biological Disasters in Western China, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Cong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Folk RA, Siniscalchi CM, Soltis DE. Angiosperms at the edge: Extremity, diversity, and phylogeny. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2871-2893. [PMID: 32926444 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of flowering plants is their ability to invade some of the most extreme and dynamic habitats, including cold and dry biomes, to a far greater extent than other land plants. Recent work has provided insight to the phylogenetic distribution and evolutionary mechanisms which have enabled this success, yet needed is a synthesis of evolutionary perspectives with plant physiological traits, morphology, and genomic diversity. Linking these disparate components will not only lead to better understand the evolutionary parallelism and diversification of plants with these two strategies, but also to provide the framework needed for directing future research. We summarize the primary physiological and structural traits involved in response to cold- and drought stress, outline the phylogenetic distribution of these adaptations, and describe the recurring association of these changes with rapid diversification events that occurred in multiple lineages over the past 15 million years. Across these threefold facets of dry-cold correlation (traits, phylogeny, and time) we stress the contrast between (a) the amazing diversity of solutions flowering plants have developed in the face of extreme environments and (b) a broad correlation between cold and dry adaptations that in some cases may hint at deep common origins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Folk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Carolina M Siniscalchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
During the Eocene, high-latitude regions were much warmer than today and substantial polar ice sheets were lacking. Indeed, the initiation of significant polar ice sheets near the end of the Eocene has been closely linked to global cooling. Here, we examine the relationship between global temperatures and continental-scale polar ice sheets following the establishment of ice sheets on Antarctica ∼34 million years ago, using records of surface temperatures from around the world. We find that high-latitude temperatures were almost as warm after the initiation of Antarctic glaciation as before, challenging our basic understanding of how climate works, and of the development of climate and ice volume through time. Falling atmospheric CO2 levels led to cooling through the Eocene and the expansion of Antarctic ice sheets close to their modern size near the beginning of the Oligocene, a period of poorly documented climate. Here, we present a record of climate evolution across the entire Oligocene (33.9 to 23.0 Ma) based on TEX86 sea surface temperature (SST) estimates from southwestern Atlantic Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 516 (paleolatitude ∼36°S) and western equatorial Atlantic Ocean Drilling Project Site 929 (paleolatitude ∼0°), combined with a compilation of existing SST records and climate modeling. In this relatively low CO2 Oligocene world (∼300 to 700 ppm), warm climates similar to those of the late Eocene continued with only brief interruptions, while the Antarctic ice sheet waxed and waned. SSTs are spatially heterogenous, but generally support late Oligocene warming coincident with declining atmospheric CO2. This Oligocene warmth, especially at high latitudes, belies a simple relationship between climate and atmospheric CO2 and/or ocean gateways, and is only partially explained by current climate models. Although the dominant climate drivers of this enigmatic Oligocene world remain unclear, our results help fill a gap in understanding past Cenozoic climates and the way long-term climate sensitivity responded to varying background climate states.
Collapse
|
12
|
Methner K, Campani M, Fiebig J, Löffler N, Kempf O, Mulch A. Middle Miocene long-term continental temperature change in and out of pace with marine climate records. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7989. [PMID: 32409728 PMCID: PMC7224295 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstructing long-term continental temperature change provides the required counterpart to age equivalent marine records and can reveal how terrestrial and marine temperatures were related during times of extreme climate change such as the Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO) and the following Middle Miocene Climatic Transition (MMCT). Carbonate clumped isotope temperatures (T(Δ47)) from 17.5 to 14.0 Ma Central European paleosols (Molasse Basin, Switzerland) display a temperature pattern during the MCO that is similar to coeval marine temperature records. Maximum temperatures in the long-term soil T(Δ47) record (at 16.5 and 14.9 Ma) lag maximum ocean bottom water temperatures, lead global ice volume, and mark the initiation of minimum global ice volume phases. The suggested onset of the MMCT, deduced by a marked and rapid decline in Molasse Basin soil temperatures is coeval with cooling reported in high-latitudinal marine records. This is best explained by a change in the seasonal timing of soil carbonate formation that was likely driven by a modification of rainfall seasonality and thus by a major reorganization of mid-latitude atmospheric circulation across Central Europe. In particular, our data suggest a strong climate coupling between the North Atlantic and Central Europe already in the middle Miocene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Methner
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany.
| | - Marion Campani
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
| | - Jens Fiebig
- Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Niklas Löffler
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany.,Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Oliver Kempf
- Bundesamt für Landestopografie swisstopo, Wabern, 3084, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Mulch
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany.,Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Miller KG, Browning JV, Schmelz WJ, Kopp RE, Mountain GS, Wright JD. Cenozoic sea-level and cryospheric evolution from deep-sea geochemical and continental margin records. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz1346. [PMID: 32440543 PMCID: PMC7228749 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Using Pacific benthic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg/Ca records, we derive a Cenozoic (66 Ma) global mean sea level (GMSL) estimate that records evolution from an ice-free Early Eocene to Quaternary bipolar ice sheets. These GMSL estimates are statistically similar to "backstripped" estimates from continental margins accounting for compaction, loading, and thermal subsidence. Peak warmth, elevated GMSL, high CO2, and ice-free "Hothouse" conditions (56 to 48 Ma) were followed by "Cool Greenhouse" (48 to 34 Ma) ice sheets (10 to 30 m changes). Continental-scale ice sheets ("Icehouse") began ~34 Ma (>50 m changes), permanent East Antarctic ice sheets at 12.8 Ma, and bipolar glaciation at 2.5 Ma. The largest GMSL fall (27 to 20 ka; ~130 m) was followed by a >40 mm/yr rise (19 to 10 ka), a slowing (10 to 2 ka), and a stillstand until ~1900 CE, when rates began to rise. High long-term CO2 caused warm climates and high sea levels, with sea-level variability dominated by periodic Milankovitch cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth G. Miller
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Institute of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - James V. Browning
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Institute of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - W. John Schmelz
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Institute of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Robert E. Kopp
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Institute of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Gregory S. Mountain
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Institute of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - James D. Wright
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Institute of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mathew M, Makhankova A, Menier D, Sautter B, Betzler C, Pierson B. The emergence of Miocene reefs in South China Sea and its resilient adaptability under varying eustatic, climatic and oceanographic conditions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7141. [PMID: 32346046 PMCID: PMC7189246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the Miocene, extensive carbonate deposition thrived over wide latitudinal ranges in Southeast Asia despite perturbations of the global climate and thermohaline circulation that affected the Asian continent. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of its emergence, adaptability in siliciclastic-dominated margins and demise, especially in southern South China Sea (SCS), are largely speculative and remains enigmatic along with a scarcity of constraints on paleoclimatic and palaeoceanographic conditions. Here we show, through newly acquired high-resolution geophysical data and accurate stratigraphic records based on strontium isotopic dating, the evolution of these platforms from ~15.5–9.5 Ma is initially tied to tectonics and eustasy, and ultimately, after ~9.5 Ma, to changes in the global climate patterns and consequent palaeoceanographic conditions. Our results demonstrate at least two paleodeltas that provided favourable substratum of elevated sand bars, which conditioning the emergence of the buildups that inadvertently mirrored the underlying strata. We show unprecedented evidences for ocean current fluctuations linked to the intensification of the Asian summer monsoon winds resulting in the formation of drifts and moats, which extirpated the platforms through sediment removal and starvation. This work highlights the imperative role of palaeoceanography in creating favourable niches for reefal development that can be applicable to carbonate platforms elsewhere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Mathew
- Shale Gas Research Group, Institute of Hydrocarbon Recovery, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia.
| | - Adelya Makhankova
- Department of Geosciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - David Menier
- Laboratoire Géosciences Océan (LGO), Université Bretagne Sud, 56017, Vannes, Cedex, France
| | - Benjamin Sautter
- Department of Geosciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Christian Betzler
- Institute of Geology, CEN, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernard Pierson
- GEO-Instituut, Campus Arenberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001, Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Heckeberg NS. The systematics of the Cervidae: a total evidence approach. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8114. [PMID: 32110477 PMCID: PMC7034380 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic relationships of cervids have been controversial for decades. Despite new input from molecular systematics, consensus could only be partially reached. The initial, gross (sub) classification based on morphology and comparative anatomy was mostly supported by molecular data. The rich fossil record of cervids has never been extensively tested in phylogenetic frameworks concerning potential systematic relationships of fossil cervids to extant cervids. The aim of this work was to investigate the systematic relationships of extant and fossil cervids using molecular and morphological characters and make implications about their evolutionary history based on the phylogenetic reconstructions. To achieve these objectives, molecular data were compiled consisting of five nuclear markers and the complete mitochondrial genome of 50 extant and one fossil cervids. Several analyses using different data partitions, taxon sampling, partitioning schemes, and optimality criteria were undertaken. In addition, the most extensive morphological character matrix for such a broad cervid taxon sampling was compiled including 168 cranial and dental characters of 41 extant and 29 fossil cervids. The morphological and molecular data were analysed in a combined approach and other comprehensive phylogenetic reconstructions. The results showed that most Miocene cervids were more closely related to each other than to any other cervids. They were often positioned between the outgroup and all other cervids or as the sister taxon to Muntiacini. Two Miocene cervids were frequently placed within Muntiacini. Plio- and Pleistocene cervids could often be affiliated to Cervini, Odocoileini or Capreolini. The phylogenetic analyses provide new insights into the evolutionary history of cervids. Several fossil cervids could be successfully related to living representatives, confirming previously assumed affiliations based on comparative morphology and introducing new hypotheses. New systematic relationships were observed, some uncertainties persisted and resolving systematics within certain taxa remained challenging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola S. Heckeberg
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
- SNSB-Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Munich, Germany
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Žerdoner Čalasan A, Kretschmann J, Gottschling M. They are young, and they are many: dating freshwater lineages in unicellular dinophytes. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:4125-4135. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anže Žerdoner Čalasan
- Department Biologie/Chemie, Botanik Universität Osnabrück Barbarastr. 11, 49076 Osnabrück Germany
- Department Biologie Systematische Botanik und Mykologie, GeoBio‐Center, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Menzinger Street. 67, 80638 Munich Germany
| | - Juliane Kretschmann
- Department Biologie Systematische Botanik und Mykologie, GeoBio‐Center, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Menzinger Street. 67, 80638 Munich Germany
| | - Marc Gottschling
- Department Biologie Systematische Botanik und Mykologie, GeoBio‐Center, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Menzinger Street. 67, 80638 Munich Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Two-step closure of the Miocene Indian Ocean Gateway to the Mediterranean. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8842. [PMID: 31222018 PMCID: PMC6586870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tethys Ocean was compartmentalized into the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean during the early Miocene, yet the exact nature and timing of this disconnection are not well understood. Here we present two new neodymium isotope records from isolated carbonate platforms on both sides of the closing seaway, Malta (outcrop sampling) and the Maldives (IODP Site U1468), to constrain the evolution of past water mass exchange between the present day Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean via the Mesopotamian Seaway. Combining these data with box modeling results indicates that water mass exchange was reduced by ~90% in a first step at ca. 20 Ma. The terminal closure of the seaway then coincided with the sea level drop caused by the onset of permanent glaciation of Antarctica at ca. 13.8 Ma. The termination of meridional water mass exchange through the Tethyan Seaway resulted in a global reorganization of currents, paved the way to the development of upwelling in the Arabian Sea and possibly led to a strengthening of South Asian Monsoon.
Collapse
|
18
|
Śliwińska KK, Thomsen E, Schouten S, Schoon PL, Heilmann-Clausen C. Climate- and gateway-driven cooling of Late Eocene to earliest Oligocene sea surface temperatures in the North Sea Basin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4458. [PMID: 30872690 PMCID: PMC6418185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During the late Eocene, the Earth’s climate experienced several transient temperature fluctuations including the Vonhof cooling event (C16n.1n; ~35.8 Ma) hitherto known mainly from the southern oceans. Here we reconstruct sea-surface temperatures (SST) and provide δ18O and δ13C foraminiferal records for the late Eocene and earliest Oligocene in the North Sea Basin. Our data reveal two main perturbations: (1), an abrupt brief cooling of ~4.5 °C dated to ~35.8 Ma and synchronous with the Vonhof cooling, which thus may be a global event, and (2) a gradual nearly 10 °C temperature fall starting at 36.1 Ma and culminating near the Eocene-Oligocene transition at ~33.9 Ma. The late Priabonian temperature trend in the North Sea shows some resemblance IODP Site U1404 from the North Atlantic, offshore Newfoundland; and is in contrast to the more abrupt change observed in the deep-sea δ18O records from the southern oceans. The cooling in the North Sea is large compared to the pattern seen in the North Atlantic record. This difference may be influenced by a late Eocene closure of the warm gateways connecting the North Sea with the Atlantic and Tethys oceans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasia K Śliwińska
- GEUS Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Department of Stratigraphy, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Erik Thomsen
- Aarhus University, Department of Geoscience, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, 8000, Århus C, Denmark
| | - Stefan Schouten
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Utrecht University, Texel, The Netherlands.,Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra L Schoon
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Utrecht University, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Claus Heilmann-Clausen
- Aarhus University, Department of Geoscience, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, 8000, Århus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lewitus E, Bittner L, Malviya S, Bowler C, Morlon H. Clade-specific diversification dynamics of marine diatoms since the Jurassic. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1715-1723. [PMID: 30349092 PMCID: PMC6217985 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0691-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are one of the most abundant and diverse groups of phytoplankton and play a major role in marine ecosystems and the Earth's biogeochemical cycles. Here we combine DNA metabarcoding data from the Tara Oceans expedition with palaeoenvironmental data and phylogenetic models of diversification to analyse the diversity dynamics of marine diatoms. We reveal a primary effect of variation in carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) on early diatom diversification, followed by a major burst of diversification in the late Eocene epoch, after which diversification is chiefly affected by sea level, an influx of silica availability and competition with other planktonic groups. Our results demonstrate a remarkable heterogeneity of diversification dynamics across diatoms and suggest that a changing climate will favour some clades at the expense of others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lewitus
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France.
- US Military HIV Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Lucie Bittner
- Sorbonne Université, Université des Antilles, CNRS, Evolution Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (EPS-IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Shruti Malviya
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Chris Bowler
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Morlon
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Stärz M, Jokat W, Knorr G, Lohmann G. Threshold in North Atlantic-Arctic Ocean circulation controlled by the subsidence of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15681. [PMID: 28580952 PMCID: PMC5465373 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High latitude ocean gateway changes are thought to play a key role in Cenozoic climate evolution. However, the underlying ocean dynamics are poorly understood. Here we use a fully coupled atmosphere-ocean model to investigate the effect of ocean gateway formation that is associated with the subsidence of the Greenland–Scotland Ridge. We find a threshold in sill depth (∼50 m) that is linked to the influence of wind mixing. Sill depth changes within the wind mixed layer establish lagoonal and estuarine conditions with limited exchange across the sill resulting in brackish or even fresher Arctic conditions. Close to the threshold the ocean regime is highly sensitive to changes in atmospheric CO2 and the associated modulation in the hydrological cycle. For larger sill depths a bi-directional flow regime across the ridge develops, providing a baseline for the final step towards the establishment of a modern prototype North Atlantic-Arctic water exchange. During the Cenozoic the Arctic Ocean change from a restricted freshwater regime towards more saline modern ocean conditions is supposedly driven by the subsidence of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge. Here, the authors derive a threshold for this shift, constrained by the characteristic depth of wind mixing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stärz
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany
| | - Wilfried Jokat
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany
| | - Gregor Knorr
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany
| | - Gerrit Lohmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Verheye ML, Backeljau T, d'Udekem d'Acoz C. Locked in the icehouse: Evolution of an endemic Epimeria (Amphipoda, Crustacea) species flock on the Antarctic shelf. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 114:14-33. [PMID: 28528744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Antarctic shelf's marine biodiversity has been greatly influenced by the climatic and glacial history of the region. Extreme temperature changes led to the extinction of some lineages, while others adapted and flourished. The amphipod genus Epimeria is an example of the latter, being particularly diverse in the Antarctic region. By reconstructing a time-calibrated phylogeny based on mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (28S and H3) markers and including Epimeria species from all oceans, this study provides a temporal and geographical framework for the evolution of Antarctic Epimeria. The monophyly of this genus is not supported by Bayesian Inference, as Antarctic and non-Antarctic Epimeria form two distinct well-supported clades, with Antarctic Epimeria being a sister clade to two stilipedid species. The monophyly of Antarctic Epimeria suggests that this clade evolved in isolation since its origin. While the precise timing of this origin remains unclear, it is inferred that the Antarctic lineage arose from a late Gondwanan ancestor and hence did not colonize the Antarctic region after the continent broke apart from the other fragments of Gondwanaland. The initial diversification of the clade occurred 38.04Ma (95% HPD [48.46Ma; 28.36Ma]) in a cooling environment. Adaptation to cold waters, along with the extinction of cold-intolerant taxa and resulting ecological opportunities, likely led to the successful diversification of Epimeria on the Antarctic shelf. However, there was neither evidence of a rapid lineage diversification early in the clade's history, nor of any shifts in diversification rates induced by glacial cycles. This suggests that a high turnover rate on the repeatedly scoured Antarctic shelf could have masked potential signals of diversification bursts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie L Verheye
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, rue Vautier 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; Catholic University of Louvain-la-Neuve, Department of Biology, Marine Biology Laboratory, Croix du Sud 3 bte L7.06.04, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Thierry Backeljau
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, rue Vautier 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Evolutionary Ecology Group, Universiteitsplein 1, 2160 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cédric d'Udekem d'Acoz
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, rue Vautier 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ortiz MA, Boretto JM, Ibargüengoytía NR. How does a viviparous semifossorial lizard reproduce? Ophiodes intermedius (Squamata: Anguidae) from subtropical climate in the Wet Chaco region of Argentina. ZOOLOGY 2017; 121:35-43. [PMID: 28254160 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The best predictors of reproductive patterns are commonly associated with climate factors, but evolutionary history also plays an important role. The semifossorial and viviparous lizard Ophiodes intermedius from the Wet Chaco region of Argentina showed an annual cycle with asynchrony between males and females and an unusual pattern for subtropical climates, with vitellogenesis beginning in autumn, ovulation and copulation in spring, and births occurring in summer. Males exhibited annual variation of testicular size associated with spermatogenic activity, reaching their maximum gonadal activity in late summer (March), but sperm storage in the epididymis and/or deferent duct occurred throughout the year. Females showed an extended reproductive cycle beginning in mid-autumn (May) with vitellogenesis and finishing with births from late spring to mid-summer (December to February). Litter size varied from 4 to 9 offspring. Females reached sexual maturity at a larger snout-vent length and, overall, showed greater body size than males, while males exhibited larger heads than females. Fat body cycles indicated that females use lipid reserves to support vitellogenesis and embryo development, while males allocate lipid resources to the search for females, courtship and copulation rather than to gametogenesis. Ophiodes intermedius differed from other species of the genus in litter size, gestation period, timing of birth and the minimum size at sexual maturity, probably as a result of the influence of ecological, historical and phylogenetic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martín A Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Herpetología, Facultad de Ciencias Exacta y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Av. Libertad 5460, 3400 Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina M Boretto
- INIBIOMA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue), Quintral 1250, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - Nora R Ibargüengoytía
- INIBIOMA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue), Quintral 1250, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Richoz S, Baldermann A, Frauwallner A, Harzhauser M, Daxner-Höck G, Klammer D, Piller WE. Geochemistry and mineralogy of the Oligo-Miocene sediments of the Valley of Lakes, Mongolia. PALAEOBIODIVERSITY AND PALAEOENVIRONMENTS 2017; 97:233-258. [PMID: 28450967 PMCID: PMC5367698 DOI: 10.1007/s12549-016-0268-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Valley of Lakes is approximately a 500-km elongate depression in Central Mongolia, where Eocene to Miocene continental sediments are long known for their outstanding fossil richness. The palaeontological record of this region is an exceptional witness for the evolution of mammalian communities during the Cenozoic global cooling and regional aridification. In order to precisely elucidate the climatic evolution of the region, we studied the mostly siliciclastic sediments with several levels of paleosols for their sedimentology, mineralogy, major and trace element composition and δ13C and δ18O composition. The obtained results show that temperate hydrothermal fluids induced a strong illitization of the fluvial and lacustrine sediments. This finding contradicts the current conceptual view that the fine fraction of the sediments is of aeolian origin. Moreover, the diagenetic growth of illite resulted in a strong overprinting of the sediments and, subsequently, largely disturbed the pristine mineralogical and geochemical composition of the sediments that could have carried any palaeo-climatic information. An exception is the δ13C (and δ18O) isotope values of authigenic carbonate found in calcrete horizons that still record the ambient climatic conditions prevailing during paleosol formation. Our novel δ13C and δ18O record suggests an early Oligocene aridification in Central Asia at ∼31 Ma, whereas the Oligocene glacial maximum shows no increase in aridification. A second, regional-scale aridification occurs at ~25 Ma and corresponds to a late Oligocene marked mammalian turnover in the Valley of Lakes sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Richoz
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Nawi Graz, Graz University, Heinrichstraße 26, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andre Baldermann
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Graz University of Technology, Rechbauerstr. 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Frauwallner
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Graz University of Technology, Rechbauerstr. 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Dietmar Klammer
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Graz University of Technology, Rechbauerstr. 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Werner E. Piller
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Nawi Graz, Graz University, Heinrichstraße 26, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Harzhauser M, Daxner-Höck G, López-Guerrero P, Maridet O, Oliver A, Piller WE, Richoz S, Erbajeva MA, Neubauer TA, Göhlich UB. Stepwise onset of the Icehouse world and its impact on Oligo-Miocene Central Asian mammals. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36169. [PMID: 27897168 PMCID: PMC5126638 DOI: 10.1038/srep36169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Central Asia is a key area to study the impact of Cenozoic climate cooling on continental ecosystems. One of the best places to search for rather continuous paleontological records is the Valley of Lakes in Mongolia with its outstandingly fossil-rich Oligocene and Miocene terrestrial sediments. Here, we investigate the response by mammal communities during the early stage of Earth’s icehouse climate in Central Asia. Based on statistical analyses of occurrence and abundance data of 18608 specimens representing 175 mammal species and geochemical (carbon isotopes) and geophysical (magnetic susceptibility) data we link shifts in diversities with major climatic variations. Our data document for the first time that the post-Eocene aridification of Central Asia happened in several steps, was interrupted by short episodes of increased precipitation, and was not a gradual process. We show that the timing of the major turnovers in Oligocene mammal communities is tightly linked with global climate events rather than slow tectonics processes. The most severe decline of up 48% of total diversity is related to aridification during the maximum of the Late Oligocene Warming at 25 Ma. Its magnitude was distinctly larger than the community turnover linked to the mid-Oligocene Glacial Maximum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paloma López-Guerrero
- Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria.,Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, C/José Antonio Novais, 2, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivier Maridet
- Jurassica Museum, Fontenais 21, 2900 Porrentruy, Switzerland.,Department of Geosciences, Earth Sciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 6, Pérolles, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Adriana Oliver
- Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria.,Paleobiology Department, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Werner E Piller
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Graz University, Heinrichstraße 26, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sylvain Richoz
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Graz University, Heinrichstraße 26, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Margarita A Erbajeva
- Geological Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude; Sahianova Str., 6a, 670047 Ulan-Ude, Russia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Equatorial heat accumulation as a long-term trigger of permanent Antarctic ice sheets during the Cenozoic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11782-11787. [PMID: 27698116 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of the first permanent Antarctic ice sheets at the Eocene-Oligocene Transition (EOT), ∼33.7 million years ago, indicates a major climate shift within long-term Cenozoic cooling. The driving mechanisms that set the stage for this glaciation event are not well constrained, however, owing to large uncertainties in temperature reconstructions during the Eocene, especially at lower latitudes. To address this deficiency, we used recent developments in coccolith biogeochemistry to reconstruct equatorial Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric pCO2 values from pelagic sequences preceding and spanning the EOT. We found significantly more variability in equatorial SSTs than previously reported, with pronounced cooling from the Early to Middle Eocene and subsequent warming during the Late Eocene. Thus, we show that the Antarctic glaciation at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary was preceded by a period of heat accumulation in the low latitudes, likely focused in a progressively contracting South Atlantic gyre, which contributed to cooling high-latitude austral regions. This prominent redistribution of heat corresponds to the emplacement of a strong meridional temperature gradient that typifies icehouse climate conditions. Our equatorial coccolith-derived geochemical record thus highlights an important period of global climatic and oceanic upheaval, which began 4 million years before the EOT and, superimposed on a long-term pCO2 decline, drove the Earth system toward a glacial tipping point in the Cenozoic.
Collapse
|
26
|
Vuataz L, Rutschmann S, Monaghan MT, Sartori M. Molecular phylogeny and timing of diversification in Alpine Rhithrogena (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae). BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:194. [PMID: 27654122 PMCID: PMC5031269 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Larvae of the Holarctic mayfly genus Rhithrogena Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae) are a diverse and abundant member of stream and river communities and are routinely used as bio-indicators of water quality. Rhithrogena is well diversified in the European Alps, with a number of locally endemic species, and several cryptic species have been recently detected. While several informal species groups are morphologically well defined, a lack of reliable characters for species identification considerably hampers their study. Their relationships, origin, timing of speciation and mechanisms promoting their diversification in the Alps are unknown. RESULTS Here we present a species-level phylogeny of Rhithrogena in Europe using two mitochondrial and three nuclear gene regions. To improve sampling in a genus with many cryptic species, individuals were selected for analysis according to a recent DNA-based taxonomy rather than traditional nomenclature. A coalescent-based species tree and a reconstruction based on a supermatrix approach supported five of the species groups as monophyletic. A molecular clock, mapped on the most resolved phylogeny and calibrated using published mitochondrial evolution rates for insects, suggested an origin of Alpine Rhithrogena in the Oligocene/Miocene boundary. A diversification analysis that included simulation of missing species indicated a constant speciation rate over time, rather than any pronounced periods of rapid speciation. Ancestral state reconstructions provided evidence for downstream diversification in at least two species groups. CONCLUSIONS Our species-level analyses of five gene regions provide clearer definitions of species groups within European Rhithrogena. A constant speciation rate over time suggests that the paleoclimatic fluctuations, including the Pleistocene glaciations, did not significantly influence the tempo of diversification of Alpine species. A downstream diversification trend in the hybrida and alpestris species groups supports a previously proposed headwater origin hypothesis for aquatic insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Vuataz
- Musée cantonal de zoologie, Palais de Rumine, Place de la Riponne 6, 1014, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sereina Rutschmann
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 12587, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Michael T Monaghan
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 12587, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michel Sartori
- Musée cantonal de zoologie, Palais de Rumine, Place de la Riponne 6, 1014, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Reichard UH, Croissier MM. Hylobatid Evolution in Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Context. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-5614-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
|
28
|
|
29
|
Betzler C, Eberli GP, Kroon D, Wright JD, Swart PK, Nath BN, Alvarez-Zarikian CA, Alonso-García M, Bialik OM, Blättler CL, Guo JA, Haffen S, Horozal S, Inoue M, Jovane L, Lanci L, Laya JC, Mee ALH, Lüdmann T, Nakakuni M, Niino K, Petruny LM, Pratiwi SD, Reijmer JJG, Reolid J, Slagle AL, Sloss CR, Su X, Yao Z, Young JR. The abrupt onset of the modern South Asian Monsoon winds. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29838. [PMID: 27436574 PMCID: PMC4951686 DOI: 10.1038/srep29838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The South Asian Monson (SAM) is one of the most intense climatic elements yet its initiation and variations are not well established. Dating the deposits of SAM wind-driven currents in IODP cores from the Maldives yields an age of 12. 9 Ma indicating an abrupt SAM onset, over a short period of 300 kyrs. This coincided with the Indian Ocean Oxygen Minimum Zone expansion as revealed by geochemical tracers and the onset of upwelling reflected by the sediment’s content of particulate organic matter. A weaker ‘proto-monsoon’ existed between 12.9 and 25 Ma, as mirrored by the sedimentary signature of dust influx. Abrupt SAM initiation favors a strong influence of climate in addition to the tectonic control, and we propose that the post Miocene Climate Optimum cooling, together with increased continentalization and establishment of the bipolar ocean circulation, i.e. the beginning of the modern world, shifted the monsoon over a threshold towards the modern system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Betzler
- Institute of Geology, CEN, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - Gregor P Eberli
- Department of Marine Geosciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine &Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami FL 33149, USA
| | - Dick Kroon
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, United Kingdom
| | - James D Wright
- Department of Geological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway NJ 08854-8066, USA
| | - Peter K Swart
- Department of Marine Geosciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine &Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami FL 33149, USA
| | - Bejugam Nagender Nath
- Geological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula Goa 403004, India
| | - Carlos A Alvarez-Zarikian
- International Ocean Discovery Program, Texas A&M University, Discovery Drive, College Station TX 77845, USA
| | - Montserrat Alonso-García
- Instituto Portugues do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Divisão de Geologia e Georecursos Marinhos, Avenida de Brasilia 6, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal.,Centro de Ciencias do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Or M Bialik
- Dr. Moses Strauss Department of Marine Geosciences, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Carmel 31905, Israel
| | - Clara L Blättler
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Guyot Hall, Princeton NJ 08544, USA
| | - Junhua Adam Guo
- Department of Geological Sciences, California State University Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA 93311, USA
| | - Sébastien Haffen
- Physical Properties Specialist, Ecole Nationale Superieure de Geologie, Universite de Lorraine, 2 rue du Doyen Marcel Roubault, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy 54501, France
| | - Senay Horozal
- Petroleum and Marine Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience &Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Gwahang-no 124, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350, Korea
| | - Mayuri Inoue
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka 700-8530, Japan
| | - Luigi Jovane
- Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, São Paulo, SP 05508-120, Brazil
| | - Luca Lanci
- Istituto di Scienze della Terra, Università di Urbino, Via S. Chiara 27, Urbino 61029, Italy
| | - Juan Carlos Laya
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&M University, Mail Stop 3115, College Station TX 77843-3115, USA
| | - Anna Ling Hui Mee
- Department of Marine Geosciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine &Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami FL 33149, USA
| | - Thomas Lüdmann
- Institute of Geology, CEN, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - Masatoshi Nakakuni
- Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cyo, Hachioji-shi Tokyo 192-0003, Japan
| | - Kaoru Niino
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata City 990-8560, Japan
| | - Loren M Petruny
- Environmental Science and Policy Department, David King Hall Rm 3005, MSN 5F2, George Mason University, University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030-4444, USA
| | - Santi D Pratiwi
- Department of Geosciences, Geotechnology and Materials Engineering for Resources, Akita University, 1-1 Teagata-Gakuencho, Akita 010-8502 Japan
| | - John J G Reijmer
- Department of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jesús Reolid
- Institute of Geology, CEN, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - Angela L Slagle
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Borehole Bldg. 61 Route 9W, Palisades NY 10964, USA
| | - Craig R Sloss
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Technology Queensland, R-Block 317, 2 George Street, Brisbane Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Xiang Su
- Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, P.R. China
| | - Zhengquan Yao
- Department of Marine Geology, First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) State Oceanic Administration (SOA), #6 Xian Xia Ling Road, Qingdao Shandong Province 266061, P.R. China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Jeremy R Young
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Levy R, Harwood D, Florindo F, Sangiorgi F, Tripati R, von Eynatten H, Gasson E, Kuhn G, Tripati A, DeConto R, Fielding C, Field B, Golledge N, McKay R, Naish T, Olney M, Pollard D, Schouten S, Talarico F, Warny S, Willmott V, Acton G, Panter K, Paulsen T, Taviani M. Antarctic ice sheet sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 variations in the early to mid-Miocene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3453-8. [PMID: 26903644 PMCID: PMC4822588 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516030113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Geological records from the Antarctic margin offer direct evidence of environmental variability at high southern latitudes and provide insight regarding ice sheet sensitivity to past climate change. The early to mid-Miocene (23-14 Mya) is a compelling interval to study as global temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations were similar to those projected for coming centuries. Importantly, this time interval includes the Miocene Climatic Optimum, a period of global warmth during which average surface temperatures were 3-4 °C higher than today. Miocene sediments in the ANDRILL-2A drill core from the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica, indicate that the Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) was highly variable through this key time interval. A multiproxy dataset derived from the core identifies four distinct environmental motifs based on changes in sedimentary facies, fossil assemblages, geochemistry, and paleotemperature. Four major disconformities in the drill core coincide with regional seismic discontinuities and reflect transient expansion of grounded ice across the Ross Sea. They correlate with major positive shifts in benthic oxygen isotope records and generally coincide with intervals when atmospheric CO2 concentrations were at or below preindustrial levels (∼280 ppm). Five intervals reflect ice sheet minima and air temperatures warm enough for substantial ice mass loss during episodes of high (∼500 ppm) atmospheric CO2 These new drill core data and associated ice sheet modeling experiments indicate that polar climate and the AIS were highly sensitive to relatively small changes in atmospheric CO2 during the early to mid-Miocene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Levy
- Department of Paleontology, GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, 5040;
| | - David Harwood
- Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Fabio Florindo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, I-00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sangiorgi
- Marine Palynology and Paleoceanography, Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Tripati
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Hilmar von Eynatten
- Department of Sedimentology & Environmental Geology, Geoscience Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Edward Gasson
- Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Gerhard Kuhn
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar & Marine Research, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Aradhna Tripati
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Robert DeConto
- Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Christopher Fielding
- Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Brad Field
- Department of Paleontology, GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, 5040
| | - Nicholas Golledge
- Department of Paleontology, GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, 5040; Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand, 6012
| | - Robert McKay
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand, 6012
| | - Timothy Naish
- Department of Paleontology, GNS Science, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, 5040; Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand, 6012
| | | | - David Pollard
- Earth & Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Stefan Schouten
- Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, 1797 SZ 't Horntje (Texel), The Netherlands
| | - Franco Talarico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sophie Warny
- Department of Geology & Geophysics and Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Veronica Willmott
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar & Marine Research, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Gary Acton
- Department of Geography & Geology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341
| | - Kurt Panter
- Department of Geology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403
| | - Timothy Paulsen
- Department of Geology, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI 54901
| | - Marco Taviani
- Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Galeotti S, DeConto R, Naish T, Stocchi P, Florindo F, Pagani M, Barrett P, Bohaty SM, Lanci L, Pollard D, Sandroni S, Talarico FM, Zachos JC. Antarctic Ice Sheet variability across the Eocene-Oligocene boundary climate transition. Science 2016; 352:76-80. [PMID: 27034370 DOI: 10.1126/science.aab0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
About 34 million years ago, Earth's climate cooled and an ice sheet formed on Antarctica as atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) fell below ~750 parts per million (ppm). Sedimentary cycles from a drill core in the western Ross Sea provide direct evidence of orbitally controlled glacial cycles between 34 million and 31 million years ago. Initially, under atmospheric CO2 levels of ≥600 ppm, a smaller Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS), restricted to the terrestrial continent, was highly responsive to local insolation forcing. A more stable, continental-scale ice sheet calving at the coastline did not form until ~32.8 million years ago, coincident with the earliest time that atmospheric CO2 levels fell below ~600 ppm. Our results provide insight into the potential of the AIS for threshold behavior and have implications for its sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 concentrations above present-day levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Galeotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pure e Applicate, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo," 61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Robert DeConto
- Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Timothy Naish
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand. GNS Science, P.O. Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Paolo Stocchi
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Coastal Systems, and Utrecht University, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands
| | - Fabio Florindo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Mark Pagani
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter Barrett
- Antarctic Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Steven M Bohaty
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Luca Lanci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pure e Applicate, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo," 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - David Pollard
- Earth System Science Center, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Sonia Sandroni
- Museo Nazionale dell'Antartide, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Franco M Talarico
- Museo Nazionale dell'Antartide, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy. Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - James C Zachos
- Earth Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Papot C, Cascella K, Toullec JY, Jollivet D. Divergent ecological histories of two sister Antarctic krill species led to contrasted patterns of genetic diversity in their heat-shock protein (hsp70) arsenal. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1555-75. [PMID: 27087928 PMCID: PMC4775515 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arctic and the Antarctic Peninsula are currently experiencing some of the most rapid rates of ocean warming on the planet. This raises the question of how the initial adaptation to extreme cold temperatures was put in place and whether or not directional selection has led to the loss of genetic variation at key adaptive systems, and thus polar species’ (re)adaptability to higher temperatures. In the Southern Ocean, krill represents the most abundant fauna and is a critical member at the base of the Antarctic food web. To better understand the role of selection in shaping current patterns of polymorphisms, we examined genetic diversity of the cox‐1 and hsp70 genes by comparing two closely related species of Euphausiid that differ in ecology. Results on mtcox‐1 agreed with previous studies, indicating high and similar effective population sizes. However, a coalescent‐based approach on hsp70 genes highlighted the role of positive selection and past demographic changes in their recent evolution. Firstly, some form of balancing selection was acting on the inducible isoform C, which reflected the maintenance of an ancestral adaptive polymorphism in both species. Secondly, E. crystallorophias seems to have lost most of its hsp70 diversity because of a population crash and/or directional selection to cold. Nonsynonymous diversities were always greater in E. superba, suggesting that it might have evolved under more heterogeneous conditions. This can be linked to species’ ecology with E. superba living in more variable pelagic conditions, while E. crystallorophias is strictly associated with continental shelves and sea ice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Papot
- Université de Lille 1 CNRS UMR 8198 Groupe 'Ecoimmunology of Marine Annelids' Bât SN2, 1er étage porte 113 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - Kévin Cascella
- CNRS UMR 7144 Equipe ABICE Station Biologique de Roscoff 29682 Roscoff France; Laboratoire 'Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin' UPMC Station Biologique 29682 Roscoff France
| | - Jean-Yves Toullec
- CNRS UMR 7144 Equipe ABICE Station Biologique de Roscoff 29682 Roscoff France; Laboratoire 'Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin' UPMC Station Biologique 29682 Roscoff France
| | - Didier Jollivet
- CNRS UMR 7144 Equipe ABICE Station Biologique de Roscoff 29682 Roscoff France; Laboratoire 'Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin' UPMC Station Biologique 29682 Roscoff France
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Auer G, Piller WE, Reuter M, Harzhauser M. Correlating carbon and oxygen isotope events in early to middle Miocene shallow marine carbonates in the Mediterranean region using orbitally tuned chemostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy. PALEOCEANOGRAPHY 2015; 30:332-352. [PMID: 27546980 PMCID: PMC4974900 DOI: 10.1002/2014pa002716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
During the Miocene prominent oxygen isotope events (Mi-events) reflect major changes in glaciation, while carbonate isotope maxima (CM-events) reflect changes in organic carbon burial, particularly during the Monterey carbon isotope excursion. However, despite their importance to the global climate history they have never been recorded in shallow marine carbonate successions. The Decontra section on the Maiella Platform (central Apennines, Italy), however, allows to resolve them for the first time in such a setting during the early to middle Miocene. The present study improves the stratigraphic resolution of parts of the Decontra section via orbital tuning of high-resolution gamma ray (GR) and magnetic susceptibility data to the 405 kyr eccentricity metronome. The tuning allows, within the established biostratigraphic, sequence stratigraphic, and isotope stratigraphic frameworks, a precise correlation of the Decontra section with pelagic records of the Mediterranean region, as well as the global paleoclimatic record and the global sea level curve. Spectral series analyses of GR data further indicate that the 405 kyr orbital cycle is particularly well preserved during the Monterey Event. Since GR is a direct proxy for authigenic uranium precipitation during increased burial of organic carbon in the Decontra section, it follows the same long-term orbital pacing as observed in the carbon isotope records. The 405 kyr GR beat is thus correlated with the carbon isotope maxima observed during the Monterey Event. Finally, the Mi-events can now be recognized in the δ18O record and coincide with plankton-rich, siliceous, or phosphatic horizons in the lithology of the section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Auer
- Institute for Earth Sciences University of Graz, NAWI Graz Graz Austria
| | - Werner E Piller
- Institute for Earth Sciences University of Graz, NAWI Graz Graz Austria
| | - Markus Reuter
- Institute for Earth Sciences University of Graz, NAWI Graz Graz Austria
| | - Mathias Harzhauser
- Geological-Paleontological Department Natural History Museum Vienna Vienna Austria
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kagale S, Robinson SJ, Nixon J, Xiao R, Huebert T, Condie J, Kessler D, Clarke WE, Edger PP, Links MG, Sharpe AG, Parkin IAP. Polyploid evolution of the Brassicaceae during the Cenozoic era. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2777-91. [PMID: 25035408 PMCID: PMC4145113 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.126391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) family, owing to its remarkable species, genetic, and physiological diversity as well as its significant economic potential, has become a model for polyploidy and evolutionary studies. Utilizing extensive transcriptome pyrosequencing of diverse taxa, we established a resolved phylogeny of a subset of crucifer species. We elucidated the frequency, age, and phylogenetic position of polyploidy and lineage separation events that have marked the evolutionary history of the Brassicaceae. Besides the well-known ancient α (47 million years ago [Mya]) and β (124 Mya) paleopolyploidy events, several species were shown to have undergone a further more recent (∼7 to 12 Mya) round of genome multiplication. We identified eight whole-genome duplications corresponding to at least five independent neo/mesopolyploidy events. Although the Brassicaceae family evolved from other eudicots at the beginning of the Cenozoic era of the Earth (60 Mya), major diversification occurred only during the Neogene period (0 to 23 Mya). Remarkably, the widespread species divergence, major polyploidy, and lineage separation events during Brassicaceae evolution are clustered in time around epoch transitions characterized by prolonged unstable climatic conditions. The synchronized diversification of Brassicaceae species suggests that polyploid events may have conferred higher adaptability and increased tolerance toward the drastically changing global environment, thus facilitating species radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sateesh Kagale
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon SK S7N 0X2, Canada National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | | | - John Nixon
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Rong Xiao
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Terry Huebert
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Janet Condie
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Dallas Kessler
- Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Saskatoon SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Wayne E Clarke
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Patrick P Edger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Matthew G Links
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Andrew G Sharpe
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Santini F, Carnevale G, Sorenson L. First multi-locus timetree of seabreams and porgies (Percomorpha: Sparidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/11250003.2013.878960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
36
|
Zhang YG, Pagani M, Liu Z, Bohaty SM, Deconto R. A 40-million-year history of atmospheric CO(2). PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20130096. [PMID: 24043869 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The alkenone-pCO2 methodology has been used to reconstruct the partial pressure of ancient atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2) for the past 45 million years of Earth's history (Middle Eocene to Pleistocene epochs). The present long-term CO2 record is a composite of data from multiple ocean localities that express a wide range of oceanographic and algal growth conditions that potentially bias CO2 results. In this study, we present a pCO2 record spanning the past 40 million years from a single marine locality, Ocean Drilling Program Site 925 located in the western equatorial Atlantic Ocean. The trends and absolute values of our new CO2 record site are broadly consistent with previously published multi-site alkenone-CO2 results. However, new pCO2 estimates for the Middle Miocene are notably higher than published records, with average pCO2 concentrations in the range of 400-500 ppm. Our results are generally consistent with recent pCO2 estimates based on boron isotope-pH data and stomatal index records, and suggest that CO2 levels were highest during a period of global warmth associated with the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (17-14 million years ago, Ma), followed by a decline in CO2 during the Middle Miocene Climate Transition (approx. 14 Ma). Several relationships remain contrary to expectations. For example, benthic foraminiferal δ(18)O records suggest a period of deglaciation and/or high-latitude warming during the latest Oligocene (27-23 Ma) that, based on our results, occurred concurrently with a long-term decrease in CO2 levels. Additionally, a large positive δ(18)O excursion near the Oligocene-Miocene boundary (the Mi-1 event, approx. 23 Ma), assumed to represent a period of glacial advance and retreat on Antarctica, is difficult to explain by our CO2 record alone given what is known of Antarctic ice sheet history and the strong hysteresis of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet once it has grown to continental dimensions. We also demonstrate that in the Neogene with low CO2 levels, algal carbon concentrating mechanisms and spontaneous biocarbonate-CO2 conversions are likely to play a more important role in algal carbon fixation, which provides a potential bias to the alkenone-pCO2 method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ge Zhang
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, , New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Coyer JA, Hoarau G, Kuo J, Tronholm A, Veldsink J, Olsen JL. Phylogeny and temporal divergence of the seagrass family Zosteraceae using one nuclear and three chloroplast loci. SYST BIODIVERS 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2013.821187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
38
|
Domingo L, Koch PL, Hernández Fernández M, Fox DL, Domingo MS, Alberdi MT. Late neogene and early quaternary paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic conditions in southwestern Europe: isotopic analyses on mammalian taxa. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63739. [PMID: 23717470 PMCID: PMC3662777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Climatic and environmental shifts have had profound impacts on faunal and floral assemblages globally since the end of the Miocene. We explore the regional expression of these fluctuations in southwestern Europe by constructing long-term records (from ∼11.1 to 0.8 Ma, late Miocene–middle Pleistocene) of carbon and oxygen isotope variations in tooth enamel of different large herbivorous mammals from Spain. Isotopic differences among taxa illuminate differences in ecological niches. The δ13C values (relative to VPDB, mean −10.3±1.1‰; range −13.0 to −7.4‰) are consistent with consumption of C3 vegetation; C4 plants did not contribute significantly to the diets of the selected taxa. When averaged by time interval to examine secular trends, δ13C values increase at ∼9.5 Ma (MN9–MN10), probably related to the Middle Vallesian Crisis when there was a replacement of vegetation adapted to more humid conditions by vegetation adapted to drier and more seasonal conditions, and resulting in the disappearance of forested mammalian fauna. The mean δ13C value drops significantly at ∼4.2−3.7 Ma (MN14–MN15) during the Pliocene Warm Period, which brought more humid conditions to Europe, and returns to higher δ13C values from ∼2.6 Ma onwards (MN16), most likely reflecting more arid conditions as a consequence of the onset of the Northern Hemisphere glaciation. The most notable feature in oxygen isotope records (and mean annual temperature reconstructed from these records) is a gradual drop between MN13 and the middle Pleistocene (∼6.3−0.8 Ma) most likely due to cooling associated with Northern Hemisphere glaciation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Domingo
- Earth and Planetary Sciences Department. University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul L. Koch
- Earth and Planetary Sciences Department. University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Manuel Hernández Fernández
- Departamento de Paleontología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Cambio Medioambiental, Instituto de Geociencias (UCM, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - David L. Fox
- Department of Earth Sciences. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - M. Soledad Domingo
- Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - María Teresa Alberdi
- Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Houben AJP, Bijl PK, Pross J, Bohaty SM, Passchier S, Stickley CE, Rohl U, Sugisaki S, Tauxe L, van de Flierdt T, Olney M, Sangiorgi F, Sluijs A, Escutia C, Brinkhuis H. Reorganization of Southern Ocean Plankton Ecosystem at the Onset of Antarctic Glaciation. Science 2013; 340:341-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1223646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
40
|
Dong X, Ding Z, Yang S, Luo P, Wang X, Ji J. Synchronous drying and cooling in central Asia during late Oligocene. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-5821-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
41
|
Late Eocene-Oligocene Sedimentation in the Antarctic Ocean, Atlantic Sector(Maud Rise, ODP Leg 113, Site 689): Development of Surface and Bottom Water Circulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/ar056p0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
42
|
Cenozoic Glacial History of the Ross Sea Revealed by Intermediate Resolution Seismic Reflection Data Combined with Drill Site Information. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/ar056p0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
|
43
|
Evolution of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/ar077p0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
44
|
|
45
|
Sahagian DL, Watts AB. Introduction to the Special Section on Measurement, Causes, and Consequences of Long-Term Sea Level Changes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/90jb02077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
46
|
The African rain forest – main characteristics of changes in vegetation and climate from the Upper Cretaceous to the Quaternary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0269727000006114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SynopsisThis chapter sets out to give a historical overview of the African rain forest from its origins, towards the end of the Cretaceous period. The areas around the Gulf of Guinea, in particular from Ivory Coast to Nigeria and especially Cameroon, Gabon and Congo, appear to have been already occupied at this time by wet tropical forest formations mainly composed of Angiosperms which were then becoming established. In the course of the Tertiary period the combined effect of the equator being situated further north than now and the development of the Antarctic ice cap favoured the development of wet tropical conditions over a large part of North Africa which in turn led to the extension of tropical forest to various sites on the shores of the Tethys Sea. There were probably at this time common taxa and similar vegetation patterns stretching from the Gulf of Guinea to the Tethys Sea.Towards the end of the Tertiary, the equator reached its present position and the northern hemisphere ice caps appeared, and these phenomena resulted in the disappearance of the forest formations spread across the north of Africa, and the concentration of these formations near the equatorial zone around the Gulf of Guinea and in the Congo–Zaïre basin. From 800 000 years ago onwards the marked glacial variations at middle and high latitudes in both hemispheres, with a periodicity of about 100 000 years determined by the orbital variations of the earth around the sun, lowered temperatures in equatorial areas and brought arid climates at times of maximum glacial extension. The most arid periods resulted in the fragmentation of the forest cover, and the forest biotopes and their biodiversity were preserved in a series of refugia. The lowering of temperatures also resulted in the extension of montane flora to low altitudes, with migration of montane flora and fauna between main mountain ranges. These compounded phenomena of isolation and migration, probably involving genie exchange, must have resulted in numerous speciation phenomena. Subsequently, such montane flora or fauna became isolated on mountain areas during periods of maximum warming, in the last instance in the course of the Holocene, when a vast forest cover became re-established from Guinea westwards, and to the East as far as the Lake Victoria area. The phases of maximum fragmentation, which appear to have been connected with only the coldest periods – in the last instance during the second part of isotopic stages 6 (fromc.160 to 130 000 years) and 2 (fromc.24 to 12000 years BP) – relate to less than 10% of the last 800 000 years, and the phases of maximum forest extension would likewise appear to be less than 10% of the period. The remaining 80–90% of the time relates to ‘intermediate situations’ which varied from period to period, and these intermediate extension situations seem to have been the norm over the larger part of the Quaternary, rather than the present situation which is closer to a situation of maximum extension.
Collapse
|
47
|
Katz ME, Cramer BS, Toggweiler JR, Esmay G, Liu C, Miller KG, Rosenthal Y, Wade BS, Wright JD. Impact of Antarctic Circumpolar Current development on late Paleogene ocean structure. Science 2011; 332:1076-9. [PMID: 21617074 DOI: 10.1126/science.1202122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Global cooling and the development of continental-scale Antarctic glaciation occurred in the late middle Eocene to early Oligocene (~38 to 28 million years ago), accompanied by deep-ocean reorganization attributed to gradual Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) development. Our benthic foraminiferal stable isotope comparisons show that a large δ(13)C offset developed between mid-depth (~600 meters) and deep (>1000 meters) western North Atlantic waters in the early Oligocene, indicating the development of intermediate-depth δ(13)C and O(2) minima closely linked in the modern ocean to northward incursion of Antarctic Intermediate Water. At the same time, the ocean's coldest waters became restricted to south of the ACC, probably forming a bottom-ocean layer, as in the modern ocean. We show that the modern four-layer ocean structure (surface, intermediate, deep, and bottom waters) developed during the early Oligocene as a consequence of the ACC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam E Katz
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Smith KT. The Evolution of Mid-Latitude Faunas During the Eocene: Late Eocene Lizards of the Medicine Pole Hills Reconsidered. BULLETIN OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2011. [DOI: 10.3374/014.052.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
49
|
Fujioka T, Chappell J. History of Australian aridity: chronology in the evolution of arid landscapes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1144/sp346.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAustralian climate and vegetation, known from marine and lacustrine sediments and fossils, varied dramatically throughout the Cenozoic Era, with several warm reversals superimposed on overall drying and cooling. A suite of landforms, including stony deserts, dunefields and playa lakes, formed in response to the advancing aridity but their age generally remained uncertain until fairly recently, owing to a lack of suitable dating methods. Within the last 5 years, the chronology of Late Quaternary fluctuations of lakes, dunes and dust-mantles has been established by luminescence dating methods, and mid-Pleistocene onset of playa conditions in a few closed basins has been estimated using palaeomagnetic reversal chronology. Only recently has it been shown, by cosmogenic isotope dating, that major tracts of arid landforms including the Simpson Desert dunefield, and stony deserts of the Lake Eyre Basin, were formed in early Pleistocene and late Pliocene times, respectively. These landscapes represent a stepwise response to progressive climatic drying and, speculatively, were accompanied by biological adaptations. Recent molecular DNA studies indicate that Australia's arid-adapted species evolved from mesic-adapted ancestors during the Pliocene or earlier, but whether speciation rapidly accompanied the development of stony deserts and other arid geomorphological provinces awaits further studies of arid landscape chronology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Fujioka
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
- Present address: Institute for Environmental Research, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - John Chappell
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
|