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Deng Z, Fan T, Xiao C, Tian H, Zheng Y, Li C, He J. TGF-β signaling in health, disease, and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:61. [PMID: 38514615 PMCID: PMC10958066 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01764-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multifunctional cytokine expressed by almost every tissue and cell type. The signal transduction of TGF-β can stimulate diverse cellular responses and is particularly critical to embryonic development, wound healing, tissue homeostasis, and immune homeostasis in health. The dysfunction of TGF-β can play key roles in many diseases, and numerous targeted therapies have been developed to rectify its pathogenic activity. In the past decades, a large number of studies on TGF-β signaling have been carried out, covering a broad spectrum of topics in health, disease, and therapeutics. Thus, a comprehensive overview of TGF-β signaling is required for a general picture of the studies in this field. In this review, we retrace the research history of TGF-β and introduce the molecular mechanisms regarding its biosynthesis, activation, and signal transduction. We also provide deep insights into the functions of TGF-β signaling in physiological conditions as well as in pathological processes. TGF-β-targeting therapies which have brought fresh hope to the treatment of relevant diseases are highlighted. Through the summary of previous knowledge and recent updates, this review aims to provide a systematic understanding of TGF-β signaling and to attract more attention and interest to this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqin Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Tao Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chu Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - He Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yujia Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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2
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Gracioso Martins AM, Biehl A, Sze D, Freytes DO. Bioreactors for Vocal Fold Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2022; 28:182-205. [PMID: 33446061 PMCID: PMC8892964 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that almost one-third of the United States population will be affected by a vocal fold (VF) disorder during their lifespan. Promising therapies to treat VF injury and scarring are mostly centered on VF tissue engineering strategies such as the injection of engineered biomaterials and cell therapy. VF tissue engineering, however, is a challenging field as the biomechanical properties, structure, and composition of the VF tissue change upon exposure to mechanical stimulation. As a result, the development of long-term VF treatment strategies relies on the characterization of engineered tissues under a controlled mechanical environment. In this review, we highlight the importance of bioreactors as a powerful tool for VF tissue engineering with a focus on the current state of the art of bioreactors designed to mimic phonation in vitro. We discuss the influence of the phonatory environment on the development, function, injury, and healing of the VF tissue and its importance for the development of efficient therapeutic strategies. A concise and comprehensive overview of bioreactor designs, principles, operating parameters, and scalability are presented. An in-depth analysis of VF bioreactor data to date reveals that mechanical stimulation significantly influences cell viability and the expression of proinflammatory and profibrotic genes in vitro. Although the precision and accuracy of bioreactors contribute to generating reliable results, diverse gene expression profiles across the literature suggest that future efforts should focus on the standardization of bioreactor parameters to enable direct comparisons between studies. Impact statement We present a comprehensive review of bioreactors for vocal fold (VF) tissue engineering with a focus on the influence of the phonatory environment on the development, function, injury, and healing of the VFs and the importance of mimicking phonation on engineered VF tissues in vitro. Furthermore, we put forward a strong argument for the continued development of bioreactors in this area with an emphasis on the standardization of bioreactor designs, principles, operating parameters, and oscillatory regimes to enable comparisons between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Gracioso Martins
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University/University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andreea Biehl
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University/University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daphne Sze
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University/University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Donald O Freytes
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University/University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Abstract
Mutations in approximately 80 genes have been implicated as the cause of various genetic kidney diseases. However, gene delivery to kidney cells from the blood is inefficient because of the natural filtering functions of the glomerulus, and research into and development of gene therapy directed toward kidney disease has lagged behind as compared with hepatic, neuromuscular, and ocular gene therapy. This lack of progress is in spite of numerous genetic mouse models of human disease available to the research community and many vectors in existence that can theoretically deliver genes to kidney cells with high efficiency. In the past decade, several groups have begun to develop novel injection techniques in mice, such as retrograde ureter, renal vein, and direct subcapsular injections to help resolve the issue of gene delivery to the kidney through the blood. In addition, the ability to retarget vectors specifically toward kidney cells has been underutilized but shows promise. This review discusses how recent advances in gene delivery to the kidney and the field of gene therapy can leverage the wealth of knowledge of kidney genetics to work toward developing gene therapy products for patients with kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Rubin
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael A Barry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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4
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Gu YY, Liu XS, Huang XR, Yu XQ, Lan HY. Diverse Role of TGF-β in Kidney Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:123. [PMID: 32258028 PMCID: PMC7093020 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and fibrosis are two pathological features of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been long considered as a key mediator of renal fibrosis. In addition, TGF-β also acts as a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine that negatively regulates renal inflammation. Thus, blockade of TGF-β inhibits renal fibrosis while promoting inflammation, revealing a diverse role for TGF-β in CKD. It is now well documented that TGF-β1 activates its downstream signaling molecules such as Smad3 and Smad3-dependent non-coding RNAs to transcriptionally and differentially regulate renal inflammation and fibrosis, which is negatively regulated by Smad7. Therefore, treatments by rebalancing Smad3/Smad7 signaling or by specifically targeting Smad3-dependent non-coding RNAs that regulate renal fibrosis or inflammation could be a better therapeutic approach. In this review, the paradoxical functions and underlying mechanisms by which TGF-β1 regulates in renal inflammation and fibrosis are discussed and novel therapeutic strategies for kidney disease by targeting downstream TGF-β/Smad signaling and transcriptomes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Yu Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ru Huang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Immunity and Genetics of Chronic Kidney Disease, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Qing Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Immunity and Genetics of Chronic Kidney Disease, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Immunity and Genetics of Chronic Kidney Disease, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Alves AF, Pereira RA, de Andrade HM, Mosser DM, Tafuri WL. Immunohistochemical study of renal fibropoiesis associated with dogs naturally and experimentally infected with two different strains of Leishmania (L.) infantum. Int J Exp Pathol 2019; 100:222-233. [PMID: 31696580 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this work were to study some pathological aspects of kidneys obtained from dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum and from dogs experimentally infected with two different strains of L infantum with special emphasis on fibrotic process. Seventy eight specimens of paraffin-embedded kidney fragments were collected as follows: (a) CNI group composed by 62 kidney samples of adult mongrel dogs, naturally infected with L infantum; (b) BH401 group composed by five kidney samples of adult Beagles experimentally infected with L infantum strain MCAN BR/2002/BH401; (c) BH400 group composed by eleven kidney samples of adult Beagles experimentally infected with L infantum strain MCAN/BR/2000/BH400, at the same dose and same route of the previous group, denominated group BH400; Control group (CC) composed by four kidney samples of adult Beagles. All animals revealed glomerular and interstitial fibropoiesis associated with different types of glomerulonephritis and chronic interstitial nephritis. Fibrosis was markedly more intense in the BH401 group, followed by animals in the CNI group. Markers for myofibroblasts (mesenchymal markers) such as alpha-actin (α-SMA), vimentin and the cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) were done by immunohistochemistry. BH401 group showed higher expression of all these markers than others. Intracellular amastigotes forms of Leishmania was mainly found in BH401. These results could be indicating that the MCAN/BR/2002/BH401 strain is a good choice for the study of renal LVC experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano F Alves
- Depto. de Patologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ramon A Pereira
- Depto. de Patologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Helida M de Andrade
- Depto. de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - David M Mosser
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Wagner L Tafuri
- Depto. de Patologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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6
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Huang S, Ren Y, Wang X, Lazar L, Ma S, Weng G, Zhao J. Application of Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction-Mediated Exogenous Gene Transfer in Treating Various Renal Diseases. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 30:127-138. [PMID: 30205715 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic renal disease or acute renal injury could result in end-stage renal disease or renal failure. Sonoporation, induced by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD), has evolved as a new technology for gene delivery. It increases the transfection efficiency of the genes into target kidney tissues. Moreover, UTMD-mediated gene delivery can directly repair the damaged tissues or improve the recruitment and homing of stem cells in the recovery of injured tissues, which has the potential to act as a non-viral and effective method to current gene therapy. This article reviews the mechanisms and applications of UTMD in terms of renal disease, including diabetic nephropathy, renal carcinoma, acute kidney injury, renal interstitial fibrosis, nephrotoxic nephritis, urinary stones, and acute rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Huang
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ren
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Lissy Lazar
- 2 Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Suya Ma
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Guobin Weng
- 1 Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- 2 Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
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7
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Isaka Y. Targeting TGF-β Signaling in Kidney Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092532. [PMID: 30150520 PMCID: PMC6165001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the final common pathway of numerous progressive kidney diseases, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has an important role in tissue fibrosis by up-regulating matrix protein synthesis, inhibiting matrix degradation, and altering cell-cell interaction. Many strategies targeting TGF-β, including inhibition of production, activation, binding to the receptor, and intracellular signaling, have been developed. Some of them were examined in clinical studies against kidney fibrosis, and some are applied to other fibrotic diseases or cancer. Here, I review the approaches targeting TGF-β signaling in kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Isaka
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
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8
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Çolakoğlu M, Tunçer S, Banerjee S. Emerging cellular functions of the lipid metabolizing enzyme 15-Lipoxygenase-1. Cell Prolif 2018; 51:e12472. [PMID: 30062726 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic and linoleic acid through lipoxygenases (LOXs) and cyclooxygenases (COXs) leads to the production of bioactive lipids that are important both in the induction of acute inflammation and its resolution. Amongst the several isoforms of LOX that are expressed in mammals, 15-LOX-1 was shown to be important both in the context of inflammation, being expressed in cells of the immune system, and in epithelial cells where the enzyme has been shown to crosstalk with a number of important signalling pathways. This review looks into the latest developments in understanding the role of 15-LOX-1 in different disease states with emphasis on the emerging role of the enzyme in the tumour microenvironment as well as a newly re-discovered form of cell death called ferroptosis. We also discuss future perspectives on the feasibility of use of this protein as a target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Çolakoğlu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sinem Tunçer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sreeparna Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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9
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March JT, Golshirazi G, Cernisova V, Carr H, Leong Y, Lu-Nguyen N, Popplewell LJ. Targeting TGFβ Signaling to Address Fibrosis Using Antisense Oligonucleotides. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6030074. [PMID: 29941814 PMCID: PMC6164894 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis results from the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix in chronically injured tissue. The fibrotic process is governed by crosstalk between many signaling pathways. The search for an effective treatment is further complicated by the fact that there is a degree of tissue-specificity in the pathways involved, although the process is not completely understood for all tissues. A plethora of drugs have shown promise in pre-clinical models, which is not always borne out translationally in clinical trial. With the recent approvals of two antisense oligonucleotides for the treatment of the genetic diseases Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy, we explore here the potential of antisense oligonucleotides to knockdown the expression of pro-fibrotic proteins. We give an overview of the generalized fibrotic process, concentrating on key players and highlight where antisense oligonucleotides have been used effectively in cellular and animal models of different fibrotic conditions. Consideration is given to the advantages antisense oligonucleotides would have as an anti-fibrotic therapy alongside factors that would need to be addressed to improve efficacy. A prospective outlook for the development of antisense oligonucleotides to target fibrosis is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T March
- Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway-University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - Golnoush Golshirazi
- Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway-University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - Viktorija Cernisova
- Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway-University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - Heidi Carr
- Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway-University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - Yee Leong
- Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway-University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - Ngoc Lu-Nguyen
- Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway-University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - Linda J Popplewell
- Centre for Gene and Cell Therapy, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway-University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
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10
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Kim YI, Shin HW, Chun YS, Park JW. CST3 and GDF15 ameliorate renal fibrosis by inhibiting fibroblast growth and activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 500:288-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Kim HI, Jeong YU, Kim JH, Park YJ. 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-Heptamethoxyflavone, a Citrus Flavonoid, Inhibits Collagenase Activity and Induces Type I Procollagen Synthesis in HDFn Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E620. [PMID: 29470423 PMCID: PMC5855842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruits contain various types of flavonoids with powerful anti-aging and photoprotective effects on the skin, and have thus been attracting attention as potential, efficacious skincare agents. Here, we aimed to investigate the chemical composition of Citrus unshiu and its protective effects on photoaging. We isolated and identified a bioactive compound, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone (HMF), from C. unshiu peels using ethanol extraction and hexane fractionation. HMF inhibited collagenase activity and increased type I procollagen content in UV-induced human dermal fibroblast neonatal (HDFn) cells. HMF also suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinases 1 (MMP-1) and induced the expression of type I procollagen protein in UV-induced HDFn cells. Additionally, HMF inhibited ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) cascade signaling components-ERK, JNK, and c-Jun-which are involved in the induction of MMP-1 expression. Furthermore, HMF affected the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, which is involved in the regulation of type I procollagen expression. In particular, HMF induced Smad3 protein expression and suppressed Smad7 protein expression in UV-induced HDFn cells in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest a role for Citrusunshiu in the preparation of skincare products in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Il Kim
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Research Institute for Biomedical & Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
| | - Yong-Un Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Research Institute for Biomedical & Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
| | - Jong-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Research Institute for Biomedical & Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
| | - Young-Jin Park
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Research Institute for Biomedical & Health Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
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12
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Luque Y, Cathelin D, Vandermeersch S, Xu X, Sohier J, Placier S, Xu-Dubois YC, Louis K, Hertig A, Bories JC, Vasseur F, Campagne F, Di Santo JP, Vosshenrich C, Rondeau E, Mesnard L. Glomerular common gamma chain confers B- and T-cell–independent protection against glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2017; 91:1146-1158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Nickel NP, O'Leary JM, Brittain EL, Fessel JP, Zamanian RT, West JD, Austin ED. Kidney dysfunction in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2017; 7:38-54. [PMID: 28680564 PMCID: PMC5448543 DOI: 10.1086/690018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PH) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) both profoundly impact patient outcomes, whether as primary disease states or as co-morbid conditions. PH is a common co-morbidity in CKD and vice versa. A growing body of literature describes the epidemiology of PH secondary to chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (WHO group 5 PH). But, there are only limited data on the epidemiology of kidney disease in group 1 PH (pulmonary arterial hypertension [PAH]). The purpose of this review is to summarize the current data on epidemiology and discuss potential disease mechanisms and management implications of kidney dysfunction in PAH. Kidney dysfunction, determined by serum creatinine or estimated glomerular filtration rate, is a frequent co-morbidity in PAH and impaired kidney function is a strong and independent predictor of mortality. Potential mechanisms of PAH affecting the kidneys are increased venous congestion, decreased cardiac output, and neurohormonal activation. On a molecular level, increased TGF-β signaling and increased levels of circulating cytokines could have the potential to worsen kidney function. Nephrotoxicity does not seem to be a common side effect of PAH-targeted therapy. Treatment implications for kidney disease in PAH include glycemic control, lifestyle modification, and potentially Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Nickel
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J M O'Leary
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - E L Brittain
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J P Fessel
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - R T Zamanian
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J D West
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - E D Austin
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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14
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The cellular and signalling alterations conducted by TGF-β contributing to renal fibrosis. Cytokine 2016; 88:115-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Katz MG, Brandon-Warner E, Fargnoli AS, Williams RD, Kendle AP, Hajjar RJ, Schrum LW, Bridges CR. Mitigation of myocardial fibrosis by molecular cardiac surgery-mediated gene overexpression. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 151:1191-200.e3. [PMID: 26769537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Heart failure is accompanied by up-regulation of transforming growth factor beta signaling, accumulation of collagen and dysregulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium adenosine triphosphatase cardiac isoform 2a (SERCA2a). We examined the fibrotic response in small and large myocardial infarct, and the effect of overexpression of the SERCA2a gene. METHODS Ischemic cardiomyopathy was induced via creation of large or small infarct in 26 sheep. Animals were divided into 4 groups: small infarct; large infarct with heart failure; gene-treated (large infarct with heart failure followed by adeno-associated viral vector, serotype 1.SERCA2a gene construct transfer by molecular cardiac surgery with recirculating delivery); and control. RESULTS Heart failure was significantly less pronounced in the gene-treated and small-infarct groups than in the large-infarct group. Expression of transforming growth factor beta signaling components was significantly higher in the large-infarct group, compared with the small-infarct and gene-treated groups. Both the angiotensin II type 1 receptor and angiotensin II were significantly elevated in the small- and large-infarct groups, whereas gene treatment diminished this effect. Active fibrosis with de novo collagen synthesis was evident in the large-infarct group; the small-infarct and gene-treated groups showed less fibrosis, with a lower ratio of de novo to mature collagen. CONCLUSIONS The data presented provide evidence that progression of fibrosis is mediated through increased transforming growth factor beta and angiotensin II signaling, which is mitigated by increased SERCA2a gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Katz
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Charlotte, NC; Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY.
| | | | - Anthony S Fargnoli
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Charlotte, NC; Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Richard D Williams
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Charlotte, NC
| | - Andrew P Kendle
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Charlotte, NC
| | - Roger J Hajjar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Laura W Schrum
- Liver Pathobiology Laboratory, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - Charles R Bridges
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Charlotte, NC.
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Muñoz-Félix JM, González-Núñez M, Martínez-Salgado C, López-Novoa JM. TGF-β/BMP proteins as therapeutic targets in renal fibrosis. Where have we arrived after 25 years of trials and tribulations? Pharmacol Ther 2015; 156:44-58. [PMID: 26493350 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains as a challenge. More than 10% of the population of developed countries suffer from CKD. Proliferation and activation of myofibroblasts and accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins are the main features of kidney fibrosis, a process in which a large number of cytokines are involved. Targeting cytokines responsible for kidney fibrosis development might be an important strategy to face the problem of CKD. The increasing knowledge of the signaling pathway network of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily members, such as the profibrotic cytokine TGF-β1 or the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and their involvement in the regulation of kidney fibrosis, has stimulated numerous research teams to look for potential strategies to inhibit profibrotic cytokines or to enhance the anti-fibrotic actions of other cytokines. The consequence of all these studies is a better understanding of all these canonical (Smad-mediated) and non-canonical signaling pathways. In addition, the different receptors involved for signaling of each cytokine, the different combinations of type I-type II receptors, and the presence and function of co-receptors that can influence the biological response have been also described. However, are these studies leading to suitable strategies to block the appearance and progression of kidney fibrosis? In this review, we offer a critical perspective analyzing the achievements using the most important strategies developed up till now: TGF-β antibodies, chemical inhibitors of TGF-β receptors, miRNAs and signaling pathways and BMP agonists with a potential role as therapeutic molecules against kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Muñoz-Félix
- Unidad de Fisiopatología Renal y Cardiovascular, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - María González-Núñez
- Unidad de Fisiopatología Renal y Cardiovascular, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-Salgado
- Unidad de Fisiopatología Renal y Cardiovascular, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (IECSCYL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José M López-Novoa
- Unidad de Fisiopatología Renal y Cardiovascular, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.
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17
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Hornigold N, Mooney A. Extracellular matrix-induced Hic-5 expression in glomerular mesangial cells leads to a prosclerotic phenotype independent of TGF-β. FASEB J 2015; 29:4956-67. [PMID: 26405299 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-269894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic fibroproliferative diseases account for approximately 45% of all deaths in the developed world. In the kidney, glomerulosclerosis is the underlying pathology in approximately half of patients with renal failure receiving dialysis. Mesangial cell expression of the LIM protein hydrogen peroxide-induced clone-5 (Hic-5) is important in its pathogenesis. Hic-5 expression increases following mesangial cell attachment to collagen I, associated with increased collagen I expression and increased susceptibility to apoptosis both in vitro and in experimental glomerulosclerosis. TGF-β has an established role in many fibrotic diseases, including glomerulosclerosis, where it increases collagen I deposition in vivo and promotes mesangial cell apoptosis in vitro. In other cell types, TGF-β induces Hic-5 expression. We investigated whether Hic-5-induced changes in mesangial cell phenotype were TGF-β-dependent. Adding exogenous TGF-β to mesangial cell cultures failed to increase Hic-5 expression; blocking TGF-β signaling did not reduce Hic-5 expression. However, inducing Hic-5 expression in mesangial cells by adhesion to collagen I led to TGF-β expression, which was abolished by small interfering RNA (siRNA) Hic-5 knockdown. Mesangial cells expressing Hic-5 showed altered latent TGF-β-binding protein expression and Smad signaling, with enhanced susceptibility to TGF-β-induced apoptosis. Mesangial cell attachment to collagen I led to increased Hic-5 expression within 2-4 h and increased procollagen I transcription within 12 h, whereas adding TGF-β to siRNA Hic-5 knockdown mesangial cells increased procollagen I transcription to a lesser degree after 48 h. Mesangial cell Hic-5 expression was associated with increased α-smooth muscle actin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression. Taken together, these data indicate that there is a prosclerotic feedback loop in mesangial cells dependent on matrix-derived signals in which Hic-5 is a pivotal signaling protein. This feedback loop is TGF-β-independent. The role of TGF-β-dependent and -independent sclerotic pathways merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Hornigold
- *Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre and Renal Unit, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Mooney
- *Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre and Renal Unit, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
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18
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The comparative effects of perindopril and catechin on mesangial matrix and podocytes in the streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:279-87. [PMID: 24911082 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperglycemia and advanced glucose end substance (AGE) are responsible for excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which causes oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus. Oxidative stress and high blood pressure may cause injury and glomerulosclerosis in the kidney. End-stage kidney failure induced by glomerulosclerosis leads to microalbuminuria (Ma) in diabetic nephropathy. We investigated the effects of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), perindopril, and an antioxidant, catechin, on podocytes and the glomerular mesangial matrix in experimental diabetic nephropathy using ultrastructural visualization and immunohistochemical staining. METHODS We compared 5 groups of male adult Wistar albino rats: a control group, an untreated diabetic group, and diabetic groups treated with perindopril, catechin, or catechin+perindopril. RESULTS Blood glucose values in all diabetic groups were significantly higher than in the control group (p < 0.001). The body weight in all diabetic groups was significantly lower than in the control group (p < 0.001, p < 0.05). The kidney weight in the catechin+perindopril-treated diabetic group was significantly lower than in the untreated diabetic group (p < 0.001). In all treated diabetic groups, Ma levels decreased significantly (p < 0.001). Mesangial matrix and podocyte damage increased in the untreated diabetic group, but the group treated with catechin+perindopril showed less damage. TGF-beta 1 immunostaining was significantly lower in the catechin-treated and perindopril-treated groups than in the untreated diabetic group (p < 0.001). Catechin was more effective than ACEI in preventing podocyte structure. Podocytes appeared to be the first cells affected in diabetes mellitus. When exposed to hyperglycemia, podocytes caused the mesangial matrix to expand. CONCLUSIONS Catechin and perindopril were more effective in preventing renal corpuscle damage when administered together.
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Sung WJ, Kim KH, Kim YJ, Chang YC, Lee IH, Park KK. Antifibrotic effect of synthetic Smad/Sp1 chimeric decoy oligodeoxynucleotide through the regulation of epithelial mesenchymal transition in unilateral ureteral obstruction model of mice. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 95:136-43. [PMID: 23791891 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis is considered to be a common final pathway related to the progressive loss of renal function in chronic kidney disease. It is characterized by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix through the pivotal role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Transforming growth factor-β1 is postulated to play a central role in renal fibrosis via a downstream pathway such as Smad. Specificity protein 1 (Sp1), which is another transcription factor, is also involved in the basal expression of extracellular matrix. In this study, we investigate the effect of Smad decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) and Sp1 decoy ODN in unilateral ureteral obstruction induced renal fibrosis in mice. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the newly designed chimeric decoy ODN, which contains both Smad and Sp1 binding sequences in one decoy molecule (Smad/Sp1 chi decoy ODN), was demonstrated. The expression of fibrosis and inflammatory related cytokines and products of fibrosis were ameliorated in the Smad, Sp1 and chimeric decoy ODN treated groups compared with the scrambled decoy ODN treated group. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition was suppressed by the Smad, Sp1 and Smad/Sp1 chi decoy ODN. Immunohistochemistry and Western-blot analysis revealed that Smad/Sp1 chi decoy ODN showed a more significant inhibitory effect on fibrosis and EMT compared with Smad and Sp1 decoy ODNs. These results support the efficacy of Smad/Sp1 chi decoy compared with a single Smad or Sp1 decoy ODNs in preventing renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Jung Sung
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Daegu, School of Medicine, 3056-6 Daemyung 4-Dong, Nam-Gu, Daegu 705-718, Republic of Korea
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20
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Helmy MM, El-Gowelli HM. Montelukast abrogates rhabdomyolysis-induced acute renal failure via rectifying detrimental changes in antioxidant profile and systemic cytokines and apoptotic factors production. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 683:294-300. [PMID: 22449377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In addition to antiasthmatic effect, the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT₁) antagonist montelukast shows renoprotective effect during ischemia/reperfusion and cyclosporine-induced renal damage. Here, we proposed that montelukast protects against rhabdomyolysis-induced acute renal failure. Compared with saline-treated rats, at 48 h following the induction of rhabdomyolysis using intramuscular glycerol (10 ml 50% glycerol/kg), significant elevations in serum levels of urea, creatinine, phosphate and acute renal tubular necrosis were observed. This was associated with elevations in serum Fas, interleukin-10, tumor necrotic factor-alpha, and transforming growth factor-beta1 and renal malondialdehyde and nitrite and detrimental reductions in renal catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. The effects of rhabdomyolysis on renal functional, biochemical and structural integrity and the associated changes in cytokines and Fas levels were abolished upon concurrent administration of montelukast (10 mg/kg i.p.) for 3 days (1 day before and 2 days after induction of rhabdomyolysis). Alternatively, administration of the anti-oxidant, α-tocopherol (400 mg/kg i.m.) for 3 days, succeeded in alleviating renal oxidative stress, but had no significant effect on the circulating levels of most cytokines and partially restored kidney functional and structural damage. Serum level of interleukin-6 was not altered by rhabdomyolysis but showed significant elevations in rats treated with montelukast or α-tocopherol. Collectively, motelukast abrogated functional and structural renal damage induced by rhabdomyolysis via ameliorating renal oxidative stress and modulation of systemic cytokines and apoptotic factors production. The results of this work are expected to open new avenues for early prevention of rhabdomyolysis-induced acute renal failure using selective CysLT₁ antagonists such as montelukast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Helmy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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21
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Role of TGF-β in chronic kidney disease: an integration of tubular, glomerular and vascular effects. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 347:141-54. [PMID: 22105921 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) has been recognized as an important mediator in the genesis of chronic kidney diseases (CKD), which are characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the glomeruli (glomerular fibrosis, glomerulosclerosis) and the tubular interstitium (tubulointerstitial fibrosis). Glomerulosclerosis is a major cause of glomerular filtration rate reduction in CKD and all three major glomerular cell types (podocytes or visceral epithelial cells, mesangial cells and endothelial cells) participate in the fibrotic process. TGF-β induces (1) podocytopenia caused by podocyte apoptosis and detachment from the glomerular basement membrane; (2) mesangial expansion caused by mesangial cell hypertrophy, proliferation (and eventually apoptosis) and ECM synthesis; (3) endothelial to mesenchymal transition giving rise to glomerular myofibroblasts, a major source of ECM. TGF-β has been shown to mediate several key tubular pathological events during CKD progression, namely fibroblast proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, tubular and fibroblast ECM production and epithelial cell death leading to tubular cell deletion and interstitial fibrosis. In this review, we re-examine the mechanisms involved in glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis and the way that TGF-β participates in renal fibrosis, renal parenchyma degeneration and loss of function associated with CKD.
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22
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Sun L, Zhang D, Liu F, Xiang X, Ling G, Xiao L, Liu Y, Zhu X, Zhan M, Yang Y, Kondeti VK, Kanwar YS. Low-dose paclitaxel ameliorates fibrosis in the remnant kidney model by down-regulating miR-192. J Pathol 2011; 225:364-77. [PMID: 21984124 PMCID: PMC3258545 DOI: 10.1002/path.2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β has been shown to play a central role in the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, which can be corrected via treatment with paclitaxel. The biology of microRNA (miR) can be modulated by paclitaxel. We hypothesized that paclitaxel may attenuate renal fibrosis in a rat model of remnant kidney disease by inhibiting TGF-β induced-miRs. Rats in groups of 12 were subjected to 5/6 nephrectomy and received low-dose intraperitoneal injection of paclitaxel. Renal functions were assessed at 8 weeks. The TGF-β signalling cascade and ECM proteins were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (TRT–PCR) and immunofluorescence microscopy. Animals with remnant kidneys developed hypertension, which was not relieved with paclitaxel treatment. However, paclitaxel treatment resulted in dampening the proteinuric response, reduction in serum BUN, creatinine levels and urine protein : creatinine ratio and normalization of creatinine clearance. These effects were accompanied by the inhibition of Smad2/3 activation, attenuation of renal fibrosis and normalization of integrin-linked kinase (ILK), COL(I)A1, COL(IV)A2 and α-SMA expression. Also, paclitaxel down-regulated the expression of miR-192, miR-217 and miR -377, while miR-15 was up-regulated in the remnant kidney. In vitro, in tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E), paclitaxel also inhibited TGF-β1-induced Smad2/3 activation and normalized ILK, COL(I)A1, COL(IV)A2 and α-SMA expression. Furthermore, ChIP analyses indicated that Taxol suppressed Smad3-mediated miR-192 transcriptional activity. Over-expression of miR-192 in NRK-52E mimicked the changes seen in the remnant kidney, while inclusion of miR-192 inhibitor in the culture medium blocked TGF-β1-induced COL(I)A1 and COL(IV)A2 expression, while ILK and α-SMA were unaffected. These data suggest that low-dose paclitaxel ameliorates renal fibrosis via modulating miR-192 pathobiology and TGF-β/Smad signalling. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Bacilieri M, Naggi A, Ceol M, Schleicher ED, Tosetto E, Comoli M, Torri G, Moro S, Palumbo M, Gambaro G. Inhibitory effects of glycosaminoglycans on basal and stimulated transforming growth factor-β1 expression in mesangial cells: biochemical and structural considerations. Glycobiology 2011; 21:1029-37. [PMID: 21493663 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) species related to heparin, dermatan sulfate (DeS) and chondroitin sulfate were tested for their ability to interfere with the physiological expression and/or pathological overexpression of the TGF-β1 gene. The influence of the molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, degree of sulfation and location of the sulfate groups was examined in an attempt to unveil fine relationships between structure and activity. The nature of the polysaccharide plays a major part, heparins proving able to inhibit both basal and stimulated TGF-β1 gene expression, DeSs being essentially inactive and chondroitin sulfates only inhibiting stimulated TGF-β1 gene expression. Within this frame, the particular physical and chemical properties of some GAGs appear to further modulate TGF-β1 gene response. Judging from our investigation, chondroitin sulfates seem the most promising for potential pharmacological applications in disorders characterized by fibrogenic TGF-β1 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bacilieri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Grgurevic L, Macek B, Healy DR, Brault AL, Erjavec I, Cipcic A, Grgurevic I, Rogic D, Galesic K, Brkljacic J, Stern-Padovan R, Paralkar VM, Vukicevic S. Circulating bone morphogenetic protein 1-3 isoform increases renal fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22:681-92. [PMID: 21415150 PMCID: PMC3065224 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2010070722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) participate in organ regeneration through autocrine and paracrine actions, but the existence and effects of these proteins in the systemic circulation is unknown. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we identified BMP6, GDF15, and the BMP1-3 isoform of the Bmp1 gene in plasma samples from healthy volunteers and patients with CKD. We isolated the endogenous BMP1-3 protein and demonstrated that it circulates as an active enzyme, evidenced by its ability to cleave dentin matrix protein-1 in vitro. In rats with CKD, administration of recombinant BMP1-3 increased renal fibrosis and reduced survival. In contrast, administration of a BMP1-3-neutralizing antibody reduced renal fibrosis, preserved renal function, and increased survival. In addition, treating with the neutralizing antibody was associated with low plasma levels of TGFβ1 and connective tissue growth factor. In HEK293 cells and remnant kidneys, BMP1-3 increased the transcription of collagen type I, TGFβ1, β-catenin, and BMP7 via a BMP- and Wnt-independent mechanism that involved signaling through an integrin β1 subunit. The profibrotic effect of BMP1-3 may, in part, be a result of the accompanied decrease in decorin (DCN) expression. Taken together, inhibition of circulating BMP1-3 reduces renal fibrosis, suggesting that this pathway may be a therapeutic target for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovorka Grgurevic
- Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Boris Macek
- Proteome Center, Interdepartmental Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - David R. Healy
- Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Amy L. Brault
- Pfizer Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Igor Erjavec
- Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Cipcic
- Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Grgurevic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dunja Rogic
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia; and
| | - Kresimir Galesic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Brkljacic
- Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ranka Stern-Padovan
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Slobodan Vukicevic
- Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a key determinant of the progression of renal disease irrespective of the original cause and thus can be regarded as a final common pathway that dictates eventual outcome. The development of renal fibrosis involves many cellular and molecular mediators including leukocytes, myofibroblasts, cytokines, and growth factors, as well as metalloproteinases and their endogenous inhibitors. Study of experimental and human renal disease has shown the involvement of macrophages in renal fibrosis resulting from diverse disease processes. Recent work exploring the nature of both circulating monocytes and tissue macrophages has highlighted their multifaceted phenotype and this impacts their role in renal fibrosis in vivo. In this review we outline the key players in the fibrotic response of the injured kidney and discuss the role of monocytes and macrophages in renal scarring.
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López-Novoa JM, Martínez-Salgado C, Rodríguez-Peña AB, Hernández FJL. Common pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic kidney disease: Therapeutic perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 128:61-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
With >10,000,000 cancer survivors in the U.S. alone, the late effects of cancer treatment are a significant public health issue. Over the past 15 years, much work has been done that has led to an improvement in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of normal tissue injury after cancer therapy. In many cases, these injuries are characterized at the histologic level by loss of parenchymal cells, excessive fibrosis, and tissue atrophy. Among the many cytokines involved in this process, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 is thought to play a pivotal role. TGF-beta1 has a multitude of functions, including both promoting the formation and inhibiting the breakdown of connective tissue. It also inhibits epithelial cell proliferation. TGF-beta1 is overexpressed at sites of injury after radiation and chemotherapy. Thus, TGF-beta1 represents a logical target for molecular therapies designed to prevent or reduce normal tissue injury after cancer therapy. Herein, the evidence supporting the critical role of TGF-beta1 in the development of normal tissue injury after cancer therapy is reviewed and the results of recent research aimed at preventing normal tissue injury by targeting the TGF-beta1 pathway are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell S Anscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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28
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Rosensteel SM, Wilson RP, White SL, Ehrlich HP. COL1A1 oligodeoxynucleotides decoy: biochemical and morphologic effects in an acute wound repair model. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 89:307-13. [PMID: 20647009 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Type I collagen is an integral component of granulation tissue and scar, that is highly dependent on TGFβ1, a member of a pro-fibrotic family of cytokines, for its promotion and deposition. Blocking COL1A1 gene transcription obstructs type I collagen synthesis, hindering the progress of granulation tissue deposition and fibrosis. Local injections of a double stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (dsODN) decoy, containing the TGFβ1 regulatory element that is located in the distal promoter of the COL1A1 gene, were investigated in a rat polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sponge granulation tissue implant model. The effects on the granulation tissue deposition by dsODN decoy therapy were evaluated by the synthesis of types I and III collagens as well as ED-A (cellular) fibronectin. Fluorescently labeled dsODN was used to identify the distribution of the decoy molecules in the sponge implant relative to the observed histological effects. Morphological alterations in cells and changes in the organization of connective tissue were documented and evaluated. Collagen levels were reduced by half in implants treated with 10 nM dsODN decoy compared to scrambled dsODN-treated implants. Histologically, dsODN decoy treated implants had an increased cellular density without a corresponding increase in deposited connective tissue. Polarized light birefringence pattern of Sirius red-stained sections showed less collagen fibers accumulating between fibroblasts. The highest concentration of fluorescently labeled dsODN was identified within the interior margin of sponge implants, correlating to increased cellular density and an altered birefringence patterns. In conclusion, 10 nM dsODN decoy therapy reduced collagen deposition and altered the organization of granulation tissue, supporting its potential as a localized anti-fibrotic therapy for limiting fibrotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Rosensteel
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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Zhang D, Sun L, Xian W, Liu F, Ling G, Xiao L, Liu Y, Peng Y, Haruna Y, Kanwar YS. Low-dose paclitaxel ameliorates renal fibrosis in rat UUO model by inhibition of TGF-beta/Smad activity. J Transl Med 2010; 90:436-47. [PMID: 20142807 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2009.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) has a pivotal function in the progression of renal fibrosis in a wide variety of renal diseases. Smad proteins have been identified to have an important function in regulating the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins through TGF-beta signaling pathway. Aberrant TGF-beta/Smad signaling can be modulated by stabilization of microtubules with paclitaxel. In this study, we investigated if paclitaxel can attenuate tubulointerstitial fibrosis in a rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Rats in groups of six were subjected to UUO and received low-dose intraperitoneal injection of paclitaxel (0.3 mg/kg) twice a week. They were killed at day 7 and 14 after UUO or Sham operation. TGF-beta signaling cascade and status of various ECM proteins were evaluated by RT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemical or immunofluorescence staining. The paclitaxel treatment markedly suppressed Smad2 and Smad3 phosphorylation. This was associated with attenuated expression of integrin-linked kinase, collagens I and III, fibronectin (FN) and alpha-smooth muscle actin, and a substantial decrease in renal fibrosis in animals that underwent UUO and received paclitaxel. These data indicate that the low-dose paclitaxel ameliorates renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis by modulating TGF-beta signaling, and thus, the paclitaxel may have some therapeutic value in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongshan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
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30
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Huang P, Zhang Y, Jiang T, Zeng W, Zhang N. Aldose reductase is a potent regulator of TGF-β1 induced expression of fibronectin in human mesangial cells. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:3097-103. [PMID: 19847669 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9887-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glomerulosclerosis is considered to be the final pathway leading to the progressive loss of renal function in several kidney diseases, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) plays a critical role in glomerulosclerosis. However, the mechanisms of TGF-β1 stimulating glomerulosclerosis remain poorly understood. Here we report that TGF-β1-induced expression of fibronectin (FN) depends on the activity of aldose reductase (AR) in human mesangial cells (HMCs).The results show that TGF-β1 increased the expression of FN, which attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of AR or knockdown of the enzyme by small interfering RNA (siRNA). MAPKs (ERK, JNK and p38) signalling pathways were activated in HMCs after stimulated by TGF-β1, inhibition of AR blunted the activation ERK, p38 and JNK signalling pathways. These changes were associated with decreased TGF-β1-induced expression of FN. These results indicate that AR is a potent regulator of TGF-β1 induced expression of FN in human mesangial cells: it suggests that inhibition of this enzyme may be useful to prevented extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Box 230, 138 Yixueyuan Road, 200032, Shanghai, China.
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31
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Daniel C, Wagner A, Hohenstein B, Hugo C. Thrombospondin-2 therapy ameliorates experimental glomerulonephritis via inhibition of cell proliferation, inflammation, and TGF-beta activation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F1299-309. [PMID: 19726547 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00254.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently identified thrombospondin-2 (TSP-2) as an endogenous regulator of matrix remodelling and inflammation in experimental kidney disease by studying TSP-2-deficient mice. In this study, we asked whether systemic TSP-2 overexpression via thigh muscle transfection is able to ameliorate the time course of the anti-Thy1 glomerulonephritis model. After induction of anti-Thy1 nephritis, rats were transfected either with an overexpression plasmid for TSP-2 or lacZ as a control. Biopsies, urine, and blood samples were taken on days 1, 3, and 6 after disease induction. Muscular overexpression of TSP-2 reduced glomerular transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta activation and glomerular extracellular matrix formation as determined by collagen IV and fibronectin. In addition, activation of mesangial cells to the myofibroblast-like phenotype was also significantly decreased in TSP-2-overexpressing animals. TSP-2 overexpression inhibited both glomerular endothelial and mesangial cell proliferation, resulting in a reduced glomerular cell number and glomerular tuft area. The inflammatory response, as monitored by T cells and antigen-presenting cells, was reduced significantly by TSP-2 overexpression, but influx of macrophages was unchanged. These data demonstrate TSP-2 as a potential therapeutic agent to inhibit the glomerular proliferative and inflammatory response as well as TGF-beta activation and extracellular matrix accumulation in experimental mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Hu BC, Chu SL, Wang GL, Gao PJ, Zhu DL, Wang JG. Association between Genetic Variation in Transforming Growth Factors β1 and β3 and Renal Dysfunction in Non-Diabetic Chinese. Clin Exp Hypertens 2009; 30:121-31. [DOI: 10.1080/10641960801931907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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33
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Mesnard L, Keller AC, Michel ML, Vandermeersch S, Rafat C, Letavernier E, Tillet Y, Rondeau E, Leite-de-Moraes MC. Invariant natural killer T cells and TGF-beta attenuate anti-GBM glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:1282-92. [PMID: 19470687 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008040433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells represent a particular subset of T lymphocytes capable of producing several cytokines, which exert regulatory or effector functions, following stimulation of the T cell receptor. In this study, we investigated the influence of iNKT cells on the development of experimental anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis (anti-GBM GN). After injection of anti-GBM serum, the number of kidney iNKT cells rapidly increased. iNKT cell-deficient mice (Jalpha18-/-) injected with anti-GBM serum demonstrated worse renal function, increased proteinuria, and greater glomerular and tubular injury compared with similarly treated wild-type mice. We did not detect significant differences in Th1/Th2 polarization in renal tissue that might have explained the severity of disease in Jalpha18-/- mice. Interestingly, expression of both TGF-beta and TGF-beta-induced (TGFBI) mRNA was higher in wild-type kidneys compared with Jalpha18-/- kidneys, suggesting a possible protective role for TGF-beta in anti-GBM GN. Administration of an anti-TGF-beta neutralizing antibody significantly enhanced the severity of disease in wild-type, but not Jalpha18-/-, mice. In conclusion, in experimental anti-GBM GN, iNKT cells attenuate disease severity and TGF-beta has a renoprotective role.
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Abstract
Animal and human studies support an untoward effect of excess dietary NaCl (salt) intake on cardiovascular and renal function and life span. Recent work has promoted the concept that the endothelium, in particular, reacts to changes in dietary salt intake through a complex series of events that are independent of blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis. The cellular signaling events culminate in the intravascular production of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and nitric oxide in response to increased salt intake. Plasticity of the endothelium is integral in the vascular remodeling consequences associated with excess salt intake, because nitric oxide serves as a negative regulator of TGF-beta production. Impairment of nitric oxide production, such as occurs with endothelial dysfunction in a variety of disease states, results in unopposed excess vascular TGF-beta production, which promotes reduced vascular compliance and augmented peripheral arterial constriction and hypertension. Persistent alterations in vascular function promote the increase in cardiovascular events and reductions in renal function that reduce life span during increased salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Sanders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0007, USA.
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Schnaper HW, Jandeska S, Runyan CE, Hubchak SC, Basu RK, Curley JF, Smith RD, Hayashida T. TGF-beta signal transduction in chronic kidney disease. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2009; 14:2448-65. [PMID: 19273211 DOI: 10.2741/3389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is a central stimulus of the events leading to chronic progressive kidney disease, having been implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation, hypertrophy, apoptosis and fibrogenesis. The fact that it mediates these varied events suggests that multiple mechanisms play a role in determining the outcome of TGF-beta signaling. Regulation begins with the availability and activation of TGF-beta and continues through receptor expression and localization, control of the TGF-beta family-specific Smad signaling proteins, and interaction of the Smads with multiple signaling pathways extending into the nucleus. Studies of these mechanisms in kidney cells and in whole-animal experimental models, reviewed here, are beginning to provide insight into the role of TGF-beta in the pathogenesis of renal dysfunction and its potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H William Schnaper
- Division of Kidney Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Ave.; Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA.
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Mukai H, Kawakami S, Hashida M. [Development of nucleic acid transfection technology to the kidney]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 128:1577-86. [PMID: 18981692 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.128.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The kidney is one of the most important organs that play a crucial role in homeostasis and, therefore, congenital or acquired renal dysfunction causes refractory diseases, i.e., Alport's syndrome, Fabry's disease, diabetic nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, kidney cancer, transplant glomerulopathy. Nucleic acid transfection technology to the kidney is indispensable for the progress of biomedical research and the realization of gene therapy and nucleic acid drug for renal diseases. Control of renal nucleic acid transfection was difficult because of the structural complexity; however, the study of recombinant virus, synthetic carrier and physical force-mediated nucleic acid transfection to the kidney has advanced. Recombinant virus and synthetic carrier-mediated methods require long-term block of the blood or urinary flow for efficient transfection of nucleic acid because of the rich blood flow of the kidney. In contrast, physical force-mediated methods that transfect with nucleic acid via transient membrane permeability do not apprehend ischemia-reperfusion injury and, therefore, may be beneficial for nucleic acid transfection to the kidney. In this article, we collect the information of therapeutic gene, target molecule of the nucleic acid drug and target cells for renal diseases and structural property of the kidney from the point of view of nucleic acid transfection. Additively, current status of nucleic acid transfection technology to the kidney is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Mukai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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37
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Suga H, Nagasaki H, Kondo TA, Okajima Y, Suzuki C, Ozaki N, Arima H, Yamamoto T, Ozaki N, Akai M, Sato A, Uozumi N, Inoue M, Hasegawa M, Oiso Y. Novel treatment for lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus rat model using the Sendai-virus vector carrying aquaporin 2 gene. Endocrinology 2008; 149:5803-10. [PMID: 18653713 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a chronic disorder involving polyuria and polydipsia that results from unresponsiveness of the renal collecting ducts to the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin. Either of the genetic defects in vasopressin V2 receptor or the water channel aquaporin 2 (AQP2) cause the disease, which interfere the water reabsorption at the epithelium of the collecting duct. An unconscious state including a perioperative situation can be life threatening because of the difficulty to regulate their water balance. The Sendai virus (SeV) vector system deleting fusion protein (F) gene (SeV/DeltaF) is considered most suitable because of the short replication cycle and nontransmissible character. An animal model for NDI with reduced AQP2 by lithium chloride was used to develop the therapy. When the SeV/DeltaF vector carrying a human AQP2 gene (AQP2-SeV/DeltaF) was administered retrogradely via ureter to renal pelvis, AQP2 was expressed in the renal collecting duct to reduce urine output and water intake by up to 40%. In combination with the retorograde administration to pelvis, this system could be the cornerstone for the applicable therapies on not only NDI patients but also other diseases associate with the medullary collecting duct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Nakano D, Nishiyama A, Kiyomoto H. EFFICACY OF GENE THERAPY FOR TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-β IN PROGRESSIVE DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35:1275-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.05039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dorado F, Velasco S, Esparis-Ogando A, Pericacho M, Pandiella A, Silva J, Lopez-Novoa JM, Rodriguez-Barbero A. The mitogen-activated protein kinase Erk5 mediates human mesangial cell activation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23:3403-11. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Ito K, Chen J, Asano T, Vaughan ED, Poppas DP, Hayakawa M, Felsen D. Liposome-mediated Gene Therapy in the Kidney. Hum Cell 2008; 17:17-28. [PMID: 15369133 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-0774.2004.tb00016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy directed to the kidney has been attempted to improve renal disorders such as inherited kidney diseases and common renal diseases that cause interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and glomerulosclerosis. Viral and non-viral vectors have been tried and been modulated to obtain sufficient transgene expression. However, gene delivery to the kidney is usually difficult because of characteristics of renal cell biology. Among non-viral vectors, the liposome system is a promising procedure for kidney-targeted gene therapy. Using cationic liposome, tubular cells were effectively transduced by retrograde injection of liposome/cDNA complex. Although transgene expression was reportedly modest using cationic liposomes, this method improved renal disease models such as carbonic anhydrase II deficiency and unilateral ureteral obstruction. In contrast, HVJ-liposome system is an effective transfection method to glomerular cells using intra-renal arterial infusion and improved glomerular disease models such as glomerulonephritis and glomerulosclerosis. In addition, intra-renal pelvic injection of DNA by HVJ-liposome system showed transgene expression in interstitial fibroblasts. In kidney-targeted gene therapy, liposome-mediated gene transfer is an attractive method because of its simplicity and reduced toxicity. In spite of modest transgene expression, several renal disease models were successfully modulated by liposome system. Although one limitation of liposome-mediated gene delivery is the duration of transgene expression, the liposome/cDNA complex can be repeatedly administered due to the absence of an immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Ito
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
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41
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Oneda B, Lods N, Lottaz D, Becker-Pauly C, Stöcker W, Pippin J, Huguenin M, Ambort D, Marti HP, Sterchi EE. Metalloprotease meprin beta in rat kidney: glomerular localization and differential expression in glomerulonephritis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2278. [PMID: 18509531 PMCID: PMC2386549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Meprin (EC 3.4.24.18) is an oligomeric metalloendopeptidase found in microvillar membranes of kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells. Here, we present the first report on the expression of meprin beta in rat glomerular epithelial cells and suggest a potential involvement in experimental glomerular disease. We detected meprin beta in glomeruli of immunostained rat kidney sections on the protein level and by quantitative RT-PCR of laser-capture microdissected glomeruli on the mRNA level. Using immuno-gold staining we identified the membrane of podocyte foot processes as the main site of meprin beta expression. The glomerular meprin beta expression pattern was altered in anti-Thy 1.1 and passive Heymann nephritis (PHN). In addition, the meprin beta staining pattern in the latter was reminiscent of immunostaining with the sheep anti-Fx1A antiserum, commonly used in PHN induction. Using Western blot and immunoprecipitation assays we demonstrated that meprin beta is recognized by Fx1A antiserum and may therefore represent an auto-antigen in PHN. In anti-Thy 1.1 glomerulonephritis we observed a striking redistribution of meprin beta in tubular epithelial cells from the apical to the basolateral side and the cytosol. This might point to an involvement of meprin beta in this form of glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Oneda
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nadège Lods
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Lottaz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Walter Stöcker
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jeffrey Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Maya Huguenin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ambort
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Marti
- Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Erwin E. Sterchi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Kang JH, Chae YM, Park KK, Kim CH, Lee IS, Chang YC. Suppression of mesangial cell proliferation and extracellular matrix production in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by Sp1 decoy oligodeoxynucleotide in vitro and in vivo. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:663-74. [PMID: 17557290 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor Sp-1 is an important fibrogenic factor that is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. In this study, we examined the effect of Sp1 decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) on the extracellular matrix (ECM) gene expression in cultured rat mesangial cells (RMC) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The ring-type Sp1 decoy ODNs significantly decreased ECM mRNA expression and Sp1 binding to the promoter region of these PDGF-induced genes in RMC. In addition, the decoy ODNs was introduced into the left renal artery of diabetic rat using the hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ)-liposome mediated gene transfer method and effectively delivered to the kidney. On 14 days after ring-type Sp1 decoy ODNs injection, type IV collagen, fibronectin mRNA, and protein expression were markedly decreased, and the rate of urinary creatinine excretion was reduced in the ring-type Sp1 decoy ODNs-treated diabetic rats. These results indicated that the ring-type Sp1 decoy ODNs would be superior to P-Sp1 ODNs. Also, the R-Sp1 decoy ODN when introduced in vivo, effectively reduced ECM production during the progression of nephropathy. Therefore, ring-type Sp1 decoy is a promising tool for developing new therapeutic applications for progressive diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Han Kang
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu 705-718, Korea
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43
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Hiong LC, Voon KL, Abdullah NA, Sattar MA, Rahman NA, Khan AH, Johns EJ. Effect of TGF-beta1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide on renal function in chronic renal failure rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008; 29:451-7. [PMID: 18358091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) in ameliorating deteriorated kidney function in rats with puromycin-induced chronic renal failure (CRF). METHODS Saline, puromycin, puromycin+TGF-beta1 antisense ODN or puromycin+scrambled ODN were administered to unilaterally nephrectomized rats. Renal hemodynamic and excretory measurements were taken in the anaesthetized rats that had undergone surgical procedure. RESULTS It was observed that in the CRF rats, there was a marked reduction in the renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), severe proteinuria, and almost 6-fold increased fractional excretion of sodium (FE Na+) as compared to that in the control rats (all P<0.05). It was further observed that in the CRF rats, the treatment with TGF-beta1 antisense, but not scrambled ODN, markedly attenuated the reduction of RBF, GFR, and proteinuria and markedly prevented the increase of the FE Na+ (all P<0.05). In addition, the renal hypertrophy in the CRF group (P<0.05 vs non-renal failure control) was markedly attenuated after treatment with TGF-1 antisense ODN (P<0.05). Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was evident only in the untreated and scrambled ODN-treated CRF groups. An interesting observation of this study was that in the CRF rats, although there was marked attenuating and preventive effects of the TGF-beta1 antisense ODN on the deteriorated renal functions, the antisense treatment did not cause any marked change in the renal expression of TGF-beta1 at the protein level. CONCLUSION Collectively, the data obtained suggests that TGF-beta1 antisense ODN possesses beneficial effects in puromycininduced chronic renal failure and that the deterioration in morphology and impaired renal function in this pathological state is in part dependent upon the action of TGF-beta1 within the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Law Chung Hiong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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44
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Abstract
Few controversies in medicine have such a long history as that of whether salt is identifiably dangerous or not dangerous. The most common reported association between excess dietary salt intake and clinical outcome has been in the field of hypertension, but dietary sodium intake mediates effects that go far beyond, and are independent of, extracellular fluid expansion and elevation in blood pressure. For nephrologists, clinical trials that demonstrate no negative outcome of a high salt diet in the general population are thus not particularly assuasive, because patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) represent an entity that is by no means comparable to the general population. This review takes a look at the challenges associated with salt balance in CKD patients (particularly at K/DOQI stage 5), followed by a summary of current concepts believed to play a part in salt-mediated pathophysiology, and the conclusion, based on the present state of scientific knowledge, that it appears advisable to advocate low dietary salt intake in this patient population.
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45
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Nguyen TQ, Goldschmeding R. Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 and Connective Tissue Growth Factor: Novel Targets for Treatment of Renal Fibrosis? Pharm Res 2008; 25:2416-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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46
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Abstract
The increasing global prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease with the associated spiraling cost has profound public health and economic implications. This has made slowing the progression of CKD, a major health-care priority. CKD is invariably characterized by progressive kidney fibrosis and at present, treatment aiming to slow the progression of CKD is limited to aggressive blood pressure control, with few therapies targeting the fibrotic process itself. In this review, we explore the potential of experimental therapeutic strategies, based on preventing or reversing the pathophysiologic steps of kidney remodeling that lead to fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khwaja
- Department of Academic Nephrology, Sheffield Kidney Institute, Sheffield, UK.
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47
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Gagliardini E, Benigni A. Therapeutic potential of TGF-beta inhibition in chronic renal failure. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:293-304. [PMID: 17309322 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.3.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney diseases are emerging as a worldwide public health problem. The progression of kidney diseases closely correlates with the accumulation of extracellular matrix leading to glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial injury. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta has been identified as a key mediator of kidney matrix accumulation. Overexpression of TGF-beta isoforms and their receptors was observed in a variety of renal diseases in both animals and humans. Given its crucial role in fibrotic kidney disease, TGF-beta has been recently considered as a possible target in the management of chronic renal diseases. This review discusses the role of TGF-beta in renal fibrosis and provides an overview of the strategies that, when interfering with TGF-beta expression and signalling, could be employed as new renoprotective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gagliardini
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Via Gavazzeni 11, 24125 Bergamo, Italy
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48
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Wang B, Omar A, Angelovska T, Drobic V, Rattan SG, Jones SC, Dixon IMC. Regulation of collagen synthesis by inhibitory Smad7 in cardiac myofibroblasts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H1282-90. [PMID: 17513491 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00910.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) signal and downstream Smads play an important role in tissue fibrosis and matrix remodeling in various etiologies of heart failure. Inhibitory Smad7 (I-Smad7) is an inducible regulatory Smad protein that antagonizes TGF-beta(1) signal mediated via direct abrogation of R-Smad phosphorylation. The effect of ectopic I-Smad7 on net collagen production was investigated using hydroxyproline assay. Adenovirus-mediated I-Smad7 gene (at 100 multiplicity of infection) transfer was associated with significant decrease of collagen synthesis in the presence and absence of TGF-beta(1) in primary rat cardiac myofibroblasts. In I-Smad7-infected cells, we also observed the ablation of TGF-beta(1)-induced R-Smad2 phosphorylation vs. LacZ controls. Overdriven I-Smad7 was associated with significantly increased expression of immunoreactive 65-kDa matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) protein in culture medium of myofibroblast compared with LacZ-infected cells. Expression of the 72-kDa MMP-2 variant, e.g., the inactive form, was not altered by exogenous I-Smad7 transfection/overexpression. Furthermore, I-Smad7 overexpression was associated with a significant increase and decrease in expression of p27 and phospho-Rb protein, respectively, as well as reduced [(3)H]thymidine incorporation vs. Ad-LacZ-infected controls. We suggest that negative modulation of R-Smad phosphorylation by ectopic I-Smad7 may contribute to the downregulation of collagen in cardiac myofibroblasts and may suppress the proliferation of these cells. Thus treatments targeting the collagen deposition by overexpression of I-Smad7 may provide a new therapeutic strategy for cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiqiu Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre and Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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49
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Cooker LA, Peterson D, Rambow J, Riser ML, Riser RE, Najmabadi F, Brigstock D, Riser BL. TNF-alpha, but not IFN-gamma, regulates CCN2 (CTGF), collagen type I, and proliferation in mesangial cells: possible roles in the progression of renal fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F157-65. [PMID: 17376761 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00508.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) is a profibrotic factor acting downstream and independently of TGF-beta to mediate renal fibrosis. Although inflammation is often involved in the initiation and/or progression of fibrosis, the role of inflammatory cytokines in regulation of glomerular CCN2 expression, cellular proliferation, and extracellular matrix accumulation is unknown. We studied two such cytokines, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, for their effects on cultured mesangial cells in the presence or absence of TGF-beta, as a model for progressive renal fibrosis. Short-term treatment with TNF-alpha, like TGF-beta, significantly increased secreted CCN2 per cell, but unlike TGF-beta inhibited cellular replication. TNF-alpha combined with TGF-beta further increased CCN2 secretion and mRNA levels and reduced proliferation. Surprisingly, however, TNF-alpha treatment decreased baseline collagen type I protein and mRNA levels and largely blocked their stimulation by TGF-beta. Long-term treatment with TGF-beta or TNF-alpha alone no longer increased CCN2 protein levels. However, the combination synergistically increased CCN2. IFN-gamma had no effect on either CCN2 or collagen activity and produced a mild inhibition of TGF-beta-induced collagen only at a high concentration (500 U/ml). In summary, we report a strong positive regulatory role for TNF-alpha, but not IFN-gamma, in CCN2 production and secretion, including that driven by TGF-beta. The stimulation of CCN2 release by TNF-alpha, unlike TGF-beta, is independent of cellular proliferation and not linked to increased collagen type I accumulation. This suggests that the paradigm of TGF-beta-driven CCN2 with subsequent collagen production may be overridden by an as yet undefined inhibitory mechanism acting either directly or indirectly on matrix metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurinda A Cooker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
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50
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Song CY, Kim BC, Hong HK, Lee HS. TGF-beta type II receptor deficiency prevents renal injury via decrease in ERK activity in crescentic glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2007; 71:882-8. [PMID: 17299519 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) receptor complex in the pathogenesis of crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN) is not clear. To test the hypothesis that TGF-beta signaling plays a crucial role in the development and progression of crescentic GN by inducing the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and expression of its target genes, anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) GN was induced in TGF-beta type II receptor (TGF-betaIIR) gene heterozygous (TGF-betaIIR(+/-)) C57BL/6J mice and wild-type animals. GN was initiated in preimmunized mice by administration of rabbit anti-mouse GBM serum. TGF-betaIIR deficiency was significantly associated with decreased renal damage at days 14, 21, and 28 after induction of GN: renal function impairment, proteinuria, proportion of crescents, glomerular accumulation of periodic acid-Schiff-positive material, relative cortical interstitial volume, as well as renal cortical phosphorylation of ERK and plasminogen activator inhibitor type I (PAI-1) and alpha2(I) collagen mRNA levels were significantly decreased in TGF-betaIIR(+/-) mice compared with wild-type animals. These results provide the first direct evidence that TGF-betaIIR deficiency protects against renal injury in crescentic GN, possibly by inhibiting the sustained activation of ERK and PAI-1 and alpha2(I) collagen gene expression. Thus, TGF-beta signaling appears to play an important role in the development and progression of crescentic GN by inducing the ERK activity, and PAI-1 and alpha2(I) mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Song
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
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