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Tripathy RK, Anakha J, Pande AH. Towards development of biobetter: L-asparaginase a case study. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2024; 1868:130499. [PMID: 37914146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-asparaginase (ASNase) has played a key role in the management of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). As an amidohydrolase, it catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-asparagine, a crucial step in the treatment of ALL. Various ASNase variants have evolved from diverse sources since it was first used in paediatric patients in the 1960s. This review describes the available ASNase and approaches being used to develop ASNase as a biobetter candidate. SCOPE OF REVIEW The review discusses the Glycosylation and PEGylation techniques, which are frequently used to develop biobetter versions of the majority of the therapeutic proteins. Further, it explores current ASNase biobetters in therapeutic use and discusses the protein engineering and chemical modification approaches that were employed to reduce immunogenicity, extend protein half-life, and enhance protease stability of ASNase. Emerging strategies like immobilization and encapsulation are also highlighted as potential pathways for improving ASNase properties. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The purpose of the development of ASNase biobetter is to achieve a novel therapeutic candidate that could improve catalytic efficiency, in vivo stability with minimum glutaminase (GLNase) activity and toxicity. Modification of ASNase by immobilization and encapsulation or by fusion technologies like Albumin fusion, Fc fusion, ELP fusion, XTEN fusion, etc. can be exploited to develop a novel biobetter candidate suitable for therapeutic approaches. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review emphasizes the importance of biobetter development for therapeutic proteins like ASNase. Improved ASNase molecules have the potential to significantly advance the treatment of ALL and have broader implications in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan K Tripathy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - J Anakha
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Abhay H Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India.
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2
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Trossmann VT, Lentz S, Scheibel T. Factors Influencing Properties of Spider Silk Coatings and Their Interactions within a Biological Environment. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:434. [PMID: 37623678 PMCID: PMC10455157 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14080434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials are an indispensable part of biomedical research. However, although many materials display suitable application-specific properties, they provide only poor biocompatibility when implanted into a human/animal body leading to inflammation and rejection reactions. Coatings made of spider silk proteins are promising alternatives for various applications since they are biocompatible, non-toxic and anti-inflammatory. Nevertheless, the biological response toward a spider silk coating cannot be generalized. The properties of spider silk coatings are influenced by many factors, including silk source, solvent, the substrate to be coated, pre- and post-treatments and the processing technique. All these factors consequently affect the biological response of the environment and the putative application of the appropriate silk coating. Here, we summarize recently identified factors to be considered before spider silk processing as well as physicochemical characterization methods. Furthermore, we highlight important results of biological evaluations to emphasize the importance of adjustability and adaption to a specific application. Finally, we provide an experimental matrix of parameters to be considered for a specific application and a guided biological response as exemplarily tested with two different fibroblast cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa T. Trossmann
- Chair of Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Straße 1, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (V.T.T.); (S.L.)
| | - Sarah Lentz
- Chair of Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Straße 1, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (V.T.T.); (S.L.)
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Chair of Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Straße 1, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (V.T.T.); (S.L.)
- Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces (BZKG), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth Center for Molecular Biosciences (BZMB), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth Materials Center (BayMAT), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
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3
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Gollapudi S, Jamal S, Kamatar A, Yuan F, Wang L, Lafer EM, Belardi B, Stachowiak JC. Steric pressure between glycosylated transmembrane proteins inhibits internalization by endocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215815120. [PMID: 37023126 PMCID: PMC10104535 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215815120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is essential for the removal of transmembrane proteins from the plasma membrane in all eukaryotic cells. Many transmembrane proteins are glycosylated. These proteins collectively comprise the glycocalyx, a sugar-rich layer at the cell surface, which is responsible for intercellular adhesion and recognition. Previous work has suggested that glycosylation of transmembrane proteins reduces their removal from the plasma membrane by endocytosis. However, the mechanism responsible for this effect remains unknown. To study the impact of glycosylation on endocytosis, we replaced the ectodomain of the transferrin receptor, a well-studied transmembrane protein that undergoes clathrin-mediated endocytosis, with the ectodomain of MUC1, which is highly glycosylated. When we expressed this transmembrane fusion protein in mammalian epithelial cells, we found that its recruitment to endocytic structures was substantially reduced in comparison to a version of the protein that lacked the MUC1 ectodomain. This reduction could not be explained by a loss of mobility on the cell surface or changes in endocytic dynamics. Instead, we found that the bulky MUC1 ectodomain presented a steric barrier to endocytosis. Specifically, the peptide backbone of the ectodomain and its glycosylation each made steric contributions, which drove comparable reductions in endocytosis. These results suggest that glycosylation constitutes a biophysical signal for retention of transmembrane proteins at the plasma membrane. This mechanism could be modulated in multiple disease states that exploit the glycocalyx, from cancer to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhana Gollapudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Sabah Jamal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Advika Kamatar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Feng Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Eileen M. Lafer
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Brian Belardi
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Jeanne C. Stachowiak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
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4
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Mastrangeli R, Satwekar A, Bierau H. Innovative Metrics for Reporting and Comparing the Glycan Structural Profile in Biotherapeutics. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083304. [PMID: 37110538 PMCID: PMC10143042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical quality attribute in biotherapeutics, impacting properties such as protein stability, solubility, clearance rate, efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety. Due to the heterogenic and complex nature of protein glycosylation, comprehensive characterization is demanding. Moreover, the lack of standardized metrics for evaluating and comparing glycosylation profiles hinders comparability studies and the establishment of manufacturing control strategies. To address both challenges, we propose a standardized approach based on novel metrics for a comprehensive glycosylation fingerprint which greatly facilitates the reporting and objective comparison of glycosylation profiles. The analytical workflow is based on a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based multi-attribute method. Based on the analytical data, a matrix of glycosylation-related quality attributes, both at site-specific and whole molecule level, are computed, which provide metrics for a comprehensive product glycosylation fingerprint. Two case studies illustrate the applicability of the proposed indices as a standardized and versatile approach for reporting all dimensions of the glycosylation profile. The proposed approach further facilitates the assessments of risks associated with changes in the glycosylation profile that may affect efficacy, clearance, and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Mastrangeli
- Global CMC Development Technology & Innovation, CMC Science & Intelligence, Merck Serono SpA (An affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Guidonia Montecelio, 00012 Rome, Italy
| | - Abhijeet Satwekar
- Global CMC Development, Global Analytical Development, Global Analytical-Pharmaceutical Science & Innovation, Merck Serono SpA (An affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Guidonia Montecelio, 00012 Rome, Italy
| | - Horst Bierau
- Global CMC Development Technology & Innovation, CMC Science & Intelligence, Merck Serono SpA (An affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Guidonia Montecelio, 00012 Rome, Italy
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5
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Gupta S, Shah B, Fung CS, Chan PK, Wakefield DL, Kuhns S, Goudar CT, Piret JM. Engineering protein glycosylation in CHO cells to be highly similar to murine host cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1113994. [PMID: 36873370 PMCID: PMC9978007 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1113994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2015 more than 34 biosimilars have been approved by the FDA. This new era of biosimilar competition has stimulated renewed technology development focused on therapeutic protein or biologic manufacturing. One challenge in biosimilar development is the genetic differences in the host cell lines used to manufacture the biologics. For example, many biologics approved between 1994 and 2011 were expressed in murine NS0 and SP2/0 cell lines. Chinese Hamster ovary (CHO) cells, however, have since become the preferred hosts for production due to their increased productivity, ease of use, and stability. Differences between murine and hamster glycosylation have been identified in biologics produced using murine and CHO cells. In the case of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), glycan structure can significantly affect critical antibody effector function, binding activity, stability, efficacy, and in vivo half-life. In an attempt to leverage the intrinsic advantages of the CHO expression system and match the reference biologic murine glycosylation, we engineered a CHO cell expressing an antibody that was originally produced in a murine cell line to produce murine-like glycans. Specifically, we overexpressed cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) and N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA) to obtain glycans with N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and galactose-α-1,3-galactose (alpha gal). The resulting CHO cells were shown to produce mAbs with murine glycans, and they were then analyzed by the spectrum of analytical methods typically used to demonstrate analytical similarity as a part of demonstrating biosimilarity. This included high-resolution mass spectrometry, biochemical, as well as cell-based assays. Through selection and optimization in fed-batch cultures, two CHO cell clones were identified with similar growth and productivity criteria to the original cell line. They maintained stable production for 65 population doubling times while matching the glycosylation profile and function of the reference product expressed in murine cells. This study demonstrates the feasibility of engineering CHO cells to express mAbs with murine glycans to facilitate the development of biosimilars that are highly similar to marketed reference products expressed in murine cells. Furthermore, this technology can potentially reduce the residual uncertainty regarding biosimilarity, resulting in a higher probability of regulatory approval and potentially reduced costs and time in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Gupta
- Amgen, Inc., San Francisco, CA, United States.,Michael Smith Laboratories, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott Kuhns
- Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | | | - James M Piret
- Michael Smith Laboratories, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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6
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Zhang JH, Shan LL, Liang F, Du CY, Li JJ. Strategies and Considerations for Improving Recombinant Antibody Production and Quality in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:856049. [PMID: 35316944 PMCID: PMC8934426 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.856049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies are rapidly developing therapeutic agents; approximately 40 novel antibody molecules enter clinical trials each year, most of which are produced from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. However, one of the major bottlenecks restricting the development of antibody drugs is how to perform high-level expression and production of recombinant antibodies. The high-efficiency expression and quality of recombinant antibodies in CHO cells is determined by multiple factors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of several state-of-the-art approaches, such as optimization of gene sequence of antibody, construction and optimization of high-efficiency expression vector, using antibody expression system, transformation of host cell lines, and glycosylation modification. Finally, the authors discuss the potential of large-scale production of recombinant antibodies and development of culture processes for biopharmaceutical manufacturing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-He Zhang
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jun-He Zhang,
| | - Lin-Lin Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Fan Liang
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chen-Yang Du
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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7
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A high-resolution multi-attribute method for product characterization, process characterization, and quality control of therapeutic proteins. Anal Biochem 2022; 643:114575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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8
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Hinterholzer A, Moises J, Regl C, Schwap S, Rapp E, Huber CG, Schubert M. Unambiguous identification of α-Gal epitopes in intact monoclonal antibodies by NMR spectroscopy. MAbs 2022; 14:2132977. [PMID: 36239533 PMCID: PMC9578466 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2132977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-Gal epitope consisting of the terminal trisaccharide Galα1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAc exposed on cell or protein surfaces can cause severe immune reactions, such as hypersensitivity reactions, in humans. This epitope is also called the xenotransplantation epitope because it is one of the main reasons for the rejection of non-human organ transplants by the human innate immune response. Recombinant therapeutic proteins expressed in murine cell lines may contain α-Gal epitopes, and therefore their absence or presence needs to be tightly monitored to minimize any undesired adverse effects. The analytical identification of α-Gal epitopes in glycoproteins using the common standard techniques based on liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry is challenging, mainly due to the isobaricity of hexose stereoisomers. Here, we present a straightforward NMR approach to detect the presence of α-Gal in biotherapeutics based on a quick screen with sensitive 1H-1H TOCSY spectra followed by a confirmation using 1H-13C HSQC spectra.Abbreviations: α-Gal: α1,3-linked galactose; AGC: automatic gain control; CHO: Chinese hamster ovary; CE: capillary electrophoreses coupled to mass spectrometry; COSY: correlation spectroscopy; DSS: 2,2-dimethyl-2-silapentane-5-sulfonate; DTT: dithiothreitol; GlcNAc: N-acetyl glusomamine; HCD: higher-energy collisional dissociation; HMBC: heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation; HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography; HSQC: heteronuclear single-quantum corre; LacNAc: N-acetyl lactosamine; mAb: monoclonal antibody; MS: mass spectrometry; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; NOESY: 2D) nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy; PEG: polyethylenglycol; pH*: observed pH meter reading without correction for isotope effects; PTM: post-translational modification; TCEP: tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride; TOCSY: total correlation spectroscopy; xCGE-LIF: multiplex capillary gel electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Hinterholzer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria,Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jennifer Moises
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christof Regl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria,Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastian Schwap
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria,Bundesrealgymnasium Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- glyXera GmbH, Brenneckestraße, Magdeburg, Germany,Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian G. Huber
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria,Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mario Schubert
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria,Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria,CONTACT Mario Schubert Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology,University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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9
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Fischer S, Mathias S, Stadermann A, Yang S, Schmieder V, Zeh N, Schmidt N, Richter P, Wright S, Zimmermann E, Ley Y, van der Meer J, Hartsch T, Bernloehr C, Otte K, Bradl H, Gamer M, Schulz P. Loss of a Newly Discovered microRNA in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Leads to Upregulation of NGNA Sialylation on Monoclonal Antibodies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:832-844. [PMID: 34935124 PMCID: PMC9306616 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are known not to express appreciable levels of the sialic acid residue N‐glycolylneuraminic acid (NGNA) on monoclonal antibodies. However, we actually have identified a recombinant CHO cell line expressing an IgG with unusually high levels of NGNA sialylation (>30%). Comprehensive multi‐OMICs based experimental analyses unraveled the root cause of this atypical sialylation: (1) expression of the cytidine monophosphate‐N‐acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene was spontaneously switched on, (2) CMAH mRNA showed an anti‐correlated expression to the newly discovered Cricetulus griseus (cgr) specific microRNA cgr‐miR‐111 and exhibits two putative miR‐111 binding sites, (3) miR‐111 expression depends on the transcription of its host gene SDK1, and (4) a single point mutation within the promoter region of the sidekick cell adhesion molecule 1 (SDK1) gene generated a binding site for the transcriptional repressor histone H4 transcription factor HINF‐P. The resulting transcriptional repression of SDK1 led to a downregulation of its co‐expressed miR‐111 and hence to a spontaneous upregulation of CMAH expression finally increasing NGNA protein sialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fischer
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Sven Mathias
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany.,Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Hubertus-Liebrecht Strasse 35, 88400, Biberach, Germany
| | - Anna Stadermann
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Shumin Yang
- Process Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont Inc., Fremont, CA, USA
| | - Valerie Schmieder
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Nikolas Zeh
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Nicoletta Schmidt
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Patrick Richter
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Sara Wright
- Analytical Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont Inc., Fremont, CA, USA
| | - Eike Zimmermann
- Analytical Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont Inc., Fremont, CA, USA
| | - Yan Ley
- Analytical Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Fremont Inc., Fremont, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Christian Bernloehr
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Kerstin Otte
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Hubertus-Liebrecht Strasse 35, 88400, Biberach, Germany
| | - Harald Bradl
- Protein Science, Bioprocess & Analytical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Martin Gamer
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
| | - Patrick Schulz
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany
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10
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Zhou M, Liu G, Liu W, Zhu M, Wang C. Cloning, tissue distribution and functional characterization of the donkey (Equus asinus) oligopeptide transporter 2. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 105:1165-1172. [PMID: 34314070 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oligopeptide transporter 2 (PepT2) is an important transporter of oligopeptides. In the present study, we describe the molecular cloning, tissue distribution and functional characterization of a donkey (Equus asinus) PepT2. The cloned cDNA sequence was 2202 bp at full length, encoding a 733 amino acid peptide with a molecular weight of 81.9 kDa and a theoretical pI of 8.92. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the deduced peptide sequence possessed all the characteristic features of PepT2. The expression of PepT2 in the kidney and lung was significantly higher than that observed in the ileum, duodenum, jejunum, spleen, liver, heart and stomach. Functional characterization by heterologous expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells showed that the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-N-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA) by donkey PepT2-Chinese hamster ovary cells was dependent on time, pH and substrate concentration, with a low Km value of 91.51 ± 14.14 μM and a maximum velocity of 41.37 ± 2.193 pmol/min/mg protein. In the present study, for the first time, the expression and functional characteristics of donkey PepT2 were evaluated, the results of which provide new insights and a better understanding of its crucial role in oligopeptide transport in donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhou
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Guiqin Liu
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Mingxia Zhu
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Changfa Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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11
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Shamie I, Duttke SH, Karottki KJLC, Han CZ, Hansen AH, Hefzi H, Xiong K, Li S, Roth SJ, Tao J, Lee GM, Glass CK, Kildegaard HF, Benner C, Lewis NE. A Chinese hamster transcription start site atlas that enables targeted editing of CHO cells. NAR Genom Bioinform 2021; 3:lqab061. [PMID: 34268494 PMCID: PMC8276764 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are widely used for producing biopharmaceuticals, and engineering gene expression in CHO is key to improving drug quality and affordability. However, engineering gene expression or activating silent genes requires accurate annotation of the underlying regulatory elements and transcription start sites (TSSs). Unfortunately, most TSSs in the published Chinese hamster genome sequence were computationally predicted and are frequently inaccurate. Here, we use nascent transcription start site sequencing methods to revise TSS annotations for 15 308 Chinese hamster genes and 3034 non-coding RNAs based on experimental data from CHO-K1 cells and 10 hamster tissues. We further capture tens of thousands of putative transcribed enhancer regions with this method. Our revised TSSs improves upon the RefSeq annotation by revealing core sequence features of gene regulation such as the TATA box and the Initiator and, as exemplified by targeting the glycosyltransferase gene Mgat3, facilitate activating silent genes by CRISPRa. Together, we envision our revised annotation and data will provide a rich resource for the CHO community, improve genome engineering efforts and aid comparative and evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Shamie
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at UC San Diego 92093, USA
| | - Sascha H Duttke
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego 92093, USA
| | - Karen J la Cour Karottki
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Denmark
| | - Claudia Z Han
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego 92093, USA
| | - Anders H Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Denmark
| | - Hooman Hefzi
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at UC San Diego 92093, USA
| | - Kai Xiong
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Denmark
| | - Shangzhong Li
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at UC San Diego 92093, USA
| | - Samuel J Roth
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego 92093, USA
| | - Jenhan Tao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego 92093, USA
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Denmark
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego 92093, USA
| | | | | | - Nathan E Lewis
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at UC San Diego 92093, USA
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12
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Seitz A, Wende RC, Roesner E, Niedek D, Topp C, Colgan AC, McGarrigle EM, Schreiner PR. Site-Selective Acylation of Pyranosides with Oligopeptide Catalysts. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3907-3922. [PMID: 33617252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the oligopeptide-catalyzed site-selective acylation of partially protected monosaccharides. We identified catalysts that invert site-selectivity compared to N-methylimidazole, which was used to determine the intrinsic reactivity, for 4,6-O-protected glucopyranosides (trans-diols) as well as 4,6-O-protected mannopyranosides (cis-diols). The reaction yields up to 81% of the inherently unfavored 2-O-acetylated products with selectivities up to 15:1 using mild reaction conditions. We also determined the influence of protecting groups on the reaction and demonstrate that our protocol is suitable for one-pot reactions with multiple consecutive protection steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Seitz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Raffael C Wende
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Emily Roesner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Dominik Niedek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christopher Topp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Avene C Colgan
- Centre for Synthesis & Chemical Biology, UCD School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eoghan M McGarrigle
- Centre for Synthesis & Chemical Biology, UCD School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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13
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Liang W, Wied P, Carraro F, Sumby CJ, Nidetzky B, Tsung CK, Falcaro P, Doonan CJ. Metal–Organic Framework-Based Enzyme Biocomposites. Chem Rev 2021; 121:1077-1129. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Peter Wied
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Francesco Carraro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christopher J. Sumby
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Chia-Kuang Tsung
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Paolo Falcaro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian J. Doonan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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14
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Hershewe J, Kightlinger W, Jewett MC. Cell-free systems for accelerating glycoprotein expression and biomanufacturing. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 47:977-991. [PMID: 33090335 PMCID: PMC7578589 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02321-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation, the enzymatic modification of amino acid sidechains with sugar moieties, plays critical roles in cellular function, human health, and biotechnology. However, studying and producing defined glycoproteins remains challenging. Cell-free glycoprotein synthesis systems, in which protein synthesis and glycosylation are performed in crude cell extracts, offer new approaches to address these challenges. Here, we review versatile, state-of-the-art systems for biomanufacturing glycoproteins in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell-free systems with natural and synthetic N-linked glycosylation pathways. We discuss existing challenges and future opportunities in the use of cell-free systems for the design, manufacture, and study of glycoprotein biomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Hershewe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA.,Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA
| | - Weston Kightlinger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA.,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA.,Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA
| | - Michael C Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA. .,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2170 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA. .,Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Technological Institute E136, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3120, USA. .,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 676 North Saint Clair Street, Suite 1200, Chicago, IL, 60611-3068, USA. .,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, Suite 11-131, Chicago, IL, 60611-2875, USA.
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15
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De Jong NMC, Aartse A, Van Gils MJ, Eggink D. Development of broadly reactive influenza vaccines by targeting the conserved regions of the hemagglutinin stem and head domains. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:563-577. [PMID: 32510256 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1777861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza virus infections cause serious illness in millions of people each year. Although influenza virus vaccines are available, they are not optimally effective due to mismatches between the influenza virus strains used for the vaccine and the circulating strains. To improve protection by vaccines, a broadly protective or universal vaccine may be required. Strategies to develop universal vaccines aim to elicit broadly reactive antibodies, which target regions on the viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein which are conserved between strains. Broadly reactive antibodies have helped to identify such targets and can guide the design of such a vaccine. AREAS COVERED The first part of this review provides an in-depth overview of broadly reactive anti-HA antibodies, discussing their origin, breadth and their mechanisms of protection. The second part discusses the technical design and mode of action of potential universal vaccine candidates that aim to elicit these broadly reactive antibodies and provide protection against a majority of influenza strains. EXPERT OPINION While great strides have been made in the development of universal influenza vaccine candidates, real-life use still requires improvement of stability, enhancement of their breadth of protection and ease of production, while efficacies need to be determined in human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M C De Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aafke Aartse
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre , Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Marit J Van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Wang C, Zhao FQ, Liu J, Liu H. Short communication: The essential role of N-glycosylation in the transport activity of bovine peptide transporter 2. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6679-6683. [PMID: 32331895 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine peptide transporter 2 (bPepT2), which mediates the absorption of di- and tripeptides in the bovine mammary gland, was predicted to contain multiple putative N-glycosylation sites of asparagine residues. N-Linked glycosylation is proven to be essential for the folding, stability, localization, and substrate binding of nutrient transporters and could therefore potentially have an essential role in the function of bPepT2. This study investigated the effect of mutagenesis of N-glycosylation sites on the transport function of bPepT2 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The bPepT2 cDNA was cloned and sequenced. BioXM (http://202.195.246.60/BioXM/) and TMHMM (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/) software were used to predict the AA composition and transmembrane domain of bPepT2, respectively. The AA sequence of bPepT2 was predicted to have 12 transmembrane domains, with a large extracellular loop between the ninth and tenth transmembrane domains. All 5 putative N-glycosylation sites in this loop were altered by site-directed mutagenesis, and the mutant construct was transfected into CHO cells for transport activity assay. Compared with the wild type, the bPepT2 mutant had significantly lower uptake activity of β-alanyl-l-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA), a model dipeptide. Treatment with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, reduced the uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA in CHO cells relative to the control group. Kinetic studies indicated that the Michaelis constant of bPepT2 was not affected by the mutation (98.03 ± 8.30 and 88.33 ± 4.23 µM for the wild type and the mutant, respectively), but the maximum transport activity was significantly reduced (40.29 ± 8.30 and 13.02 ± 2.95 pmol/min per milligram of protein for the wild type and the mutant, respectively). In summary, this study demonstrated that N-glycosylation is critical for the function of bPepT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Feng-Qi Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
| | - Jianxin Liu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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17
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Song K, Moon DB, Kim NY, Shin YK. Glycosylation Heterogeneity of Hyperglycosylated Recombinant Human Interferon-β (rhIFN-β). ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6619-6627. [PMID: 32258897 PMCID: PMC7114697 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We previously developed a biobetter version of rhIFN-β (R27T) that possesses an additional glycosylation site compared with rhIFN-β 1a. Herein, we characterized N-glycosylation heterogeneity of R27T, which includes both N-glycan site occupancy heterogeneity (macro-heterogeneity) and complexity of carbohydrate moieties (micro-heterogeneity). N-glycan site occupancy manifested as distinct differences in size and isoelectric point. The analysis of complex carbohydrate moieties of R27T involved the common biopharmaceutical glycosylation critical quality attributes such as core fucosylation, antennary composition, sialylation, N-acetyllactosamine extensions, linkages, and overall glycan profiles using weak anion-exchange and hydrophilic interaction high-performance liquid chromatography with 2-aminobenzoic acid-labeled N-glycans. The double-glycosylated form accounted for approx. 94% R27T, while the single-glycosylated form accounted for 6% R27T. N-glycans consisted of a mixture of bi-, tri-, and tetra-antennary glycans, some with N-acetyllactosamine extensions, but neither outer arm fucose nor α-galactose was detected. Sialic acid major variants, N-acetyl- and N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid, were more abundant in R27T than in Rebif. The major N-glycan, accounting for ∼42% of total N-glycans, had a di-sialylated, core-fucosylated bi-antennary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Song
- LOGONE
Bio Convergence Research Foundation, Center
for Companion Diagnostics, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- . Phone: +82-2-880-9187
| | - Dae Bong Moon
- IFEZ
Bio Analysis Center, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Kim
- ABION
Inc., R&D Center, Guro, Seoul 13488, Korea
| | - Young Kee Shin
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Molecular
Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence
Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Bio-MAX/N-Bio, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- . Phone: +82-2-880-9187
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18
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Zhang Y, Chen Z, Huang Y, He S, Yang X, Wu Z, Wang X, Xiao G. Modular Synthesis of Nona-Decasaccharide Motif from Psidium guajava Polysaccharides: Orthogonal One-Pot Glycosylation Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7576-7584. [PMID: 32086860 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of long, branched, and complex carbohydrate sequences remains a challenging task in chemical synthesis. Reported here is an efficient and modular one-pot synthesis of a nona-decasaccharide and shorter sequences from Psidium guajava polysaccharides, which have the potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The synthetic strategy features: 1) several one-pot glycosylation reactions on the basis of N-phenyltrifluoroacetimidate (PTFAI) and Yu glycosylation to streamline the chemical synthesis of oligosaccharides, 2) the successful and efficient assembly sequences (first O3', second O5', final O2') toward the challenging 2,3,5-branched Araf motif, 3) the stereoselective 1,2-cis-glucosylation by reagent control, and 4) the convergent [6+6+7] one-pot coupling reaction for the final assembly of the target nona-decasaccharide. This orthogonal one-pot glycosylation strategy can streamline the chemical synthesis of long, branched, and complicated carbohydrate chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Zixi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, China.,Department of Chemistry, Kunming University, 2 Puxing Road, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Yingying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, China.,Department of Chemistry, Kunming University, 2 Puxing Road, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Shaojun He
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xingkuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Zhibing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xiufang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Kunming University, 2 Puxing Road, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, China
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19
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Zhang Y, Chen Z, Huang Y, He S, Yang X, Wu Z, Wang X, Xiao G. Modular Synthesis of Nona‐Decasaccharide Motif from
Psidium guajava
Polysaccharides: Orthogonal One‐Pot Glycosylation Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West ChinaKunming Institute of BotanyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 132 Lanhei Road Kunming 650201 China
| | - Zixi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West ChinaKunming Institute of BotanyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 132 Lanhei Road Kunming 650201 China
- Department of ChemistryKunming University 2 Puxing Road Kunming 650214 China
| | - Yingying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West ChinaKunming Institute of BotanyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 132 Lanhei Road Kunming 650201 China
- Department of ChemistryKunming University 2 Puxing Road Kunming 650214 China
| | - Shaojun He
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West ChinaKunming Institute of BotanyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 132 Lanhei Road Kunming 650201 China
| | - Xingkuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West ChinaKunming Institute of BotanyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 132 Lanhei Road Kunming 650201 China
| | - Zhibing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West ChinaKunming Institute of BotanyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 132 Lanhei Road Kunming 650201 China
| | - Xiufang Wang
- Department of ChemistryKunming University 2 Puxing Road Kunming 650214 China
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West ChinaKunming Institute of BotanyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 132 Lanhei Road Kunming 650201 China
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20
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Hosts for Hostile Protein Production: The Challenge of Recombinant Immunotoxin Expression. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7020038. [PMID: 31108917 PMCID: PMC6630761 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For the recombinant expression of toxin-based drugs, a crucial step lies not only in the choice of the production host(s) but also in the accurate design of the protein chimera. These issues are particularly important since such products may be toxic to the expressing host itself. To avoid or limit the toxicity to productive cells while obtaining a consistent yield in chimeric protein, several systems from bacterial to mammalian host cells have been employed. In this review, we will discuss the development of immunotoxin (IT) expression, placing special emphasis on advantages and on potential drawbacks, as one single perfect host for every chimeric protein toxin or ligand does not exist.
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21
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Iyengar ARS, Gupta S, Jawalekar S, Pande AH. Protein Chimerization: A New Frontier for Engineering Protein Therapeutics with Improved Pharmacokinetics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:703-714. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.257063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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22
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Zhang Y, Xiang G, He S, Hu Y, Liu Y, Xu L, Xiao G. Orthogonal One-Pot Synthesis of Oligosaccharides Based on Glycosyl ortho-Alkynylbenzoates. Org Lett 2019; 21:2335-2339. [PMID: 30869522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
One of the most popular one-pot glycosylation strategies is orthogonal one-pot synthesis, which was mainly based on thioglycosides. Despite its successful application, shortcomings of thioglycosides including aglycon transfers, interference of departing species and unpleasant odor restrict its application scope. Herein, we report a new and efficient orthogonal one-pot synthesis of oligosaccahrides based on glycosyl ortho-alkynylbenzoate, which solves the issues of thioglycoside-based orthogonal one-pot synthesis. Over a dozen of oligosaccharides have been efficiently synthesized by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Guisheng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Shaojun He
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Yikao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Lili Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , China
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23
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DeRosa F, Smith L, Shen Y, Huang Y, Pan J, Xie H, Yahalom B, Heartlein MW. Improved Efficacy in a Fabry Disease Model Using a Systemic mRNA Liver Depot System as Compared to Enzyme Replacement Therapy. Mol Ther 2019; 27:878-889. [PMID: 30879951 PMCID: PMC6453518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by the deficiency of α-galactosidase A. Enzyme deficiency results in a progressive decline in renal and cardiac function, leading to cardiomyopathy and end-stage renal disease. Current treatments available, including enzyme replacement therapies, have provided significant benefit to patients; however, unmet medical needs remain. mRNA therapy, with drug-like properties, has the unique ability to produce therapeutic proteins endogenously. Here we describe the sustained delivery of therapeutic human α-galactosidase protein in vivo via nanoparticle-formulated mRNA in mouse and non-human primate, with a demonstration of efficacy through clinically relevant biomarker reduction in a mouse Fabry disease model. Multi-component nanoparticles formulated with lipids and lipid-like materials were developed for the delivery of mRNA encoding human α-galactosidase protein. Upon delivery of human GLA mRNA to mice, serum GLA protein levels reached as high as ∼1,330-fold over normal physiological values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yan Huang
- Shire Pharmaceuticals, Lexington, MA 02141, USA
| | - Jing Pan
- Shire Pharmaceuticals, Lexington, MA 02141, USA
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24
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Houeix B, Cairns MT. Engineering of CHO cells for the production of vertebrate recombinant sialyltransferases. PeerJ 2019; 7:e5788. [PMID: 30775162 PMCID: PMC6375257 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sialyltransferases (SIATs) are a family of enzymes that transfer sialic acid (Sia) to glycan chains on glycoproteins, glycolipids, and oligosaccharides. They play key roles in determining cell–cell and cell-matrix interactions and are important in neuronal development, immune regulation, protein stability and clearance. Most fully characterized SIATs are of mammalian origin and these have been used for in vitro and in vivo modification of glycans. Additional versatility could be achieved by the use of animal SIATs from other species that live in much more variable environments. Our aim was to generate a panel of stable CHO cell lines expressing a range of vertebrate SIATs with different physicochemical and functional properties. Methods The soluble forms of various animal ST6Gal and ST3Gal enzymes were stably expressed from a Gateway-modified secretion vector in CHO cells. The secreted proteins were IMAC-purified from serum-free media. Functionality of the protein was initially assessed by lectin binding to the host CHO cells. Activity of purified proteins was determined by a number of approaches that included a phosphate-linked sialyltransferase assay, HILIC-HPLC identification of sialyllactose products and enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA). Results A range of sialyltransferase from mammals, birds and fish were stably expressed in CHO Flp-In cells. The stable cell lines expressing ST6Gal1 modify the glycans on the surface of the CHO cells as detected by fluorescently labelled lectin microscopy. The catalytic domains, as isolated by Ni Sepharose from culture media, have enzymatic activities comparable to commercial enzymes. Sialyllactoses were identified by HILIC-HPLC on incubation of the enzymes from lactose or whey permeate. The enzymes also increased SNA-I labelling of asialofetuin when incubated in a plate format. Conclusion Stable cell lines are available that may provide options for the in vivo sialylation of glycoproteins. Proteins are active and should display a variety of biological and physicochemical properties based on the animal source of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Houeix
- Glycoscience Group, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michael T Cairns
- Glycoscience Group, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Honda Y, Nakano S, Ito S, Dadashipour M, Zhang Z, Kawarabayasi Y. Improvement of ST0452 N-Acetylglucosamine-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase Activity by the Cooperative Effect of Two Single Mutations Identified through Structure-Based Protein Engineering. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e02213-18. [PMID: 30291121 PMCID: PMC6275352 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02213-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed previously that the Y97N mutant of the ST0452 protein, isolated from Sulfolobus tokodaii, exhibited over 4 times higher N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate (GlcNAc-1-P) uridyltransferase (UTase) activity, compared with that of the wild-type ST0452 protein. We determined the three-dimensional structure of the Y97N protein to explore the detailed mechanism underlying this increased activity. The overall structure was almost identical to that of the wild-type ST0452 protein (PDB ID 2GGO), with residue 97 (Asn) interacting with the O-5 atom of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) in the complex without metal ions. The same interaction was observed for Escherichia coli GlmU in the absence of metal ions. These observations indicated that the three-dimensional structure of the Y97N protein was not changed by this substitution but the interactions with the substrate were slightly modified, which might cause the activity to increase. The crystal structure of the Y97N protein also showed that positions 146 (Glu) and 80 (Thr) formed interactions with GlcNAc, and an engineering strategy was applied to these residues to increase activity. All proteins substituted at position 146 had drastically decreased activities, whereas several proteins substituted at position 80 showed higher GlcNAc-1-P UTase activity, compared to that of the wild-type protein. The substituted amino acids at positions 80 and 97 might result in optimized interactions with the substrate; therefore, we predicted that the combination of these two substitutions might cooperatively increase GlcNAc-1-P UTase activity. Of the four double mutant ST0452 proteins generated, T80S/Y97N showed 6.5-times-higher activity, compared to that of the wild-type ST0452 protein, revealing that these two substituted residues functioned cooperatively to increase GlcNAc-1-P UTase activity.IMPORTANCE We demonstrated that the enzymatic activity of a thermostable protein was over 4 times higher than that of the wild-type protein following substitution of a single amino acid, without affecting its thermostability. The three-dimensional structure of the improved mutant protein complexed with substrate was determined. The same overall structure and interaction between the substituted residue and the GlcNAc substrate as observed in the well-characterized bacterial enzyme suggested that the substitution of Tyr at position 97 by Asn might slightly change the interaction. This subtle change in the interaction might potentially increase the GlcNAc-1-P UTase activity of the mutant protein. These observations indicated that a drastic change in the structure of a natural thermostable enzyme is not necessary to increase its activity; a subtle change in the interaction with the substrate might be sufficient. Cooperative effects were observed in the appropriate double mutant protein. This work provides useful information for the future engineering of natural enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Honda
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Extremophiles, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Shogo Nakano
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Sohei Ito
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mohammad Dadashipour
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Extremophiles, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Zilian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutaka Kawarabayasi
- Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Extremophiles, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Bioproduction Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan
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Interleukin 2 with anti-GD2 antibody ch14.18/CHO (dinutuximab beta) in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NBL1/SIOPEN): a multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2018; 19:1617-1629. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(18)30578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most prevalent posttranslational modifications that profoundly affects the structure and functions of proteins in a wide variety of biological recognition events. However, the structural complexity and heterogeneity of glycoproteins, usually resulting from the variations of glycan components and/or the sites of glycosylation, often complicates detailed structure-function relationship studies and hampers the therapeutic applications of glycoproteins. To address these challenges, various chemical and biological strategies have been developed for producing glycan-defined homogeneous glycoproteins. This review highlights recent advances in the development of chemoenzymatic methods for synthesizing homogeneous glycoproteins, including the generation of various glycosynthases for synthetic purposes, endoglycosidase-catalyzed glycoprotein synthesis and glycan remodeling, and direct enzymatic glycosylation of polypeptides and proteins. The scope, limitation, and future directions of each method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Yee CM, Zak AJ, Hill BD, Wen F. The Coming Age of Insect Cells for Manufacturing and Development of Protein Therapeutics. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018; 57:10061-10070. [PMID: 30886455 PMCID: PMC6420222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics is a rapidly growing segment of the pharmaceutical market. Currently, the majority of protein therapeutics are manufactured in mammalian cells for their ability to generate safe and efficacious human-like glycoproteins. The high cost of using mammalian cells for manufacturing has motivated a constant search for alternative host platforms. Insect cells have begun to emerge as a promising candidate, largely due to the development of the baculovirus expression vector system. While there are continuing efforts to improve insect-baculovirus expression for producing protein therapeutics, key limitations including cell lysis and the lack of homogeneous humanized glycosylation still remain. The field has started to see a movement toward virus-less gene expression approaches, notably the use of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats to address these shortcomings. This review highlights recent technological advances that are realizing the transformative potential of insect cells for the manufacturing and development of protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Yee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Andrew J. Zak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Brett D. Hill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Fei Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
Michigan 48109, United States
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Canis K, Anzengruber J, Garenaux E, Feichtinger M, Benamara K, Scheiflinger F, Savoy LA, Reipert BM, Malisauskas M. In-depth comparison of N-glycosylation of human plasma-derived factor VIII and different recombinant products: from structure to clinical implications. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:S1538-7836(22)02223-1. [PMID: 29888865 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Glycosylation heterogeneity of recombinant proteins affects pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity. N-glycomics/glycoproteomics of plasma-derived Factor VIII and 6 recombinant FVIIIs were compared. Depending on cell line, significant differences to plasma-derived FVIII were observed. Recombinant FVIIIs expressed distinct and immunologically relevant epitopes. SUMMARY Background/Objective Human factor VIII (FVIII) is a plasma glycoprotein, defects of which result in hemophilia A. Current substitution therapy uses FVIII products purified from human plasma or from various cell lines (recombinant FVIII) with different levels of B-domain deletion. Glycosylation is a post-translational protein modification in FVIII that has a substantial influence on its physical, functional and antigenic properties. Variation in glycosylation is likely to be the reason that FVIII products differ in their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and immunogenicity. However, the literature on FVIII glycosylation is inconsistent, preventing assembly into a coherent model. Seeking to better understand the glycosylation mechanisms underlying FVIII biology, we studied the N-glycosylation of human plasma-derived (pd)FVIII and six rFVIII products expressed in CHO, BHK or HEK cell lines. Methods FVIII samples were subjected to head-to-head detailed glycomic and glycoproteomic characterization using a combination of MALDI-MS and MS/MS, GC-MS and UPLC-UV-MSE technologies. Results/Conclusion The results of our study detail the N-glycan repertoire of pdFVIII to an unprecedented level, and for the first time, provide evidence of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) found on pdFVIII. Although site-specific glycosylation of rFVIII proved consistent with pdFVIII regardless of the expression system, the entire N-glycan content of each sample appeared significantly different. Although the proportion of biologically important epitopes common to all samples (i.e. sialylation and high-mannose) varied between samples, some recombinant products expressed distinct and immunologically relevant epitopes, such as LacdiNAc (LDN), fucosylated LacdiNAc (FucLDN), NeuGc, LewisX/Y and Galα1,3 Gal epitopes. rFVIII expressed in HEK cells showed the greatest glycomic differences to human pdFVIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Canis
- SGS M-Scan SA, Plan-le-Ouates, Switzerland
| | | | - E Garenaux
- SGS M-Scan SA, Plan-le-Ouates, Switzerland
| | | | - K Benamara
- Research & Development, Shire, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - L-A Savoy
- SGS M-Scan SA, Plan-le-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - B M Reipert
- Research & Development, Shire, Vienna, Austria
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Kulkarni SS, Wang CC, Sabbavarapu NM, Podilapu AR, Liao PH, Hung SC. "One-Pot" Protection, Glycosylation, and Protection-Glycosylation Strategies of Carbohydrates. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8025-8104. [PMID: 29870239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates, which are ubiquitously distributed throughout the three domains of life, play significant roles in a variety of vital biological processes. Access to unique and homogeneous carbohydrate materials is important to understand their physical properties, biological functions, and disease-related features. It is difficult to isolate carbohydrates in acceptable purity and amounts from natural sources. Therefore, complex saccharides with well-defined structures are often most conviently accessed through chemical syntheses. Two major hurdles, regioselective protection and stereoselective glycosylation, are faced by carbohydrate chemists in synthesizing these highly complicated molecules. Over the past few years, there has been a radical change in tackling these problems and speeding up the synthesis of oligosaccharides. This is largely due to the development of one-pot protection, one-pot glycosylation, and one-pot protection-glycosylation protocols and streamlined approaches to orthogonally protected building blocks, including those from rare sugars, that can be used in glycan coupling. In addition, new automated strategies for oligosaccharide syntheses have been reported not only for program-controlled assembly on solid support but also by the stepwise glycosylation in solution phase. As a result, various sugar molecules with highly complex, large structures could be successfully synthesized. To summarize these recent advances, this review describes the methodologies for one-pot protection and their one-pot glycosylation into the complex glycans and the chronological developments associated with automated syntheses of oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvarn S Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | | | | | - Ananda Rao Podilapu
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Pin-Hsuan Liao
- Institute of Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Taipei 115 , Taiwan
| | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- Genomics Research Center , Academia Sinica , Taipei 115 , Taiwan
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MS-based conformation analysis of recombinant proteins in design, optimization and development of biopharmaceuticals. Methods 2018; 144:134-151. [PMID: 29678586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for analyzing protein higher order structures have gained increasing application in the field of biopharmaceutical development. The predominant methods used in this area include native MS, hydrogen deuterium exchange-MS, covalent labeling, cross-linking and limited proteolysis. These MS-based methods will be briefly described in this article, followed by a discussion on how these methods contribute at different stages of discovery and development of protein therapeutics.
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Fairbanks AJ. The ENGases: versatile biocatalysts for the production of homogeneous N-linked glycopeptides and glycoproteins. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:5128-5146. [PMID: 28681051 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00897f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases (ENGases) are an enzyme class (EC 3.2.1.96) produced by a range of organisms, ranging from bacteria, through fungi, to higher order species, including humans, comprising two-sub families of glycosidases which all cleave the chitobiose core of N-linked glycans. Synthetic applications of these enzymes, i.e. to catalyse the reverse of their natural hydrolytic mode of action, allow the attachment of N-glycans to a wide variety of substrates which contain an N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue to act as an 'acceptor' handle. The use of N-glycan oxazolines, high energy intermediates on the hydrolytic pathway, as activated donors allows their high yielding attachment to almost any amino acid, peptide or protein that contains a GlcNAc residue as an acceptor. The synthetic effectiveness of these biocatalysts has been significantly increased by the production of mutant glycosynthases; enzymes which can still catalyse synthetic processes using oxazolines as donors, but which do not hydrolyse the reaction products. ENGase biocatalysts are now finding burgeoning application for the production of biologically active glycopeptides and glycoproteins, including therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for which the oligosaccharides have been remodelled to optimise effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony J Fairbanks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
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Lee J, Kang HA, Bae JS, Kim KD, Lee KH, Lim KJ, Choo MJ, Chang SJ. Evaluation of analytical similarity between trastuzumab biosimilar CT-P6 and reference product using statistical analyses. MAbs 2018; 10:547-571. [PMID: 29482416 PMCID: PMC5973688 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1440170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of analytical similarity has been a challenging issue for the biosimilar industry because the number of lots for reference and biosimilar products available at the time of development are limited, whilst measurable quality attributes of target molecule are numerous, which can lead to potential bias or false negative/positive conclusions regarding biosimilarity. Therefore, appropriate statistical analyses are highly desirable to achieve a high level of confidence in the similarity evaluation. A recent guideline for the risk-based statistical approaches recommended by the US Food and Drug Administration provides useful tools to systematically evaluate analytical similarity of biosimilar products compared with reference products. Here, we evaluated analytical similarity of CT-P6, a biosimilar product of trastuzumab, with the reference products (EU-Herceptin® or US-Herceptin®) following these statistical approaches. Various quality attributes of trastuzumab were first ranked based on the clinical impact of each attribute and subsequently adjusted to one of three tiers (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) considering the characteristics of the assay, the level of attribute present and the feasibility of statistical analysis. Two biological activities with highest potential clinical impact were evaluated by an equivalent test (Tier 1), and other bioactivities and structural/physicochemical properties relevant to the clinical impact were evaluated by a quality range approach (Tier 2). The attributes with low risk ranking or qualitative assay were evaluated by visual comparison (Tier 3). Analytical similarity assessment analyzed by the three tiers clearly demonstrated that CT-P6 exhibits highly similar structural and physicochemical properties, as well as functional activities, compared with the reference products. There were small differences observed in a few quality attributes between CT-P6 and the reference products, but the differences were very minor, and unlikely to impact on clinical outcome. The recently reported equivalent clinical efficacy of CT-P6 with the reference product further supports that CT-P6 is highly similar compared with the reference product in the view of totality-of-evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihun Lee
- a Biotechnology Research Institute, R&D Division, Celltrion Inc. , Incheon , Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Kang
- a Biotechnology Research Institute, R&D Division, Celltrion Inc. , Incheon , Korea
| | - Jin Soo Bae
- a Biotechnology Research Institute, R&D Division, Celltrion Inc. , Incheon , Korea
| | - Kyu Dae Kim
- a Biotechnology Research Institute, R&D Division, Celltrion Inc. , Incheon , Korea
| | - Kyoung Hoon Lee
- a Biotechnology Research Institute, R&D Division, Celltrion Inc. , Incheon , Korea
| | - Ki Jung Lim
- a Biotechnology Research Institute, R&D Division, Celltrion Inc. , Incheon , Korea
| | - Min Joo Choo
- a Biotechnology Research Institute, R&D Division, Celltrion Inc. , Incheon , Korea
| | - Shin Jae Chang
- a Biotechnology Research Institute, R&D Division, Celltrion Inc. , Incheon , Korea
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O'Flaherty R, Trbojević-Akmačić I, Greville G, Rudd PM, Lauc G. The sweet spot for biologics: recent advances in characterization of biotherapeutic glycoproteins. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 15:13-29. [PMID: 29130774 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1404907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycosylation is recognized as a Critical Quality Attribute for therapeutic glycoproteins such as monoclonal antibodies, fusion proteins and therapeutic replacement enzymes. Hence, efficient and quantitative glycan analysis techniques have been increasingly important for their discovery, development and quality control. The aim of this review is to highlight relevant and recent advances in analytical technologies for characterization of biotherapeutic glycoproteins. Areas covered: The review gives an overview of the glycosylation trends of biotherapeutics approved in 2016 and 2017 by FDA. It describes current and novel analytical technologies for characterization of therapeutic glycoproteins and is explored in the context of released glycan, glycopeptide or intact glycoprotein analysis. Ultra performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis technologies are explored in this context. Expert commentary: There is a need for the biopharmaceutical industry to incorporate novel state of the art analytical technologies into existing and new therapeutic glycoprotein workflows for safer and more efficient biotherapeutics and for the improvement of future biotherapeutic design. Additionally, at present, there is no 'gold-standard' approach to address all the regulatory requirements and as such this will involve the use of orthogonal glycoanalytical technologies with a view to gain diagnostic information about the therapeutic glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín O'Flaherty
- a NIBRT GlycoScience Group , National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training , Blackrock, Co. Dublin , Ireland
| | | | - Gordon Greville
- a NIBRT GlycoScience Group , National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training , Blackrock, Co. Dublin , Ireland
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- a NIBRT GlycoScience Group , National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training , Blackrock, Co. Dublin , Ireland
| | - Gordan Lauc
- b Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory , 10000 , Zagreb , Croatia.,c Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
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Zhang S, Cao X, Gao Q, Liu Y. Protein glycosylation in viral hepatitis-related HCC: Characterization of heterogeneity, biological roles, and clinical implications. Cancer Lett 2017; 406:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Brown AJ, Kalsi D, Fernandez-Martell A, Cartwright J, Barber NOW, Patel YD, Turner R, Bryant CL, Johari YB, James DC. Expression Systems for Recombinant Biopharmaceutical Production by Mammalian Cells in Culture. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527699124.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Brown
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Devika Kalsi
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | | | - Joe Cartwright
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Nicholas O. W. Barber
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Yash D. Patel
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | | | - Claire L. Bryant
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Yusuf B. Johari
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - David C. James
- University of Sheffield; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Mappin St. Sheffield S1 3JD UK
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Sialic acid linkage differentiation of glycopeptides using capillary electrophoresis - electrospray ionization - mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623326 PMCID: PMC5473812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03838-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialylation is a glycosylation feature that occurs in different linkages at the non-reducing end of a glycan moiety, the linkage isomers are often differentially associated with various biological processes. Due to very similar physico-chemical properties, the separation of isomeric sialylated glycopeptides remains challenging but of utmost importance in the biomedicine and biotechnology, including biomarker discovery, glyco-engineering and biopharmaceutical characterization. This study presents the implementation of a high-resolution separation platform based on capillary electrophoresis - mass spectrometry (CE-MS) allowing for the selective analysis of α2,3- and α2,6-sialylated glycopeptides. These differentially linked glycopeptides showed an identical fragmentation pattern (collision induced dissociation) but different electrophoretic mobilities, allowing for baseline separation of the different linkages without the need for an extensive sample preparation. The different migration behavior between the two moieties was found to correlate with differences in pKa values. Using a novel methodology adapted from the so-called internal standard CE approach, a relative difference of 3.4·10-2 in pKa unit was determined. This approach was applied for the analysis of tryptic glycopeptides of prostate specific antigen, which shows highly complex and heterogeneous glycosylation. The developed platform therefore appears attractive for the identification of differentially linked sialic acids that may be related to pathological conditions.
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Quantification of N-glycosylation site occupancy status based on labeling/label-free strategies with LC-MS/MS. Talanta 2017; 170:509-513. [PMID: 28501204 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation plays important roles in physiological and pathological processes. Characterizing the site-specific N-glycosylation including N-glycan macroheterogeneity (glycosylation site occupancy) and microheterogeneity (site-specific glycan structure) is important for understanding of glycoprotein biosynthesis and function. N-Glycan macroheterogeneity is a physiological property of glycoprotein and the technical obstacles have restricted research into the regulation and functions of this heterogeneity. Quantification of N-glycosylation site occupancy would uncover the critical role of macroheterogeneity in a variety of biological properties. Liquid chromatography (LC)- mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantification is emerging as a powerful tool for glycosylation characterization. This review summarizes the labeling and label-free quantitative MS approaches for quantifying N-glycosylation site occupancy, including its quantification for target glycoproteins in recent years.
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Gowtham YK, Saski CA, Harcum SW. Low glucose concentrations within typical industrial operating conditions have minimal effect on the transcriptome of recombinant CHO cells. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:771-785. [PMID: 28371311 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Typically, mammalian cell culture medium contains high glucose concentrations that are analogous to diabetic levels in humans, suggesting that mammalian cells are cultivated in excessive glucose. Using RNA-Seq, this study characterized the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell transcriptome under two glucose concentrations to assess the genetic effects associated with metabolic pathways, in addition to other global responses. The initial extracellular glucose concentrations used represented high (30 mM) and low (10 mM) glucose conditions, where at the time the transcriptomes were compared, the glucose concentrations were approximately 24 and 4.4 mM for the mid-exponential cultures, where 4.4 mM represents a common target concentration in the biopharmaceutical industry for controlled fed-batch cultures. A recombinant CHO cell line producing a monoclonal antibody was used, such that the impact on glycosylation genes could be evaluated. Relatively few genes were identified as being significantly different (FDR ≤ 0.01) between the high and low glucose conditions, for example, only 575 genes, and only 40 of these genes had 2-fold or greater differences. Gene expression differences for glycolysis, TCA cycle, and glycosylation-related reactions were minimal and unlikely to have biological significance. This transcriptome study indicates that low glucose concentrations in the culture medium are unlikely to cause any biologically significant or detrimental changes to CHO cells at the transcriptome level. Furthermore, it is well-known that maintaining low glucose concentrations in fed-batch cultures can reduce lactate production, which in turn improves process outcomes. Taken together, the transcriptome data supports the continued development of low glucose-based processes to control lactate. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:771-785, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher A Saski
- Inst. of Translational Genomics, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634.,Dept. of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634
| | - Sarah W Harcum
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634
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Wang T, Chu L, Li W, Lawson K, Apostol I, Eris T. Application of a Quantitative LC–MS Multiattribute Method for Monitoring Site-Specific Glycan Heterogeneity on a Monoclonal Antibody Containing Two N-Linked Glycosylation Sites. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3562-3567. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Lily Chu
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Wenzhou Li
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Ken Lawson
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Izydor Apostol
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Tamer Eris
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
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Wernike K, Aebischer A, Roman-Sosa G, Beer M. The N-terminal domain of Schmallenberg virus envelope protein Gc is highly immunogenic and can provide protection from infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42500. [PMID: 28211908 PMCID: PMC5304187 DOI: 10.1038/srep42500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is transmitted by insect vectors, and therefore vaccination is one of the most important tools of disease control. In our study, novel subunit vaccines on the basis of an amino-terminal domain of SBV Gc of 234 amino acids (“Gc Amino”) first were tested and selected using a lethal small animal challenge model and then the best performing formulations also were tested in cattle. We could show that neither E. coli expressed nor the reduced form of “Gc Amino” protected from SBV infection. In contrast, both, immunization with “Gc Amino”-encoding DNA plasmids and “Gc-amino” expressed in a mammalian system, conferred protection in up to 66% of the animals. Interestingly, the best performance was achieved with a multivalent antigen containing the covalently linked Gc domains of both, SBV and the related Akabane virus. All vaccinated cattle and mice were fully protected against SBV challenge infection. Furthermore, in the absence of antibodies against the viral N-protein, differentiation between vaccinated and field-infected animals allows an SBV marker vaccination concept. Moreover, the presented vaccine design also could be tested for other members of the Simbu serogroup and might allow the inclusion of additional immunogenic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Andrea Aebischer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Gleyder Roman-Sosa
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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Jensen PF, Comamala G, Trelle MB, Madsen JB, Jørgensen TJD, Rand KD. Removal of N-Linked Glycosylations at Acidic pH by PNGase A Facilitates Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry Analysis of N-Linked Glycoproteins. Anal Chem 2016; 88:12479-12488. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Foged Jensen
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerard Comamala
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Beck Trelle
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Buur Madsen
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Thomas J. D. Jørgensen
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Kasper. D. Rand
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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43
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Gugliotta A, Ceaglio N, Raud B, Forno G, Mauro L, Kratje R, Oggero M. Glycosylation and antiproliferative activity of hyperglycosylated IFN-α2 potentiate HEK293 cells as biofactories. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 112:119-131. [PMID: 27867113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Both CHO and HEK cells are interesting hosts for the production of biotherapeutics due to their ability to introduce post-translational modifications such as glycosylation. Even though oligosaccharide structures attached to proteins are conserved among eukaryotes, many differences have been found between therapeutic glycoproteins expressed in hamster and human derived cells. In this work, a hyperglycosylated IFN-α2b mutein (IFN4N) was produced in CHO and HEK cell lines and an extensive characterization of their properties was performed. IFN4NCHO exhibited a higher average molecular mass and more acidic isoforms compared to IFN4NHEK. In agreement with these results, a 2-times higher sialic acid content was found for IFN4NCHO in comparison with the HEK-derived protein. This result was in agreement with monosaccharide quantification and glycan's analysis using WAX chromatography and HILIC coupled to mass spectrometry; all methods supported the existence of highly sialylated and also branched structures for IFN4NCHO glycans, in contrast with smaller and truncated structures among IFN4NHEK glycans. Unexpectedly, those remarkable differences in the glycosylation pattern had not a considerable impact on the clearance rate of both molecules in rats. In fact, although IFN4NHEK reached maximum plasma concentration 3-times faster than IFN4NCHO, their elimination profile did not differ significantly. Also, despite the in vitro antiviral specific biological activity of both proteins was the same, IFN4NHEK was more efficient as an antiproliferative agent in different tumor-derived cell lines. Accordingly, IFN4NHEK showed a higher in vivo antitumor activity in animal models. Our results show the importance of an appropriate host selection to set up a bioprocess and potentiate the use of HEK293 cells for the production of a new hyperglycosylated protein-based pharmaceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Gugliotta
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria UNL.C.C. 242, (S3000ZAA) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Natalia Ceaglio
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria UNL.C.C. 242, (S3000ZAA) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Brenda Raud
- UNL, FBCB, Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria UNL.C.C. 242, (S3000ZAA) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Guillermina Forno
- UNL, FBCB, Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria UNL.C.C. 242, (S3000ZAA) Santa Fe, Argentina; Zelltek S.A., PTLC RN 168, (S3000ZAA) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Laura Mauro
- Zelltek S.A., PTLC RN 168, (S3000ZAA) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Kratje
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria UNL.C.C. 242, (S3000ZAA) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marcos Oggero
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Cell Culture Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria UNL.C.C. 242, (S3000ZAA) Santa Fe, Argentina.
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44
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Diversification in the HIV-1 Envelope Hyper-variable Domains V2, V4, and V5 and Higher Probability of Transmitted/Founder Envelope Glycosylation Favor the Development of Heterologous Neutralization Breadth. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005989. [PMID: 27851829 PMCID: PMC5112890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study of plasma neutralization breadth in HIV-1 infected individuals at nine International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) sites reported that viral load, HLA-A*03 genotype, and subtype C infection were strongly associated with the development of neutralization breadth. Here, we refine the findings of that study by analyzing the impact of the transmitted/founder (T/F) envelope (Env), early Env diversification, and autologous neutralization on the development of plasma neutralization breadth in 21 participants identified during recent infection at two of those sites: Kigali, Rwanda (n = 9) and Lusaka, Zambia (n = 12). Single-genome analysis of full-length T/F Env sequences revealed that all 21 individuals were infected with a highly homogeneous population of viral variants, which were categorized as subtype C (n = 12), A1 (n = 7), or recombinant AC (n = 2). An extensive amino acid sequence-based analysis of variable loop lengths and glycosylation patterns in the T/F Envs revealed that a lower ratio of NXS to NXT-encoded glycan motifs correlated with neutralization breadth. Further analysis comparing amino acid sequence changes, insertions/deletions, and glycan motif alterations between the T/F Env and autologous early Env variants revealed that extensive diversification focused in the V2, V4, and V5 regions of gp120, accompanied by contemporaneous viral escape, significantly favored the development of breadth. These results suggest that more efficient glycosylation of subtype A and C T/F Envs through fewer NXS-encoded glycan sites is more likely to elicit antibodies that can transition from autologous to heterologous neutralizing activity following exposure to gp120 diversification. This initiates an Env-antibody co-evolution cycle that increases neutralization breadth, and is further augmented over time by additional viral and host factors. These findings suggest that understanding how variation in the efficiency of site-specific glycosylation influences neutralizing antibody elicitation and targeting could advance the design of immunogens aimed at inducing antibodies that can transition from autologous to heterologous neutralizing activity.
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45
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Batra J, Rathore AS. Glycosylation of monoclonal antibody products: Current status and future prospects. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1091-1102. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Batra
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology; Hauz Khas New Delhi India
| | - Anurag S. Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology; Hauz Khas New Delhi India
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46
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mTORC1 signalling and eIF4E/4E-BP1 translation initiation factor stoichiometry influence recombinant protein productivity from GS-CHOK1 cells. Biochem J 2016; 473:4651-4664. [PMID: 27760840 PMCID: PMC5147049 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many protein-based biotherapeutics are produced in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines. Recent reports have demonstrated that translation of recombinant mRNAs and global control of the translation machinery via mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling are important determinants of the amount and quality of recombinant protein such cells can produce. mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is a master regulator of cell growth/division, ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis, but the relationship between mTORC1 signalling, cell growth and proliferation and recombinant protein yields from mammalian cells, and whether this master regulating signalling pathway can be manipulated to enhance cell biomass and recombinant protein production (rPP) are not well explored. We have investigated mTORC1 signalling and activity throughout batch culture of a panel of sister recombinant glutamine synthetase-CHO cell lines expressing different amounts of a model monoclonal IgG4, to evaluate the links between mTORC1 signalling and cell proliferation, autophagy, recombinant protein expression, global protein synthesis and mRNA translation initiation. We find that the expression of the mTORC1 substrate 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) fluctuates throughout the course of cell culture and, as expected, that the 4E-BP1 phosphorylation profiles change across the culture. Importantly, we find that the eIF4E/4E-BP1 stoichiometry positively correlates with cell productivity. Furthermore, eIF4E amounts appear to be co-regulated with 4E-BP1 amounts. This may reflect a sensing of either change at the mRNA level as opposed to the protein level or the fact that the phosphorylation status, as well as the amount of 4E-BP1 present, is important in the co-regulation of eIF4E and 4E-BP1.
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47
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Markert S, Joeris K. Establishment of a fully automated microtiter plate-based system for suspension cell culture and its application for enhanced process optimization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:113-121. [PMID: 27399304 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We developed an automated microtiter plate (MTP)-based system for suspension cell culture to meet the increased demands for miniaturized high throughput applications in biopharmaceutical process development. The generic system is based on off-the-shelf commercial laboratory automation equipment and is able to utilize MTPs of different configurations (6-24 wells per plate) in orbital shaken mode. The shaking conditions were optimized by Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations. The fully automated system handles plate transport, seeding and feeding of cells, daily sampling, and preparation of analytical assays. The integration of all required analytical instrumentation into the system enables a hands-off operation which prevents bottlenecks in sample processing. The modular set-up makes the system flexible and adaptable for a continuous extension of analytical parameters and add-on components. The system proved suitable as screening tool for process development by verifying the comparability of results for the MTP-based system and bioreactors regarding profiles of viable cell density, lactate, and product concentration of CHO cell lines. These studies confirmed that 6 well MTPs as well as 24 deepwell MTPs were predictive for a scale up to a 1000 L stirred tank reactor (scale factor 1:200,000). Applying the established cell culture system for automated media blend screening in late stage development, a 22% increase in product yield was achieved in comparison to the reference process. The predicted product increase was subsequently confirmed in 2 L bioreactors. Thus, we demonstrated the feasibility of the automated MTP-based cell culture system for enhanced screening and optimization applications in process development and identified further application areas such as process robustness. The system offers a great potential to accelerate time-to-market for new biopharmaceuticals. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 113-121. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Markert
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH-Pharmaceutical Biotech Production and Development, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Joeris
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH-Pharmaceutical Biotech Production and Development, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
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48
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Pace D, Lewis N, Wu T, Gillespie R, Leiske D, Velayudhan J, Rohrbach A, Connell-Crowley L. Characterizing the effect of multiple Fc glycan attributes on the effector functions and FcγRIIIa receptor binding activity of an IgG1 antibody. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1181-1192. [PMID: 27160519 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
N-linked Fc glycosylation of IgG1 monoclonal antibody therapeutics can directly influence their mechanism of action by impacting IgG effector functions such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Therefore, identification and detailed characterization of Fc glycan critical quality attributes (CQAs) provides important information for process design and control. A two-step approach was used to identify and characterize the Fc glycan CQAs for an IgG1 Mab with effector function. First, single factor experiments were performed to identify glycan critical quality attributes that influence ADCC and CDC activities. Next, a full-factorial design of experiment (DOE) to characterize the possible interactions and relative effect of these three glycan species on ADCC, CDC, and FcγRIIIa binding was employed. Additionally, the DOE data were used to develop models to predict ADCC, CDC, and FcγRIIIa binding of a given configuration of the three glycan species for this IgG1 molecule. The results demonstrate that for ADCC, afuco mono/bi has the largest effect, followed by HM and β-gal, while FcγRIIIa binding is affected by afuco mono/bi and β-gal. CDC, in contrast, is affected by β-gal only. This type of glycan characterization and modeling can provide valuable information for development, manufacturing support and process improvements for IgG products that require effector function for efficacy. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1181-1192, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Pace
- Amgen Inc, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA, 98119
| | | | - Tina Wu
- Amgen Inc, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA, 98119
| | - Ron Gillespie
- Amgen Inc, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA, 98119
| | - Dan Leiske
- Amgen Inc, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA, 98119
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49
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Giddens JP, Lomino JV, Amin MN, Wang LX. Endo-F3 Glycosynthase Mutants Enable Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Core-fucosylated Triantennary Complex Type Glycopeptides and Glycoproteins. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9356-70. [PMID: 26966183 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoenzymatic synthesis is emerging as a promising approach to the synthesis of homogeneous glycopeptides and glycoproteins highly demanded for functional glycomics studies, but its generality relies on the availability of a range of enzymes with high catalytic efficiency and well defined substrate specificity. We describe in this paper the discovery of glycosynthase mutants derived from Elizabethkingia meningoseptica endoglycosidase F3 (Endo-F3) of the GH18 family, which are devoid of the inherent hydrolytic activity but are able to take glycan oxazolines for transglycosylation. Notably, the Endo-F3 D165A and D165Q mutants demonstrated high acceptorsubstrate specificity toward α1,6-fucosyl-GlcNAc-Asn or α1,6-fucosyl-GlcNAc-polypeptide in transglycosylation, enabling a highly convergent synthesis of core-fucosylated, complex CD52 glycopeptide antigen. The Endo-F3 mutants were able to use both bi- and triantennary glycan oxazolines as substrates for transglycosylation, in contrast to previously reported endoglycosidases derived from Endo-S, Endo-M, Endo-D, and Endo-A mutants that could not recognize triantennary N-glycans. Using rituximab as a model system, we have further demonstrated that the Endo-F3 mutants are highly efficient for glycosylation remodeling of monoclonal antibodies to produce homogeneous intact antibody glycoforms. Interestingly, the new triantennary glycan glycoform of antibody showed much higher affinity for galectin-3 than that of the commercial antibody. The Endo-F3 mutants represent the first endoglycosidase-based glycosynthases capable of transferring triantennary complex N-glycans, which would be very useful for glycoprotein synthesis and glycosylation remodeling of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Giddens
- From the Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201 and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Joseph V Lomino
- From the Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201 and
| | - Mohammed N Amin
- From the Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201 and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- From the Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201 and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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50
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Fang J, Richardson J, Du Z, Zhang Z. Effect of Fc-Glycan Structure on the Conformational Stability of IgG Revealed by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange and Limited Proteolysis. Biochemistry 2016; 55:860-8. [PMID: 26812426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human therapeutic immunoglobulin gamma (IgG) molecules contain an N-glycan on each of their Fc CH2 domains. These glycans include high-mannose, hybrid, and complex types. Recombinant IgG molecules containing high-mannose glycans have been shown to clear faster in human blood, and exhibit decreased thermal stability. The molecular mechanism behind these observations, however, is not well understood. In this work, we used hydrogen/deuterium exchange combined with mass spectrometry (HDX MS), as well as proteolytic degradation under a native-like condition, to assess the impact of different glycoforms on the molecular structure and stability of recombinant IgG1 and IgG2 molecules expressed from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Our HDX MS data indicate that the conformation of these IgG molecules was indeed influenced by the glycan structure. IgG molecules containing high-mannose and hybrid glycans showed more conformational flexibility in the CH2 domain. This conclusion was further supported by the analysis of glycopeptides released from these molecules by trypsin digestion under a native-like condition. The higher CH2 conformational flexibility of IgG molecules with high-mannose and hybrid glycans contributes to their decreased thermal stability. IgG molecules containing sialylated glycans in the CH2 domain exhibited similar enzymatic degradation behavior as high-mannose glycans, suggesting decreased CH2-domain stability compared to shorter complex glycans, likely resulting from steric effect that decreased the glycan-CH2 domain interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc. , Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Jason Richardson
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc. , Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Zhimei Du
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc. , Seattle, Washington 98119, United States
| | - Zhongqi Zhang
- Process Development, Amgen, Inc. , Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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