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Mordechay S, Forkosh O. A non-memory-based functional neural framework for animal caching behavior. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18228. [PMID: 39107394 PMCID: PMC11303395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain's extraordinary abilities are often attributed to its capacity to learn and adapt. But memory has its limitations, especially when faced with tasks such as retrieving thousands of food items-a common behavior in scatter-hoarding animals. Here, we propose a brain mechanism that may facilitate caching and retrieval behaviors, with a focus on hippocampal spatial cells. Rather than memorizing the locations of their caches, as previously hypothesized, we suggest that cache-hoarding animals employ a static mechanism akin to hash functions commonly used in computing. Our mathematical model aligns with the activity of hippocampal spatial cells, which respond to an animal's positional attention. We know that the region that activates each spatial cell remains consistent across subsequent visits to the same area but not between areas. This remapping, combined with the uniqueness of cognitive maps, produces persistent hash functions that can serve both food caching and retrieval. We present a simple neural network architecture that can generate such a probabilistic hash that is unique to the animal and not sensitive to environmental changes. This mechanism could serve a virtually boundless capacity for the encoding of any structured data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Mordechay
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Oren Forkosh
- Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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2
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Marchese MR, Longobardi Y, Libero R, Yesilli-Puzella G, D'Alatri L, Galli J. "Lombard Effect" and Voice Changes in Adductor Laryngeal Dystonia: A Pilot Study. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:3754-3760. [PMID: 38727193 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to describe the acoustic, auditory-perceptive, and subjective voice changes under the Lombard effect (LE) in adductor laryngeal dystonia (AdLD) patients. METHODS Subjective perception of vocal effort (OMNI Vocal Effort Scale OMNI-VES), Maximum Phonation Time (MPT), and the perceptual severity of dysphonia (GRBAS scale) were assessed in condition of stillness and under LE in 10 AdLD patients and in 10 patients with typical voice. Speakers were asked to produce the sustained vowel /a/ and to read a phonetically balanced text aloud. Using the PRAAT software, the following acoustic parameters were analyzed: Mean Pitch (Hz), Minimum and Maximum Intensity (dB), the Fraction of Locally Unvoiced Frames, the Number of Voice Breaks, the Degree of Voice Breaks (%), the Cepstral Peak Prominence-Smoothed (CPPS) (dB). RESULTS Under LE, the AdLD group showed a decrease of both G and S parameters of GRBAS and subjective effort, mean MPT increased significantly; in the controls there were no significant changes. In both groups under LE, pitch and intensity of the sustained vowel /a/ significantly increased consistently with LE. In the AdLD group the mean gain of OMNI-VES score and the mean gain of each parameter of the speech analysis were significantly greater than the controls' ones. CONCLUSION Auditory feedback deprivation obtained under LE improves subjective, perceptual-auditory, and acoustics parameters of AdLD patients. These findings encourage further research to provide new knowledge into the role of the auditory system in the pathogenesis of AdLD and to develop new therapeutic strategies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 134:3754-3760, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Raffaella Marchese
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Otorinolaringoiatria, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ylenia Longobardi
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Otorinolaringoiatria, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Libero
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Otorinolaringoiatria, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gamze Yesilli-Puzella
- School of Health Sciences, Speech and Language Therapy Department, Cappadocia University, Ürgüp/Nevşehir, Turkey
| | - Lucia D'Alatri
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Otorinolaringoiatria, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Sezione di Otorinolaringoiatria, Dipartimento Universitario Testa-Collo e Organi di Senso, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Galli
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Otorinolaringoiatria, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Sezione di Otorinolaringoiatria, Dipartimento Universitario Testa-Collo e Organi di Senso, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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3
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Yamamoto K, Estienne P, Bloch S. Does a Vertebrate Morphotype of Pallial Subdivisions Really Exist? BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38952102 DOI: 10.1159/000537746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparative neuroanatomists have long sought to determine which part of the pallium in nonmammals is homologous to the mammalian neocortex. A number of similar connectivity patterns across species have led to the idea that the basic organization of the vertebrate brain is relatively conserved; thus, efforts of the last decades have been focused on determining a vertebrate "morphotype" - a model comprising the characteristics believed to have been present in the last common ancestor of all vertebrates. SUMMARY The endeavor to determine the vertebrate morphotype has been riddled with controversies due to the extensive morphological diversity of the pallium among vertebrate taxa. Nonetheless, most proposed scenarios of pallial homology are variants of a common theme where the vertebrate pallium is subdivided into subdivisions homologous to the hippocampus, neocortex, piriform cortex, and amygdala, in a one-to-one manner. We review the rationales of major propositions of pallial homology and identify the source of the discrepancies behind different hypotheses. We consider that a source of discrepancies is the prevailing assumption that there is a single "morphotype of the pallial subdivisions" throughout vertebrates. Instead, pallial subdivisions present in different taxa probably evolved independently in each lineage. KEY MESSAGES We encounter discrepancies when we search for a single morphotype of subdivisions across vertebrates. These discrepancies can be resolved by considering that several subdivisions within the pallium were established after the divergence of the different lineages. The differences of pallial organization are especially remarkable between actinopterygians (including teleost fishes) and other vertebrates. Thus, the prevailing notion of a simple one-to-one homology between the mammalian and teleost pallia needs to be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yamamoto
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, Saclay, France
| | - Pierre Estienne
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (Neuro-PSI), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, Saclay, France
| | - Solal Bloch
- Université de Tours, INSERM, Imaging Brain & Neuropsychiatry iBraiN U1253, 37032, Tours, France
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Hillemacher S, Tiemann I. Domestic chickens solving mirror-mediated spatial location tasks uncovering their cognitive abilities. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14164. [PMID: 38898056 PMCID: PMC11187119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64743-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand on adapting modern livestock farming to higher animal welfare standards requires a thorough understanding of a species' cognitive abilities to determine their adaptability. With the chicken being the world's most numerous birds in animal production, it is mandatory to identify its cognitive abilities and limitations in order to meet its needs. We investigated if chickens are able to use and understand the reflective properties of a mirror that is the correlation of reflections of food rewards and their real location. In total, 18 female chickens of two different breeds were tested in a mirror-mediated spatial location task. Eleven out of eighteen hens solved the task successfully and thus, possibly exploited the correlation between the reflection in the mirror and the real food reward. We found differences on a breed and on the individual level, with different amounts of time needed learning the association of reward and mirror image. The results imply sophisticated cognitive abilities in chickens, assuming they may be able to understand how mirror images represent objects in the real environment, and to make use of it during foraging. The chicken's cognitive ability might lead to a new understanding and provision of animal welfare-compliant production environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Hillemacher
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Bonn, Nussallee 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Inga Tiemann
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Bonn, Nussallee 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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5
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Widrig KE, Navalón G, Field DJ. Paleoneurology of stem palaeognaths clarifies the plesiomorphic condition of the crown bird central nervous system. J Morphol 2024; 285:e21710. [PMID: 38760949 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Lithornithidae, an assemblage of volant Palaeogene fossil birds, provide our clearest insights into the early evolutionary history of Palaeognathae, the clade that today includes the flightless ratites and volant tinamous. The neotype specimen of Lithornis vulturinus, from the early Eocene (approximately 53 million years ago) of Europe, includes a partial neurocranium that has never been thoroughly investigated. Here, we describe these cranial remains including the nearly complete digital endocasts of the brain and bony labyrinth. The telencephalon of Lithornis is expanded and its optic lobes are ventrally shifted, as is typical for crown birds. The foramen magnum is positioned caudally, rather than flexed ventrally as in some crown birds, with the optic lobes, cerebellum, and foramen magnum shifted further ventrally. The overall brain shape is similar to that of tinamous, the only extant clade of flying palaeognaths, suggesting that several aspects of tinamou neuroanatomy may have been evolutionarily conserved since at least the early Cenozoic. The estimated ratio of the optic lobe's surface area relative to the total brain suggests a diurnal ecology. Lithornis may provide the clearest insights to date into the neuroanatomy of the ancestral crown bird, combining an ancestrally unflexed brain with a caudally oriented connection with the spinal cord, a moderately enlarged telencephalon, and ventrally shifted, enlarged optic lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara E Widrig
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Guillermo Navalón
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel J Field
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Fossil Reptiles, Amphibians and Birds Section, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
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Kaplan G. The evolution of social play in songbirds, parrots and cockatoos - emotional or highly complex cognitive behaviour or both? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161:105621. [PMID: 38479604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Social play has been described in many animals. However, much of this social behaviour among birds, particularly in adults, is still relatively unexplored in terms of the environmental, psychological, and social dynamics of play. This paper provides an overview of what we know about adult social play in birds and addresses areas in which subtleties and distinctions, such as in play initiation and social organisation and its relationship to expressions of play, are considered in detail. The paper considers emotional, social, innovative, and cognitive aspects of play, then the environmental conditions and affiliative bonds, suggesting a surprisingly complex framework of criteria awaiting further research. Adult social play has so far been studied in only a small number of avian species, exclusively in those with a particularly large brain relative to body size without necessarily addressing brain functions and lateralization. When lateralization of brain function is considered, it can further illuminate a possibly significant relevance of play behaviour to the evolution of cognition, to management of emotions, and the development of sociality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Kaplan
- University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
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7
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Tian X, Wang Z, Shi Y, Jia C, Li X, Li M, Liu H, Wang Z. The role of lateral hypothalamic nucleus in mediating locomotive behaviors in pigeons (Columba livia). Behav Brain Res 2024; 465:114958. [PMID: 38485056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamic nucleus (LHy) is located in the dorsolateral hypothalamus of birds, and it is essential to many life processes. However, limited information is available about the role of LHy in mediating locomotive behaviors. In this work, we investigated the structure and function of LHy in pigeons (Columba livia) by Nissl staining, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, insituhybridization (ISH) staining and constant current stimulation methods. The results showed that LHy appears crescent in shape, and three-dimensional coordinate value range of LHy is: A: 5.0-8.0 mm, L: 0.7-1.2 mm, D: 9.5-10.3 mm. The dopaminergic neurons in LHy were distributed in small amount and concentrated manner, while the glutamatergic neurons were distributed in a large number and uniform manner. The distribution of the above two neurons at each coronal level showed a significant positive correlation (R2 = 0.7516, P < 0.001). Our work demonstrated that LHy mainly mediates forward movement (P < 0.01) and ipsilateral lateral movement (P < 0.001), and these movements were significantly effected by electrical stimulation intensity. Our results showed that LHy can mediate the generation of directional behavior and this will provide technical support for the study of locomotor behavior regulation in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmao Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001,China; Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Zishi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Chongchong Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Mengke Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Haowei Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
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Coward LA. Hierarchies of description enable understanding of cognitive phenomena in terms of neuron activity. Cogn Process 2024; 25:333-347. [PMID: 38483738 PMCID: PMC11106207 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
One objective of neuroscience is to understand a wide range of specific cognitive processes in terms of neuron activity. The huge amount of observational data about the brain makes achieving this objective challenging. Different models on different levels of detail provide some insight, but the relationship between models on different levels is not clear. Complex computing systems with trillions of components like transistors are fully understood in the sense that system features can be precisely related to transistor activity. Such understanding could not involve a designer simultaneously thinking about the ongoing activity of all the components active in the course of carrying out some system feature. Brain modeling approaches like dynamical systems are inadequate to support understanding of computing systems, because their use relies on approximations like treating all components as more or less identical. Understanding computing systems needs a much more sophisticated use of approximation, involving creation of hierarchies of description in which the higher levels are more approximate, with effective translation between different levels in the hierarchy made possible by using the same general types of information processes on every level. These types are instruction and data read/write. There are no direct resemblances between computers and brains, but natural selection pressures have resulted in brain resources being organized into modular hierarchies and in the existence of two general types of information processes called condition definition/detection and behavioral recommendation. As a result, it is possible to create hierarchies of description linking cognitive phenomena to neuron activity, analogous with but qualitatively different from the hierarchies of description used to understand computing systems. An intuitively satisfying understanding of cognitive processes in terms of more detailed brain activity is then possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Andrew Coward
- College of Engineering, Computing and Cybernetics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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9
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Heim F, Scharff C, Fisher SE, Riebel K, Ten Cate C. Auditory discrimination learning and acoustic cue weighing in female zebra finches with localized FoxP1 knockdowns. J Neurophysiol 2024; 131:950-963. [PMID: 38629163 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00228.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Rare disruptions of the transcription factor FOXP1 are implicated in a human neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by autism and/or intellectual disability with prominent problems in speech and language abilities. Avian orthologues of this transcription factor are evolutionarily conserved and highly expressed in specific regions of songbird brains, including areas associated with vocal production learning and auditory perception. Here, we investigated possible contributions of FoxP1 to song discrimination and auditory perception in juvenile and adult female zebra finches. They received lentiviral knockdowns of FoxP1 in one of two brain areas involved in auditory stimulus processing, HVC (proper name) or CMM (caudomedial mesopallium). Ninety-six females, distributed over different experimental and control groups were trained to discriminate between two stimulus songs in an operant Go/Nogo paradigm and subsequently tested with an array of stimuli. This made it possible to assess how well they recognized and categorized altered versions of training stimuli and whether localized FoxP1 knockdowns affected the role of different features during discrimination and categorization of song. Although FoxP1 expression was significantly reduced by the knockdowns, neither discrimination of the stimulus songs nor categorization of songs modified in pitch, sequential order of syllables or by reversed playback were affected. Subsequently, we analyzed the full dataset to assess the impact of the different stimulus manipulations for cue weighing in song discrimination. Our findings show that zebra finches rely on multiple parameters for song discrimination, but with relatively more prominent roles for spectral parameters and syllable sequencing as cues for song discrimination.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In humans, mutations of the transcription factor FoxP1 are implicated in speech and language problems. In songbirds, FoxP1 has been linked to male song learning and female preference strength. We found that FoxP1 knockdowns in female HVC and caudomedial mesopallium (CMM) did not alter song discrimination or categorization based on spectral and temporal information. However, this large dataset allowed to validate different cue weights for spectral over temporal information for song recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Heim
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics,Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics,Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Riebel
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carel Ten Cate
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
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10
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Shibata T, Hattori N, Nishijo H, Kuroda S, Takakusaki K. Evolutionary origin of alpha rhythms in vertebrates. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 18:1384340. [PMID: 38651071 PMCID: PMC11033391 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1384340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review extends beyond the traditional triune brain model, aiming to elucidate the evolutionary aspects of alpha rhythms in vertebrates. The forebrain, comprising the telencephalon (pallium) and diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus), is a common feature in the brains of all vertebrates. In mammals, evolution has prioritized the development of the forebrain, especially the neocortex, over the midbrain (mesencephalon) optic tectum, which serves as the prototype for the visual brain. This evolution enables mammals to process visual information in the retina-thalamus (lateral geniculate nucleus)-occipital cortex pathway. The origin of posterior-dominant alpha rhythms observed in mammals in quiet and dark environments is not solely attributed to cholinergic pontine nuclei cells functioning as a 10 Hz pacemaker in the brainstem. It also involves the ability of the neocortex's cortical layers to generate traveling waves of alpha rhythms with waxing and waning characteristics. The utilization of alpha rhythms might have facilitated the shift of attention from external visual inputs to internal cognitive processes as an adaptation to thrive in dark environments. The evolution of alpha rhythms might trace back to the dinosaur era, suggesting that enhanced cortical connectivity linked to alpha bands could have facilitated the development of nocturnal awakening in the ancestors of mammals. In fishes, reptiles, and birds, the pallium lacks a cortical layer. However, there is a lack of research clearly observing dominant alpha rhythms in the pallium or organized nuclear structures in fishes, reptiles, or birds. Through convergent evolution, the pallium of birds, which exhibits cortex-like fiber architecture, has not only acquired advanced cognitive and motor abilities but also the capability to generate low-frequency oscillations (4-25 Hz) resembling alpha rhythms. This suggests that the origins of alpha rhythms might lie in the pallium of a common ancestor of birds and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shibata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Toyama Nishi General Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Noriaki Hattori
- Department of Rehabilitation, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of East Asia, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuroda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takakusaki
- The Research Center for Brain Function and Medical Engineering, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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11
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Radic R, Lukacova K, Baciak L, Hodova V, Kubikova L. The role of cerebellum in learned vocal communication in adult songbirds. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8168. [PMID: 38589482 PMCID: PMC11001874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Injury, tumors, ischemia, and lesions in the cerebellum show the involvement of this region in human speech. The association of the cerebellum with learned birdsong has only been identified recently. Cerebellar dysfunction in young songbirds causes learning disabilities, but its role in adult songbirds has not been established. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) in adult birdsong. We created bilateral excitotoxic lesions in the DCN of adult male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) and recorded their songs for up to 4 months. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and immunohistochemistry, we validated the lesion efficacy. We found that the song duration significantly increased from 14 weeks post-op; the increase in duration was caused by a greater number of introductory notes as well as a greater number of syllables sung after the introductory notes. On the other hand, the motif duration decreased from 8 weeks after DCN lesions were induced, which was due to faster singing of syllables, not changes in inter-syllable interval length. DCN lesions also caused a decrease in the fundamental frequency of syllables. In summary, we showed that DCN lesions influence the temporal and acoustic features of birdsong. These results suggest that the cerebellum influences singing in adult songbirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Radic
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 840 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Kristina Lukacova
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 840 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ladislav Baciak
- Central Laboratories, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimira Hodova
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 840 05, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lubica Kubikova
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 840 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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12
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Kersten Y, Moll FW, Erdle S, Nieder A. Input and Output Connections of the Crow Nidopallium Caudolaterale. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0098-24.2024. [PMID: 38684368 PMCID: PMC11064124 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0098-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The avian telencephalic structure nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL) functions as an analog to the mammalian prefrontal cortex. In crows, corvid songbirds, it plays a crucial role in higher cognitive and executive functions. These functions rely on the NCL's extensive telencephalic connections. However, systematic investigations into the brain-wide connectivity of the NCL in crows or other songbirds are lacking. Here, we studied its input and output connections by injecting retrograde and anterograde tracers into the carrion crow NCL. Our results, mapped onto a published carrion crow brain atlas, confirm NCL multisensory connections and extend prior pigeon findings by identifying a novel input from the hippocampal formation. Furthermore, we analyze crow NCL efferent projections to the arcopallium and report newly identified arcopallial neurons projecting bilaterally to the NCL. These findings help to clarify the role of the NCL as central executive hub in the corvid songbird brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Kersten
- Animal Physiology Unit, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Felix W Moll
- Animal Physiology Unit, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Saskia Erdle
- Animal Physiology Unit, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Andreas Nieder
- Animal Physiology Unit, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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López-Murillo C, Hinestroza-Morales S, Henny P, Toledo J, Cardona-Gómez GP, Rivera-Gutiérrez H, Posada-Duque R. Differences in vocal brain areas and astrocytes between the house wren and the rufous-tailed hummingbird. Front Neuroanat 2024; 18:1339308. [PMID: 38601797 PMCID: PMC11004282 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2024.1339308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The house wren shows complex song, and the rufous-tailed hummingbird has a simple song. The location of vocal brain areas supports the song's complexity; however, these still need to be studied. The astrocytic population in songbirds appears to be associated with change in vocal control nuclei; however, astrocytic distribution and morphology have not been described in these species. Consequently, we compared the distribution and volume of the vocal brain areas: HVC, RA, Area X, and LMAN, cell density, and the morphology of astrocytes in the house wren and the rufous-tailed hummingbird. Individuals of the two species were collected, and their brains were analyzed using serial Nissl- NeuN- and MAP2-stained tissue scanner imaging, followed by 3D reconstructions of the vocal areas; and GFAP and S100β astrocytes were analyzed in both species. We found that vocal areas were located close to the cerebral midline in the house wren and a more lateralized position in the rufous-tailed hummingbird. The LMAN occupied a larger volume in the rufous-tailed hummingbird, while the RA and HVC were larger in the house wren. While Area X showed higher cell density in the house wren than the rufous-tailed hummingbird, the LMAN showed a higher density in the rufous-tailed hummingbird. In the house wren, GFAP astrocytes in the same bregma where the vocal areas were located were observed at the laminar edge of the pallium (LEP) and in the vascular region, as well as in vocal motor relay regions in the pallidum and mesencephalon. In contrast, GFAP astrocytes were found in LEP, but not in the pallidum and mesencephalon in hummingbirds. Finally, when comparing GFAP astrocytes in the LEP region of both species, house wren astrocytes exhibited significantly more complex morphology than those of the rufous-tailed hummingbird. These findings suggest a difference in the location and cellular density of vocal circuits, as well as morphology of GFAP astrocytes between the house wren and the rufous-tailed hummingbird.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina López-Murillo
- Área de Neurofisiología Celular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Santiago Hinestroza-Morales
- Área de Neurofisiología Celular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Pablo Henny
- Laboratorio de Neuroanatomía, Departamento de Anatomía, and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, NeuroUC, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Toledo
- Scientific Equipment Network REDECA, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Sede de Investigaciones Universitarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Héctor Rivera-Gutiérrez
- Grupo de Investigación de Ecología y Evolución de Vertebrados, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Rafael Posada-Duque
- Área de Neurofisiología Celular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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14
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Abstract
In recent years, the impact of prenatal sound on development, notably for programming individual phenotypes for postnatal conditions, has increasingly been revealed. However, the mechanisms through which sound affects physiology and development remain mostly unexplored. Here, I gather evidence from neurobiology, developmental biology, cellular biology and bioacoustics to identify the most plausible modes of action of sound on developing embryos. First, revealing often-unsuspected plasticity, I discuss how prenatal sound may shape auditory system development and determine individuals' later capacity to receive acoustic information. I also consider the impact of hormones, including thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids and androgen, on auditory plasticity. Second, I review what is known about sound transduction to other - non-auditory - brain regions, and its potential to input on classical developmental programming pathways. Namely, the auditory pathway has direct anatomical and functional connectivity to the hippocampus, amygdala and/or hypothalamus, in mammals, birds and anurans. Sound can thus trigger both immediate and delayed responses in these limbic regions, which are specific to the acoustic stimulus and its biological relevance. Third, beyond the brain, I briefly consider the possibility for sound to directly affect cellular functioning, based on evidence in earless organisms (e.g. plants) and cell cultures. Together, the multi-disciplinary evidence gathered here shows that the brain is wired to allow multiple physiological and developmental effects of sound. Overall, there are many unexplored, but possible, pathways for sound to impact even primitive or immature organisms. Throughout, I identify the most promising research avenues for unravelling the processes of acoustic developmental programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylene M Mariette
- Doñana Biological Station EBD-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
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15
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Behroozi M, Lorenzi E, Tabrik S, Tegenthoff M, Gozzi A, Güntürkün O, Vallortigara G. Functional MRI of imprinting memory: a new avenue for neurobiology of early learning. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3970041. [PMID: 38496470 PMCID: PMC10942570 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3970041/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Filial imprinting, a crucial ethological paradigm, provides insights into the neurobiology of early learning and its long-term impact on behaviour. To date, only invasive techniques, such as autoradiography or lesion, have been employed to understand this behaviour. The primary limitation of these methods lies in their constrained access to the entire brain, impeding the exploration of brain networks crucial at various stages of this paradigm. Recently, advances in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the avian brain have opened new windows to explore bird's brain function at the network level. Here, we developed a ground-breaking non-invasive functional MRI technique for awake, newly hatched chicks that record whole-brain BOLD signal changes throughout imprinting experiments. While the initial phases of memory acquisition imprinting behaviour have been unravelled, the long-term storage and retrieval components of imprinting memories are still unknown. Our findings identified potential long-term storage of imprinting memories across a neural network, including the hippocampal formation, the medial striatum, the arcopallium, and the prefrontal-like nidopallium caudolaterale. This platform opens up new avenues for exploring the broader landscape of learning and memory processes in neonatal vertebrates, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between behaviour and brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Behroozi
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Biopsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Elena Lorenzi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Piazza Manifattura 1, 38068 Rovereto (TN), Italy
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Sepideh Tabrik
- Department of Neurology, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Tegenthoff
- Department of Neurology, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alessandro Gozzi
- Functional neuroimaging laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Onur Güntürkün
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Biopsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Giorgio Vallortigara
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Piazza Manifattura 1, 38068 Rovereto (TN), Italy
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16
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Wagener L, Nieder A. Conscious Experience of Stimulus Presence and Absence Is Actively Encoded by Neurons in the Crow Brain. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:508-521. [PMID: 38165732 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of consciousness from brain activity constitutes one of the great riddles in biology. It is commonly assumed that only the conscious perception of the presence of a stimulus elicits neuronal activation to signify a "neural correlate of consciousness," whereas the subjective experience of the absence of a stimulus is associated with a neuronal resting state. Here, we demonstrate that the two subjective states "stimulus present" and "stimulus absent" are represented by two specialized neuron populations in crows, corvid birds. We recorded single-neuron activity from the nidopallium caudolaterale of crows trained to report the presence or absence of images presented near the visual threshold. Because of the task design, neuronal activity tracking the conscious "present" versus "absent" percept was dissociated from that involved in planning a motor response. Distinct neuron populations signaled the subjective percepts of "present" and "absent" by increases in activation. The response selectivity of these two neuron populations was similar in strength and time course. This suggests a balanced code for subjective "presence" versus "absence" experiences, which might be beneficial when both conscious states need to be maintained active in the service of goal-directed behavior.
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17
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Fang K, Guo X, Tang Y, Wang W, Wang Z, Dai Z. High-Frequency Local Field Potential Oscillations for Pigeons in Effective Turning. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:509. [PMID: 38338152 PMCID: PMC10854807 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Flexible turning behavior endows Homing Pigeons (Columba livia domestica) with high adaptability and intelligence in long-distance flight, foraging, hazard avoidance, and social interactions. The present study recorded the activity pattern of their local field potential (LFP) oscillations and explored the relationship between different bands of oscillations and turning behaviors in the formatio reticularis medialis mesencephali (FRM). The results showed that the C (13-60 Hz) and D (61-130 Hz) bands derived from FRM nuclei oscillated significantly in active turning, while the D and E (131-200 Hz) bands oscillated significantly in passive turning. Additionally, compared with lower-frequency stimulation (40 Hz and 60 Hz), 80 Hz stimulation can effectively activate the turning function of FRM nuclei. Electrical stimulation elicited stronger oscillations of neural activity, which strengthened the pigeons' turning locomotion willingness, showing an enhanced neural activation effect. These findings suggest that different band oscillations play different roles in the turning behavior; in particular, higher-frequency oscillations (D and E bands) enhance the turning behavior. These findings will help us decode the complex relationship between bird brains and behaviors and are expected to facilitate the development of neuromodulation techniques for animal robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Fang
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210001, China; (K.F.); (X.G.); (Y.T.); (W.W.)
| | - Xiaofei Guo
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210001, China; (K.F.); (X.G.); (Y.T.); (W.W.)
| | - Yezhong Tang
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210001, China; (K.F.); (X.G.); (Y.T.); (W.W.)
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210001, China; (K.F.); (X.G.); (Y.T.); (W.W.)
| | - Zhouyi Wang
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210001, China; (K.F.); (X.G.); (Y.T.); (W.W.)
| | - Zhendong Dai
- Institute of Bio-Inspired Structure and Surface Engineering, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210001, China; (K.F.); (X.G.); (Y.T.); (W.W.)
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18
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Wood JN, Wood SMW. The Development of Object Recognition Requires Experience with the Surface Features of Objects. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:284. [PMID: 38254453 PMCID: PMC10812816 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
What role does visual experience play in the development of object recognition? Prior controlled-rearing studies suggest that newborn animals require slow and smooth visual experiences to develop object recognition. Here, we examined whether the development of object recognition also requires experience with the surface features of objects. We raised newborn chicks in automated controlled-rearing chambers that contained a single virtual object, then tested their ability to recognize that object from familiar and novel viewpoints. When chicks were reared with an object that had surface features, the chicks developed view-invariant object recognition. In contrast, when chicks were reared with a line drawing of an object, the chicks failed to develop object recognition. The chicks reared with line drawings performed at chance level, despite acquiring over 100 h of visual experience with the object. These results indicate that the development of object recognition requires experience with the surface features of objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Newell Wood
- Departments of Informatics, Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, Center for Integrated Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA
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19
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Comin M, Atallah E, Chincarini M, Mazzola SM, Canali E, Minero M, Cozzi B, Rossi E, Vignola G, Dalla Costa E. Events with Different Emotional Valence Affect the Eye's Lacrimal Caruncle Temperature Changes in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:50. [PMID: 38200782 PMCID: PMC10778003 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Infrared thermography (IRT) has been recently applied to measure lacrimal caruncle temperature non-invasively since this region is related to the sympathetic response, and it seems a promising technique that is able to infer negative emotions in sheep (e.g., fear). However, the scientific literature so far is limited in understanding whether a caruncle's temperature changes also in response to positive emotional states in sheep. Through classical conditioning, we aimed to assess how a positive or a negative event affects the physiological (lacrimal caruncle temperature measured with IRT and cortisol levels) and behavioral responses of sheep (ear position). Fourteen ewes from the same flock were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: positive (n = 7) and negative (n = 7). Each group was then trained through classical conditioning to associate a neutral auditory (ring bell) stimulus to an oncoming event: for the positive group, the presence of a food reward (maize grains), while for the negative one, the opening of an umbrella. After three weeks of training, before (at rest) and after (post-treatment), lacrimal caruncle temperature was non-invasively measured via IRT, and saliva samples were gently collected to measure cortisol levels. During treatment, sheep behavior was videorecorded and then analyzed using a focal animal sampling technique. At rest, the eye's lacrimal caruncle temperature was similar in both groups, while post-treatment, a significant increase was shown only in the negative group (t-test; p = 0.017). In the anticipation phase, sheep in the positive group kept their ears forward longer compared to those in the negative one (Mann-Whitney; p < 0.014), 8.3 ± 2.1 s and 5.2 ± 4.2 s, respectively. The behavioral response observed reflects a learnt association between a neutral stimulus and events with different emotional valence. Cortisol concentration slightly increased in both groups post-treatment. Our results confirm that IRT is a non-invasive technique that can be useful when applied to assess how positive and negative events may affect the physiological response in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Comin
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.C.); (E.A.); (S.M.M.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Elie Atallah
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.C.); (E.A.); (S.M.M.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Matteo Chincarini
- Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.C.); (G.V.)
| | - Silvia Michela Mazzola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.C.); (E.A.); (S.M.M.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Elisabetta Canali
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.C.); (E.A.); (S.M.M.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Michela Minero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.C.); (E.A.); (S.M.M.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Bruno Cozzi
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Emanuela Rossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Vignola
- Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.C.); (G.V.)
| | - Emanuela Dalla Costa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.C.); (E.A.); (S.M.M.); (E.C.); (M.M.)
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20
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Nieder A. Convergent Circuit Computation for Categorization in the Brains of Primates and Songbirds. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041526. [PMID: 38040453 PMCID: PMC10691494 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Categorization is crucial for behavioral flexibility because it enables animals to group stimuli into meaningful classes that can easily be generalized to new circumstances. A most abstract quantitative category is set size, the number of elements in a set. This review explores how categorical number representations are realized by the operations of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in associative telencephalic microcircuits in primates and songbirds. Despite the independent evolution of the primate prefrontal cortex and the avian nidopallium caudolaterale, the neuronal computations of these associative pallial circuits show surprising correspondence. Comparing cellular functions in distantly related taxa can inform about the evolutionary principles of circuit computations for cognition in distinctly but convergently realized brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nieder
- Animal Physiology Unit, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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21
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Kirschhock ME, Nieder A. Association neurons in the crow telencephalon link visual signs to numerical values. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2313923120. [PMID: 37903264 PMCID: PMC10636302 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313923120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many animals can associate signs with numerical values and use these signs in a goal-directed way during task performance. However, the neuronal basis of this semantic association has only rarely been investigated, and so far only in primates. How mechanisms of number associations are implemented in the distinctly evolved brains of other animal taxa such as birds is currently unknown. Here, we explored this semantic number-sign mapping by recording single-neuron activity in the crows' nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL), a brain structure critically involved in avian numerical cognition. Crows were trained to associate visual shapes with varying numbers of items in a number production task. The responses of many NCL neurons during stimulus presentation reflected the numerical values associated with visual shapes in a behaviorally relevant way. Consistent with the crow's better behavioral performance with signs, neuronal representations of numerical values extracted from shapes were more selective compared to those from dot arrays. The existence of number association neurons in crows points to a phylogenetic preadaptation of the brains of cognitively advanced vertebrates to link visual shapes with numerical meaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian E. Kirschhock
- Animal Physiology Unit, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
| | - Andreas Nieder
- Animal Physiology Unit, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
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22
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Zacks O, Jablonka E. The evolutionary origins of the Global Neuronal Workspace in vertebrates. Neurosci Conscious 2023; 2023:niad020. [PMID: 37711313 PMCID: PMC10499063 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The Global Neuronal Workspace theory of consciousness offers an explicit functional architecture that relates consciousness to cognitive abilities such as perception, attention, memory, and evaluation. We show that the functional architecture of the Global Neuronal Workspace, which is based mainly on human studies, corresponds to the cognitive-affective architecture proposed by the Unlimited Associative Learning theory that describes minimal consciousness. However, we suggest that when applied to basal vertebrates, both models require important modifications to accommodate what has been learned about the evolution of the vertebrate brain. Most importantly, comparative studies suggest that in basal vertebrates, the Global Neuronal Workspace is instantiated by the event memory system found in the hippocampal homolog. This proposal has testable predictions and implications for understanding hippocampal and cortical functions, the evolutionary relations between memory and consciousness, and the evolution of unified perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oryan Zacks
- The Cohn Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Ideas, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6934525, Israel
| | - Eva Jablonka
- The Cohn Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Ideas, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6934525, Israel
- CPNSS, London School of Economics, Houghton St., London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom
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23
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Flaim M, Blaisdell AP. The effect of age on delay performance and associative learning tasks in pigeons. Learn Behav 2023; 51:281-294. [PMID: 36624334 PMCID: PMC10506936 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-022-00565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pigeons are commonly utilized in psychological research, and their cognitive abilities have been thoroughly investigated. Yet very little is known about how these abilities change with age. In contrast, age-related changes in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents are well documented. Mammalian research consistently shows that older subjects show deficits in a variety of learning and memory processes, particularly those that rely on the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. This research expands the avian aging literature by administering a memory task, the delayed match to sample procedure, and an associative learning task, a conditional or symbolic match to sample procedure, to nine young and 11 old pigeons. Previous research has indicated that these tasks rely on the avian equivalent to the mammalian prefrontal cortex, and we predicted that performance on both tasks would decline with age. In contrast to our predictions, only the associative learning task was sensitive to age-related decline. Performance on the memory task was maintained in older subjects. These results highlight further potential differences in avian versus mammalian aging, particularly when it comes to the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Flaim
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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24
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Chakraborty A, Mondal S, Mahajan S, Sharma VK. High-quality genome assemblies provide clues on the evolutionary advantage of blue peafowl over green peafowl. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18571. [PMID: 37576271 PMCID: PMC10412995 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An intriguing example of differential adaptability is the case of two Asian peafowl species, Pavo cristatus (blue peafowl) and Pavo muticus (green peafowl), where the former has a "Least Concern" conservation status and the latter is an "Endangered" species. To understand the genetic basis of this differential adaptability of the two peafowl species, a comparative analysis of these species is much needed to gain the genomic and evolutionary insights. Thus, we constructed a high-quality genome assembly of blue peafowl with an N50 value of 84.81 Mb (pseudochromosome-level assembly), and a high-confidence coding gene set to perform the genomic and evolutionary analyses of blue and green peafowls with 49 other avian species. The analyses revealed adaptive evolution of genes related to neuronal development, immunity, and skeletal muscle development in these peafowl species. Major genes related to axon guidance such as NEO1 and UNC5, semaphorin (SEMA), and ephrin receptor showed adaptive evolution in peafowl species. However, blue peafowl showed the presence of 42% more coding genes compared to the green peafowl along with a higher number of species-specific gene clusters, segmental duplicated genes and expanded gene families, and comparatively higher evolution in neuronal and developmental pathways. Blue peafowl also showed longer branch length compared to green peafowl in the species phylogenetic tree. These genomic insights obtained from the high-quality genome assembly of P. cristatus constructed in this study provide new clues on the superior adaptability of the blue peafowl over green peafowl despite having a recent species divergence time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhisek Chakraborty
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Samuel Mondal
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shruti Mahajan
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vineet K. Sharma
- MetaBioSys Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
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25
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Fujita T, Aoki N, Mori C, Homma KJ, Yamaguchi S. Molecular biology of serotonergic systems in avian brains. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1226645. [PMID: 37538316 PMCID: PMC10394247 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1226645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a phylogenetically conserved neurotransmitter and modulator. Neurons utilizing serotonin have been identified in the central nervous systems of all vertebrates. In the central serotonergic system of vertebrate species examined so far, serotonergic neurons have been confirmed to exist in clusters in the brainstem. Although many serotonin-regulated cognitive, behavioral, and emotional functions have been elucidated in mammals, equivalents remain poorly understood in non-mammalian vertebrates. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge of the anatomical organization and molecular features of the avian central serotonergic system. In addition, selected key functions of serotonin are briefly reviewed. Gene association studies between serotonergic system related genes and behaviors in birds have elucidated that the serotonergic system is involved in the regulation of behavior in birds similar to that observed in mammals. The widespread distribution of serotonergic modulation in the central nervous system and the evolutionary conservation of the serotonergic system provide a strong foundation for understanding and comparing the evolutionary continuity of neural circuits controlling corresponding brain functions within vertebrates. The main focus of this review is the chicken brain, with this type of poultry used as a model bird. The chicken is widely used not only as a model for answering questions in developmental biology and as a model for agriculturally useful breeding, but also in research relating to cognitive, behavioral, and emotional processes. In addition to a wealth of prior research on the projection relationships of avian brain regions, detailed subdivision similarities between avian and mammalian brains have recently been identified. Therefore, identifying the neural circuits modulated by the serotonergic system in avian brains may provide an interesting opportunity for detailed comparative studies of the function of serotonergic systems in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Aoki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Mori
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi J. Homma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamaguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Nevue AA, Mello CV, Portfors CV. Bats possess the anatomical substrate for a laryngeal motor cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.26.546619. [PMID: 37425685 PMCID: PMC10327025 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.26.546619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Cortical neurons that make direct connections to motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord are specialized for fine motor control and learning [1, 2]. Imitative vocal learning, the basis for human speech, requires the precise control of the larynx muscles [3]. While much knowledge on vocal learning systems has been gained from studying songbirds [4], an accessible laboratory model for mammalian vocal learning is highly desirable. Evidence indicative of complex vocal repertoires and dialects suggests that bats are vocal learners [5, 6], however the circuitry that underlies vocal control and learning in bats is largely unknown. A key feature of vocal learning animals is a direct cortical projection to the brainstem motor neurons that innervate the vocal organ [7]. A recent study [8] described a direct connection from the primary motor cortex to medullary nucleus ambiguus in the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Here we show that a distantly related bat, Seba's short-tailed bat (Carollia perspicillata) also possesses a direct projection from the primary motor cortex to nucleus ambiguus. Our results, in combination with Wirthlin et al. [8], suggest that multiple bat lineages possess the anatomical substrate for cortical control of vocal output. We propose that bats would be an informative mammalian model for vocal learning studies to better understand the genetics and circuitry involved in human vocal communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Nevue
- College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, 98686
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
| | - Claudio V Mello
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
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Wagener L, Nieder A. Categorical representation of abstract spatial magnitudes in the executive telencephalon of crows. Curr Biol 2023; 33:2151-2162.e5. [PMID: 37137309 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to group abstract continuous magnitudes into meaningful categories is cognitively demanding but key to intelligent behavior. To explore its neuronal mechanisms, we trained carrion crows to categorize lines of variable lengths into arbitrary "short" and "long" categories. Single-neuron activity in the nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL) of behaving crows reflected the learned length categories of visual stimuli. The length categories could be reliably decoded from neuronal population activity to predict the crows' conceptual decisions. NCL activity changed with learning when a crow was retrained with the same stimuli assigned to more categories with new boundaries ("short", "medium," and "long"). Categorical neuronal representations emerged dynamically so that sensory length information at the beginning of the trial was transformed into behaviorally relevant categorical representations shortly before the crows' decision making. Our data show malleable categorization capabilities for abstract spatial magnitudes mediated by the flexible networks of the crow NCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysann Wagener
- Animal Physiology Unit, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Nieder
- Animal Physiology Unit, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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28
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Wang H, Kwan AC. Competitive and cooperative games for probing the neural basis of social decision-making in animals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 149:105158. [PMID: 37019249 PMCID: PMC10175234 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
In a social environment, it is essential for animals to consider the behavior of others when making decisions. To quantitatively assess such social decisions, games offer unique advantages. Games may have competitive and cooperative components, modeling situations with antagonistic and shared objectives between players. Games can be analyzed by mathematical frameworks, including game theory and reinforcement learning, such that an animal's choice behavior can be compared against the optimal strategy. However, so far games have been underappreciated in neuroscience research, particularly for rodent studies. In this review, we survey the varieties of competitive and cooperative games that have been tested, contrasting strategies employed by non-human primates and birds with rodents. We provide examples of how games can be used to uncover neural mechanisms and explore species-specific behavioral differences. We assess critically the limitations of current paradigms and propose improvements. Together, the synthesis of current literature highlights the advantages of using games to probe the neural basis of social decisions for neuroscience studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Wang
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alex C Kwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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29
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Reiner A. Could theropod dinosaurs have evolved to a human level of intelligence? J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:975-1006. [PMID: 37029483 PMCID: PMC10106414 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Noting that some theropod dinosaurs had large brains, large grasping hands, and likely binocular vision, paleontologist Dale Russell suggested that a branch of these dinosaurs might have evolved to a human intelligence level, had dinosaurs not become extinct. I offer reasons why the likely pallial organization in dinosaurs would have made this improbable, based on four assumptions. First, it is assumed that achieving human intelligence requires evolving an equivalent of the about 200 functionally specialized cortical areas characteristic of humans. Second, it is assumed that dinosaurs had an avian nuclear type of pallial organization, in contrast to the mammalian cortical organization. Third, it is assumed that the interactions between the different neuron types making up an information processing unit within pallium are critical to its role in analyzing information. Finally, it is assumed that increasing axonal length between the neuron sets carrying out this operation impairs its efficacy. Based on these assumptions, I present two main reasons why dinosaur pallium might have been unable to add the equivalent of 200 efficiently functioning cortical areas. First, a nuclear pattern of pallial organization would require increasing distances between the neuron groups corresponding to the separate layers of any given mammalian cortical area, as more sets of nuclei equivalent to a cortical area are interposed between the existing sets, increasing axon length and thereby impairing processing efficiency. Second, because of its nuclear organization, dinosaur pallium could not reduce axon length by folding to bring adjacent areas closer together, as occurs in cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Reiner
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Hahn LA, Rose J. Executive Control of Sequence Behavior in Pigeons Involves Two Distinct Brain Regions. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0296-22.2023. [PMID: 36849259 PMCID: PMC9997693 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0296-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Executive functions arise from multiple regions of the brain acting in concert. To facilitate such cross-regional computations, the brain is organized into distinct executive networks, like the frontoparietal network. Despite similar cognitive abilities across many domains, little is known about such executive networks in birds. Recent advances in avian fMRI have shown a possible subset of regions, including the nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL) and the lateral part of medial intermediate nidopallium (NIML), that may contribute to complex cognition, forming an action control system of pigeons. We investigated the neuronal activity of NCL and NIML. Single-cell recordings were obtained during the execution of a complex sequential motor task that required executive control to stop executing one behavior and continue with a different one. We compared the neuronal activity of NIML to NCL and found that both regions fully processed the ongoing sequential execution of the task. Differences arose from how behavioral outcome was processed. Our results indicate that NCL takes on a role in evaluating outcome, while NIML is more tightly associated with ongoing sequential steps. Importantly, both regions seem to contribute to overall behavioral output as parts of a possible avian executive network, crucial for behavioral flexibility and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Alexander Hahn
- Neural Basis of Learning, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jonas Rose
- Neural Basis of Learning, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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31
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Lauters P, Vercauteren M, Godefroit P. Endocasts of ornithopod dinosaurs: Comparative anatomy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2023; 275:1-23. [PMID: 36841565 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ornithopod dinosaurs were a successful group before they became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous. They were present on every continent, though they were rare in the Southern Hemisphere. We present the results of our work on the brain of these dinosaurs as an attempt to determine which evolutionary trends affected it. Old and new technologies allow us to peer into the skull of long extinct animals and retrieve information about their brain. First we provide a short description of the brain of ornithopod dinosaurs from Europe and Asia, then we sum up the characteristics that can be gathered from it. The presence of valleculae helps us to assess the actual size of the brain with more confidence. The olfactory peduncles are large and these animals had a good sense of smell. There is a trend toward an increase in the size of the cerebral hemispheres, and a more straight-lined brain. The latter can be the result of the ontogeny and the size achieved by the adult animal on the development of the brain. Other characteristics, like the development of the cerebral hemispheres and the encephalization quotient, allude to Hadrosauridae having had cognitive abilities more developed than previously assumed. This is in adequacy with other data from the physical characteristics (e.g., crests) and the social life (e.g., living in herds, communal nests) of these dinosaurs, which denote high and complex behaviors like care for their young, sexual courtship, and gregariousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascaline Lauters
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantina Theofanopoulou
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Language, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Erich D Jarvis
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Language, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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Rössler T, Auersperg AM. Recent developments in parrot cognition: a quadrennial update. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:199-228. [PMID: 36547738 PMCID: PMC9877086 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-022-01733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Psittacines, along with corvids, are commonly referred to as 'feathered apes' due to their advanced cognitive abilities. Until rather recently, the research effort on parrot cognition was lagging behind that on corvids, however current developments show that the number of parrot studies is steadily increasing. In 2018, M. L. Lambert et al. provided a comprehensive review on the status of the most important work done so far in parrot and corvid cognition. Nevertheless, only a little more than 4 years after this publication, more than 50 new parrot studies have been published, some of them chartering completely new territory. On the 25th anniversary of Animal Cognition we think this warrants a detailed review of parrot cognition research over the last 4 years. We aim to capture recent developments and current trends in this rapidly expanding and diversifying field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Rössler
- Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice M. Auersperg
- Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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34
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Zhang Y, Zhou L, Zuo J, Wang S, Meng W. Analogies of human speech and bird song: From vocal learning behavior to its neural basis. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1100969. [PMID: 36910811 PMCID: PMC9992734 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1100969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vocal learning is a complex acquired social behavior that has been found only in very few animals. The process of animal vocal learning requires the participation of sensorimotor function. By accepting external auditory input and cooperating with repeated vocal imitation practice, a stable pattern of vocal information output is eventually formed. In parallel evolutionary branches, humans and songbirds share striking similarities in vocal learning behavior. For example, their vocal learning processes involve auditory feedback, complex syntactic structures, and sensitive periods. At the same time, they have evolved the hierarchical structure of special forebrain regions related to vocal motor control and vocal learning, which are organized and closely associated to the auditory cortex. By comparing the location, function, genome, and transcriptome of vocal learning-related brain regions, it was confirmed that songbird singing and human language-related neural control pathways have certain analogy. These common characteristics make songbirds an ideal animal model for studying the neural mechanisms of vocal learning behavior. The neural process of human language learning may be explained through similar neural mechanisms, and it can provide important insights for the treatment of language disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lifang Zhou
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiachun Zuo
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Songhua Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Meng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
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35
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The endocast of the insular and extinct Sylviornis neocaledoniae (Aves, Galliformes), reveals insights into its sensory specializations and its twilight ecology. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21185. [PMID: 36477415 PMCID: PMC9729198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14829-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sylviornis neocaledoniae (Galliformes, Sylviornithidae), a recently extinct bird of New-Caledonia (Galliformes, Sylviornithidae) is the largest galliform that ever lived and one of the most enigmatic birds in the world. Herein, for the first time, we analyze its neuroanatomy that sheds light on its lifestyle, its brain shape and patterns being correlated to neurological functions. Using morphometric methods, we quantified the endocranial morphology of S. neocaledoniae and compared it with extinct and extant birds in order to obtain ecological and behavioral information about fossil birds. Sylviornis neocaledoniae exhibited reduced optic lobes, a condition also observed in nocturnal taxa endemic to predator-depauperate islands, such as Elephant birds. Functional interpretations suggest that S. neocaledoniae possessed a well-developed somatosensorial system and a good sense of smell in addition to its specialized visual ability for low light conditions, presumably for locating its food. We interpret these results as evidence for a crepuscular lifestyle in S. neocaledoniae.
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36
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Orije JEMJ, Van der Linden A. A brain for all seasons: An in vivo MRI perspective on songbirds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:967-984. [PMID: 35989548 PMCID: PMC9804379 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Seasonality in songbirds includes not only reproduction but also seasonal changes in singing behavior and its neural substrate, the song control system (SCS). Prior research mainly focused on the role of sex steroids on this seasonal SCS neuroplasticity in males. In this review, we summarize the advances made in the field of seasonal neuroplasticity by applying in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in male and female starlings, analyzing the entire brain, monitoring birds longitudinally and determining the neuronal correlates of seasonal variations in plasma hormone levels and song behavior. The first MRI studies in songbirds used manganese enhanced MRI to visualize the SCS in a living bird and validated previously described brain volume changes related to different seasons and testosterone. MRI studies with testosterone implantation established how the consequential boost in singing was correlated to structural changes in the SCS, indicating activity-induced neuroplasticity as song proficiency increased. Next, diffusion tensor MRI explored seasonal neuroplasticity in the entire brain, focusing on networks beyond the SCS, revealing that other sensory systems and even the cerebellum, which is important for the integration of sensory perception and song behavior, experience neuroplasticity starting in the photosensitive period. Functional MRI showed that olfactory, and auditory processing was modulated by the seasons. The convergence of seasonal variations in so many sensory and sensorimotor systems resembles multisensory neuroplasticity during the critical period early in life. This sheds new light on seasonal songbirds as a model for unlocking the brain by recreating seasonally the permissive circumstances for heightened neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmien Ellen Maria Jozef Orije
- Department of Biomedical SciencesBio‐Imaging Lab, University of AntwerpAntwerpenBelgium,NEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of AntwerpAntwerpenBelgium
| | - Annemie Van der Linden
- Department of Biomedical SciencesBio‐Imaging Lab, University of AntwerpAntwerpenBelgium,NEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of AntwerpAntwerpenBelgium
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37
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Torres Ortiz S, Smeele SQ, Champenois J, von Bayern AMP. Memory for own actions in parrots. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20561. [PMID: 36446997 PMCID: PMC9709151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to recall one's past actions is a crucial prerequisite for mental self-representation and episodic memory. We studied whether blue-throated macaws, a social macaw species, can remember their previous actions. The parrots were trained to repeat four previously learned actions upon command. Test sessions included repeat trials, double repeat trials and trials without repeat intermixed to test if the parrots repeated correctly, only when requested and not relying on a representation of the last behavioral command. Following their success, the parrots also received sessions with increasing time delays preceding the repeat command and successfully mastered 12-15 s delays. The parrots successfully transferred the repeat command spontaneously at first trial to three newly trained behaviors they had never repeated before, and also succeeded in a second trial intermixed with already trained actions (untrained repeat tests). This corroborates that successful repeating is not just an artifact of intense training but that blue-throated macaws can transfer the abstract "repeat rule" to untrained action. It also implies that an important aspect of self-representation has evolved in this avian group and might be adaptive, which is consistent with the complex socio-ecological environment of parrots and previous demonstrations of their complex cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Torres Ortiz
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, in Foundation, Seewiesen Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse, 82319 Starnberg, Germany ,Max-Planck Comparative Cognition Research Station, Loro Parque Fundación, Av. Loro Parque, 38400 Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife Spain
| | - Simeon Q. Smeele
- grid.507516.00000 0004 7661 536XMax Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell Am Bodensee, Germany ,grid.419518.00000 0001 2159 1813Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany ,grid.9811.10000 0001 0658 7699Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Juliette Champenois
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, in Foundation, Seewiesen Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse, 82319 Starnberg, Germany ,Max-Planck Comparative Cognition Research Station, Loro Parque Fundación, Av. Loro Parque, 38400 Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife Spain
| | - Auguste M. P. von Bayern
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, in Foundation, Seewiesen Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse, 82319 Starnberg, Germany ,Max-Planck Comparative Cognition Research Station, Loro Parque Fundación, Av. Loro Parque, 38400 Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife Spain
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38
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Liao DA, Brecht KF, Johnston M, Nieder A. Recursive sequence generation in crows. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq3356. [PMID: 36322648 PMCID: PMC9629703 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq3356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Recursion, the process of embedding structures within similar structures, is often considered a foundation of symbolic competence and a uniquely human capability. To understand its evolution, we can study the recursive aptitudes of nonhuman animals. We adopted the behavioral protocol of a recent study demonstrating that humans and nonhuman primates grasp recursion. We presented sequences of bracket pair stimuli (e.g., [ ] and { }) to crows who were instructed to peck at training lists. They were then tested on their ability to transfer center-embedded structure to never-before-seen pairings of brackets. We reveal that crows have recursive capacities; they perform on par with children and even outperform macaques. The crows continued to produce recursive sequences after extending to longer and thus deeper embeddings. These results demonstrate that recursive capabilities are not limited to the primate genealogy and may have occurred separately from or before human symbolic competence in different animal taxa.
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Giret N, Rolland M, Del Negro C. Multisensory processes in birds: from single neurons to the influence of social interactions and sensory loss. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 143:104942. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Progresses of animal robots: A historical review and perspectiveness. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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41
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Rose J. The avian brain. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R1076-R1079. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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42
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Ben-Tov M, Gutfreund Y. Spatial cognition in birds. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R1085-R1089. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Forebrain nuclei linked to woodpecker territorial drum displays mirror those that enable vocal learning in songbirds. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001751. [PMID: 36125990 PMCID: PMC9488818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vocal learning is thought to have evolved in 3 orders of birds (songbirds, parrots, and hummingbirds), with each showing similar brain regions that have comparable gene expression specializations relative to the surrounding forebrain motor circuitry. Here, we searched for signatures of these same gene expression specializations in previously uncharacterized brains of 7 assumed vocal non-learning bird lineages across the early branches of the avian family tree. Our findings using a conserved marker for the song system found little evidence of specializations in these taxa, except for woodpeckers. Instead, woodpeckers possessed forebrain regions that were anatomically similar to the pallial song nuclei of vocal learning birds. Field studies of free-living downy woodpeckers revealed that these brain nuclei showed increased expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) when males produce their iconic drum displays, the elaborate bill-hammering behavior that individuals use to compete for territories, much like birdsong. However, these specialized areas did not show increased IEG expression with vocalization or flight. We further confirmed that other woodpecker species contain these brain nuclei, suggesting that these brain regions are a common feature of the woodpecker brain. We therefore hypothesize that ancient forebrain nuclei for refined motor control may have given rise to not only the song control systems of vocal learning birds, but also the drumming system of woodpeckers. Vocal learning is thought to have evolved in three orders of birds (songbirds, parrots, and hummingbirds). This study shows that woodpeckers have evolved a set of brain nuclei to mediate their drum displays, and these regions closely mirror those that underlie song learning in songbirds.
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Morphology, biochemistry and connectivity of Cluster N and the hippocampal formation in a migratory bird. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:2731-2749. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe exceptional navigational capabilities of migrating birds are based on the perception and integration of a variety of natural orientation cues. The “Wulst” in the forebrain of night-migratory songbirds contains a brain area named “Cluster N”, which is involved in processing directional navigational information derived from the Earth´s magnetic field. Cluster N is medially joined by the hippocampal formation, known to retrieve and utilise navigational information. To investigate the connectivity and neurochemical characteristics of Cluster N and the hippocampal formation of migratory birds, we performed morphological and histochemical analyses based on the expression of calbindin, calretinin, parvalbumin, glutamate receptor type 1 and early growth response protein-1 in the night-migratory Garden warbler (Sylvia borin) and mapped their mutual connections using neuronal tract tracing. The resulting expression patterns revealed regionally restricted neurochemical features, which mapped well onto the hippocampal and hyperpallial substructures known from other avian species. Magnetic field-induced neuronal activation covered caudal parts of the hyperpallium and the medially adjacent hippocampal dorsomedial/dorsolateral subdivisions. Neuronal tract tracings revealed connections between Cluster N and the hippocampal formation with the vast majority originating from the densocellular hyperpallium, either directly or indirectly via the area corticoidea dorsolateralis. Our data indicate that the densocellular hyperpallium could represent a central relay for the transmission of magnetic compass information to the hippocampal formation where it might be integrated with other navigational cues in night-migratory songbirds.
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Neuroprotective and Regenerative Effects of Growth Hormone (GH) in the Embryonic Chicken Cerebral Pallium Exposed to Hypoxic-Ischemic (HI) Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169054. [PMID: 36012320 PMCID: PMC9409292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal hypoxic−ischemic (HI) injury inflicts severe damage on the developing brain provoked by a pathophysiological response that leads to neural structural lesions, synaptic loss, and neuronal death, which may result in a high risk of permanent neurological deficits or even newborn decease. It is known that growth hormone (GH) can act as a neurotrophic factor inducing neuroprotection, neurite growth, and synaptogenesis after HI injury. In this study we used the chicken embryo to develop both in vitro and in vivo models of prenatal HI injury in the cerebral pallium, which is the equivalent of brain cortex in mammals, to examine whether GH exerts neuroprotective and regenerative effects in this tissue and the putative mechanisms involved in these actions. For the in vitro experiments, pallial cell cultures obtained from chick embryos were incubated under HI conditions (<5% O2, 1 g/L glucose) for 24 h and treated with 10 nM GH, and then collected for analysis. For the in vivo experiments, chicken embryos (ED14) were injected in ovo with GH (2.25 µg), exposed to hypoxia (12% O2) for 6 h, and later the pallial tissue was obtained to perform the studies. Results show that GH exerted a clear anti-apoptotic effect and promoted cell survival and proliferation in HI-injured pallial neurons, in both in vitro and in vivo models. Neuroprotective actions of GH were associated with the activation of ERK1/2 and Bcl-2 signaling pathways. Remarkably, GH protected mature neurons that were particularly harmed by HI injury, but was also capable of stimulating neural precursors. In addition, GH stimulated restorative processes such as the number and length of neurite outgrowth and branching in HI-injured pallial neurons, and these effects were blocked by a specific GH antibody, thus indicating a direct action of GH. Furthermore, it was found that the local expression of several synaptogenic markers (NRXN1, NRXN3, GAP-43, and NLG1) and neurotrophic factors (GH, BDNF, NT-3, IGF-1, and BMP4) were increased after GH treatment during HI damage. Together, these results provide novel evidence supporting that GH exerts protective and restorative effects in brain pallium during prenatal HI injury, and these actions could be the result of a joint effect between GH and endogenous neurotrophic factors. Also, they encourage further research on the potential role of GH as a therapeutic complement in HI encephalopathy treatments.
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Sato K, Momose-Sato Y. Functional development of olfactory nerve-related neural circuits in the embryonic chick forebrain revealed by voltage-sensitive dye imaging. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:4914-4929. [PMID: 35920370 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Multiple-site optical recordings with NK2761, a voltage-sensitive absorption dye, were applied to the embryonic chick olfactory system, and the functional development of olfactory nerve (N.I)-related neural circuits was examined in the forebrain. The stimulation of the N. I elicited neural responses in N.I-olfactory bulb (OB)-forebrain preparations at the embryonic 8-12 day (E8-E12) stages. At the E11 stage, we functionally identified two circuits projecting from the OB to the forebrain. The first circuit passed through the ventral side of the forebrain and spread in the dorso-caudal direction, while the second circuit passed through the dorsal side to the first circuit. Pharmacological experiments showed that NMDA receptor function was more significant for the transfer of sensory information in these circuits. The functional development of N.I-related circuits was investigated, and the results obtained revealed that the ventral circuit was generated earlier than the dorsal circuit. Neural responses in the ventral circuit were detected from the E9 stage in normal physiological solution and the E8 stage in Mg2+ -free solution, which activated NMDA receptor function. At the E10 stage, neural responses in the dorsal circuit were clearly recognized in addition to ventral responses. We attempted to identify possible candidates for relay nuclei in the forebrain by comparing contour line maps of the optical signal amplitude with previously reported neuroanatomical data. The present results suggest that N.I-related neural circuits from the periphery to the subpallium functionally mature earlier than those to the pallium during ontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsushige Sato
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Komazawa Women's University Faculty of Human Health, Inagi-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Momose-Sato
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Nutrition, Kanto Gakuin University, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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Dehaene S, Al Roumi F, Lakretz Y, Planton S, Sablé-Meyer M. Symbols and mental programs: a hypothesis about human singularity. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:751-766. [PMID: 35933289 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Natural language is often seen as the single factor that explains the cognitive singularity of the human species. Instead, we propose that humans possess multiple internal languages of thought, akin to computer languages, which encode and compress structures in various domains (mathematics, music, shape…). These languages rely on cortical circuits distinct from classical language areas. Each is characterized by: (i) the discretization of a domain using a small set of symbols, and (ii) their recursive composition into mental programs that encode nested repetitions with variations. In various tasks of elementary shape or sequence perception, minimum description length in the proposed languages captures human behavior and brain activity, whereas non-human primate data are captured by simpler nonsymbolic models. Our research argues in favor of discrete symbolic models of human thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislas Dehaene
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France; Collège de France, Université Paris-Sciences-Lettres (PSL), 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Fosca Al Roumi
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Yair Lakretz
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Samuel Planton
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Mathias Sablé-Meyer
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
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Ivlieva NY. The Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Development and Organization of Vocal Behavior in Songbirds. Russ J Dev Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s106236042204004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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A meta-analysis on the evolution of the Lombard effect reveals that amplitude adjustments are a widespread vertebrate mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117809119. [PMID: 35858414 PMCID: PMC9335264 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117809119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal communication is central to many animal societies, and effective signal transmission is crucial for individuals to survive and reproduce successfully. One environmental factor that exerts selection pressure on acoustic signals is ambient noise. To maintain signal efficiency, species can adjust signals through phenotypic plasticity or microevolutionary response to natural selection. One of these signal adjustments is the increase in signal amplitude, called the Lombard effect, which has been frequently found in birds and mammals. However, the evolutionary origin of the Lombard effect is largely unresolved. Using a phylogenetically controlled meta-analysis, we show that the Lombard effect is also present in fish and amphibians, and contradictory results in the literature can be explained by differences in signal-to-noise ratios among studies. Our analysis also demonstrates that subcortical processes are sufficient to elicit the Lombard effect and that amplitude adjustments do not require vocal learning. We conclude that the Lombard effect is a widespread mechanism based on phenotypic plasticity in vertebrates for coping with changes in ambient noise levels.
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Perspective: Chicken Models for Studying the Ontogenetic Origin of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051155. [PMID: 35625892 PMCID: PMC9138209 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrients and xenobiotics cross the blood–placenta barrier, potentially depositing in the fetal brain. The prenatal exposure affects the neuroendocrine and microbial development. The mechanism underlying maternal risk factors reprograming the microbiota–gut–brain axis with long-term effects on psychosocial behaviors in offspring is not clear. In humans, it is not possible to assess the nutrient or xenobiotic deposition in the fetal brain and gastrointestinal system for ethical reasons. Moreover, the maternal–fetal microbe transfer during gestation, natural labor, and breast-feeding constitutes the initial gut microbiome in the progeny, which is inevitable in the most widely utilized rodent models. The social predisposition in precocial birds, including chickens, provides the possibility to test behavioral responses shortly after being hatched. Hence, chickens are advantageous in investigating the ontogenetic origin of behaviors. Chicken embryos are suitable for deposition assessment and mechanistic study due to the accessibility, self-contained development, uniform genetic background, robust microbiota, and easy in vivo experimental manipulation compared to humans and rodents. Therefore, chicken embryos can be used as an alternative to the rodent models in assessing the fetal exposure effect on neurogenesis and investigating the mechanism underlying the ontogenetic origin of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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