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Raveh A, Pen Y, Silberman A, Peretz A, Attali B, Maile L, Davidson S, Brown AD, Kennedy JD, Belinson H. Dual Kv7.2/3-TRPV1 modulators inhibit nociceptor hyperexcitability and alleviate pain without target-related side effects. Pain 2024:00006396-990000000-00714. [PMID: 39324934 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Persistent or chronic pain is the primary reason people seek medical care, yet current therapies are either limited in efficacy or cause intolerable side effects. Diverse mechanisms contribute to the basic phenomena of nociceptor hyperexcitability that initiates and maintains pain. Two prominent players in the modulation of nociceptor hyperexcitability are the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) ligand-gated ion channel and the voltage-gated potassium channel, Kv7.2/3, that reciprocally regulate neuronal excitability. Across many drug development programs targeting either TRPV1 or Kv7.2/3, significant evidence has been accumulated to support these as highly relevant targets; however, side effects that are poorly separated from efficacy have limited the successful clinical translation of numerous Kv7.2/3 and TRPV1 drug development programs. We report here the pharmacological profile of 3 structurally related small molecule analogues that demonstrate a novel mechanism of action (MOA) of dual modulation of Kv7.2/3 and TRPV1. Specifically, these compounds simultaneously activate Kv7.2/3 and enable unexpected specific and potent inhibition of TRPV1. This in vitro potency translated to significant analgesia in vivo in several animal models of acute and chronic pain. Importantly, this specific MOA is not associated with any previously described Kv7.2/3 or TRPV1 class-specific side effects. We suggest that the therapeutic potential of this MOA is derived from the selective and specific targeting of a subpopulation of nociceptors found in rodents and humans. This efficacy and safety profile supports the advancement of dual TRPV1-Kv7.2/3 modulating compounds into preclinical and clinical development for the treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Raveh
- Bsense Bio Therapeutics Ltd., Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Yefim Pen
- Bsense Bio Therapeutics Ltd., Ness Ziona, Israel
| | | | - Asher Peretz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Bernard Attali
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Laura Maile
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neuroscience Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Steve Davidson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neuroscience Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Alan D Brown
- AD Brown Medchem Consulting Ltd., Deal, Kent, UK
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Aguirre-Rodríguez CA, Delgado A, Alatorre A, Oviedo-Chávez A, Martínez-Escudero JR, Barrientos R, Querejeta E. Local activation of CB1 receptors by synthetic and endogenous cannabinoids dampens burst firing mode of reticular thalamic nucleus neurons in rats under ketamine anesthesia. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:2137-2157. [PMID: 38980339 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06889-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The reticular thalamic nucleus (RTN) is a thin shell that covers the dorsal thalamus and controls the overall information flow from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex through GABAergic projections that contact thalamo-cortical neurons (TC). RTN neurons receive glutamatergic afferents fibers from neurons of the sixth layer of the cerebral cortex and from TC collaterals. The firing mode of RTN neurons facilitates the generation of sleep-wake cycles; a tonic mode or desynchronized mode occurs during wake and REM sleep and a burst-firing mode or synchronized mode is associated with deep sleep. Despite the presence of cannabinoid receptors CB1 (CB1Rs) and mRNA that encodes these receptors in RTN neurons, there are few works that have analyzed the participation of endocannabinoid-mediated transmission on the electrical activity of RTN. Here, we locally blocked or activated CB1Rs in ketamine anesthetized rats to analyze the spontaneous extracellular spiking activity of RTN neurons. Our results show the presence of a tonic endocannabinoid input, since local infusion of AM 251, an antagonist/inverse agonist, modifies RTN neurons electrical activity; furthermore, local activation of CB1Rs by anandamide or WIN 55212-2 produces heterogeneous effects in the basal spontaneous spiking activity, where the main effect is an increase in the spiking rate accompanied by a decrease in bursting activity in a dose-dependent manner; this effect is inhibited by AM 251. In addition, previous activation of GABA-A receptors suppresses the effects of CB1Rs on reticular neurons. Our results show that local activation of CB1Rs primarily diminishes the burst firing mode of RTn neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Aguirre-Rodríguez
- Sección de Investigación y Posgrado de la Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, 11340, México
| | - Alfonso Delgado
- Departamento de Fisiología Experimental, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario Campus II, 31127, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | - Alberto Alatorre
- Academia de Fisiología, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, 11340, México
- Sección de Investigación y Posgrado de la Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, 11340, México
| | - Aldo Oviedo-Chávez
- Academia de Fisiología, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, 11340, México
- Sección de Investigación y Posgrado de la Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, 11340, México
| | - José R Martínez-Escudero
- Sección de Investigación y Posgrado de la Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, 11340, México
| | - Rafael Barrientos
- Academia de Fisiología, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, 11340, México
- Sección de Investigación y Posgrado de la Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, 11340, México
| | - Enrique Querejeta
- Academia de Fisiología, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, 11340, México.
- Sección de Investigación y Posgrado de la Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, 11340, México.
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3
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Meshkat S, Kwan ATH, Le GH, Wong S, Rhee TG, Ho R, Teopiz KM, Cao B, McIntyre RS. The role of KCNQ channel activators in management of major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2024; 359:364-372. [PMID: 38772507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Depression, a complex disorder with significant treatment challenges, necessitates innovative therapeutic approaches to address its multifaceted nature and enhance treatment outcomes. The modulation of KCNQ potassium (K+) channels, pivotal regulators of neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release, is a promising innovative therapeutic target in psychiatry. Widely expressed across various tissues, including the nervous and cardiovascular systems, KCNQ channels play a crucial role in modulating membrane potential and regulating neuronal activity. Recent preclinical evidence suggests that KCNQ channels, particularly KCNQ3, contribute to the regulation of neuronal excitability within the reward circuitry, offering a potential target for alleviating depressive symptoms, notably anhedonia. Studies using animal models demonstrate that interventions targeting KCNQ channels can restore dopaminergic firing balance and mitigate depressive symptoms. Human studies investigating the effects of KCNQ channel activators, such as ezogabine, have shown promising results in alleviating depressive symptoms and anhedonia. The aforementioned observations underscore the therapeutic potential of KCNQ channel modulation in depression management and highlight the need and justification for phase 2 and phase 3 dose-finding studies as well as studies prespecifying symptomatic targets in depression including anhedonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakila Meshkat
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Angela T H Kwan
- Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Gia Han Le
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Sabrina Wong
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Taeho Greg Rhee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Roger Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Kayla M Teopiz
- Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Bing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Nissenkorn A, Bar L, Ben-Bassat A, Rothstein L, Abdelrahim H, Sokol R, Gabis LV, Attali B. Donepezil as a new therapeutic potential in KCNQ2- and KCNQ3-related autism. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1380442. [PMID: 39175503 PMCID: PMC11338814 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1380442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The KCNQ2/KCNQ3 genes encode the voltage-gated K channel underlying the neuronal M-current, regulating neuronal excitability. Loss-of-function (LoF) variants cause neonatal epilepsy, treatable with the M-current-opener retigabine, which is no longer marketed due to side effects. Gain-of-function (GoF) variants cause developmental encephalopathy and autism that could be amenable to M-current, but such therapies are not clinically available. In this translational project, we investigated whether donepezil, a cholinergic drug used in Alzheimer's, suppresses M currents in vitro and improves cognitive symptoms in patients with GoF variants. Methods (1) The effect of 1 μM donepezil on the amplitude of the M-current was measured in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of mouse primary cultured hippocampal cells. M-current was measured using the standard deactivation protocol (holding at 0 mV and deactivation at -60 mV) in the voltage-clamp configuration of the whole-cell patch clamp technique. The impact of donepezil was also examined on the spontaneous firing activity of hippocampal neurons in the current-clamp configuration. (2) Four children with autism, aged 2.5-8 years, with the following GoF variants were enrolled: KCNQ2 (p. Arg144Gln) and KCNQ 3 (p.Arg227Gln, p.Arg230Cys). Patients were treated off-label with donepezil 2.5-5 mg/d for 12 months and assessed with: clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-c), Childhood Autism Rating Scale 2 (CARS-2), Adaptive Behavior Assessment System-II (ABAS-II), and Child Development Inventory (CDI). Results (1) Application of donepezil for at least 6 min produced a significant inhibition of the M-current with an IC50 of 0.4 μM. At 1 μM, donepezil reduced by 67% the M-current density of excitatory neurons (2.4 ± 0.46 vs. 0.89 ± 0.15 pA/pF, p < 0.05*). In inhibitory neurons, application of 1 μM donepezil produced a lesser inhibition of 59% of the M-current density (1.39 ± 0.43 vs. 0.57 ± 0.21, p > 0.05). Donepezil (1 μM) potently increased by 2.6-fold the spontaneous firing frequency, which was prevented by the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine (10 μM). (2) The CARS-2 decreased by 3.8 ± 4.9 points (p > 0.05), but in two patients with KCNQ3 variants, the improvement was over the 4.5 clinically relevant threshold. The global clinical change was also clinically significant in these patients (CGI-c = 1). The CDI increased by 65% (p < 0.05*), while the ABAS-II remained unchanged. Discussion Donepezil should be repurposed as a novel alternative treatment for GoF variants in KCNQ2/KCNQ3 encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Nissenkorn
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
- Magen National Center for Rare Disorders, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
- Department of Pediatric, School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lior Bar
- Department of Electrophysiology, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ariel Ben-Bassat
- Department of Electrophysiology, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lynn Rothstein
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
- Magen National Center for Rare Disorders, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Hoda Abdelrahim
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
- Magen National Center for Rare Disorders, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Riki Sokol
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Lidia V. Gabis
- Magen National Center for Rare Disorders, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
- Department of Pediatric, School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Bernard Attali
- Department of Electrophysiology, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Luque MA, Morcuende S, Torres B, Herrero L. Kv7/M channel dysfunction produces hyperexcitability in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells of Fmr1 knockout mice. J Physiol 2024; 602:3769-3791. [PMID: 38976504 DOI: 10.1113/jp285244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most frequent monogenic form of intellectual disability, is caused by transcriptional silencing of the FMR1 gene that could render neuronal hyperexcitability. Here we show that pyramidal cells (PCs) in the dorsal CA1 region of the hippocampus elicited a larger action potential (AP) number in response to suprathreshold stimulation in juvenile Fmr1 knockout (KO) than wild-type (WT) mice. Because Kv7/M channels modulate CA1 PC excitability in rats, we investigated if their dysfunction produces neuronal hyperexcitability in Fmr1 KO mice. Immunohistochemical and western blot analyses showed no differences in the expression of Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 channel subunits between genotypes; however, the current mediated by Kv7/M channels was reduced in Fmr1 KO mice. In both genotypes, bath application of XE991 (10 μM), a blocker of Kv7/M channels: produced an increased AP number, produced an increased input resistance, produced a decreased AP voltage threshold and shaped AP medium afterhyperpolarization by increasing mean velocities. Retigabine (10 μM), an opener of Kv7/M channels, produced opposite effects to XE991. Both XE991 and retigabine abolished differences in all these parameters found in control conditions between genotypes. Furthermore, a low concentration of retigabine (2.5 μM) normalized CA1 PC excitability of Fmr1 KO mice. Finally, ex vivo seizure-like events evoked by 4-aminopyiridine (200 μM) in the dorsal CA1 region were more frequent in Fmr1 KO mice, and were abolished by retigabine (5-10 μM). We conclude that CA1 PCs of Fmr1 KO mice exhibit hyperexcitability, caused by Kv7/M channel dysfunction, and increased epileptiform activity, which were abolished by retigabine. KEY POINTS: Dorsal pyramidal cells of the hippocampal CA1 region of Fmr1 knockout mice exhibit hyperexcitability. Kv7/M channel activity, but not expression, is reduced in pyramidal cells of the hippocampal CA1 region of Fmr1 knockout mice. Kv7/M channel dysfunction causes hyperexcitability in pyramidal cells of the hippocampal CA1 region of Fmr1 knockout mice by increasing input resistance, decreasing AP voltage threshold and shaping medium afterhyperpolarization. A Kv7/M channel opener normalizes neuronal excitability in pyramidal cells of the hippocampal CA1 region of Fmr1 knockout mice. Ex vivo seizure-like events evoked in the dorsal CA1 region were more frequent in Fmr1 KO mice, and such an epileptiform activity was abolished by a Kv7/M channel opener depending on drug concentration. Kv7/M channels may represent a therapeutic target for treating symptoms associated with hippocampal alterations in fragile X syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Angeles Luque
- Departamento Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sara Morcuende
- Departamento Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Blas Torres
- Departamento Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis Herrero
- Departamento Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Zhuang GZ, Goins WF, Kandel MB, Marzulli M, Zhang M, Glorioso JC, Kang Y, Levitt AE, Sarantopoulos KD, Levitt RC. Disease-modifying rdHSV-CA8* non-opioid analgesic gene therapy treats chronic osteoarthritis pain by activating Kv7 voltage-gated potassium channels. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1416148. [PMID: 39086927 PMCID: PMC11289847 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1416148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is common in our population, and most of these patients are inadequately treated, making the development of safer analgesics a high priority. Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a primary cause of chronic pain and disability worldwide, and lower extremity OA is a major contributor to loss of quality-adjusted life-years. In this study we tested the hypothesis that a novel JDNI8 replication-defective herpes simplex-1 viral vector (rdHSV) incorporating a modified carbonic anhydrase-8 transgene (CA8*) produces analgesia and treats monoiodoacetate-induced (MIA) chronic knee pain due to OA. We observed transduction of lumbar DRG sensory neurons with these viral constructs (vHCA8*) (~40% of advillin-positive cells and ~ 50% of TrkA-positive cells colocalized with V5-positive cells) using the intra-articular (IA) knee joint (KJ) route of administration. vHCA8* inhibited chronic mechanical OA knee pain induced by MIA was dose- and time-dependent. Mechanical thresholds returned to Baseline by D17 after IA KJ vHCA8* treatment, and exceeded Baseline (analgesia) through D65, whereas negative controls failed to reach Baseline responses. Weight-bearing and automated voluntary wheel running were improved by vHCA8*, but not negative controls. Kv7 voltage-gated potassium channel-specific inhibitor XE-991 reversed vHCA8*-induced analgesia. Using IHC, IA KJ of vHCA8* activated DRG Kv7 channels via dephosphorylation, but negative controls failed to impact Kv7 channels. XE-991 stimulated Kv7.2-7.5 and Kv7.3 phosphorylation using western blotting of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, which was inhibited by vHCA8* but not by negative controls. The observed prolonged dose-dependent therapeutic effects of IA KJ administration of vHCA8* on MIA-induced chronic KJ pain due to OA is consistent with the specific activation of Kv7 channels in small DRG sensory neurons. Together, these data demonstrate for the first-time local IA KJ administration of vHCA8* produces opioid-independent analgesia in this MIA-induced OA chronic pain model, supporting further therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Z. Zhuang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - William F. Goins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Munal B. Kandel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Marco Marzulli
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mingdi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Joseph C. Glorioso
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yuan Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Alexandra E. Levitt
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Konstantinos D. Sarantopoulos
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Roy C. Levitt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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7
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Ahmed AI, Al-Nuaimi S, Mustafa A, Zeidan A, Agouni A, Djouhri L. K v7 Channel Activators Flupirtine and ML213 Alleviate Neuropathic Pain Behavior in the Streptozotocin Rat Model of Diabetic Neuropathy. J Pain Res 2024; 17:2267-2278. [PMID: 38947132 PMCID: PMC11214752 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s467535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background & Objective Chronic peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP) is a debilitating condition that is associated with many types of injury/diseases, including diabetes mellitus. Patients with longstanding diabetes develop diabetic PNP (DPNP), which is resilient to currently available drugs. The underlying molecular mechanisms of DPNP are still illusive, but Kv7 channels that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various types of chronic pain are likely to be involved. Indeed, using the streptozotocin (STZ) rat model of DPNP, we have previously shown that Kv7 activation with their non-selective activator retigabine attenuated neuropathic pain behavior suggesting that these channels are implicated in DPNP pathogenesis. Here, we evaluated, in the same STZ model, whether the more potent and more selective Kv7 channel openers flupirtine and ML213 attenuate STZ-induced pain hypersensitivity. Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats (250-300 g) were used. The STZ model involved a single injection of STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.). Behavioral testing for mechanical and heat pain sensitivity was performed using a dynamic plantar aesthesiometer and Hargreaves analgesiometer, respectively. Results STZ rats exhibited behavioral signs of mechanical and heat hypersensitivity as indicated by significant decreases in the mean paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and mean paw withdrawal latency (PWL), respectively, at 35 days post-STZ treatment. Single injections of flupirtine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and ML213 (5 mg/kg, i.p.) to STZ rats (35-days after STZ treatment) caused significant increases in the mean PWT, but not PWL, indicating attenuation of mechanical, but not heat hypersensitivity. Both flupirtine and ML213 were as effective as the positive control gabapentin (10/kg, i.p.), and their anti-allodynic effects were prevented by the Kv7 channel-specific blocker XE991 (3 mg/kg, i.p.). Conclusion The findings suggest that Kv7 channels are involved in the mechanisms of mechanical but not heat hypersensitivity associated with DPNP, and that their activation may prove to be effective in alleviating DPNP symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Ibrahim Ahmed
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Salma Al-Nuaimi
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayman Mustafa
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asad Zeidan
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdelali Agouni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Laiche Djouhri
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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8
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Aceto G, Nardella L, Nanni S, Pecci V, Bertozzi A, Nutarelli S, Viscomi MT, Colussi C, D'Ascenzo M, Grassi C. Glycine-induced activation of GPR158 increases the intrinsic excitability of medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:268. [PMID: 38884814 PMCID: PMC11335193 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05260-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
It has been recently established that GPR158, a class C orphan G protein-coupled receptor, serves as a metabotropic glycine receptor. GPR158 is highly expressed in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a major input structure of the basal ganglia that integrates information from cortical and subcortical structures to mediate goal-directed behaviors. However, whether glycine modulates neuronal activity in the NAc through GPR158 activation has not been investigated yet. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, we found that glycine-dependent activation of GPR158 increased the firing rate of NAc medium spiny neurons (MSNs) while it failed to significantly affect the excitability of cholinergic interneurons (CIN). In MSNs GPR158 activation reduced the latency to fire, increased the action potential half-width, and reduced action potential afterhyperpolarization, effects that are all consistent with negative modulation of potassium M-currents, that in the central nervous system are mainly carried out by Kv7/KCNQ-channels. Indeed, we found that the GPR158-induced increase in MSN excitability was associated with decreased M-current amplitude, and selective pharmacological inhibition of the M-current mimicked and occluded the effects of GPR158 activation. In addition, when the protein kinase A (PKA) or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling was pharmacologically blocked, modulation of MSN excitability by GPR158 activation was suppressed. Moreover, GPR158 activation increased the phosphorylation of ERK and Kv7.2 serine residues. Collectively, our findings suggest that GPR158/PKA/ERK signaling controls MSN excitability via Kv7.2 modulation. Glycine-dependent activation of GPR158 may significantly affect MSN firing in vivo, thus potentially mediating specific aspects of goal-induced behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Aceto
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, 00168, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Luca Nardella
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Simona Nanni
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, 00168, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Valeria Pecci
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Alessia Bertozzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
- Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica "Antonio Ruberti", National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Sofia Nutarelli
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Claudia Colussi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, 00168, Italy
- Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica "Antonio Ruberti", National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello D'Ascenzo
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, 00168, Italy.
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy.
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, 00168, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, 00168, Italy
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9
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Pastor J, Attali B. Opposite effects of acute and chronic IGF1 on rat dorsal root ganglion neuron excitability. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1391858. [PMID: 38919332 PMCID: PMC11196413 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1391858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a polypeptide hormone with a ubiquitous distribution in numerous tissues and with various functions in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. IGF-1 provides trophic support for many neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous systems. In the central nervous system (CNS), IGF-1R signaling regulates brain development, increases neuronal firing and modulates synaptic transmission. IGF-1 and IGF-IR are not only expressed in CNS neurons but also in sensory dorsal root ganglion (DRG) nociceptive neurons that convey pain signals. DRG nociceptive neurons express a variety of receptors and ion channels that are essential players of neuronal excitability, notably the ligand-gated cation channel TRPV1 and the voltage-gated M-type K+ channel, which, respectively, triggers and dampens sensory neuron excitability. Although many lines of evidence suggest that IGF-IR signaling contributes to pain sensitivity, its possible modulation of TRPV1 and M-type K+ channel remains largely unexplored. In this study, we examined the impact of IGF-1R signaling on DRG neuron excitability and its modulation of TRPV1 and M-type K+ channel activities in cultured rat DRG neurons. Acute application of IGF-1 to DRG neurons triggered hyper-excitability by inducing spontaneous firing or by increasing the frequency of spikes evoked by depolarizing current injection. These effects were prevented by the IGF-1R antagonist NVP-AEW541 and by the PI3Kinase blocker wortmannin. Surprisingly, acute exposure to IGF-1 profoundly inhibited both the TRPV1 current and the spike burst evoked by capsaicin. The Src kinase inhibitor PP2 potently depressed the capsaicin-evoked spike burst but did not alter the IGF-1 inhibition of the hyperexcitability triggered by capsaicin. Chronic IGF-1 treatment (24 h) reduced the spike firing evoked by depolarizing current injection and upregulated the M-current density. In contrast, chronic IGF-1 markedly increased the spike burst evoked by capsaicin. In all, our data suggest that IGF-1 exerts complex effects on DRG neuron excitability as revealed by its dual and opposite actions upon acute and chronic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernard Attali
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and Sagol School of Neurosciences-Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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10
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Graziano B, Wang L, White OR, Kaplan DH, Fernandez-Abascal J, Bianchi L. Glial KCNQ K + channels control neuronal output by regulating GABA release from glia in C. elegans. Neuron 2024; 112:1832-1847.e7. [PMID: 38460523 PMCID: PMC11156561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
KCNQs are voltage-gated K+ channels that control neuronal excitability and are mutated in epilepsy and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). KCNQs have been extensively studied in neurons, but their function in glia is unknown. Using voltage, calcium, and GABA imaging, optogenetics, and behavioral assays, we show here for the first time in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) that glial KCNQ channels control neuronal excitability by mediating GABA release from glia via regulation of the function of L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Further, we show that human KCNQ channels have the same role when expressed in nematode glia, underscoring conservation of function across species. Finally, we show that pathogenic loss-of-function and gain-of-function human KCNQ2 mutations alter glia-to-neuron GABA signaling in distinct ways and that the KCNQ channel opener retigabine exerts rescuing effects. This work identifies glial KCNQ channels as key regulators of neuronal excitability via control of GABA release from glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Graziano
- Department Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Olivia R White
- Department Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Daryn H Kaplan
- Department Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jesus Fernandez-Abascal
- Department Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Laura Bianchi
- Department Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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11
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Krüger J, Lerche H. Retigabine and gabapentin restore channel function and neuronal firing in a cellular model of an epilepsy-associated dominant-negative KCNQ5 variant. Neuropharmacology 2024; 250:109892. [PMID: 38428481 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
KCNQ5 encodes the voltage-gated potassium channel KV7.5, a member of the KV7 channel family, which conducts the M-current. This current is a potent regulator of neuronal excitability by regulating membrane potential in the subthreshold range of action potentials and mediating the medium and slow afterhyperpolarization. Recently, we have identified five loss-of-function variants in KCNQ5 in patients with genetic generalized epilepsy. Using the most severe dominant-negative variant (R359C), we set out to investigate pharmacological therapeutic intervention by KV7 channel openers on channel function and neuronal firing. Retigabine and gabapentin increased R359C-derived M-current amplitudes in HEK cells expressing homomeric or heteromeric mutant KV7.5 channels. Retigabine was most effective in restoring K+ currents. Ten μM retigabine was sufficient to reach the level of WT currents without retigabine, whereas 100 μM of gabapentin showed less than half of this effect and application of 50 μM ZnCl2 only significantly increased M-current amplitude in heteromeric channels. Overexpression of KV7.5-WT potently inhibited neuronal firing by increasing the M-current, whereas R359C overexpression had the opposite effect and additionally decreased the medium afterhyperpolarization current. Both aforementioned drugs and Zn2+ reversed the effect of R359C expression by reducing firing to nearly normal levels at high current injections. Our study shows that a dominant-negative variant with a complete loss-of-function in KV7.5 leads to largely increased neuronal firing which may explain a neuronal hyperexcitability in patients. KV7 channel openers, such as retigabine or gabapentin, could be treatment options for patients currently displaying pharmacoresistant epilepsy and carrying loss-of-function variants in KCNQ5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Krüger
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 27, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Holger Lerche
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 27, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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12
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Carretero VJ, Liccardi N, Tejedor MA, de Pascual R, Campano JH, Hernández-Guijo JM. Lead exerts a depression of neurotransmitter release through a blockade of voltage dependent calcium channels in chromaffin cells. Toxicology 2024; 505:153809. [PMID: 38648961 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The present work, using chromaffin cells of bovine adrenal medullae (BCCs), aims to describe what type of ionic current alterations induced by lead (Pb2+) underlies its effects reported on synaptic transmission. We observed that the acute application of Pb2+ lead to a drastic depression of neurotransmitters release in a concentration-dependent manner when the cells were stimulated with both K+ or acetylcholine, with an IC50 of 119,57 μM and of 5,19 μM, respectively. This effect was fully recovered after washout. Pb2+ also blocked calcium channels of BCCs in a time- and concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 6,87 μM. This blockade was partially reversed upon washout. This compound inhibited the calcium current at all test potentials and shows a shift of the I-V curve to more negative values of about 8 mV. The sodium current was not blocked by acute application of high Pb2+ concentrations. Voltage-dependent potassium current was also shortly affected by high Pb2+. Nevertheless, the calcium- and voltage-dependent potassium current was drastically depressed in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 24,49 μM. This blockade was related to the prevention of Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent calcium channels coupled to Ca2+-activated K+-channels (BK) instead a direct linking to these channels. Under current-clamp conditions, BCCs exhibit a resting potential of -52.7 mV, firing spontaneous APs (1-2 spikes/s) generated by the opening of Na+ and Ca2+-channels, and terminated by the activation of K+ channels. In spite of the effect on ionic channels exerted by Pb2+, we found that Pb2+ didn't alter cellular excitability, no modification of the membrane potential, and no effect on action potential firing. Taken together, these results point to a neurotoxic action evoked by Pb2+ that is associated with changes in neurotransmitter release by blocking the ionic currents responsible for the calcium influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Jiménez Carretero
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Facultad de Medicina, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ninfa Liccardi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Facultad de Medicina, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Maria Arribas Tejedor
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Facultad de Medicina, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ricardo de Pascual
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Facultad de Medicina, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jorge Hernández Campano
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Facultad de Medicina, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jesús M Hernández-Guijo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Facultad de Medicina, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Madrid 28029, Spain; Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research, IRYCIS, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo, Km. 9,100, Madrid 28029, Spain.
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13
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Kandel MB, Zhuang GZ, Goins WF, Marzulli M, Zhang M, Glorioso JC, Kang Y, Levitt AE, Kwok WM, Levitt RC, Sarantopoulos KD. rdHSV-CA8 non-opioid analgesic gene therapy decreases somatosensory neuronal excitability by activating Kv7 voltage-gated potassium channels. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1398839. [PMID: 38783904 PMCID: PMC11112096 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1398839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is common and inadequately treated, making the development of safe and effective analgesics a high priority. Our previous data indicate that carbonic anhydrase-8 (CA8) expression in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) mediates analgesia via inhibition of neuronal ER inositol trisphosphate receptor-1 (ITPR1) via subsequent decrease in ER calcium release and reduction of cytoplasmic free calcium, essential to the regulation of neuronal excitability. This study tested the hypothesis that novel JDNI8 replication-defective herpes simplex-1 viral vectors (rdHSV) carrying a CA8 transgene (vHCA8) reduce primary afferent neuronal excitability. Whole-cell current clamp recordings in small DRG neurons showed that vHCA8 transduction caused prolongation of their afterhyperpolarization (AHP), an essential regulator of neuronal excitability. This AHP prolongation was completely reversed by the specific Kv7 channel inhibitor XE-991. Voltage clamp recordings indicate an effect via Kv7 channels in vHCA8-infected small DRG neurons. These data demonstrate for the first time that vHCA8 produces Kv7 channel activation, which decreases neuronal excitability in nociceptors. This suppression of excitability may translate in vivo as non-opioid dependent behavioral- or clinical analgesia, if proven behaviorally and clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munal B. Kandel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Gerald Z. Zhuang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - William F. Goins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Marco Marzulli
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mingdi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Joseph C. Glorioso
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yuan Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Alexandra E. Levitt
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Wai-Meng Kwok
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Roy C. Levitt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- John T. MacDonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Konstantinos D. Sarantopoulos
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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14
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Ni S, Harris B, Gong P. Distributed and dynamical communication: a mechanism for flexible cortico-cortical interactions and its functional roles in visual attention. Commun Biol 2024; 7:550. [PMID: 38719883 PMCID: PMC11078951 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Perceptual and cognitive processing relies on flexible communication among cortical areas; however, the underlying neural mechanism remains unclear. Here we report a mechanism based on the realistic spatiotemporal dynamics of propagating wave patterns in neural population activity. Using a biophysically plausible, multiarea spiking neural circuit model, we demonstrate that these wave patterns, characterized by their rich and complex dynamics, can account for a wide variety of empirically observed neural processes. The coordinated interactions of these wave patterns give rise to distributed and dynamic communication (DDC) that enables flexible and rapid routing of neural activity across cortical areas. We elucidate how DDC unifies the previously proposed oscillation synchronization-based and subspace-based views of interareal communication, offering experimentally testable predictions that we validate through the analysis of Allen Institute Neuropixels data. Furthermore, we demonstrate that DDC can be effectively modulated during attention tasks through the interplay of neuromodulators and cortical feedback loops. This modulation process explains many neural effects of attention, underscoring the fundamental functional role of DDC in cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shencong Ni
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brendan Harris
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Pulin Gong
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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15
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Sun H, Undem BJ. Selective KCNQ2/3 Potassium Channel Opener ICA-069673 Inhibits Excitability in Mouse Vagal Sensory Neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 389:118-127. [PMID: 38290975 PMCID: PMC10949160 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Heightened excitability of vagal sensory neurons in inflammatory visceral diseases contributes to unproductive and difficult-to-treat neuronally based symptoms such as visceral pain and dysfunction. Identification of targets and modulators capable of regulating the excitability of vagal sensory neurons may lead to novel therapeutic options. KCNQ1-KCNQ5 genes encode KV7.1-7.5 potassium channel α-subunits. Homotetrameric or heterotetrameric KV7.2-7.5 channels can generate the so-called M-current (IM) known to decrease the excitability of neurons including visceral sensory neurons. This study aimed to address the hypothesis that KV7.2/7.3 channels are key regulators of vagal sensory neuron excitability by evaluating the effects of KCNQ2/3-selective activator, ICA-069673, on IM in mouse nodose neurons and determining its effects on excitability and action potential firings using patch clamp technique. The results showed that ICA-069673 enhanced IM density, accelerated the activation, and delayed the deactivation of M-channels in a concentration-dependent manner. ICA-069673 negatively shifted the voltage-dependent activation of IM and increased the maximal conductance. Consistent with its effects on IM, ICA-069673 induced a marked hyperpolarization of resting potential and reduced the input resistance. The hyperpolarizing effect was more pronounced in partially depolarized neurons. Moreover, ICA-069673 caused a 3-fold increase in the minimal amount of depolarizing current needed to evoke an action potential, and significantly limited the action potential firings in response to sustained suprathreshold stimulations. ICA-069673 had no effect on membrane currents when Kcnq2 and Kcnq3 were deleted. These results indicate that opening KCNQ2/3-mediated M-channels is sufficient to suppress the excitability and enhance spike accommodation in vagal visceral sensory neurons. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study supports the hypothesis that selectively activating KCNQ2/3-mediated M-channels is sufficient to suppress the excitability and action potential firings in vagal sensory neurons. These results provide evidence in support of further investigations into the treatment of various visceral disorders that involve nociceptor hyperexcitability with selective KCNQ2/3 M-channel openers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bradley J Undem
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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16
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An Y, Hu J, Hao H, Zhao W, Zhang X, Shao J, Wang C, Li X, Liu C, He J, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Du X. The transmembrane channel-like 6 (TMC6) in primary sensory neurons involving thermal sensation via modulating M channels. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1330167. [PMID: 38440182 PMCID: PMC10909837 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1330167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The transmembrane channel-like (TMC) protein family contains eight members, TMC1-TMC8. Among these members, only TMC1 and TMC2 have been intensively studied. They are expressed in cochlear hair cells and are crucial for auditory sensations. TMC6 and TMC8 contribute to epidermodysplasia verruciformis, and predispose individuals to human papilloma virus. However, the impact of TMC on peripheral sensation pain has not been previously investigated. Methods: RNAscope was employed to detect the distribution of TMC6 mRNA in DRG neurons. Electrophysiological recordings were conducted to investigate the effects of TMC6 on neuronal characteristics and M channel activity. Zn2+ indicators were utilized to detect the zinc concentration in DRG tissues and dissociated neurons. A series of behavioural tests were performed to assess thermal and mechanical sensation in mice under both physiological and pathological conditions. Results and Discussion: We demonstrated that TMC6 is mainly expressed in small and medium dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and is involved in peripheral heat nociception. Deletion of TMC6 in DRG neurons hyperpolarizes the resting membrane potential and inhibits neuronal excitability. Additionally, the function of the M channel is enhanced in TMC6 deletion DRG neurons owing to the increased quantity of free zinc in neurons. Indeed, heat and mechanical hyperalgesia in chronic pain are alleviated in TMC6 knockout mice, particularly in the case of heat hyperalgesia. This suggests that TMC6 in the small and medium DRG neurons may be a potential target for chronic pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating An
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jingyi Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Han Hao
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Weixin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jicheng Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Caixue Wang
- The Forth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xinmeng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Chao Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal, Department of Animal Care, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jinsha He
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yiwen Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaona Du
- Department of Pharmacology, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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17
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Rohacs T. Phosphoinositide Regulation of TRP Channels: A Functional Overview in the Structural Era. Annu Rev Physiol 2024; 86:329-355. [PMID: 37871124 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-042022-013956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels have diverse activation mechanisms including physical stimuli, such as high or low temperatures, and a variety of intracellular signaling molecules. Regulation by phosphoinositides and their derivatives is their only known common regulatory feature. For most TRP channels, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] serves as a cofactor required for activity. Such dependence on PI(4,5)P2 has been demonstrated for members of the TRPM subfamily and for the epithelial TRPV5 and TRPV6 channels. Intracellular TRPML channels show specific activation by PI(3,5)P2. Structural studies uncovered the PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,5)P2 binding sites for these channels and shed light on the mechanism of channel opening. PI(4,5)P2 regulation of TRPV1-4 as well as some TRPC channels is more complex, involving both positive and negative effects. This review discusses the functional roles of phosphoinositides in TRP channel regulation and molecular insights gained from recent cryo-electron microscopy structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Rohacs
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey;
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18
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Deng PY, Kumar A, Cavalli V, Klyachko VA. Circuit-based intervention corrects excessive dentate gyrus output in the fragile X mouse model. eLife 2024; 12:RP92563. [PMID: 38345852 PMCID: PMC10942577 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal cellular and circuit excitability is believed to drive many core phenotypes in fragile X syndrome (FXS). The dentate gyrus is a brain area performing critical computations essential for learning and memory. However, little is known about dentate circuit defects and their mechanisms in FXS. Understanding dentate circuit dysfunction in FXS has been complicated by the presence of two types of excitatory neurons, the granule cells and mossy cells. Here we report that loss of FMRP markedly decreased excitability of dentate mossy cells, a change opposite to all other known excitability defects in excitatory neurons in FXS. This mossy cell hypo-excitability is caused by increased Kv7 function in Fmr1 knockout (KO) mice. By reducing the excitatory drive onto local hilar interneurons, hypo-excitability of mossy cells results in increased excitation/inhibition ratio in granule cells and thus paradoxically leads to excessive dentate output. Circuit-wide inhibition of Kv7 channels in Fmr1 KO mice increases inhibitory drive onto granule cells and normalizes the dentate output in response to physiologically relevant theta-gamma coupling stimulation. Our study suggests that circuit-based interventions may provide a promising strategy in this disorder to bypass irreconcilable excitability defects in different cell types and restore their pathophysiological consequences at the circuit level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Yue Deng
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Ajeet Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Vitaly A Klyachko
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
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19
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Iftimovici A, Charmet A, Desnous B, Ory A, Delorme R, Coutton C, Devillard F, Milh M, Maruani A. Familial KCNQ2 mutation: a psychiatric perspective. Psychiatr Genet 2024; 34:24-27. [PMID: 38108335 PMCID: PMC10766091 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
KCNQ2 mutations are a common cause of early-onset epileptic syndromes. They are associated with heterogeneous developmental profiles, from mild to severe cognitive and social impairments that need better characterization. We report a case of an inherited KCNQ2 mutation due to a deletion c.402delC in a heterozygous state, in the exon 3 of the KCNQ2 gene. A 5-year-old boy presented a cluster of sudden-onset generalized tonic-clonic seizures at three months of age, after an unremarkable postnatal period. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification identified a familial mutation after an investigation in the family revealed that this mutation was present on the father's side. The patient was diagnosed with autism and intellectual deficiency in a context of KCNQ2 -encephalopathy. We describe his clinical features in light of current literature. This report highlights the importance of appropriate genetic counseling and psychiatric assessment in planning the medical and social follow-up of a disorder with complex socio-behavioral features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Iftimovici
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, “Physiopathology of psychiatric disorders” team
- GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne
| | - Angeline Charmet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP, Paris
| | - Béatrice Desnous
- Aix Marseille University, Department of pediatric neurology, La Timone Children’s Hospital, Marseille
| | - Ana Ory
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP, Paris
| | - Richard Delorme
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP, Paris
| | - Charles Coutton
- Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, Service de Génétique, Génomique et Procréation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble-Alpes, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Françoise Devillard
- Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, Service de Génétique, Génomique et Procréation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble-Alpes, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Mathieu Milh
- Aix Marseille University, Department of pediatric neurology, La Timone Children’s Hospital, Marseille
| | - Anna Maruani
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP, Paris
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20
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Sinha AK, Lee C, Holt JC. KCNQ2/3 regulates efferent mediated slow excitation of vestibular afferents in mammals. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.30.573731. [PMID: 38260489 PMCID: PMC10802244 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.30.573731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Primary vestibular afferents transmit information from hair cells about head position and movement to the CNS, which is critical for maintaining balance, gaze stability and spatial navigation. The CNS, in turn, modulates hair cells and afferents via the efferent vestibular system (EVS) and its activation of several cholinergic signaling mechanisms. Electrical stimulation of EVS neurons gives rise to three kinetically- and mechanistically-distinct afferent responses including a slow excitation, a fast excitation, and a fast inhibition. EVS-mediated slow excitation is attributed to odd-numbered muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) on the afferent whose activation leads to the closure of a potassium conductance and increased afferent discharge. Likely effector candidates include low-threshold, voltage-gated potassium channels belonging to the KCNQ (Kv7.X) family, which are involved in neuronal excitability across the nervous system and are subject to mAChR modulation. Specifically, KCNQ2/3 heteromeric channels may be the molecular correlates for the M-current, a potassium current that is blocked following the activation of odd-numbered mAChRs. To this end, multiple members of the KCNQ channel family, including KCNQ2 and KCNQ3, are localized to several microdomains within vestibular afferent endings, where they influence afferent excitability and could be targeted by EVS neurons. Additionally, the relative expression of KCNQ subunits appears to vary across the sensory epithelia and among different afferent types. However, it is unclear which KCNQ channel subunits are targeted by mAChR activation and whether that also varies among different afferent classes. Here we show that EVS-mediated slow excitation is blocked and enhanced by the non-selective KCNQ channel blocker XE991 and opener retigabine, respectively. Using KCNQ subunit-selective drugs, we observed that a KCNQ2 blocker blocks the slow response in irregular afferents, while a KCNQ2/3 opener enhances slow responses in regular afferents. The KCNQ2 blockers did not appear to affect resting afferent discharge rates, while KCNQ2/3 or KCNQ2/4 openers decreased afferent excitability. Here, we show pharmacological evidence that KCNQ2/3 subunits are likely targeted by mAChR activation in mammalian vestibular afferents. Additionally, we show that KCNQ3 KO mice have altered resting discharge rate as well as EVS-mediated slow response. These data together suggest that KCNQ channels play a role in slow response and discharge rate of vestibular afferents, which can be modulated by EVS in mammals.
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21
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Lai H, Gao M, Yang H. The potassium channels: Neurobiology and pharmacology of tinnitus. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25281. [PMID: 38284861 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Tinnitus is a widespread public health issue that imposes a significant social burden. The occurrence and maintenance of tinnitus have been shown to be associated with abnormal neuronal activity in the auditory pathway. Based on this view, neurobiological and pharmacological developments in tinnitus focus on ion channels and synaptic neurotransmitter receptors in neurons in the auditory pathway. With major breakthroughs in the pathophysiology and research methodology of tinnitus in recent years, the role of the largest family of ion channels, potassium ion channels, in modulating the excitability of neurons involved in tinnitus has been increasingly demonstrated. More and more potassium channels involved in the neural mechanism of tinnitus have been discovered, and corresponding drugs have been developed. In this article, we review animal (mouse, rat, hamster, and guinea-pig), human, and genetic studies on the different potassium channels involved in tinnitus, analyze the limitations of current clinical research on potassium channels, and propose future prospects. The aim of this review is to promote the understanding of the role of potassium ion channels in tinnitus and to advance the development of drugs targeting potassium ion channels for tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohong Lai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minqian Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haidi Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Huang Y, Ma D, Yang Z, Zhao Y, Guo J. Voltage-gated potassium channels KCNQs: Structures, mechanisms, and modulations. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 689:149218. [PMID: 37976835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
KCNQ (Kv7) channels are voltage-gated, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate- (PIP2-) modulated potassium channels that play essential roles in regulating the activity of neurons and cardiac myocytes. Hundreds of mutations in KCNQ channels are closely related to various cardiac and neurological disorders, such as long QT syndrome, epilepsy, and deafness, which makes KCNQ channels important drug targets. During the past several years, the application of single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) technique in the structure determination of KCNQ channels has greatly advanced our understanding of their molecular mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the currently available structures of KCNQ channels, analyze their special voltage gating mechanism, and discuss their activation mechanisms by both the endogenous membrane lipid and the exogenous synthetic ligands. These structural studies of KCNQ channels will guide the development of drugs targeting KCNQ channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Demin Ma
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhenni Yang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yiwen Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Jiangtao Guo
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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23
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Deng PY, Kumar A, Cavalli V, Klyachko VA. Circuit-based intervention corrects excessive dentate gyrus output in the Fragile X mouse model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.27.559792. [PMID: 37808793 PMCID: PMC10557679 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.27.559792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal cellular and circuit excitability is believed to drive many core phenotypes in fragile X syndrome (FXS). The dentate gyrus is a brain area performing critical computations essential for learning and memory. However, little is known about dentate circuit defects and their mechanisms in FXS. Understanding dentate circuit dysfunction in FXS has been complicated by the presence of two types of excitatory neurons, the granule cells and mossy cells. Here we report that loss of FMRP markedly decreased excitability of dentate mossy cells, a change opposite to all other known excitability defects in excitatory neurons in FXS. This mossy cell hypo-excitability is caused by increased Kv7 function in Fmr1 KO mice. By reducing the excitatory drive onto local hilar interneurons, hypo-excitability of mossy cells results in increased excitation/inhibition ratio in granule cells and thus paradoxically leads to excessive dentate output. Circuit-wide inhibition of Kv7 channels in Fmr1 KO mice increases inhibitory drive onto granule cells and normalizes the dentate output in response to physiologically relevant theta-gamma coupling stimulation. Our study suggests that circuit-based interventions may provide a promising strategy in this disorder to bypass irreconcilable excitability defects in different cell types and restore their pathophysiological consequences at the circuit level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Yue Deng
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Ajeet Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Vitaly A. Klyachko
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
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24
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Zahra A, Liu R, Wang J, Wu J. Identifying the mechanism of action of the Kv7 channel opener, retigabine in the treatment of epilepsy. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:3819-3825. [PMID: 37442907 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-06955-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures caused by high levels of neuronal excitability in the brain. Voltage-sensitive K+ channels (Kv) of the Kv7 (KCNQ) family encoded by the KCNQ gene are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, i.e., KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 channels mediate M-currents to inhibit neuronal excitability and reduce transmitter release throughout the nervous system. Thus, as a positive allosteric modulator (or opener) of KCNQ channels, retigabine has been the only clinically approved anti-seizure medication that acts on the KCNQ channels. This review discusses the biochemical mechanisms about how retigabine acts on Kv7 channels, significance in neuronal pathophysiology, preclinical efficacy, and clinical stage of development. Additional efforts are being made to emphasize the possible benefits and drawbacks of retigabine compared to currently available medications for treatment-resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqeela Zahra
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Loushi Rd, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Department of Zoology, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, 51310, Pakistan
| | - Ru Liu
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Loushi Rd, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Loushi Rd, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Beijing, 100070, China.
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Arias ER, Sánchez-Tafolla BM, Terrón C, Martínez LA, Zetina ME, Morales MA, Cifuentes F. Long-term potentiation and its neurotrophin-dependent modulation in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat are influenced by KCNQ channel function. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 101:539-547. [PMID: 37406358 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2022-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Ganglionic long-term potentiation (gLTP) in the rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) is differentially modulated by neurotrophic factors (Nts): brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF). KCNQ/M channels, key regulators of neuronal excitability, and firing pattern are modulated by Nts; therefore, they might contribute to gLTP expression and to the Nts-dependent modulation of gLTP. In the SCG of rats, we characterized the presence of the KCNQ2 isoform and the effects of opposite KCNQ/M channel modulators on gLTP in control condition and under Nts modulation. Immunohistochemical and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analyses showed the expression of the KCNQ2 isoform. We found that 1 µmol/L XE991, a channel inhibitor, significantly reduced gLTP (∼50%), whereas 5 µmol/L flupirtine, a channel activator, significantly increased gLTP (1.3- to 1.7-fold). Both modulators counterbalanced the effects of the Nts on gLTP. Data suggest that KCNQ/M channels are likely involved in gLTP expression and in the modulation exerted by BDNF and NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin R Arias
- Departamento de Biología Celular & Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.U., Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Berardo M Sánchez-Tafolla
- Departamento de Biología Celular & Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.U., Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carlos Terrón
- Departamento de Biología Celular & Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.U., Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luis A Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular & Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.U., Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Maria E Zetina
- Departamento de Biología Celular & Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.U., Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Miguel A Morales
- Departamento de Biología Celular & Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.U., Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fredy Cifuentes
- Departamento de Biología Celular & Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.U., Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, México
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26
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Ye J, Tang S, Miao P, Gong Z, Shu Q, Feng J, Li Y. Clinical analysis and functional characterization of KCNQ2-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1205265. [PMID: 37497102 PMCID: PMC10366601 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1205265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) is a condition characterized by severe seizures and a range of developmental impairments. Pathogenic variants in KCNQ2, encoding for potassium channel subunit, cause KCNQ2-related DEE. This study aimed to examine the relationships between genotype and phenotype in KCNQ2-related DEE. Methods In total, 12 patients were enrolled in this study for genetic testing, clinical analysis, and developmental evaluation. Pathogenic variants of KCNQ2 were characterized through a whole-cell electrophysiological recording expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The expression levels of the KCNQ2 subunit and its localization at the plasma membrane were determined using Western blot analysis. Results Seizures were detected in all patients. All DEE patients showed evidence of developmental delay. In total, 11 de novo KCNQ2 variants were identified, including 10 missense variants from DEE patients and one truncating variant from a patient with self-limited neonatal epilepsy (SeLNE). All variants were found to be loss of function through analysis of M-currents using patch-clamp recordings. The functional impact of variants on M-current in heteromericKCNQ2/3 channels may be associated with the severity of developmental disorders in DEE. The variants with dominant-negative effects in heteromeric channels may be responsible for the profound developmental phenotype. Conclusion The mechanism underlying KCNQ2-related DEE involves a reduction of the M-current through dominant-negative effects, and the severity of developmental disorders in DEE may be predicted by the impact of variants on the M-current of heteromericKCNQ2/3 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ye
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siyang Tang
- Pediatric Department, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pu Miao
- Pediatric Department, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhefeng Gong
- School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- Pediatric Department, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Feng
- School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuezhou Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Sheng ZF, Zhang H, Phaup JG, Zheng P, Kang X, Liu Z, Chang HM, Yeh ETH, Johnson AK, Pan HL, Li DP. Corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the central nucleus of amygdala are required for chronic stress-induced hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:1751-1762. [PMID: 37041718 PMCID: PMC10325697 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Chronic stress is a well-known risk factor for the development of hypertension. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) are involved in the autonomic responses to chronic stress. Here, we determined the role of CeA-CRH neurons in chronic stress-induced hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS Borderline hypertensive rats (BHRs) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were subjected to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Firing activity and M-currents of CeA-CRH neurons were assessed, and a CRH-Cre-directed chemogenetic approach was used to suppress CeA-CRH neurons. CUS induced a sustained elevation of arterial blood pressure (ABP) and heart rate (HR) in BHRs, while in WKY rats, CUS-induced increases in ABP and HR quickly returned to baseline levels after CUS ended. CeA-CRH neurons displayed significantly higher firing activities in CUS-treated BHRs than unstressed BHRs. Selectively suppressing CeA-CRH neurons by chemogenetic approach attenuated CUS-induced hypertension and decreased elevated sympathetic outflow in CUS-treated BHRs. Also, CUS significantly decreased protein and mRNA levels of Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 channels in the CeA of BHRs. M-currents in CeA-CRH neurons were significantly decreased in CUS-treated BHRs compared with unstressed BHRs. Blocking Kv7 channel with its blocker XE-991 increased the excitability of CeA-CRH neurons in unstressed BHRs but not in CUS-treated BHRs. Microinjection of XE-991 into the CeA increased sympathetic outflow and ABP in unstressed BHRs but not in CUS-treated BHRs. CONCLUSIONS CeA-CRH neurons are required for chronic stress-induced sustained hypertension. The hyperactivity of CeA-CRH neurons may be due to impaired Kv7 channel activity, which represents a new mechanism involved in chronic stress-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Fu Sheng
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Hua Zhang
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Jeffery G Phaup
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - PeiRu Zheng
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - XunLei Kang
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Hui-Ming Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Department of Toxicology, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Edward T H Yeh
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Department of Toxicology, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Alan Kim Johnson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, G60 Psychological and Brain Sciences Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Hui-Lin Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - De-Pei Li
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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28
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Yamahashi Y, Tsuboi D, Funahashi Y, Kaibuchi K. Neuroproteomic mapping of kinases and their substrates downstream of acetylcholine: finding and implications. Expert Rev Proteomics 2023; 20:291-298. [PMID: 37787112 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2023.2265067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the emergence of the cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), acetylcholine has been viewed as a mediator of learning and memory. Donepezil improves AD-associated learning deficits and memory loss by recovering brain acetylcholine levels. However, it is associated with side effects due to global activation of acetylcholine receptors. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (M1R), a key mediator of learning and memory, has been an alternative target. The importance of targeting a specific pathway downstream of M1R has recently been recognized. Elucidating signaling pathways beyond M1R that lead to learning and memory holds important clues for AD therapeutic strategies. AREAS COVERED This review first summarizes the role of acetylcholine in aversive learning, one of the outputs used for preliminary AD drug screening. It then describes the phosphoproteomic approach focused on identifying acetylcholine intracellular signaling pathways leading to aversive learning. Finally, the intracellular mechanism of donepezil and its effect on learning and memory is discussed. EXPERT OPINION The elucidation of signaling pathways beyond M1R by phosphoproteomic approach offers a platform for understanding the intracellular mechanism of AD drugs and for developing AD therapeutic strategies. Clarifying the molecular mechanism that links the identified acetylcholine signaling to AD pathophysiology will advance the development of AD therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Yamahashi
- Division of Cell Biology, International Center for Brain Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuboi
- Division of Cell Biology, International Center for Brain Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Funahashi
- Division of Cell Biology, International Center for Brain Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Division of Cell Biology, International Center for Brain Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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29
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Kanyo R, Lamothe SM, Urrutia A, Goodchild SJ, Allison WT, Dean R, Kurata HT. Site and Mechanism of ML252 Inhibition of Kv7 Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels. FUNCTION 2023; 4:zqad021. [PMID: 37342413 PMCID: PMC10278987 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Kv7 (KCNQ) voltage-gated potassium channels are critical regulators of neuronal excitability and are candidate targets for development of antiseizure medications. Drug discovery efforts have identified small molecules that modulate channel function and reveal mechanistic insights into Kv7 channel physiological roles. While Kv7 channel activators have therapeutic benefits, inhibitors are useful for understanding channel function and mechanistic validation of candidate drugs. In this study, we reveal the mechanism of a Kv7.2/Kv7.3 inhibitor, ML252. We used docking and electrophysiology to identify critical residues involved in ML252 sensitivity. Most notably, Kv7.2[W236F] or Kv7.3[W265F] mutations strongly attenuate ML252 sensitivity. This tryptophan residue in the pore is also required for sensitivity to certain activators, including retigabine and ML213. We used automated planar patch clamp electrophysiology to assess competitive interactions between ML252 and different Kv7 activator subtypes. A pore-targeted activator (ML213) weakens the inhibitory effects of ML252, whereas a distinct activator subtype (ICA-069673) that targets the voltage sensor does not prevent ML252 inhibition. Using transgenic zebrafish larvae expressing an optical reporter (CaMPARI) to measure neural activity in-vivo, we demonstrate that Kv7 inhibition by ML252 increases neuronal excitability. Consistent with in-vitro data, ML213 suppresses ML252 induced neuronal activity, while the voltage-sensor targeted activator ICA-069673 does not prevent ML252 actions. In summary, this study establishes a binding site and mechanism of action of ML252, classifying this poorly understood drug as a pore-targeted Kv7 channel inhibitor that binds to the same tryptophan residue as commonly used pore-targeted Kv7 activators. ML213 and ML252 likely have overlapping sites of interaction in the pore Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 channels, resulting in competitive interactions. In contrast, the VSD-targeted activator ICA-069673 does not prevent channel inhibition by ML252.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kanyo
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, 9-70 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Shawn M Lamothe
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, 9-70 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Arturo Urrutia
- Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Samuel J Goodchild
- Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - W Ted Allison
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Richard Dean
- Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
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30
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Okamura Y, Yoshioka D. What voltage-sensing phosphatases can reveal about the mechanisms of ion channel regulation by phosphoinositides. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:827-839. [PMID: 37052219 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Many membrane proteins including ion channels and ion transporters are regulated by membrane phospholipids such as phosphoinositides in cell membranes and organelles. Voltage-sensing phosphatase, VSP, is a voltage-sensitive phosphoinositide phosphatase which dephosphorylates PI(4,5)P2 into PI(4)P. VSP rapidly reduces the level of PI(4,5)P2 upon membrane depolarization, thus serving as a useful tool to quantitatively study phosphoinositide-regulation of ion channels and ion transporters using a cellular electrophysiology system. In this review, we focus on the application of VSPs to Kv7 family potassium channels, which have been important research targets in biophysics, pharmacology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Okamura
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamada Oka 2-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamada Oka 2-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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31
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Kapell H, Fazio L, Dyckow J, Schwarz S, Cruz-Herranz A, Mayer C, Campos J, D’Este E, Möbius W, Cordano C, Pröbstel AK, Gharagozloo M, Zulji A, Narayanan Naik V, Delank A, Cerina M, Müntefering T, Lerma-Martin C, Sonner JK, Sin JH, Disse P, Rychlik N, Sabeur K, Chavali M, Srivastava R, Heidenreich M, Fitzgerald KC, Seebohm G, Stadelmann C, Hemmer B, Platten M, Jentsch TJ, Engelhardt M, Budde T, Nave KA, Calabresi PA, Friese MA, Green AJ, Acuna C, Rowitch DH, Meuth SG, Schirmer L. Neuron-oligodendrocyte potassium shuttling at nodes of Ranvier protects against inflammatory demyelination. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e164223. [PMID: 36719741 PMCID: PMC10065072 DOI: 10.1172/jci164223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS. Increasing evidence suggests that vulnerable neurons in MS exhibit fatal metabolic exhaustion over time, a phenomenon hypothesized to be caused by chronic hyperexcitability. Axonal Kv7 (outward-rectifying) and oligodendroglial Kir4.1 (inward-rectifying) potassium channels have important roles in regulating neuronal excitability at and around the nodes of Ranvier. Here, we studied the spatial and functional relationship between neuronal Kv7 and oligodendroglial Kir4.1 channels and assessed the transcriptional and functional signatures of cortical and retinal projection neurons under physiological and inflammatory demyelinating conditions. We found that both channels became dysregulated in MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), with Kir4.1 channels being chronically downregulated and Kv7 channel subunits being transiently upregulated during inflammatory demyelination. Further, we observed that pharmacological Kv7 channel opening with retigabine reduced neuronal hyperexcitability in human and EAE neurons, improved clinical EAE signs, and rescued neuronal pathology in oligodendrocyte-Kir4.1-deficient (OL-Kir4.1-deficient) mice. In summary, our findings indicate that neuron-OL compensatory interactions promoted resilience through Kv7 and Kir4.1 channels and identify pharmacological activation of nodal Kv7 channels as a neuroprotective strategy against inflammatory demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kapell
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luca Fazio
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster (UKM), Münster, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Dyckow
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sophia Schwarz
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrés Cruz-Herranz
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christina Mayer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joaquin Campos
- Chica and Heinz Schaller Research Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisa D’Este
- Optical Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence, “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Network of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Cordano
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anne-Katrin Pröbstel
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic and Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marjan Gharagozloo
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amel Zulji
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Venu Narayanan Naik
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster (UKM), Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Delank
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster (UKM), Münster, Germany
| | - Manuela Cerina
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster (UKM), Münster, Germany
| | | | - Celia Lerma-Martin
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana K. Sonner
- Chica and Heinz Schaller Research Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jung Hyung Sin
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Paul Disse
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Cellular Electrophysiology and Molecular Biology, UKM, Münster, Germany
- University of Münster, Chembion, Münster, Germany
| | - Nicole Rychlik
- University of Münster, Chembion, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Khalida Sabeur
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research and
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Manideep Chavali
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research and
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rajneesh Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Heidenreich
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathryn C. Fitzgerald
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Cellular Electrophysiology and Molecular Biology, UKM, Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Platten
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF 280, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN) and
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience and Institute for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas J. Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Neurocure Cluster of Excellence, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maren Engelhardt
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience and Institute for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Budde
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter A. Calabresi
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Manuel A. Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ari J. Green
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Claudio Acuna
- Chica and Heinz Schaller Research Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David H. Rowitch
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research and
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster (UKM), Münster, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Lucas Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN) and
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience and Institute for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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32
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Henton A, Zhao Y, Tzounopoulos T. A Role for KCNQ Channels on Cell Type-Specific Plasticity in Mouse Auditory Cortex after Peripheral Damage. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2277-2290. [PMID: 36813573 PMCID: PMC10072297 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1070-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to sensory organs triggers compensatory plasticity mechanisms in sensory cortices. These plasticity mechanisms result in restored cortical responses, despite reduced peripheral input, and contribute to the remarkable recovery of perceptual detection thresholds to sensory stimuli. Overall, peripheral damage is associated with a reduction of cortical GABAergic inhibition; however, less is known about changes in intrinsic properties and the underlying biophysical mechanisms. To study these mechanisms, we used a model of noise-induced peripheral damage in male and female mice. We uncovered a rapid, cell type-specific reduction in the intrinsic excitability of parvalbumin-expressing neurons (PVs) in layer (L) 2/3 of auditory cortex. No changes in the intrinsic excitability of either L2/3 somatostatin-expressing or L2/3 principal neurons (PNs) were observed. The decrease in L2/3 PV excitability was observed 1, but not 7, d after noise exposure, and was evidenced by a hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential, depolarization of the action potential threshold, and reduction in firing frequency in response to depolarizing current. To uncover the underlying biophysical mechanisms, we recorded potassium currents. We found an increase in KCNQ potassium channel activity in L2/3 PVs of auditory cortex 1 d after noise exposure, associated with a hyperpolarizing shift in the minimal voltage activation of KCNQ channels. This increase contributes to the decreased intrinsic excitability of PVs. Our results highlight cell-type- and channel-specific mechanisms of plasticity after noise-induced hearing loss and will aid in understanding the pathologic processes involved in hearing loss and hearing loss-related disorders, such as tinnitus and hyperacusis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Noise-induced damage to the peripheral auditory system triggers central plasticity that compensates for the reduced peripheral input. The mechanisms of this plasticity are not fully understood. In the auditory cortex, this plasticity likely contributes to the recovery of sound-evoked responses and perceptual hearing thresholds. Importantly, other functional aspects of hearing do not recover, and peripheral damage may also lead to maladaptive plasticity-related disorders, such as tinnitus and hyperacusis. Here, after noise-induced peripheral damage, we highlight a rapid, transient, and cell type-specific reduction in the excitability of layer 2/3 parvalbumin-expressing neurons, which is due, at least in part, to increased KCNQ potassium channel activity. These studies may highlight novel strategies for enhancing perceptual recovery after hearing loss and mitigating hyperacusis and tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Henton
- Pittsburgh Hearing Research Center and Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Yanjun Zhao
- Pittsburgh Hearing Research Center and Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Thanos Tzounopoulos
- Pittsburgh Hearing Research Center and Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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33
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Dellin M, Rohrbeck I, Asrani P, Schreiber JA, Ritter N, Glorius F, Wünsch B, Budde T, Temme L, Strünker T, Stallmeyer B, Tüttelmann F, Meuth SG, Spehr M, Matschke J, Steinbicker A, Gatsogiannis C, Stoll R, Strutz-Seebohm N, Seebohm G. The second PI(3,5)P 2 binding site in the S0 helix of KCNQ1 stabilizes PIP 2-at the primary PI1 site with potential consequences on intermediate-to-open state transition. Biol Chem 2023; 404:241-254. [PMID: 36809224 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate 5-kinase Type III PIKfyve is the main source for selectively generated phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P2), a known regulator of membrane protein trafficking. PI(3,5)P2 facilitates the cardiac KCNQ1/KCNE1 channel plasma membrane abundance and therewith increases the macroscopic current amplitude. Functional-physical interaction of PI(3,5)P2 with membrane proteins and its structural impact is not sufficiently understood. This study aimed to identify molecular interaction sites and stimulatory mechanisms of the KCNQ1/KCNE1 channel via the PIKfyve-PI(3,5)P2 axis. Mutational scanning at the intracellular membrane leaflet and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy identified two PI(3,5)P2 binding sites, the known PIP2 site PS1 and the newly identified N-terminal α-helix S0 as relevant for functional PIKfyve effects. Cd2+ coordination to engineered cysteines and molecular modeling suggest that repositioning of S0 stabilizes the channel s open state, an effect strictly dependent on parallel binding of PI(3,5)P2 to both sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Dellin
- IfGH-Cellular Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital of Münster, Robert-Koch Str. 45, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ina Rohrbeck
- IfGH-Cellular Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital of Münster, Robert-Koch Str. 45, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Purva Asrani
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy and RUBiospek|NMR, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julian A Schreiber
- IfGH-Cellular Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital of Münster, Robert-Koch Str. 45, D-48149, Münster, Germany
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Nadine Ritter
- IfGH-Cellular Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital of Münster, Robert-Koch Str. 45, D-48149, Münster, Germany
- GRK 2515, Chemical biology of ion channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- GRK 2515, Chemical biology of ion channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149, Münster, Germany
- GRK 2515, Chemical biology of ion channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Budde
- GRK 2515, Chemical biology of ion channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Robert-Koch-Str. 27a, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Louisa Temme
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149, Münster, Germany
- GRK 2515, Chemical biology of ion channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Timo Strünker
- GRK 2515, Chemical biology of ion channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Domagkstraße 11, D-48149, Münster, Germany
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Birgit Stallmeyer
- Institute of Reproductive Genetics, University of Münster, Vesaliusweg 12-14, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Tüttelmann
- Institute of Reproductive Genetics, University of Münster, Vesaliusweg 12-14, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Spehr
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johann Matschke
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Steinbicker
- Goethe University Frankfurt and University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christos Gatsogiannis
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Busso-Peus Strasse 10, D-48149, Germany
| | - Raphael Stoll
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy and RUBiospek|NMR, Ruhr University of Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nathalie Strutz-Seebohm
- IfGH-Cellular Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital of Münster, Robert-Koch Str. 45, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- IfGH-Cellular Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital of Münster, Robert-Koch Str. 45, D-48149, Münster, Germany
- GRK 2515, Chemical biology of ion channels (Chembion), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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Maamrah B, Pocsai K, Bayasgalan T, Csemer A, Pál B. KCNQ4 potassium channel subunit deletion leads to exaggerated acoustic startle reflex in mice. Neuroreport 2023; 34:232-237. [PMID: 36789839 PMCID: PMC10399928 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 4 (KCNQ4) subunit forms channels responsible for M-current, a muscarine-sensitive potassium current regulating neuronal excitability. In contrast to other KCNQ subunits, its expression is restricted to the cochlear outer hair cells, the auditory brainstem and other brainstem nuclei in a great overlap with structures involved in startle reflex. We aimed to show whether startle reflexis affected by the loss of KCNQ4 subunit and whether these alterations are similar to the ones caused by brainstem hyperexcitability. Young adult KCNQ4 knockout mice and wild-type littermates, as well as mice expressing hM3D chemogenetic actuator in the pontine caudal nucleus and neurons innervating it were used for testing acoustic startle. The acoustic startle reflex was significantly increased in knockout mice compared with wild-type littermates. When mice expressing human M3 muscarinic (hM3D) in nuclei related to startle reflex were tested, a similar increase of the first acoustic startle amplitude and a strong habituation of the further responses was demonstrated. We found that the acoustic startle reflex is exaggerated and minimal habituation occurs in KCNQ4 knockout animals. These changes are distinct from the effects of the hyperexcitability of nuclei involved in startle. One can conclude that the exaggerated startle reflex found with the KCNQ4 subunit deletion is the consequence of both the cochlear damage and the changes in neuronal excitability of startle networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baneen Maamrah
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Pocsai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen
| | - Tsogbadrakh Bayasgalan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrea Csemer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen
| | - Balázs Pál
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen
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35
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Potassium channelopathies associated with epilepsy-related syndromes and directions for therapeutic intervention. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115413. [PMID: 36646291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A number of mutations to members of several CNS potassium (K) channel families have been identified which result in rare forms of neonatal onset epilepsy, or syndromes of which one prominent characteristic is a form of epilepsy. Benign Familial Neonatal Convulsions or Seizures (BFNC or BFNS), also referred to as Self-Limited Familial Neonatal Epilepsy (SeLNE), results from mutations in 2 members of the KV7 family (KCNQ) of K channels; while generally self-resolving by about 15 weeks of age, these mutations significantly increase the probability of generalized seizure disorders in the adult, in some cases they result in more severe developmental syndromes. Epilepsy of Infancy with Migrating Focal Seizures (EIMSF), or Migrating Partial Seizures of Infancy (MMPSI), is a rare severe form of epilepsy linked primarily to gain of function mutations in a member of the sodium-dependent K channel family, KCNT1 or SLACK. Finally, KCNMA1 channelopathies, including Liang-Wang syndrome (LIWAS), are rare combinations of neurological symptoms including seizure, movement abnormalities, delayed development and intellectual disabilities, with Liang-Wang syndrome an extremely serious polymalformative syndrome with a number of neurological sequelae including epilepsy. These are caused by mutations in the pore-forming subunit of the large-conductance calcium-activated K channel (BK channel) KCNMA1. The identification of these rare but significant channelopathies has resulted in a resurgence of interest in their treatment by direct pharmacological or genetic modulation. We will briefly review the genetics, biophysics and pharmacology of these K channels, their linkage with the 3 syndromes described above, and efforts to more effectively target these syndromes.
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Paixao IC, Mizutani N, Matsuda M, Andriani RT, Kawai T, Nakagawa A, Okochi Y, Okamura Y. Role of K364 next to the active site cysteine in voltage-dependent phosphatase activity of Ci-VSP. Biophys J 2023:S0006-3495(23)00038-3. [PMID: 36680342 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-sensing phosphatase (VSP) consists of the voltage sensor domain (VSD) similar to that of voltage-gated ion channels and the cytoplasmic phosphatase region with remarkable similarity to the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN). Membrane depolarization activates VSD, leading to dephosphorylation of three species of phosphoinositides (phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs)), PI(3,4,5)P3, PI(4,5)P2, and PI(3,4)P2. VSP dephosphorylates 3- and 5-phosphate of PIPs, unlike PTEN, which shows rigid 3-phosphate specificity. In this study, a bioinformatics search showed that some mammals have VSP orthologs with amino acid diversity in the active center motif, Cx5R, which is highly conserved among protein tyrosine phosphatases and PTEN-related phosphatases; lysine next to the active site cysteine in the Cx5R motif was substituted for methionine in VSP orthologs of Tasmanian devil, koala, and prairie deer mouse, and leucine in opossum. Since lysine at the corresponding site in PTEN is known to be critical for enzyme activities, we attempted to address the significance of amino acid diversity among VSP orthologs at this site. K364 was changed to different amino acids in sea squirt VSP (Ci-VSP), and voltage-dependent phosphatase activity in Xenopus oocyte was studied using fluorescent probes for PI(4,5)P2 and PI(3,4)P2. All mutants retained both 5-phosphatase and 3-phosphatase activity, indicating that lysine at this site is dispensable for 3-phosphatase activity, unlike PTEN. Notably, K364M mutant showed increased activity both of 5-phosphatase and 3-phosphatase compared with the wild type (WT). It also showed slower kinetics of voltage sensor motion. Malachite green assay of K364M mutant did not show significant difference of phosphatase activity from WT, suggesting tighter interaction between substrate binding and voltage sensing. Mutation corresponding to K364M in the zebrafish VSP led to enhanced voltage-dependent dephosphorylation of PI(4,5)P2. Further studies will provide clues to understanding of substrate preference in PIPs phosphatases as well as to customization of a molecular tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Costa Paixao
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Natsuki Mizutani
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsuda
- Department Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Laboratory for Supramolecular Crystallography, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Rizki Tsari Andriani
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University JSPS International Research Fellow, Suita, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kawai
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Supramolecular Crystallography, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Okochi
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Okamura
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
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Yang X, Chen S, Zhang S, Shi S, Zong R, Gao Y, Guan B, Gamper N, Gao H. Intracellular zinc protects Kv7 K + channels from Ca 2+/calmodulin-mediated inhibition. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102819. [PMID: 36549648 PMCID: PMC9852549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element; it serves as a cofactor for a great number of enzymes, transcription factors, receptors, and other proteins. Zinc is also an important signaling molecule, which can be released from intracellular stores into the cytosol or extracellular space, for example, during synaptic transmission. Amongst cellular effects of zinc is activation of Kv7 (KCNQ, M-type) voltage-gated potassium channels. Here, we investigated relationships between Kv7 channel inhibition by Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) and zinc-mediated potentiation. We show that Zn2+ ionophore, zinc pyrithione (ZnPy), can prevent or reverse Ca2+/CaM-mediated inhibition of Kv7.2. In the presence of both Ca2+ and Zn2+, the Kv7.2 channels lose most of their voltage dependence and lock in an open state. In addition, we demonstrate that mutations that interfere with CaM binding to Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 reduced channel membrane abundance and activity, but these mutants retained zinc sensitivity. Moreover, the relative efficacy of ZnPy to activate these mutants was generally greater, compared with the WT channels. Finally, we show that zinc sensitivity was retained in Kv7.2 channels assembled with mutant CaM with all four EF hands disabled, suggesting that it is unlikely to be mediated by CaM. Taken together, our findings indicate that zinc is a potent Kv7 stabilizer, which may protect these channels from physiological inhibitory effects of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, protecting neurons from overactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhe Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Institute of Medical Science and Health, The Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China,CSPC ZhongQi Pharmaceutical Technology (Shijiazhuang) Co, Ltd, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Institute of Medical Science and Health, The Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Institute of Medical Science and Health, The Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Sai Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Zong
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Institute of Medical Science and Health, The Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yiting Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Institute of Medical Science and Health, The Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Bingcai Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Institute of Medical Science and Health, The Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Nikita Gamper
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Institute of Medical Science and Health, The Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Haixia Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Institute of Medical Science and Health, The Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Mechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
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Emerging mechanisms involving brain Kv7 channel in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115318. [PMID: 36283445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a prevalent health problem inducing many organ damages. The pathogenesis of hypertension involves a complex integration of different organ systems including the brain. The elevated sympathetic nerve activity is closely related to the etiology of hypertension. Ion channels are critical regulators of neuronal excitability. Several mechanisms have been proposed to contribute to hypothalamic-driven elevated sympathetic activity, including altered ion channel function. Recent findings indicate one of the voltage-gated potassium channels, Kv7 channels (M channels), plays a vital role in regulating cardiovascular-related neurons activity, and the expression of Kv7 channels is downregulated in hypertension. This review highlights recent findings that the Kv7 channels in the brain, blood vessels, and kidneys are emerging targets involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension, suggesting new therapeutic targets for treating drug-resistant, neurogenic hypertension.
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Yoon JY, Ho WK. Involvement of Ca2+ in Signaling Mechanisms Mediating Muscarinic Inhibition of M Currents in Sympathetic Neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01303-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAcetylcholine can excite neurons by suppressing M-type (KCNQ) potassium channels. This effect is mediated by M1 muscarinic receptors coupled to the Gq protein. Although PIP2 depletion and PKC activation have been strongly suggested to contribute to muscarinic inhibition of M currents (IM), direct evidence is lacking. We investigated the mechanism involved in muscarinic inhibition of IM with Ca2+ measurement and electrophysiological studies in both neuronal (rat sympathetic neurons) and heterologous (HEK cells expressing KCNQ2/KCNQ3) preparations. We found that muscarinic inhibition of IM was not blocked either by PIP2 or by calphostin C, a PKC inhibitor. We then examined whether muscarinic inhibition of IM uses multiple signaling pathways by blocking both PIP2 depletion and PKC activation. This maneuver, however, did not block muscarinic inhibition of IM. Additionally, muscarinic inhibition of IM was not prevented either by sequestering of G-protein βγ subunits from Gα-transducin or anti-Gβγ antibody or by preventing intracellular trafficking of channel proteins with blebbistatin, a class-II myosin inhibitor. Finally, we re-examined the role of Ca2+ signals in muscarinic inhibition of IM. Ca2+ measurements showed that muscarinic stimulation increased intracellular Ca2+ and was comparable to the Ca2+ mobilizing effect of bradykinin. Accordingly, 20-mM of BAPTA significantly suppressed muscarinic inhibition of IM. In contrast, muscarinic inhibition of IM was completely insensitive to 20-mM EGTA. Taken together, these data suggest a role of Ca2+ signaling in muscarinic modulation of IM. The differential effects of EGTA and BAPTA imply that Ca2+ microdomains or spatially local Ca2+ signals contribute to inhibition of IM.
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Bar L, Shalom L, Lezmy J, Peretz A, Attali B. Excitatory and inhibitory hippocampal neurons differ in their homeostatic adaptation to chronic M-channel modulation. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:972023. [PMID: 36311018 PMCID: PMC9614320 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.972023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of studies has investigated bidirectional homeostatic plasticity both in vitro and in vivo using numerous pharmacological manipulations of activity or behavioral paradigms. However, these experiments rarely explored in the same cellular system the bidirectionality of the plasticity and simultaneously on excitatory and inhibitory neurons. M-channels are voltage-gated potassium channels that play a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability and plasticity. In cultured hippocampal excitatory neurons, we previously showed that chronic exposure to the M-channel blocker XE991 leads to adaptative compensations, thereby triggering at different timescales intrinsic and synaptic homeostatic plasticity. This plastic adaptation barely occurs in hippocampal inhibitory neurons. In this study, we examined whether this homeostatic plasticity induced by M-channel inhibition was bidirectional by investigating the acute and chronic effects of the M-channel opener retigabine on hippocampal neuronal excitability. Acute retigabine exposure decreased excitability in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Chronic retigabine treatment triggered in excitatory neurons homeostatic adaptation of the threshold current and spontaneous firing rate at a time scale of 4–24 h. These plastic changes were accompanied by a substantial decrease in the M-current density and by a small, though significant, proximal relocation of Kv7.3-FGF14 segment along the axon initial segment. Thus, bidirectional homeostatic changes were observed in excitatory neurons though not symmetric in kinetics and mechanisms. Contrastingly, in inhibitory neurons, the compensatory changes in intrinsic excitability barely occurred after 48 h, while no homeostatic normalization of the spontaneous firing rate was observed. Our results indicate that excitatory and inhibitory hippocampal neurons differ in their adaptation to chronic alterations in neuronal excitability induced by M-channel bidirectional modulation.
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Krüger J, Schubert J, Kegele J, Labalme A, Mao M, Heighway J, Seebohm G, Yan P, Koko M, Aslan-Kara K, Caglayan H, Steinhoff BJ, Weber YG, Keo-Kosal P, Berkovic SF, Hildebrand MS, Petrou S, Krause R, May P, Lesca G, Maljevic S, Lerche H. Loss-of-function variants in the KCNQ5 gene are implicated in genetic generalized epilepsies. EBioMedicine 2022; 84:104244. [PMID: 36088682 PMCID: PMC9471468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background De novo missense variants in KCNQ5, encoding the voltage-gated K+ channel KV7.5, have been described to cause developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) or intellectual disability (ID). We set out to identify disease-related KCNQ5 variants in genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) and their underlying mechanisms. Methods 1292 families with GGE were studied by next-generation sequencing. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, biotinylation and phospholipid overlay assays were performed in mammalian cells combined with homology modelling. Findings We identified three deleterious heterozygous missense variants, one truncation and one splice site alteration in five independent families with GGE with predominant absence seizures; two variants were also associated with mild to moderate ID. All missense variants displayed a strongly decreased current density indicating a loss-of-function (LOF). When mutant channels were co-expressed with wild-type (WT) KV7.5 or KV7.5 and KV7.3 channels, three variants also revealed a significant dominant-negative effect on WT channels. Other gating parameters were unchanged. Biotinylation assays indicated a normal surface expression of the variants. The R359C variant altered PI(4,5)P2-interaction. Interpretation Our study identified deleterious KCNQ5 variants in GGE, partially combined with mild to moderate ID. The disease mechanism is a LOF partially with dominant-negative effects through functional deficits. LOF of KV7.5 channels will reduce the M-current, likely resulting in increased excitability of KV7.5-expressing neurons. Further studies on network level are necessary to understand which circuits are affected and how this induces generalized seizures. Funding DFG/FNR Research Unit FOR-2715 (Germany/Luxemburg), BMBF rare disease network Treat-ION (Germany), foundation ‘no epilep’ (Germany).
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Phosphorylation Signals Downstream of Dopamine Receptors in Emotional Behaviors: Association with Preference and Avoidance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911643. [PMID: 36232945 PMCID: PMC9570387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine regulates emotional behaviors, including rewarding and aversive behaviors, through the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway, which projects dopamine neurons from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Protein phosphorylation is critical for intracellular signaling pathways and physiological functions, which are regulated by neurotransmitters in the brain. Previous studies have demonstrated that dopamine stimulated the phosphorylation of intracellular substrates, such as receptors, ion channels, and transcription factors, to regulate neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity through dopamine receptors. We also established a novel database called KANPHOS that provides information on phosphorylation signals downstream of monoamines identified by our kinase substrate screening methods, including dopamine, in addition to those reported in the literature. Recent advances in proteomics techniques have enabled us to clarify the mechanisms through which dopamine controls rewarding and aversive behaviors through signal pathways in the NAc. In this review, we discuss the intracellular phosphorylation signals regulated by dopamine in these two emotional behaviors.
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Zhang H, Li H, Lu M, Wang S, Ma X, Wang F, Liu J, Li X, Yang H, Zhang F, Shen H, Buckley NJ, Gamper N, Yamoah EN, Lv P. Repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor deficiency yields profound hearing loss through K v7.4 channel upsurge in auditory neurons and hair cells. eLife 2022; 11:76754. [PMID: 36125121 PMCID: PMC9525063 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor (REST) is a transcriptional repressor that recognizes neuron-restrictive silencer elements in the mammalian genomes in a tissue- and cell-specific manner. The identity of REST target genes and molecular details of how REST regulates them are emerging. We performed conditional null deletion of Rest (cKO), mainly restricted to murine hair cells (HCs) and auditory neurons (aka spiral ganglion neurons [SGNs]). Null inactivation of full-length REST did not affect the development of normal HCs and SGNs but manifested as progressive hearing loss in adult mice. We found that the inactivation of REST resulted in an increased abundance of Kv7.4 channels at the transcript, protein, and functional levels. Specifically, we found that SGNs and HCs from Rest cKO mice displayed increased Kv7.4 expression and augmented Kv7 currents; SGN’s excitability was also significantly reduced. Administration of a compound with Kv7.4 channel activator activity, fasudil, recapitulated progressive hearing loss in mice. In contrast, inhibition of the Kv7 channels by XE991 rescued the auditory phenotype of Rest cKO mice. Previous studies identified some loss-of-function mutations within the Kv7.4-coding gene, Kcnq4, as a causative factor for progressive hearing loss in mice and humans. Thus, the findings reveal that a critical homeostatic Kv7.4 channel level is required for proper auditory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Hongchen Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Mingshun Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Xueya Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Haichao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Noel J Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nikita Gamper
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ebenezer N Yamoah
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, United States
| | - Ping Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
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Antagonism of the Muscarinic Acetylcholine Type 1 Receptor Enhances Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Expression of Respiratory Chain Components via AMPK in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells and Primary Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6754-6770. [PMID: 36002781 PMCID: PMC9525428 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Impairments in mitochondrial physiology play a role in the progression of multiple neurodegenerative conditions, including peripheral neuropathy in diabetes. Blockade of muscarinic acetylcholine type 1 receptor (M1R) with specific/selective antagonists prevented mitochondrial dysfunction and reversed nerve degeneration in in vitro and in vivo models of peripheral neuropathy. Specifically, in type 1 and type 2 models of diabetes, inhibition of M1R using pirenzepine or muscarinic toxin 7 (MT7) induced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and prevented sensory abnormalities and distal nerve fiber loss. The human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line has been extensively used as an in vitro model system to study mechanisms of neurodegeneration in DRG neurons and other neuronal sub-types. Here, we tested the hypothesis that pirenzepine or MT7 enhance AMPK activity and via this pathway augment mitochondrial function in SH-SY5Y cells. M1R expression was confirmed by utilizing a fluorescent dye, ATTO590-labeled MT7, that exhibits great specificity for this receptor. M1R antagonist treatment in SH-SY5Y culture increased AMPK phosphorylation and mitochondrial protein expression (OXPHOS). Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was augmented in pirenzepine and MT7 treated cultured SH-SY5Y cells and DRG neurons. Compound C or AMPK-specific siRNA suppressed pirenzepine or MT7-induced elevation of OXPHOS expression and MMP. Moreover, muscarinic antagonists induced hyperpolarization by activating the M-current and, thus, suppressed neuronal excitability. These results reveal that negative regulation of this M1R-dependent pathway could represent a potential therapeutic target to elevate AMPK activity, enhance mitochondrial function, suppress neuropathic pain, and enhance nerve repair in peripheral neuropathy.
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Baculis BC, Kesavan H, Weiss AC, Kim EH, Tracy GC, Ouyang W, Tsai NP, Chung HJ. Homeostatic regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activity and axonal K v7.3 expression by prolonged blockade of hippocampal neuronal activity. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:838419. [PMID: 35966206 PMCID: PMC9366003 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.838419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic plasticity encompasses the mechanisms by which neurons stabilize their synaptic strength and excitability in response to prolonged and destabilizing changes in their network activity. Prolonged activity blockade leads to homeostatic scaling of action potential (AP) firing rate in hippocampal neurons in part by decreased activity of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptors and subsequent transcriptional down-regulation of potassium channel genes including KCNQ3 which encodes Kv7.3. Neuronal Kv7 channels are mostly heterotetramers of Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 subunits and are highly enriched at the axon initial segment (AIS) where their current potently inhibits repetitive and burst firing of APs. However, whether a decrease in Kv7.3 expression occurs at the AIS during homeostatic scaling of intrinsic excitability and what signaling pathway reduces KCNQ3 transcript upon prolonged activity blockade remain unknown. Here, we report that prolonged activity blockade in cultured hippocampal neurons reduces the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) followed by a decrease in the activation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) receptor, Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB). Furthermore, both prolonged activity blockade and prolonged pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2 decrease KCNQ3 and BDNF transcripts as well as the density of Kv7.3 and ankyrin-G at the AIS. Collectively, our findings suggest that a reduction in the ERK1/2 activity and subsequent transcriptional down-regulation may serve as a potential signaling pathway that links prolonged activity blockade to homeostatic control of BDNF-TrkB signaling and Kv7.3 density at the AIS during homeostatic scaling of AP firing rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Baculis
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Harish Kesavan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Amanda C. Weiss
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Edward H. Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Gregory C. Tracy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Wenhao Ouyang
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Nien-Pei Tsai
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Hee Jung Chung
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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Carnovale C, Perrotta C, Baldelli S, Cattaneo D, Montrasio C, Barbieri SS, Pompilio G, Vantaggiato C, Clementi E, Pozzi M. Antihypertensive drugs and brain function: mechanisms underlying therapeutically beneficial and harmful neuropsychiatric effects. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 119:647-667. [PMID: 35895876 PMCID: PMC10153433 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A bidirectional relationship exists between hypertension and psychiatric disorders, including unipolar and bipolar depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), psychosis, schizophrenia, mania, and dementia/cognitive decline. Repurposing of antihypertensive drugs to treat mental disorders is thus being explored. A systematic knowledge of the mechanisms of action and clinical consequences of the use of antihypertensive agents on neuropsychiatric functions has not been achieved yet. In this article, we review the putative role of antihypertensive agents in psychiatric disorders, discuss the targets and mechanisms of action, and examine how and to what extent specific drug classes/molecules may trigger, worsen, or mitigate psychiatric symptoms. In addition, we review pharmacokinetics (brain penetration of drugs) and pharmacogenetics data that add important information to assess risks and benefits of antihypertensive drugs in neuropsychiatric settings. The scientific literature shows robust evidence of a positive effect of α1 blockers on PTSD symptoms, nightmares and sleep quality, α2 agonists on core symptoms, executive function and quality of life in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, PTSD, Tourette's syndrome, and β blockers on anxiety, aggression, working memory, and social communication. Renin-angiotensin system modulators exert protective effects on cognition, depression, and anxiety, and the loop diuretic bumetanide reduced the core symptoms of autism in a subset of patients. There is no evidence of clear benefits of calcium channel blockers in mood disorders in the scientific literature. These findings are mainly from preclinical studies; clinical data are still insufficient or of anecdotal nature, and seldom systematic. The information herewith provided can support a better therapeutic approach to hypertension, tailored to patients with, or with high susceptibility to, psychiatric illness. It may prompt clinical studies exploring the potential benefit of antihypertensive drugs in selected patients with neuropsychiatric comorbidities that include outcomes of neuropsychiatric interest and specifically assess undesirable effects or interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Carnovale
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristiana Perrotta
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Baldelli
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco University Hospital, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Dario Cattaneo
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco University Hospital, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Montrasio
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco University Hospital, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia S Barbieri
- Unit of Brain-Heart axis: cellular and molecular mechanisms - Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Pompilio
- Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine - Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Emilio Clementi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy.,Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy
| | - Marco Pozzi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy
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Yang ND, Kanyo R, Zhao L, Li J, Kang PW, Dou AK, White KM, Shi J, Nerbonne JM, Kurata HT, Cui J. Electro-mechanical coupling of KCNQ channels is a target of epilepsy-associated mutations and retigabine. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo3625. [PMID: 35857840 PMCID: PMC9299555 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo3625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 form the M-channels that are important in regulating neuronal excitability. Inherited mutations that alter voltage-dependent gating of M-channels are associated with neonatal epilepsy. In the homolog KCNQ1 channel, two steps of voltage sensor activation lead to two functionally distinct open states, the intermediate-open (IO) and activated-open (AO), which define the gating, physiological, and pharmacological properties of KCNQ1. However, whether the M-channel shares the same mechanism is unclear. Here, we show that KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 feature only a single conductive AO state but with a conserved mechanism for the electro-mechanical (E-M) coupling between voltage sensor activation and pore opening. We identified some epilepsy-linked mutations in KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 that disrupt E-M coupling. The antiepileptic drug retigabine rescued KCNQ3 currents that were abolished by a mutation disrupting E-M coupling, suggesting that modulating the E-M coupling in KCNQ channels presents a potential strategy for antiepileptic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nien-Du Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Disorders, and Cardiac Bioelectricity and Arrhythmia Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Richard Kanyo
- Department of Pharmacology, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lu Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Disorders, and Cardiac Bioelectricity and Arrhythmia Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jingru Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Po Wei Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Disorders, and Cardiac Bioelectricity and Arrhythmia Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Alex Kelly Dou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Disorders, and Cardiac Bioelectricity and Arrhythmia Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Kelli McFarland White
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Disorders, and Cardiac Bioelectricity and Arrhythmia Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jingyi Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Disorders, and Cardiac Bioelectricity and Arrhythmia Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jeanne M. Nerbonne
- Departments of Developmental Biology and Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Harley T. Kurata
- Department of Pharmacology, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jianmin Cui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Disorders, and Cardiac Bioelectricity and Arrhythmia Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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48
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Wang Y, Yin C, Zhang H, Kamau PM, Dong W, Luo A, Chai L, Yang S, Lai R. Venom resistance mechanisms in centipede show tissue specificity. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3556-3563.e3. [PMID: 35863353 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Venomous animals utilize venom glands to secrete and store powerful toxins for intraspecific and/or interspecific antagonistic interactions, implying that tissue-specific resistance is essential for venom glands to anatomically separate toxins from other tissues. Here, we show the mechanism of tissue-specific resistance in centipedes (Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans), where the splice variant of the receptor repels its own toxin. Unlike the well-known resistance mechanism by mutation in a given exon, we found that the KCNQ1 channel is highly expressed in the venom gland as a unique splice variant in which the pore domain and transmembrane domain six, partially encoded by exon 6 (rather than 7 as found in other tissues), contain eleven mutated residues. Such a splice variant is sufficient to gain resistance to SsTx (a lethal toxin for giant prey capture) in the venom gland due to a partially buried binding site. Therefore, the tissue-specific KCNQ1 modification confers resistance to the toxins, establishing a safe zone in the venom-storing/secreting environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Engineering Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides, The National & Local Joint Engineering Center of Natural Bioactive Peptides, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107 Yunnan, China; College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chuanlin Yin
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Engineering Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides, The National & Local Joint Engineering Center of Natural Bioactive Peptides, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107 Yunnan, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peter Muiruri Kamau
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Engineering Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides, The National & Local Joint Engineering Center of Natural Bioactive Peptides, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107 Yunnan, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenqi Dong
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Anna Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Engineering Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides, The National & Local Joint Engineering Center of Natural Bioactive Peptides, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107 Yunnan, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Longhui Chai
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shilong Yang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Ren Lai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Engineering Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides, The National & Local Joint Engineering Center of Natural Bioactive Peptides, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107 Yunnan, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Sino-African Joint Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.
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Gorlewicz A, Barthet G, Zucca S, Vincent P, Griguoli M, Grosjean N, Wilczynski G, Mulle C. The Deletion of GluK2 Alters Cholinergic Control of Neuronal Excitability. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:2907-2923. [PMID: 34730179 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kainate receptors (KARs) are key regulators of synaptic circuits by acting at pre- and postsynaptic sites through either ionotropic or metabotropic actions. KARs can be activated by kainate, a potent neurotoxin, which induces acute convulsions. Here, we report that the acute convulsive effect of kainate mostly depends on GluK2/GluK5 containing KARs. By contrast, the acute convulsive activity of pilocarpine and pentylenetetrazol is not alleviated in the absence of KARs. Unexpectedly, the genetic inactivation of GluK2 rather confers increased susceptibility to acute pilocarpine-induced seizures. The mechanism involves an enhanced excitability of GluK2-/- CA3 pyramidal cells compared with controls upon pilocarpine application. Finally, we uncover that the absence of GluK2 increases pilocarpine modulation of Kv7/M currents. Taken together, our findings reveal that GluK2-containing KARs can control the excitability of hippocampal circuits through interaction with the neuromodulatory cholinergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gorlewicz
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gael Barthet
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Stefano Zucca
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Peggy Vincent
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marilena Griguoli
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Noëlle Grosjean
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Grzegorz Wilczynski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christophe Mulle
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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50
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The KCNQ channel inhibitor XE991 suppresses nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated responses in rat intracardiac ganglion neurons. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:745-751. [PMID: 35672575 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00375-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND XE991 (10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone) is reportedly a potent and selective Kv7 (KCNQ) channel inhibitor. This study aimed to evaluate how XE991 affects nicotinic responses in intracardiac ganglion neurons. METHODS We studied how the KCNQ channel inhibitor XE991 could affect nicotinic responses in acutely isolated rat intracardiac ganglion neurons using a perforated patch-clamp recording configuration and Ca2+ imaging. RESULTS XE991 reversibly and concentration-dependently inhibited the nicotine (10 μM)-induced current with an IC50 of 14.4 μM. The EC50 values for nicotine-induced currents in the absence and presence of 10 μM XE991 were 8.7 and 12.0 μM, respectively. Because XE991 suppressed the maximum response of the nicotine concentration-response curve, the inhibitory effect of this drug appears to be noncompetitive. In addition, linopirdine reduced the amplitude of 10 µM nicotine-induced currents with an IC50 value of 16.9 μM. The inorganic KCNQ channel inhibitor Ba2+ affected neither the nicotine-induced current nor the inhibitory effect of XE991 on the nicotinic response. The KCNQ activator flupirtine at a concentration of 10 μM slightly but markedly inhibited the nicotine-induced current. Finally, XE991 inhibited the nicotine-induced elevation of intracellular calcium concentration and the nicotine-induced firing of action potentials. CONCLUSION We propose that XE991 inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in intracardiac ganglion neurons, which in turn attenuate nicotine-induced neuronal excitation.
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