A miR-210-3p regulon that controls the Warburg effect by modulating HIF-1α and p53 activity in triple-negative breast cancer

Myc-mediated inhibition of HIF1a degradation promotes M2 macrophage polarization and impairs CD8 T cell function through lactic acid secretion in ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer, the eleventh most prevalent cancer among women and a significant cause of cancer-related mortality, poses considerable challenges. While the Myc oncogene is implicated in diverse cancers, its impact on tumours expressing Myc during immune therapy processes remains enigmatic. Our study investigated Myc overexpression in a murine ovarian cancer cell line, focusing on alterations in HIF1a function. Seahorse experiments were utilized to validate metabolic shifts post-Myc overexpression. Moreover, we explored macrophage polarization and immunosuppressive potential following coculture with Myc-overexpressing tumour cells by employing Gpr132-/- mice to obtain mechanistic insights. In vivo experiments established an immune-competent tumour-bearing mouse model, and CD8 T cell, Treg, and macrophage infiltration post-Myc overexpression were evaluated via flow cytometry. Additionally, adoptive transfer of OTI CD8 T cells was conducted to investigate antigen-specific immune response variations after Myc overexpression. The findings revealed a noteworthy delay in HIF1a degradation, enhancing its functionality and promoting the classical Warburg effect upon Myc overexpression. Lactic acid secretion by Myc-overexpressing tumour cells promoted Gpr132-dependent M2 macrophage polarization, leading to the induction of macrophages capable of significantly suppressing CD8 T cell function. Remarkably, heightened macrophage infiltration in tumour microenvironments post-Myc overexpression was observed alongside impaired CD8 T cell infiltration and function. Interestingly, CD4 T-cell infiltration remained unaltered, and immune-suppressive effects were alleviated when Myc-overexpressing tumour cells were administered to Gpr132-/- mice, shedding light on potential therapeutic avenues for ovarian cancer management.

Kinesin Family Member C1: Function in liver hepatocellular carcinoma and potential target for chemotherapeutic

MiR-105 exerts inhibitory effects on the development and progression of various cancers, including breast cancer, lung cancer, and gastric cancer. Through GEO data analysis, we observed decreased expression of miR-105 in liver cancer tissues compared to adjacent tissues. Furthermore, miR-105 downregulates KIFC1 expression levels by targeting its 3' UTR. KIFC1 (Kinesin Family Member C1), a Protein Coding gene, may play a role in mitotic metaphase plate polymerization and mitotic spindle assembly. However, our findings suggest that this gene could serve as a potential chemotherapeutic target for Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). We obtained the LIHC dataset from the TCGA database and genotype Tissue Expression Project (GTEx) normal tissue data for differential analysis. Additionally, we utilized the cBioPortal database, tumor immune single-cell center (TISCH) database, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and R software to investigate the possible functions and mechanisms of KIFC1. These findings were further validated through experiments such as immunohistochemistry and wound healing assays. Our results indicate that KIFC1 might be involved in DNA repair and cell cycle regulation in LIHC cells which subsequently impacts tumor cell proliferation; moreover, miR-105 influences hepatoma cell line proliferation via its interaction with KIFC1. Collectively, these results highlight the potential therapeutic significance of targeting KIFC1 for chemotherapy treatment in LIHC patients.

miRNA-105-5p regulates the histone deacetylase HDAC2 through FOXG1 to affect the malignant biological behavior of triple-negative breast cancer cells

BACKGROUND

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a specific subtype of breast cancer (BC). Some potential molecular targets have been identified, and miR-105-5p was found to be abnormally expressed in TNBC tissues.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to probe the effect of miR-105-5p on TNBC via FOXG1/HDAC2-mediated acetylation.

METHODS

An animal model of TNBC was established by injecting BC cells into the axillary area of nude mice. The levels of miR-105-5p, FOXG1, HDAC2, Bcl-2, Bax, and Ki67 were detected via RT‒qPCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Flow cytometry, CCK-8, Transwell and colony formation assays were used to measure apoptosis, proliferation and migration, respectively. Total histone acetylation levels were measured by ELISA. The binding of FOXG1 to HDAC2 was detected by co-immunoprecipitation. The binding relationship between miR-105-5p and FOXG1 was verified using a dual-luciferase reporter gene assay.

RESULTS

In this study, miR-105-5p and HDAC2 were highly expressed in the MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 BC cell lines, whereas FOXG1 was expressed at low levels. The inhibition of miR-105-5p inhibited the proliferation and migration of MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells and promoted their apoptosis. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that miR-105-5p and FOXG1 had a negative targeting regulatory relationship. FOXG1 overexpression had a similar effect on cancer cells as the inhibition of miR-105-5p. Moreover, experiments revealed that FOXG1 and HDAC2 could bind to each other and that HDAC2 overexpression or treatment with the histone acetyltransferase inhibitor Garcinol weakened the effect of FOXG1 overexpression. In addition, FOXG1 knockdown inhibited the effect of the miR-105-5p inhibitor, while Garcinol treatment further enhanced the effect of FOXG1 knockdown, inhibited histone acetylation, promoted the proliferation and migration of cancer cells, and inhibited apoptosis. Moreover, the in vivo results confirmed the in vitro results.

CONCLUSION

miR-105-5p promotes HDAC2 expression by reducing FOXG1, inhibits histone acetylation, and aggravates the malignant biological behavior of TNBC cells.

Reprogramming of glucose metabolism: The hallmark of malignant transformation and target for advanced diagnostics and treatments

Reprogramming of cancer metabolism has become increasingly concerned over the last decade, particularly the reprogramming of glucose metabolism, also known as the "Warburg effect". The reprogramming of glucose metabolism is considered a novel hallmark of human cancers. A growing number of studies have shown that reprogramming of glucose metabolism can regulate many biological processes of cancers, including carcinogenesis, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. In this review, we summarize the major biological functions, clinical significance, potential targets and signaling pathways of glucose metabolic reprogramming in human cancers. Moreover, the applications of natural products and small molecule inhibitors targeting glucose metabolic reprogramming are analyzed, some clinical agents targeting glucose metabolic reprogramming and trial statuses are summarized, as well as the pros and cons of targeting glucose metabolic reprogramming for cancer therapy are analyzed. Overall, the reprogramming of glucose metabolism plays an important role in the prediction, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of human cancers. Glucose metabolic reprogramming-related targets have great potential to serve as biomarkers for improving individual outcomes and prognosis in cancer patients. The clinical innovations related to targeting the reprogramming of glucose metabolism will be a hotspot for cancer therapy research in the future. We suggest that more high-quality clinical trials with more abundant drug formulations and toxicology experiments would be beneficial for the development and clinical application of drugs targeting reprogramming of glucose metabolism.This review will provide the researchers with the broader perspective and comprehensive understanding about the important significance of glucose metabolic reprogramming in human cancers.

Identification of a glycolysis-related miRNA Signature for Predicting Breast cancer Survival

Breast cancer (BC) is a common type of cancer and has a poor prognosis. In this study, we collected the mRNA and miRNA expression profiles of BC patients were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to explore a novel prognostic strategy for BC patients using bioinformatics tools. We found that six glycolysis-related miRNAs (GRmiRs, including hsa-mir-1247, hsa-mir148b, hsa-mir-133a-2, has-mir-1307, hsa-mir-195 and hsa-mir-1258) were correlated with prognosis of BC samples. The risk score model was established based on 6 prognosis-associated GRmiRs. The outcome of high risk group was significantly poorer. Cox regression analysis showed that risk score was an independent prognostic factor. Differentially expressed genes identified between high and low risk groups were mainly enriched in inflammation and immune-related signaling pathways. The proportion of infiltration of 12 kinds of immune cells in high and low risk groups were significantly different. Risk score was closely associated with many immune indexes. Multiple DEGRGs and miRNAs were associated with drugs. In conclusion, glycolysis-related miRNA signature effectively predicts BC prognosis.

New evidence: Metformin unsuitable as routine adjuvant for breast cancer: a drug-target mendelian randomization analysis

PURPOSE

The potential efficacy of metformin in breast cancer (BC) has been hotly discussed but never conclusive. This genetics-based study aimed to evaluate the relationships between metformin targets and BC risk.

METHODS

Metformin targets from DrugBank and genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from IEU OpenGWAS and FinnGen were used to investigate the breast cancer (BC)-metformin causal link with various Mendelian Randomization (MR) methods (e.g., inverse-variance-weighting). The genetic association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the drug target of metformin was also analyzed as a positive control. Sensitivity and pleiotropic tests ensured reliability.

RESULTS

The primary targets of metformin are PRKAB1, ETFDH and GPD1L. We found a causal association between PRKAB1 and T2D (odds ratio [OR] 0.959, P = 0.002), but no causal relationship was observed between metformin targets and overall BC risk (PRKAB1: OR 0.990, P = 0.530; ETFDH: OR 0.986, P = 0.592; GPD1L: OR 1.002, P = 0.806). A noteworthy causal relationship was observed between ETFDH and estrogen receptor (ER)-positive BC (OR 0.867, P = 0.018), and between GPD1L and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative BC (OR 0.966, P = 0.040). Other group analyses did not yield positive results.

CONCLUSION

The star target of metformin, PRKAB1, does not exhibit a substantial causal association with the risk of BC. Conversely, metformin, acting as an inhibitor of ETFDH and GPD1L, may potentially elevate the likelihood of developing ER-positive BC and HER2-negative BC. Consequently, it is not advisable to employ metformin as a standard supplementary therapy for BC patients without T2D.

Aptamer-RIBOTAC Strategy Enabling Tumor-Specific Targeted Degradation of MicroRNA for Precise Cancer Therapy

MicroRNA (miRNA) molecules play crucial roles in a variety of diseases, making miRNA targeting a burgeoning field in medicinal chemistry. Ribonuclease targeting chimeras (RIBOTACs) present a compelling approach for RNA degradation. However, small molecule-based RIBOTAC requires an expensive and time-consuming screening process, and is difficult to directly target miRNA due to its short length lacking secondary structure. Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)-based RIBOTAC is easy to design but with poor cell permeability. While both of them lack the specificity for tumor targeting. In this study, the first Aptamer-RIBOTAC (ARIBOTAC) chimera is designed based on ASO to achieve precise degradation of miRNA in a tumor cell-specific manner for precise cancer therapy. This chimera exhibits a remarkable ability to specifically identify and enter cancer cells, trigger localized activation of endogenous RNase L, and selectively cleave miRNAs that are complementary to ASO. The efficacy and universality of the ARIBOTAC strategy both in vitro and in vivo by degrading oncogenic miR-210-3p and miR-155-5p are validated. These findings underscore the potential of the ARIBOTAC strategy as a promising avenue for cancer therapy by precisely targeting cancer-associated miRNAs.

The Molecular Mechanisms behind Advanced Breast Cancer Metabolism: Warburg Effect, OXPHOS, and Calcium

Altered metabolism represents a fundamental difference between cancer cells and normal cells. Cancer cells have a unique ability to reprogram their metabolism by deviating their reliance from primarily oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis, in order to support their survival. This metabolic phenotype is referred to as the "Warburg effect" and is associated with an increase in glucose uptake, and a diversion of glycolytic intermediates to alternative pathways that support anabolic processes. These processes include synthesis of nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, necessary for the rapidly dividing cancer cells, sustaining their growth, proliferation, and capacity for successful metastasis. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive subtypes of breast cancer, with the poorest patient outcome due to its high rate of metastasis. TNBC is characterized by elevated glycolysis and in certain instances, low OXPHOS. This metabolic dysregulation is linked to chemotherapeutic resistance in TNBC research models and patient samples. There is more than a single mechanism by which this metabolic switch occurs and here, we review the current knowledge of relevant molecular mechanisms involved in advanced breast cancer metabolism, focusing on TNBC. These mechanisms include the Warburg effect, glycolytic adaptations, microRNA regulation, mitochondrial involvement, mitochondrial calcium signaling, and a more recent player in metabolic regulation, JAK/STAT signaling. In addition, we explore some of the drugs and compounds targeting cancer metabolic reprogramming. Research on these mechanisms is highly promising and could ultimately offer new opportunities for the development of innovative therapies to treat advanced breast cancer characterized by dysregulated metabolism.

The strict regulation of HIF-1α by non-coding RNAs: new insight towards proliferation, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance strategies

The hypoxic environment is prominently witnessed in most solid tumors and is associated with the promotion of cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, therapeutic resistance, and metastasis of tumor cells. All the effects are mediated by the expression of a transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). HIF-1α transcriptionally modulates the expression of genes responsible for all the aforementioned functions. The stability of HIF-1α is regulated by many proteins and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). In this article, we have critically discussed the crucial role of ncRNAs [such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs)] in the regulation of stability and expression of HIF-1α. We have comprehensively discussed the molecular mechanisms and relationship of HIF-1α with each type of ncRNA in either promotion or repression of human cancers and therapeutic resistance. We have also elaborated on ncRNAs that are in clinical examination for the treatment of cancers. Overall, the majority of aspects concerning the relationship between HIF-1α and ncRNAs have been discussed in this article.

Targeting the Warburg effect: A revisited perspective from molecular mechanisms to traditional and innovative therapeutic strategies in cancer

Cancer reprogramming is an important facilitator of cancer development and survival, with tumor cells exhibiting a preference for aerobic glycolysis beyond oxidative phosphorylation, even under sufficient oxygen supply condition. This metabolic alteration, known as the Warburg effect, serves as a significant indicator of malignant tumor transformation. The Warburg effect primarily impacts cancer occurrence by influencing the aerobic glycolysis pathway in cancer cells. Key enzymes involved in this process include glucose transporters (GLUTs), HKs, PFKs, LDHs, and PKM2. Moreover, the expression of transcriptional regulatory factors and proteins, such as FOXM1, p53, NF-κB, HIF1α, and c-Myc, can also influence cancer progression. Furthermore, lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circular RNAs play a vital role in directly regulating the Warburg effect. Additionally, gene mutations, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and immune system interactions are closely associated with the Warburg effect. Notably, the development of drugs targeting the Warburg effect has exhibited promising potential in tumor treatment. This comprehensive review presents novel directions and approaches for the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients by conducting in-depth research and summarizing the bright prospects of targeting the Warburg effect in cancer.

An evolutionary learning-based method for identifying a circulating miRNA signature for breast cancer diagnosis prediction

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide. As key regulatory molecules in several biological processes, microRNAs (miRNAs) are potential biomarkers for cancer. Understanding the miRNA markers that can detect BC may improve survival rates and develop new targeted therapeutic strategies. To identify a circulating miRNA signature for diagnostic prediction in patients with BC, we developed an evolutionary learning-based method called BSig. BSig established a compact set of miRNAs as potential markers from 1280 patients with BC and 2686 healthy controls retrieved from the serum miRNA expression profiles for the diagnostic prediction. BSig demonstrated outstanding prediction performance, with an independent test accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 99.90% and 0.99, respectively. We identified 12 miRNAs, including hsa-miR-3185, hsa-miR-3648, hsa-miR-4530, hsa-miR-4763-5p, hsa-miR-5100, hsa-miR-5698, hsa-miR-6124, hsa-miR-6768-5p, hsa-miR-6800-5p, hsa-miR-6807-5p, hsa-miR-642a-3p, and hsa-miR-6836-3p, which significantly contributed towards diagnostic prediction in BC. Moreover, through bioinformatics analysis, this study identified 65 miRNA-target genes specific to BC cell lines. A comprehensive gene-set enrichment analysis was also performed to understand the underlying mechanisms of these target genes. BSig, a tool capable of BC detection and facilitating therapeutic selection, is publicly available at https://github.com/mingjutsai/BSig.

Metabolism-regulating non-coding RNAs in breast cancer: roles, mechanisms and clinical applications

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies that pose a serious threat to women's health. Reprogramming of energy metabolism is a major feature of the malignant transformation of breast cancer. Compared to normal cells, tumor cells reprogram metabolic processes more efficiently, converting nutrient supplies into glucose, amino acid and lipid required for malignant proliferation and progression. Non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs) are a class of functional RNA molecules that are not translated into proteins but regulate the expression of target genes. NcRNAs have been demonstrated to be involved in various aspects of energy metabolism, including glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and fatty acid synthesis. This review focuses on the metabolic regulatory mechanisms and clinical applications of metabolism-regulating ncRNAs involved in breast cancer. We summarize the vital roles played by metabolism-regulating ncRNAs for endocrine therapy, targeted therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy resistance in breast cancer, as well as their potential as therapeutic targets and biomarkers. Difficulties and perspectives of current targeted metabolism and non-coding RNA therapeutic strategies are discussed.

Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Signaling Pathways and Epigenetic Regulation

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are characterized by dysregulated signaling pathways that are crucial for tumor formation and progression. The efficacy of traditional therapies is limited, particularly in the treatment of PNETs at an advanced stage. Epigenetic alterations profoundly impact the activity of signaling pathways in cancer development, offering potential opportunities for drug development. There is currently a lack of extensive research on epigenetic regulation in PNETs. To fill this gap, we first summarize major signaling events that are involved in PNET development. Then, we discuss the epigenetic regulation of these signaling pathways in the context of both PNETs and commonly occurring-and therefore more extensively studied-malignancies. Finally, we will offer a perspective on the future research direction of the PNET epigenome and its potential applications in patient care.

The dual role of MiR-210 in the aetiology of cancer: A focus on hypoxia-inducible factor signalling

Tumorigenesis exemplifies the complex process of neoplasm origination, which is characterised by somatic genetic alterations and abnormal cellular growth. This multidimensional phenomenon transforms previously dormant cells into malignant equivalents, resulting in uncontrollable proliferation and clonal expansion. Various elements, including random mutations, harmful environmental substances, and genetic predispositions, influence tumorigenesis's aetiology. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are now recognised as crucial determinants of gene expression and key players in several biological methods, including oncogenesis. A well-known hypoxia-inducible miRNA is MiR-210, which is of particular interest because of its complicated role in the aetiology of cancer and a variation of physiological and pathological situations. MiR-210 significantly impacts cancer by controlling the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signalling pathway. By supporting angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, and cellular survival in hypoxic microenvironments, HIF signalling orchestrates adaptive responses, accelerating the unstoppable development of tumorous growth. Targeting several components of this cascade, including HIF-1, HIF-3, and FIH-1, MiR-210 plays a vital role in modifying HIF signalling and carefully controlling the HIF-mediated response and cellular fates in hypoxic environments. To understand the complexities of this relationship, careful investigation is required at the intersection of MiR-210 and HIF signalling. Understanding this relationship is crucial for uncovering the mechanisms underlying cancer aetiology and developing cutting-edge therapeutic approaches. The current review emphasises MiR-210's significance as a vital regulator of the HIF signalling cascade, with substantial implications spanning a range of tumor pathogenesis.

P53‑microRNA interactions regulate the response of colorectal tumor cells to oxaliplatin under normoxic and hypoxic conditions

Oxaliplatin (OXA)‑containing regimens are used as first‑line chemotherapy in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, OXA resistance remains a major challenge in CRC treatment. CRC cells that adapt to hypoxia can potentially develop OXA resistance, and the underlying molecular mechanisms still need to be further investigated. In the current study, the OXA drug sensitivity of two CRC cell lines, HCT116 (TP53WT) and HT29 (TP53MT), was compared under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. It was found that under normoxic condition, HCT116 cells showed significantly higher OXA sensitivity than HT29 cells. However, both cell lines showed remarkable OXA resistance under hypoxic conditions. It was also revealed that P53 levels were increased after OXA and hypoxia treatment in HCT116 cells but not in HT29 cells. Notably, knocking down P53WT decreased normoxic but increased hypoxic OXA sensitivity in HCT116 cells, which did not exist in HT29 cells. Molecular analysis indicated that P53WT activated microRNA (miR)‑26a and miR‑34a in OXA treatment and activated miR‑23a in hypoxia treatment. Cell proliferation experiments indicated that a high level of miR‑23a decreased OXA sensitivity and that a high level of miR‑26a or miR‑34a increased OXA sensitivity in HCT116 cells. Additionally, it was demonstrated that miR‑26a, miR‑34a and miR‑23a affect cell apoptosis through regulation of MCL‑1, EZH2, BCL‑2, SMAD 4 and STAT3. Taken together, the present findings revealed the dual function of P53 in regulating cellular chemo‑sensitivity and highlighted the role of P53‑miR interactions in the response of CRC cells to OXA chemotherapy under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.

Functional study of Cygb in the immune response to Vibrio harveyi disease in yellow drum (Nibea albiflora)

Cytoglobin (Cygb) is a 21-kDa heme-protein that belongs to the globin superfamily and is expressed in vertebrate tissues. It can participate in the oxidative stress response in organisms through the porphyrin ring. Previous studies have shown that this protein, also known as YdCygb, has potential immune abilities in the infection of Vibrio harveyi in yellow drum (Nibea albiflora). In this study, we report the role of Cygb in the immune response of teleost fish for the first time. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that YdCygb was highly expressed in the liver and intestine of yellow drum, and its expression can be upregulated by pathogenic attack. The cellular distribution of YdCygb-EGFP proteins was observed in cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus in the kidney cells of N. albiflora. Furthermore, a comparative transcriptome analysis between the YdCygb overexpression group and control vector group identified 28 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The analysis showed that ANPEP, CLDN5, ORM1/2, SERPINC1 and HPN and ITGAM might play important regulatory roles to Cygb in fish. Notably, using GST-pull down technology, we identified 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase and intermediate filament protein as direct interactors with YdCygb, playing a role against V. harveyi. The molecular and functional characterization of YdCygb provides better understanding of the genetic basis of disease resistance traits in yellow drum and sheds new light on the functioning of Cygb and its potential regulatory signaling pathway as well.

MicroRNAs as Molecular Biomarkers for the Characterization of Basal-like Breast Tumor Subtype

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease highlighted by the presence of multiple tumor variants and the basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) is considered to be the most aggressive variant with limited therapeutics and a poor prognosis. Though the absence of detectable protein and hormonal receptors as biomarkers hinders early detection, the integration of genomic and transcriptomic profiling led to the identification of additional variants in BLBC. The high-throughput analysis of tissue-specific micro-ribonucleic acids (microRNAs/miRNAs) that are deemed to have a significant role in the development of breast cancer also displayed distinct expression profiles in each subtype of breast cancer and thus emerged to be a robust approach for the precise characterization of the BLBC subtypes. The classification schematic of breast cancer is still a fluid entity that continues to evolve alongside technological advancement, and the transcriptomic profiling of tissue-specific microRNAs is projected to aid in the substratification and diagnosis of the BLBC tumor subtype. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on breast tumor classification, aim to collect comprehensive evidence based on the microRNA expression profiles, and explore their potential as prospective biomarkers of BLBC.

A positive feedback loop between miR-574-3p and HIF-1α in promoting angiogenesis under hypoxia

In our previous report, we presented evidence supporting the role of miR-574-3p in downregulating the expression of cullin 2 (CUL2) in gastric cancer (GC) cells. Expanding on those findings, the present study aims to confirm the direct interaction between miR-574-3p and the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of CUL2, which leads to the suppression of CUL2 expression and destabilization of the VCBCR complex. Based on these discoveries, we propose a novel pathway involving miR-574-3p, HIF-1α, and VEGF that contributes to angiogenesis. Through a series of meticulous experiments, we successfully validate this hypothesis. Specifically, our observations indicate that overexpression of miR-574-3p in GC cells induces an upregulation of HIF-1α and VEGF, resulting in enhanced proliferation, migration, invasion, and tube formation of HUVEC cells. Furthermore, employing a mouse model, we demonstrate that miR-574-3p facilitates the recruitment of endothelial cells towards matrigel xenografts. Additionally, we note a parallel increase in miR-574-3p and HIF-1α levels across multiple cell lines (including AGS, SGC-7901, Hela, and 293T cells) subjected to hypoxic conditions (2 % O2 or CoCl2 treatment), as well as in the myocardial muscles of sodium nitrite-induced hypoxic mice. Further investigations reveal that HIF-1α upregulates miR-574-3p expression by directly binding to the miR-574 promoter. Collectively, these findings strongly support the existence of a positive feedback loop between miR-574-3p and HIF-1α, which facilitates angiogenesis under hypoxic conditions.

Exosomal miR-105-5p derived from bladder cancer stem cells targets for GPR12 to promote the malignancy of bladder cancer

Bladder cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are considered as the root cause of BC initiation and recurrence, and exosomes derived from BCSCs (CSCs-exo) are the vital tool for establishing a stable tumor microenvironment. miR-105-5p has been revealed to promote tumor growth in a variety of cancers, but the effects on BC are still not included.Characteristics of CSCs-exo were examined by transmission electron microscope and nanoparticle tracking analysis. PKH67 dye was used to observe the cellular uptake of exosomes. Cell viability, migration and invasion were detected by CCK-8, wound healing and transwell invasion assays, respectively. The interaction between miR-105-5p and GPR12 was verified by luciferase activity assay. Xenografts were induced in the nude mice, and H&E staining method was applied to analyze the histological changes of xenografts. CSCs-exo efficiently promoted BC cell viability, migration and invasion. miR-105-5p was highly expressed in CSCs and CSCs-exo treatment significantly upregulated the expression of miR-105-5p in BC cells.GPR12 was subsequently verified to be the target gene of miR-105-5p, and overexpression of GPR12 abrogated the effects of miR-105-5p on BC cell growth and metastasis. Reversely, the anti-tumor function of miR-105-5p antagomir was observed in the xenograft mice.CSCs aggravated the malignancy of BC partly through transmitting exosomal miR-105-5p to BC cells to inhibit the expression of GPR12, which developed a novel aspect for CSC-targeted therapies.

Hsa_circ_0052611 and mir-767-5p guide the warburg effect, migration, and invasion of BRCA cells through modulating SCAI

Noncoding RNAs are key regulators in the Warburg Effect, an emerging hallmark of cancer. We intended to investigate the role and mechanism of circular RNA hsa_circ_0052611 (circ_0052611) and microRNA (miR)-767-5p in breast cancer (BRCA) hallmarks, especially the Warburg Effect. Expression of circ_0052611 and SCAI was downregulated, and miR-767-5p was upregulated in human BRCA tissues and cells; moreover, circ_0052611 acted as a miR-767-5p sponge to modulate the expression of miR-767-5p-targeted SCAI. Functionally, re-expressing circ_0052611 suppressed migration, invasion, glucose uptake, lactate production, and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) in BRCA cells, and promoted apoptotic rate. These effects were accompanied by decreased Vimentin, N-cadherin, Bcl-2, and LDHA, and increased E-cadherin and Bax. Consistently, exhausting miR-767-5p exerted similar effects in BRCA cells. High miR-767-5p could counteract the role of circ_0052611 overexpression, and low SCAI likewise blocked the role of miR-767-5p deletion. In vivo, upregulating circ_0052611 delayed tumor growth of BRCA cells by altering miR-767-5p and SCAI expression. circ_0052611/miR-767-5p/SCAI axis might boycott the malignancy of BRCA cells.

Advances in immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Immunotherapy has recently emerged as a treatment strategy which stimulates the human immune system to kill tumor cells. Tumor immunotherapy is based on immune editing, which enhances the antigenicity of tumor cells and increases the tumoricidal effect of immune cells. It also suppresses immunosuppressive molecules, activates or restores immune system function, enhances anti-tumor immune responses, and inhibits the growth f tumor cell. This offers the possibility of reducing mortality in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).

MAIN BODY

Immunotherapy approaches for TNBC have been diversified in recent years, with breakthroughs in the treatment of this entity. Research on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has made it possible to identify different molecular subtypes and formulate individualized immunotherapy schedules. This review highlights the unique tumor microenvironment of TNBC and integrates and analyzes the advances in ICI therapy. It also discusses strategies for the combination of ICIs with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and emerging treatment methods such as nanotechnology, ribonucleic acid vaccines, and gene therapy. Currently, numerous ongoing or completed clinical trials are exploring the utilization of immunotherapy in conjunction with existing treatment modalities for TNBC. The objective of these investigations is to assess the effectiveness of various combined immunotherapy approaches and determine the most effective treatment regimens for patients with TNBC.

CONCLUSION

This review provides insights into the approaches used to overcome drug resistance in immunotherapy, and explores the directions of immunotherapy development in the treatment of TNBC.

Prognostic and Predictive Utility of GPD1L in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. GPD1L, a member of the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family, has emerged as a potential tumour suppressor gene, with high expression associated with a favourable prognosis in various cancers. Despite an intriguing inverse relationship observed with HCC, the precise role and underlying function of GPD1L in HCC remain poorly understood. Here, we aimed to investigate the prognostic significance, molecular characteristics, and predictive potential of GPD1L overexpression in HCC. Analysis of independent datasets revealed a significant correlation between high GPD1L expression and poor survival in HCC patients. Spatial and single cell transcriptome datasets confirmed elevated GDP1L expression in tumour tissue compared to adjacent normal tissue. GPD1L exhibited increased expression and promoter demethylation with advancing tumour stage, confirming positive selection during tumorigeneses. GPD1L overexpression was associated with metabolic dysregulation and enrichment of gene sets related to cell cycle control, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and E2F targets. Moreover, we demonstrated an inverse correlation between GPD1L expression and therapeutic response for three therapeutic agents (PF-562271, Linsitinib, and BMS-754807), highlighting its potential as a predictive biomarker for HCC treatment outcomes. These data provide insights into the prognostic significance, molecular characteristics, and predictive potential of GPD1L in HCC.

Diagnostic significance of dysregulated miRNAs in T-cell malignancies and their metabolic roles

T-cell malignancy is a broad term used for a diverse group of disease subtypes representing dysfunctional malignant T cells transformed at various stages of their clonal evolution. Despite having similar clinical manifestations, these disease groups have different disease progressions and diagnostic parameters. The effective diagnosis and prognosis of such a diverse disease group demands testing of molecular entities that capture footprints of the disease physiology in its entirety. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of noncoding RNA molecules that regulate the expression of genes and, while doing so, leave behind specific miRNA signatures corresponding to cellular expression status in an altered stage of a disease. Using miRNAs as a diagnostic tool is justified, as they can effectively distinguish expressional diversity between various tumors and within subtypes of T-cell malignancies. As global attention for cancer diagnosis shifts toward liquid biopsy, diagnosis using miRNAs is more relevant in blood cancers than in solid tumors. We also lay forward the diagnostic significance of miRNAs that are indicative of subtype, progression, severity, therapy response, and relapse. This review discusses the potential use and the role of miRNAs, miRNA signatures, or classifiers in the diagnosis of major groups of T-cell malignancies like T-cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-ALL), peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTCL), and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). The review also briefly discusses major diagnostic miRNAs having prominent metabolic roles in these malignancies to highlight their importance among other dysregulated miRNAs.

Molecular profile of non-coding RNA-mediated glycolysis control in human cancers

The glycolysis is a common characteristic of cancer and it is responsible for providing enough energy to ensure growth. The glycolysis suppression is beneficial in tumor growth reduction. The stimulation/inhibition of glycolysis in cancer is tightly regulated by ncRNAs. The regulation of glycolysis by ncRNAs can influence proliferation and therapy response of tumor. The miRNAs are capable of inactivating enzymes responsible for glycolysis and suppressing signaling networks resulting in glycolysis induction. By regulation of glycolysis, miRNAs can affect therapy response. The lncRNAs and circRNAs follow a same pathway and by targeting glycolysis, they affect progression and therapy response of tumor. Noteworthy, lncRNAs and circRNAs sponge miRNAs in glycolysis mechanism control in tumor cells. Furthermore, ncRNA-mediated regulation of glycolysis mechanism can influence metastasis to organs of body. The ncRNAs regulating glycolysis are reliable biomarkers in cancer patients and more importantly, exosomal ncRNAs due to their presence in body fluids, are minimally-invasive biomarkers.

A Novel Defined PANoptosis-Related miRNA Signature for Predicting the Prognosis and Immune Characteristics in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: A miRNA Signature for the Prognosis of ccRCC

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is one of the most prevalent cancers, and PANoptosis is a distinct, inflammatory-programmed cell death regulated by the PANoptosome. The essential regulators of cancer occurrence and progression are microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the potential function of PANoptosis-related microRNAs (PRMs) in ccRCC remains obscure. This study retrieved ccRCC samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas database and three Gene Expression Omnibus datasets. PRMs were recognized based on previous reports in the scientific literature. Regression analyses were used to identify the prognosis PRMs and construct a PANoptosis-related miRNA prognostic signature based on the risk score. We discovered that high-risk patients had poorer survival prognoses and were significantly linked to high-grade and advanced-stage tumors, using a variety of R software packages and web analysis tools. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the low-risk group had significant changes in their metabolic pathways. In contrast, the high-risk group was characterized by high immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint expression, and low half-maximum inhibition concentration (IC50) values of chemotherapeutic agents. This suggests that high-risk patients may benefit more from immunotherapy and chemotherapy. In conclusion, we constructed a PANoptosis-related microRNA signature and revealed its potential significance in clinicopathological features and tumor immunity, thereby providing new precise treatment strategies.

Roles of non-coding RNAs in the metabolism and pathogenesis of bladder cancer

Bladder cancer (BC) is featured as the second most common malignancy of the urinary tract worldwide with few treatments leading to high incidence and mortality. It stayed a virtually intractable disease, and efforts to identify innovative and effective therapies are urgently needed. At present, more and more evidence shows the importance of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) for disease-related study, diagnosis, and treatment of diverse types of malignancies. Recent evidence suggests that dysregulated functions of ncRNAs are closely associated with the pathogenesis of numerous cancers including BC. The detailed mechanisms underlying the dysregulated role of ncRNAs in cancer progression are still not fully understood. This review mainly summarizes recent findings on regulatory mechanisms of the ncRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, and circular RNAs, in cancer progression or suppression and focuses on the predictive values of ncRNAs-related signatures in BC clinical outcomes. A deeper understanding of the ncRNA interactive network could be compelling framework for developing biomarker-guided clinical trials.

Non-coding RNAs in breast cancer: with a focus on glucose metabolism reprogramming

Breast cancer is the tumor with the highest incidence in women worldwide. According to research, the poor prognosis of breast cancer is closely related to abnormal glucose metabolism in tumor cells. Changes in glucose metabolism in tumor cells are an important feature. When sufficient oxygen is available, cancer cells tend to undergo glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation, which promotes rapid proliferation and invasion of tumor cells. As research deepens, targeting the glucose metabolism pathway of tumor cells is seen as a promising treatment. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), a recent focus of research, are involved in the regulation of enzymes of glucose metabolism and related cancer signaling pathways in breast cancer cells. This article reviews the regulatory effect and mechanism of ncRNAs on glucose metabolism in breast cancer cells and provides new ideas for the treatment of breast cancer.

SIRT1/P53 pathway is involved in the Arsenic induced aerobic glycolysis in hepatocytes L-02 cells

Arsenic is a known human carcinogen. Low doses of arsenic can induce cell proliferation, but the mechanism remains elusive. Aerobic glycolysis, also known as the Warburg effect, is one of the characteristics of tumour cells and rapidly proliferating cells. P53 is a tumour suppressor gene that has been shown to be a negative regulator of aerobic glycolysis. SIRT1 is a deacetylase that inhibits the function of P53. In this study, we found that P53 was involved in low dose of arsenic-induced aerobic glycolysis through regulating HK2 expression in L-02 cells. Moreover, SIRT1 not only inhibited P53 expression but also decreased the acetylation level of P53-K382 in arsenic-treated L-02 cells. Meanwhile, SIRT1 influenced the expression of HK2 and LDHA, which then promoted arsenic-induced glycolysis in L-02 cells. Therefore, our study demonstrated that the SIRT1/P53 pathway is involved in arsenic-induced glycolysis, thereby promoting cell proliferation, which provides theoretical basis for enriching the mechanism of arsenic carcinogenesis.

The effectiveness of blood-activating and stasis-transforming traditional Chinese medicines (BAST) in lung cancer progression-a comprehensive review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Blood-activating and stasis-transforming traditional Chinese medicines (BAST) are a class of herbs that have the effect of dilating blood vessels and dispersing stagnation. Modern pharmaceutical research has demonstrated that they are capable of improving hemodynamics and micro-flow, resist thrombosis and promote blood flow. BAST contain numerous active ingredients, which can theoretically regulate multiple targets at the same time and have a wide range of pharmacological effects in the treatment of diseases including human cancers. Clinically, BAST have minimal side effects and can be used in combination with Western medicine to improve patients' quality of life, lessen adverse effects and minimize the risk of recurrence and metastasis of cancers.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

We aimed to summarize the research progression of BAST on lung cancer in the past five years and present a prospect for the future. Particularly, this review further analyzes the effects and molecular mechanisms that BAST inhibit the invasion and metastasis of lung cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Relevant studies about BSAT were collected from PubMed and Web of science.

RESULTS

Lung cancer is one of the malignant tumors with the highest mortality rate. Most patients with lung cancer are diagnosed at an advanced stage and are highly susceptible to metastasis. Recent studies have shown that BAST, a class of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with the function of opening veins and dispersing blood stasis, significantly improve hemodynamics and microcirculation, prevent thrombosis and promote blood flow, and thereby inhibiting the invasion and metastasis of lung cancer. In the current review, we analyzed 51 active ingredients extracted from BAST. It was found that BAST and their active ingredients contribute to the prevention of invasion and metastasis of lung cancer through multiple mechanisms, such as regulation of EMT process, specific signaling pathway and metastasis-related genes, tumor blood vessel formation, immune microenvironment and inflammatory response of tumors.

CONCLUSIONS

BSAT and its active ingredients have showed promising anticancer activity and significantly inhibit the invasion and metastasis of lung cancer. A growing number of studies have realized their potential clinical significance in the therapy of lung cancer, which will provide substantial evidences for the development of new TCM for lung cancer therapy.

CircRNA-miRNA-VEGFA: an important pathway to regulate cancer pathogenesis

Cancers, especially malignant tumors, contribute to high global mortality rates, resulting in great economic burden to society. Many factors are associated with cancer pathogenesis, including vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) and circular RNAs (circRNA). VEGFA is a pivotal regulator of vascular development such as angiogenesis, which is an important process in cancer development. CircRNAs have covalently closed structures, making them highly stable. CircRNAs are widely distributed and participate in many physiological and pathological processes, including modulating cancer pathogenesis. CircRNAs act as transcriptional regulators of parental genes, microRNA (miRNA)/RNA binding protein (RBP) sponges, protein templates. CircRNAs mainly function via binding to miRNAs. CircRNAs have been shown to influence different diseases such as coronary artery diseases and cancers by regulating VEGFA levels via binding to miRNAs. In this paper, we explored the origin and functional pathways of VEGFA, reviewed the current understanding of circRNA properties and action mechanisms, and summarized the role of circRNAs in regulating VEGFA during cancer pathogenesis.

MiR-210 regulates lung adenocarcinoma by targeting HIF-1α

Object

This study sought to elucidate the role of microRNA-210 (miR-210) in the occurrence and development of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD).

Methods

The levels of lncRNA miR-210HG and miR-210 in LUAD tissues and corresponding normal tissues were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. The expression of the anti-hypoxia factor hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blot. The target of miR-210 on HIF-1α was confirmed using TCGA, Western blot and luciferase reporter assay. The regulatory role of miR-210 on HIF-1α and VEGF in LUAD was investigated. The correlation of genes with clinical prognosis was analyzed using bioinformatics methods. The effect of miR-210 on LUAD cells was verified through apoptosis assays.

Results

The expression of miR-210 and miR-210HG was significantly higher in LUAD tissues than in normal tissues. The expression of hypoxia-related indicators HIF-1α and VEGF was also significantly higher in LUAD tissues. MiR-210 suppressed HIF-1α expression by targeting site 113 of HIF-1α, thereby affecting VEGF expression. Overexpression of miR-210 inhibited HIF-1 expression by targeting the 113 site of HIF-1, thereby affecting VEGF expression. Conversely, inhibition of miR-210 resulted in a significant increase in HIF-1α and VEGF expression in LUAD cells. In TCGA-LUAD cohorts, the expression of VEGF-c and VEGF-d genes in LUAD tissues was significantly lower than in normal tissues, while overall survival was worse in LUAD patients with high expression of HIF-1α, VEGF-c and VEGF-d. Apoptosis was significantly lower in H1650 cells after miR-210 inhibition.

Conclusion

This study reveals that miR-210 exerts an inhibitory effect on VEGF expression by down-regulating HIF-1α expression in LUAD. Conversely, inhibition of miR-210 significantly reduced H1650 apoptosis and led to worse patient survival by upregulating HIF-1α and VEGF. These results suggest that miR-210 could serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of LUAD.

LINC00365 functions as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting HIF-1α-mediated glucose metabolism reprogramming in breast cancer

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in regulating several physiological processes and have been implicated in several pathologies including cancer. LncRNAs have been found to regulate key cellular pathways involved in cancer development, and their aberrant expression plays critical roles in the onset or progression of disease. The role of lncRNAs in breast cancer (BC) has become a hot topic of research in recent years. We previously showed that LINC00365 inhibits BC survival. In the current study, based on the important role of energy metabolism and HIF-1α for tumor cell proliferation, we investigated the role and mechanism of the LINC00365/HIF-1α axis in affecting tumor growth through glycolysis using the breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and HCC-1937. We found that LINC00365 inhibited BC cell proliferation. Furthermore, LINC00365 overexpression suppressed aerobic glycolysis in BC cells. RNA-sequencing identified hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which has been linked with glycolysis and upregulates glycolysis-related genes, as a potential target gene of LINC00365. Accordingly, we found that LINC00365 overexpression resulted in decreased expression of key glycolytic enzymes such as downstream hexokinase 2 (HK2), recombinant pyruvate kinase isozymes M2 (PKM2) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA). Our results suggest that targeting LINC00365 may reverse the glucose metabolism pattern of BC and effectively inhibit BC survival both in vitro and in vivo.

MiRNAs Action and Impact on Mitochondria Function, Metabolic Reprogramming and Chemoresistance of Cancer Cells: A Systematic Review

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the regulation of mitochondrial function and homeostasis, and in the modulation of cell metabolism, by targeting known oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes of metabolic-related signaling pathways involved in the hallmarks of cancer. This systematic review focuses on articles describing the role, association, and/or involvement of miRNAs in regulating the mitochondrial function and metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. Following the PRISMA guidelines, the articles reviewed were published from January 2010 to September 2022, with the search terms "mitochondrial microRNA" and its synonyms (mitochondrial microRNA, mitochondrial miRNA, mito microRNA, or mitomiR), "reprogramming metabolism," and "cancer" in the title or abstract). Thirty-six original research articles were selected, revealing 51 miRNAs with altered expression in 12 cancers: bladder, breast, cervical, colon, colorectal, liver, lung, melanoma, osteosarcoma, pancreatic, prostate, and tongue. The actions of miRNAs and their corresponding target genes have been reported mainly in cell metabolic processes, mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, apoptosis, redox signaling, and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Altogether, these studies support the role of miRNAs in the metabolic reprogramming hallmark of cancer cells and highlight their potential as predictive molecular markers of treatment response and/or targets that can be used for therapeutic intervention.

An enzyme-powered microRNA discriminator for the subtype-specific diagnosis of breast cancer

Breast cancer, a disease with highly heterogeneous features, is the most common malignancy diagnosed in people worldwide. Early diagnosis of breast cancer is crucial for improving its cure rate, and accurate classification of the subtype-specific features is essential to precisely treat the disease. An enzyme-powered microRNA (miRNA, RNA = ribonucleic acid) discriminator was developed to selectively distinguish breast cancer cells from normal cells and further identify subtype-specific features. Specifically, miR-21 was used as a universal biomarker to discriminate between breast cancer cells and normal cells, and miR-210 was used to identify triple-negative subtype features. The experimental results demonstrated that the enzyme-powered miRNA discriminator displayed low limits of detection at fM levels for both miR-21 and miR-210. Moreover, the miRNA discriminator enabled the discrimination and quantitative determination of breast cancer cells derived from different subtypes based on their miR-21 levels, and the further identification of the triple-negative subtype in combination with the miR-210 levels. Therefore, it is hoped that this study will provide insight into subtype-specific miRNA profiling, which may have potential use in the clinical management of breast tumours based on their subtype characteristics.

Overexpression of miR-181a regulates the Warburg effect in triple-negative breast cancer

OBJECTIVE

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is highly aggressive and leads to a poor prognosis. microRNA-181a (miR-181a) exhibits strong antineoplastic effects in many types of cancer. In this study, we examine the responses of human miR-181a-transfected TNBC cells and explore the mechanisms underlying the observed effects.

METHODS

A series of cellular assays were conducted using cells from the MDA-MB-231 TNBC line to assess the impact of miR-181a overexpression. The extracellular acidification rate, lactate production and glucose uptake were evaluated as a measure of aerobic glycolysis (i.e. the Warburg effect). The expressions of glycolysis-related gene were analyzed.

RESULTS

Viability, migration and survival of miR-181a-transfected MDA-MB-231 cells were all significantly reduced. miR-181a inhibited glycolysis in TNBC cells by reducing the rates of glucose uptake and lactate production and a substantial downregulation of factors known to contribute to the Warburg effect, including the serine/threonine kinase, AKT3, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1).

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrate that miR-181a may regulate glycolysis in MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells, potentially via interference with components of the AKT3-HIF-1α and PGRMC1 pathways. These results suggest that miR-181a might be developed as a therapeutic agent for use in antineoplastic regimens directed at TNBC and PGRMC1-overexpressing breast cancers.

New progress in the role of microRNAs in the diagnosis and prognosis of triple negative breast cancer

Triple negative breast cancer is distinguished by its high malignancy, aggressive invasion, rapid progression, easy recurrence, and distant metastases. Additionally, it has a poor prognosis, a high mortality, and is unresponsive to conventional endocrine and targeted therapy, making it a challenging problem for breast cancer treatment and a hotspot for scientific research. Recent research has revealed that certain miRNA can directly or indirectly affect the occurrence, progress and recurrence of TNBC. Their expression levels have a significant impact on TNBC diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Some miRNAs can serve as biomarkers for TNBC diagnosis and prognosis. This article summarizes the progress of miRNA research in TNBC, discusses their roles in the occurrence, invasion, metastasis, prognosis, and chemotherapy of TNBC, and proposes a treatment strategy for TNBC by interfering with miRNA expression levels.

Comprehensive analysis of a glycolysis and cholesterol synthesis-related genes signature for predicting prognosis and immune landscape in osteosarcoma

Background

Glycolysis and cholesterol synthesis are crucial in cancer metabolic reprogramming. The aim of this study was to identify a glycolysis and cholesterol synthesis-related genes (GCSRGs) signature for effective prognostic assessments of osteosarcoma patients.

Methods

Gene expression data and clinical information were obtained from GSE21257 and TARGET-OS datasets. Consistent clustering method was used to identify the GCSRGs-related subtypes. Univariate Cox regression and LASSO Cox regression analyses were used to construct the GCSRGs signature. The ssGSEA method was used to analyze the differences in immune cells infiltration. The pRRophetic R package was utilized to assess the drug sensitivity of different groups. Western blotting, cell viability assay, scratch assay and Transwell assay were used to perform cytological validation.

Results

Through bioinformatics analysis, patients diagnosed with osteosarcoma were classified into one of 4 subtypes (quiescent, glycolysis, cholesterol, and mixed subtypes), which differed significantly in terms of prognosis and tumor microenvironment. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed that the modules strongly correlated with glycolysis and cholesterol synthesis were the midnight blue and the yellow modules, respectively. Both univariate and LASSO Cox regression analyses were conducted on screened module genes to identify 5 GCSRGs (RPS28, MCAM, EN1, TRAM2, and VEGFA) constituting a prognostic signature for osteosarcoma patients. The signature was an effective prognostic predictor, independent of clinical characteristics, as verified further via Kaplan-Meier analysis, ROC curve analysis, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Additionally, GCSRGs signature had strong correlation with drug sensitivity, immune checkpoints and immune cells infiltration. In cytological experiments, we selected TRAM2 as a representative gene to validate the validity of GCSRGs signature, which found that TRAM2 promoted the progression of osteosarcoma cells. Finally, at the pan-cancer level, TRAM2 had been correlated with overall survival, progression free survival, disease specific survival, tumor mutational burden, microsatellite instability, immune checkpoints and immune cells infiltration.

Conclusion

Therefore, we constructed a GCSRGs signature that efficiently predicted osteosarcoma patient prognosis and guided therapy.

Metal Organic Framework-Based Bio-Barcode CRISPR/Cas12a Assay for Ultrasensitive Detection of MicroRNAs

CRISPR/Cas12a has shown great potential in molecular diagnostics, but its application in sensing of microRNAs (miRNAs) was limited by sensitivity and complexity. Here, we have sensitively and conveniently detected microRNAs by reasonably integrating metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based biobarcodes with CRISPR/Cas12a assay (designated as MBCA). In this work, DNA-functionalized Zr-MOFs were designed as the converter to convert and amplify each miRNA target into activators that can initiate the trans-cleavage activity of CRISPR/Cas12a to further amplify the signal. Such integration provides a universal strategy for sensitive detection of miRNAs. By tuning the complementary sequences modified on nanoprobes, this assay achieves subattomolar sensitivity for different miRNAs and was selective to single-based mismatches. With the proposed method, the expression of miR-21 in different cancer cells can be assessed, and breast cancer patients and healthy individuals can be differentiated by analyzing the target miRNAs extracted from serum samples, holding great potential in clinical diagnosis.

Role of LDH in tumor glycolysis: Regulation of LDHA by small molecules for cancer therapeutics

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is one of the crucial enzymes in aerobic glycolysis, catalyzing the last step of glycolysis, i.e. the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. Most cancer cells are characterized by an enhanced rate of tumor glycolysis to ensure the energy demand of fast-growing cancer cells leading to increased lactate production. Excess lactate creates extracellular acidosis which facilitates invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis and affects the immune response. Lactate shuttle and lactate symbiosis is established in cancer cells, which may further increase the poor prognosis. Several genetic and phenotypic studies established the potential role of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) or LDH5, the one homo-tetramer of subunit A, in cancer development and metastasis. The LDHA is considered a viable target for drug design and discovery. Several small molecules have been discovered to date exhibiting significant LDHA inhibitory activities and anticancer activities, therefore the starvation of cancer cells by targeting tumor glycolysis through LDHA inhibition with improved selectivity can generate alternative anticancer therapeutics. This review provides an overview of the role of LDHA in metabolic reprogramming and its association with proto-oncogenes and oncogenes. This review also aims to deliver an update on significant LDHA inhibitors with anticancer properties and future direction in this area.

Correlation of Glucose Metabolism with Cancer and Intervention with Traditional Chinese Medicine

Cancer is a complex disease with several distinct characteristics, referred to as “cancer markers” one of which is metabolic reprogramming, which is a common feature that drives cancer progression. Over the last ten years, researchers have focused on the reprogramming of glucose metabolism in cancer. In cancer, the oxidative phosphorylation metabolic pathway is converted into the glycolytic pathway in order to meet the growth requirements of cancer cells, thereby creating a microenvironment that promotes cancer progression. The precise mechanism of glucose metabolism in cancer cells is still unknown, but it is thought to involve the aberrant levels of metabolic enzymes, the influence of the tumor microenvironment (TME), and the activation of tumor-promoting signaling pathways. It is suggested that glucose metabolism is strongly linked to cancer progression because it provides energy to cancer cells and interferes with antitumor drug pharmacodynamics. Therefore, it is critical to unravel the mechanism of glucose metabolism in tumors in order to gain a better understanding of tumorigenesis and to lay the groundwork for future research into the identification of novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has the characteristics of multiple targets, multiple components, and less toxic side effects and has unique advantages in tumor treatment. In recent years, researchers have found that a variety of Chinese medicine monomers and compound recipes play an antitumor role by interfering with the reprogramming of tumor metabolism. The underlying mechanisms of metabolism reprogramming of tumor cells and the role of TCM in regulating glucose metabolism are reviewed in this study, so as to provide a new idea for antitumor research in Chinese medicine.

Melatonin alleviates the heat stress-induced impairment of Sertoli cells by reprogramming glucose metabolism

Sertoli cells (SCs) provide structural and nutritional support for developing germ cells. Normal glucose metabolism of SCs is necessary for spermatogenesis. Melatonin could alleviate the effects of heat stress on spermatogenesis. However, the influences of heat stress on glucose metabolism in SCs remain unclear, and the potential protective mechanisms of melatonin on SCs need more exploration. In this study, boar SCs were treated at 43°C for 30 min, and different concentrations of melatonin were added to protect SCs from heat stress-induced impairment. These results showed that heat stress-induced oxidative stress caused cell apoptosis, inhibited the pentose phosphate pathway, and decreased the ATP content. Furthermore, heat stress increased the expressions of glucose intake- and glycolytic-related enzymes, which enhanced the glycolysis activity to compensate for the energy deficit. Melatonin relieved heat stress-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis by activating the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1)/NF-E2-related factor 2 signaling pathway to increase the capacity of antioxidants. In addition, melatonin enhanced heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) expression through melatonin receptor 1B (MTNR1B), thereby stabilizing hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Activation of the HIF-1α signaling pathway enhanced glycolysis, promoted the pentose phosphate pathway, and increased cell viability. Our results suggest that melatonin reprograms glucose metabolism in SCs through the MTNR1B-HSP90-HIF-1α axis and provides a theoretical basis for preventing heat stress injury.

Conducive target range of breast cancer: Hypoxic tumor microenvironment

Breast cancer is a kind of malignant tumor disease that poses a serious threat to human health. Its biological characteristics of rapid proliferation and delayed angiogenesis, lead to intratumoral hypoxia as a common finding in breast cancer. HIF as a transcription factor, mediate a series of reactions in the hypoxic microenvironment, including metabolic reprogramming, tumor angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation and metastasis and other important physiological and pathological processes, as well as gene instability under hypoxia. In addition, in the immune microenvironment of hypoxia, both innate and acquired immunity of tumor cells undergo subtle changes to support tumor and inhibit immune activity. Thus, the elucidation of tumor microenvironment hypoxia provides a promising target for the resistance and limited efficacy of current breast cancer therapies. We also summarize the hypoxic mechanisms of breast cancer treatment related drug resistance, as well as the current status and prospects of latest related drugs targeted HIF inhibitors.

Crosstalk between Immune Checkpoint Modulators, Metabolic Reprogramming and Cellular Plasticity in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is one of the major causes of mortality in women worldwide. Accounting for 15-20% of all breast cancer diagnoses, the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype presents with an aggressive clinical course, heightened metastatic potential and the poorest short-term prognosis. TNBC does not respond to hormonal therapy, only partially responds to radio- and chemotherapy, and has limited targeted therapy options, thus underlining the critical need for better therapeutic treatments. Although immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint inhibition is emerging as a promising treatment option for TNBC patients, activation of cellular plasticity programs such as metabolic reprogramming (MR) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) causes immunotherapy to fail. In this report, we review the role of MR and EMT in immune checkpoint dysregulation in TNBCs and specifically shed light on development of novel combination treatment modalities for this challenging disease. We highlight the clinical relevance of crosstalk between MR, EMT, and immune checkpoints in TNBCs.

HK2: a potential regulator of osteoarthritis via glycolytic and non-glycolytic pathways

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related chronic degenerative joint disease where the main characteristics include progressive degeneration of cartilage, varying degrees of synovitis, and periarticular osteogenesis. However, the underlying factors involved in OA pathogenesis remain elusive which has resulted in poor clinical treatment effect. Recently, glucose metabolism changes provide a new perspective on the pathogenesis of OA. Under the stimulation of external environment, the metabolic pathway of chondrocytes tends to change from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to aerobic glycolysis. Previous studies have demonstrated that glycolysis of synovial tissue is increased in OA. The hexokinase (HK) is the first rate limiting enzyme in aerobic glycolysis, participating and catalyzing the main pathway of glucose utilization. An isoform of HKs, HK2 is considered to be a key regulator of glucose metabolism, promotes the transformation of glycolysis from OXPHOS to aerobic glycolysis. Moreover, the expression level of HK2 in OA synovial tissue (FLS) was higher than that in control group, which indicated the potential therapeutic effect of HK2 in OA. However, there is no summary to help us understand the potential therapeutic role of glucose metabolism in OA. Therefore, this review focuses on the properties of HK2 and existing research concerning HK2 and OA. We also highlight the potential role and mechanism of HK2 in OA.

Role of noncoding RNAs and untranslated regions in cancer: A review

Cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide, and poses a threat to human health. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) constitute most transcripts, but they cannot be translated into proteins. Studies have shown that ncRNAs can act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes. This review describes the role of several ncRNAs in various cancers, including microRNAs (miRNAs) such as the miR-34 family, let-7, miR-17-92 cluster, miR-210, and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) such as HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR), Metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), H19, NF-κB-interacting lncRNA (NKILA), as well as circular RNAs (circRNAs) and untranslated regions (UTRs), highlighting their effects on cancer growth, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. They function as tumor suppressors or oncogenes that interfere with different axes and pathways, including p53 and IL-6, which are involved in the progression of cancer. The characteristic expression of some ncRNAs in cancer also allows them to be used as biomarkers for early diagnosis and therapeutic candidates. There is a complex network of interactions between ncRNAs, with some lncRNAs and circRNAs acting as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) to decoy miRNAs and repress their expression. The ceRNA network is a part of the ncRNA network and numerous ncRNAs work as nodes or hubs in the network, and disruption of their interactions can cause cancer development. Therefore, the balance and stabilization of this network are important for cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Vitamin C-induced competitive binding of HIF-1α and p53 to ubiquitin E3 ligase CBL contributes to anti-breast cancer progression through p53 deacetylation

Vitamin C (VC), in regard to its effectiveness against tumors, has had a controversial history in cancer treatment. However, the anticancer mechanisms of VC are not fully understood. Here, we reported that VC exerted an anticancer effect on cancer cell and xenograft models via inhibiting HIF-1α-dependent cell proliferation and promoting p53-dependent cell apoptosis. To be specific, VC modulated the competitive binding of HIF-1α and p53 to their common E3 ubiquitin ligase CBL, thereby inhibiting tumorigenesis. Moreover, VC treatment activated SIRT1, resulting in p53 deacetylation and CBL-p53 complex dissociation, which in turn facilitated CBL recruitment of HIF-1α for ubiquitination in a proteasome-dependent manner. Altogether, our results provided a mechanistic rationale for exploring the therapeutic use of VC in cancer therapy.

Pimozide inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells by alleviating the Warburg effect through the P53 signaling pathway

The Warburg effect is a promising target for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, referring to the ability of cancer cells to generate energy through high levels of glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen, allowing them to grow and proliferate rapidly. The antipsychotic Pimozide has strong anti-breast cancer effects both in vivo and in vitro, whether Pimozide has an inhibitory effect on aerobic glycolysis has not been elucidated. In this study, Pimozide inhibited the Warburg effect of breast cancer cells by hindering glucose uptake, ATP level and lactate production; reducing the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR); suppressing the expression of PKM2, a rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis. Intriguingly, Pimozide was significantly involved in reprogramming glucose metabolism in breast cancer cells through a p53-dependent manner. Mechanistic studies demonstrated Pimozide increased the expression of p53 through inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/MDM2 signaling pathway, which in turn downregulated the expression of PKM2. In sum, our results suggest that Pimozide mediates the p53 signaling pathway through PI3K/AKT/MDM2 to inhibit the Warburg effect and breast cancer growth, and it may be a potential aerobic glycolysis inhibitor for the treatment of breast cancer.

Apigenin Suppresses the Warburg Effect and Stem-like Properties in SOSP-9607 Cells by Inactivating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a prevalent primary malignant bone tumor that commonly occurs in children and adolescents. Apigenin (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone) is one of the most researched phenolic compounds that exhibits antitumor effects in several cancers. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect and underlying mechanisms of apigenin on OS. To address this, OS cells (SOSP-9607) were treated with different concentrations of apigenin. The proliferation, migration, invasion, stem-like properties, and Warburg effect of apigenin-treated OS cells were evaluated. Apigenin was found to suppress the proliferation of SOSP-9607 cells and inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition, as indicated by decreased number of migrated and invaded cells, decreased protein expression of vimentin, and increased protein expression of E-cadherin. Additionally, apigenin suppressed tumorsphere formation and reduced the proportion of SOSP-9607 cells with positive expression of the stem cell-related markers Nanog and OCT-4. Apigenin inhibited the Warburg effect in SOSP-9607 cells, as demonstrated by decreased glucose and lactic acid levels, increased citrate and ATP levels, and downregulation of GLUT1, HK1, and LDHA, which are metabolism-related enzymes related to the Warburg effect. Moreover, apigenin inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, and mTOR in SOSP-9607 cells. Collectively, these results indicate that apigenin suppresses the Warburg effect and stem-like properties in SOSP-9607 cells, which may be mediated by PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling, thus, providing a novel strategy for OS treatment.

Breast Cancer Subtype-Specific miRNAs: Networks, Impacts, and the Potential for Intervention

The regulatory and functional roles of non-coding RNAs are increasingly demonstrated as critical in cancer. Among non-coding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) are the most well-studied with direct regulation of biological signals through post-transcriptional repression of mRNAs. Like the transcriptome, which varies between tissue type and disease condition, the miRNA landscape is also similarly altered and shows disease-specific changes. The importance of individual tumor-promoting or suppressing miRNAs is well documented in breast cancer; however, the implications of miRNA networks is less defined. Some evidence suggests that breast cancer subtype-specific cellular effects are influenced by distinct miRNAs and a comprehensive network of subtype-specific miRNAs and mRNAs would allow us to better understand breast cancer signaling. In this review, we discuss the altered miRNA landscape in the context of breast cancer and propose that breast cancer subtypes have distinct miRNA dysregulation. Further, given that miRNAs can be used as diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers, their impact as novel targets for subtype-specific therapy is also possible and suggest important implications for subtype-specific miRNAs.

Curcumin Inhibits Papillary Thyroid Cancer Cell Proliferation by Regulating lncRNA LINC00691

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is a type of epithelial-derived differentiated TC that reportedly accounts for a majority of TCs. Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound and a member of the Zingiberaceae (ginger) family derived from turmeric plants, can exhibit anticancer effects. Herein, we aimed to investigate the effect of curcumin on PTC and elucidate underlying mechanisms. Accordingly, PTC B-CPAP cells were treated with curcumin, in combination with/without long noncoding RNA LINC00691 inhibition, to determine the effect of curcumin and its relationship with LINC00691 in PTC cells. We observed that curcumin treatment decreased B-CPAP cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis. Curcumin inhibited LINC00691 expression in B-CPAP cells. Curcumin administration or si-LINC00691 transfection alone promoted ATP levels, inhibited glucose uptake and lactic acid levels, and inhibited lactate dehydrogenase A and hexokinase 2 protein expression in B-CPAP cells, which were further enhanced by combination treatment. Moreover, curcumin administration or si-LINC00691 transfection alone inhibited p-Akt activity, further suppressed by combination treatment. Akt inhibition promoted apoptosis and suppressed the Warburg effect in B-CPAP cells. In conclusion, our findings indicate that curcumin promotes apoptosis and suppresses proliferation and the Warburg effect by inhibiting LINC00691 in B-CPAP cells. The precise molecular mechanism might be mediated through the Akt signaling pathway, providing a theoretical basis for the treatment of PTC with curcumin.