1
|
Lin H, Xu M, Jiang L, Yuan C, Jiang C, Huang M, Li J, Xu P. Water-medicated specifically targeting the S1 pockets among serine proteases using an arginine analogue. Bioorg Chem 2024; 152:107734. [PMID: 39167871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Because of the high similarity in structure and sequence, it is challenging to distinguish the S1 pocket among serine proteases, primarily due to the only variability at residue 190 (A190 and S190). Peptide or protein-based inhibitors typically target the negatively charged S1 pocket using lysine or arginine as the P1 residue, yet neither discriminates between the two S1 pocket variants. This study introduces two arginine analogues, L-4-guanidinophenylalanine (12) and L-3-(N-amidino-4-piperidyl)alanine (16), as novel P1 residues in peptide inhibitors. 16 notably enhances affinities across all tested proteases, whereas 12 specifically improved affinities towards proteases possessing S190 in the S1 pocket. By crystallography and molecular dynamics simulations, we discovered a novel mechanism involving a water exchange channel at the bottom of the S1 pocket, modulated by the variation of residue 190. Additionally, the specificity of 12 towards the S190-presenting S1 pocket is dependent on this water channel. This study not only introduces novel P1 residues to engineer inhibitory potency and specificity of peptide inhibitors targeting serine proteases, but also unveils a water-mediated molecular mechanism of targeting serine proteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haili Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingming Xu
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Health College, China
| | | | - Cai Yuan
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, China
| | - Chuan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.
| | | | - Jinyu Li
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, China.
| | - Peng Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Korosec CS, Unksov IN, Surendiran P, Lyttleton R, Curmi PMG, Angstmann CN, Eichhorn R, Linke H, Forde NR. Motility of an autonomous protein-based artificial motor that operates via a burnt-bridge principle. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1511. [PMID: 38396042 PMCID: PMC10891099 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Inspired by biology, great progress has been made in creating artificial molecular motors. However, the dream of harnessing proteins - the building blocks selected by nature - to design autonomous motors has so far remained elusive. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of the Lawnmower, an autonomous, protein-based artificial molecular motor comprised of a spherical hub decorated with proteases. Its "burnt-bridge" motion is directed by cleavage of a peptide lawn, promoting motion towards unvisited substrate. We find that Lawnmowers exhibit directional motion with average speeds of up to 80 nm/s, comparable to biological motors. By selectively patterning the peptide lawn on microfabricated tracks, we furthermore show that the Lawnmower is capable of track-guided motion. Our work opens an avenue towards nanotechnology applications of artificial protein motors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chapin S Korosec
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Ivan N Unksov
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE - 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pradheebha Surendiran
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE - 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Roman Lyttleton
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE - 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Paul M G Curmi
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher N Angstmann
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ralf Eichhorn
- Nordita, Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heiner Linke
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE - 22100, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Nancy R Forde
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mondol SM, Hasib M, Limon MBH, Alam ASMRU. Insights into Omicron's Low Fusogenicity through In Silico Molecular Studies on Spike-Furin Interactions. Bioinform Biol Insights 2023; 17:11779322231189371. [PMID: 37529484 PMCID: PMC10387760 DOI: 10.1177/11779322231189371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant and its subvariants have a unique set of mutations. Two of those mutations (N679 K and P681 H) reside close to the S1 /S2 furin cleavage site (FCS; 685-686). When these mutations reside together, they exert less-efficient membrane fusion than wild type and most other variants of concern such as the Delta variant. Here, we in silico targeted these mutations to find out which of the amino acids and interactions change plays the key role in fusion. To comprehend the epistatic effect of N679 K and P681 H mutations on the spike protein, we in silico constructed three types of spike protein sequences by changing the respective amino acids on 679 and 681 positions (P681 H, N679 K, K679 N-H681 P variants). We then analyzed the binding affinity of furin and spike (Furin-Wild, Furin-Omicron, Furin-P681 H, Furin-N679 K, and Furin-K679 N/H681 P) complexes. Omicron and P681 H variants showed a similar higher binding energy trend compared to the wild type and N679 K. The variation in hydrogen, hydrophobic, and salt bridge bonds between spike protein and furin provided an explanation for the observed low fusogenicity of Omicron. The fate of the epistasis in furin binding and possible cleavage depends on the efficient interaction between FCS in spike and furin catalytic triad, and in addition, the loss of the hydrogen bond between Arg 681 (spike) and Asn 295 (furin) along with inhibitor-like ineffective higher affinity plays an important role in the enzymatic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Hasib
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Barishal, Barishal, Bangladesh
| | | | - A S M Rubayet Ul Alam
- Department of Microbiology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Costa CRC, Belchor MN, Roggero A, Moraes LL, Samelo R, Annunciato I, Bonturi CR, Oliva MLV, Sousa SF, de Oliveira MA, Toyama MH. The First Anti-Snakebite and Hepatoprotective Characterization of a Trypsin Kunitz-like Inhibitor (EcTI) from the Plant Enterolobium contortisiliquum; A Case of Two Soul Mates Meeting. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040632. [PMID: 37111388 PMCID: PMC10145096 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Snake venom serine protease (SVSP) interferes with the regulation and control of important biological reactions in homeostasis and can be classified as an activator of the fibrinolytic system and platelet aggregation. Our group has recently isolated a new serine protease from Crotalus durissus terrificus total venom (Cdtsp-2). This protein exhibits edematogenic capacity and myotoxic activity. A Kunitz-like EcTI inhibitor protein with a molecular mass of 20 kDa was isolated from Enterolobium contortisiliquum and showed high trypsin inhibition. Thus, the objective of this work is to verify the possible inhibition of the pharmacological activities of Cdtsp-2 by the Kutinz-type inhibitor EcTI. To isolate Cdtsp-2 from total C. d. terrificus venom, we used three-step chromatographic HPLC. Using the mice paw edema model, we observed an edematogenic effect, myotoxicity and hepatotoxicity caused by Cdtsp-2. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that the alterations in hemostasis caused by Cdtsp-2 are crucial for the development of marked hepatotoxicity and that EcTI significantly inhibits the enzymatic and pharmacological activities of Cdtsp-2. Kunitz-like inhibitor may be a viable alternative for the development of ancillary treatments against the biological activities of venoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R C Costa
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil
- Biosciences Institute of Paulista Coast Campus (IB/CLP), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana N Belchor
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil
- Biosciences Institute of Paulista Coast Campus (IB/CLP), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Airam Roggero
- Biosciences Institute of Paulista Coast Campus (IB/CLP), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Laila L Moraes
- Biosciences Institute of Paulista Coast Campus (IB/CLP), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Samelo
- Biosciences Institute of Paulista Coast Campus (IB/CLP), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabelly Annunciato
- Biosciences Institute of Paulista Coast Campus (IB/CLP), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila R Bonturi
- National Institute of Pharmacology (INFAR), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04044-020, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria L V Oliva
- National Institute of Pharmacology (INFAR), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04044-020, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio F Sousa
- Unit of Applied Biomolecular Sciences (UCIBIO), REQUIMTE-BioSIM-Medicine Faculty, Porto University, 4050-345 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marcos A de Oliveira
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil
- Biosciences Institute of Paulista Coast Campus (IB/CLP), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos H Toyama
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil
- Biosciences Institute of Paulista Coast Campus (IB/CLP), University of São Paulo State (UNESP), São Vicente 11330-900, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu J, Gao T, Guo H, Zhao L, Lv S, Lv J, Yao R, Yu Y, Ma F. Application of molecular dynamics simulation for exploring the roles of plant biomolecules in promoting environmental health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161871. [PMID: 36708839 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamic changes of plant biomolecules is vital for exploring their mechanisms in the environment. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation has been widely used to study structural evolution and corresponding properties of plant biomolecules at the microscopic scale. Here, this review (i) outlines structural properties of plant biomolecules, and the crucial role of MD simulation in advancing studies of the biomolecules; (ii) describes the development of MD simulation in plant biomolecules, determinants of simulation, and analysis parameters; (iii) introduces the applications of MD simulation in plant biomolecules, including the response of the biomolecules to multiple stresses, their roles in corrosive environments, and their contributions in improving environmental health; (iv) reviews techniques integrated with MD simulation, such as molecular biology, quantum mechanics, molecular docking, and machine learning modeling, which bridge gaps in MD simulation. Finally, we make suggestions on determination of force field types, investigation of plant biomolecule mechanisms, and use of MD simulation in combination with other techniques. This review provides comprehensive summaries of the mechanisms of plant biomolecules in the environment revealed by MD simulation and validates it as an applicable tool for bridging gaps between macroscopic and microscopic behavior, providing insights into the wide application of MD simulation in plant biomolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieting Wu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tian Gao
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijuan Guo
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Sidi Lv
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Lv
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruyi Yao
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyi Yu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tandukar S, Kwon E, Kim DY. Structural insights into the regulation of peptidoglycan DL-endopeptidases by inhibitory protein IseA. Structure 2023; 31:619-628.e4. [PMID: 36963396 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan, a physical barrier that protects bacteria from the environment, is constantly degraded and resynthesized for remodeling during cell growth and division. Because excessive or insufficient peptidoglycan hydrolysis affects bacterial homeostasis and viability, peptidoglycan degradation must be precisely regulated. In Bacillus subtilis, DL-endopeptidases play an essential role in peptidoglycan remodeling, and their activity is regulated by IseA. Here, we report the crystal structure of peptidoglycan DL-endopeptidase LytE complexed with IseA. In the crystal structure, the inhibitory loop connecting the two lobes of IseA blocks the active site of LytE by mimicking its substrate. Consistently, mutations in the inhibitory loop resulted in the loss of IseA activity. The structure also shows that conformational rearrangements in both LytE and IseA restrict access of the inhibitory loop to the LytE catalytic site. These results reveal an inhibition mechanism of peptidoglycan DL-endopeptidase in which the inhibitory protein mimics the substrate but is not degraded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eunju Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea.
| | - Dong Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Belyaeva J, Zlobin A, Maslova V, Golovin A. Modern non-polarizable force fields diverge in modeling the enzyme-substrate complex of a canonical serine protease. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6352-6361. [PMID: 36779321 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05502c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Classical molecular dynamics simulation is a powerful and established method of modern computational chemistry. Being able to obtain accurate information on molecular behavior is crucial to get valuable insights into structure-function relationships that translate into fundamental findings and practical applications. Active sites of enzymes are known to be particularly intricate, therefore, simpler non-polarizable force fields may provide an inaccurate description. In this work, we addressed this hypothesis in a case of a canonical serine triad protease trypsin in its complex with a substrate-mimicking inhibitor. We tested six modern and popular force fields to find that significantly diverging results may be obtained. Amber FB-15 and OPLS-AA/M turned out to model the active site incorrectly. Amber ff19sb and ff15ipq demonstrated mixed performance. The best performing force fields were CHARMM36m and Amber ff99sb-ildn, therefore, they are recommended for use with this and related systems. We speculate that a similar lack of cross-force field convergence may be characteristic of other enzymatic systems. Therefore, we advocate for careful consideration of different force fields in any study within the field of computational enzymology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Belyaeva
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia. .,Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Zlobin
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340, Sochi, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina Maslova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia. .,Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340, Sochi, Russia
| | - Andrey Golovin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia. .,Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia.,Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340, Sochi, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mehner C, Hockla A, Coban M, Madden B, Estrada R, Radisky DC, Radisky ES. Activity-based protein profiling reveals active serine proteases that drive malignancy of human ovarian clear cell carcinoma. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102146. [PMID: 35716777 PMCID: PMC9304776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) is an understudied poor prognosis subtype of ovarian cancer lacking in effective targeted therapies. Efforts to define molecular drivers of OCCC malignancy may lead to new therapeutic targets and approaches. Among potential targets are secreted proteases, enzymes which in many cancers serve as key drivers of malignant progression. Here, we found that inhibitors of trypsin-like serine proteases suppressed malignant phenotypes of OCCC cell lines. To identify the proteases responsible for malignancy in OCCC, we employed activity-based protein profiling to directly analyze enzyme activity. We developed an activity-based probe featuring an arginine diphenylphosphonate warhead to detect active serine proteases of trypsin-like specificity and a biotin handle to facilitate affinity purification of labeled proteases. Using this probe, we identified active trypsin-like serine proteases within the complex proteomes secreted by OCCC cell lines, including two proteases in common, tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Further interrogation of these proteases showed that both were involved in cancer cell invasion and proliferation of OCCC cells and were also detected in in vivo models of OCCC. We conclude the detection of tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase-type plasminogen activator as catalytically active proteases and significant drivers of the malignant phenotype may point to these enzymes as targets for new therapeutic strategies in OCCC. Our activity-based probe and profiling methodology will also serve as a valuable tool for detection of active trypsin-like serine proteases in models of other cancers and other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Mehner
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA,Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Alexandra Hockla
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Mathew Coban
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Benjamin Madden
- Medical Genome Facility Proteomics Core, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Derek C. Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Evette S. Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA,For correspondence: Evette S. Radisky
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rahman MM, Bibi S, Rahaman MS, Rahman F, Islam F, Khan MS, Hasan MM, Parvez A, Hossain MA, Maeesa SK, Islam MR, Najda A, Al-Malky HS, Mohamed HRH, AlGwaiz HIM, Awaji AA, Germoush MO, Kensara OA, Abdel-Daim MM, Saeed M, Kamal MA. Natural therapeutics and nutraceuticals for lung diseases: Traditional significance, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113041. [PMID: 35658211 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), infections like influenza, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), asthma and pneumonia lung cancer (LC) are common causes of sickness and death worldwide due to their remoteness, cold and harsh climatic conditions, and inaccessible health care facilities. PURPOSE Many drugs have already been proposed for the treatment of lung diseases. Few of them are in clinical trials and have the potential to cure infectious diseases. Plant extracts or herbal products have been extensively used as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Indian Ayurveda. Moreover, it has been involved in the inhibition of certain genes/protiens effects to promote regulation of signaling pathways. Natural remedies have been scientifically proven with remarkable bioactivities and are considered a cheap and safe source for lung disease. METHODS This comprehensive review highlighted the literature about traditional plants and their metabolites with their applications for the treatment of lung diseases through experimental models in humans. Natural drugs information and mode of mechanism have been studied through the literature retrieved by Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Scopus and Medline PubMed resources against lung diseases. RESULTS In vitro, in vivo and computational studies have been explained for natural metabolites derived from plants (like flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids) against different types of lung diseases. Probiotics have also been biologically active therapeutics against cancer, anti-inflammation, antiplatelet, antiviral, and antioxidants associated with lung diseases. CONCLUSION The results of the mentioned natural metabolites repurposed for different lung diseases especially for SARS-CoV-2 should be evaluated more by advance computational applications, experimental models in the biological system, also need to be validated by clinical trials so that we may be able to retrieve potential drugs for most challenging lung diseases especially SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shabana Bibi
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China; Department of Biosciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Milat University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Md Saidur Rahaman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firoza Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Saad Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Anwar Parvez
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abid Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Saila Kabir Maeesa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Agnieszka Najda
- Department of Vegetable and Herbal Crops, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 50A Doświadczalna Street, 20-280 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Hamdan S Al-Malky
- Regional Drug Information Center, Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan R H Mohamed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Hussah I M AlGwaiz
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aeshah A Awaji
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University College of Taymaa, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mousa O Germoush
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box: 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama A Kensara
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 7067, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia; Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudia Arabia
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; West China School of Nursing / Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nagel F, Palm GJ, Geist N, McDonnell TCR, Susemihl A, Girbardt B, Mayerle J, Lerch MM, Lammers M, Delcea M. Structural and Biophysical Insights into SPINK1 Bound to Human Cationic Trypsin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073468. [PMID: 35408828 PMCID: PMC8998336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) The serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) inhibits trypsin activity in zymogen granules of pancreatic acinar cells. Several mutations in the SPINK1 gene are associated with acute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP). The most common variant is SPINK1 p.N34S. Although this mutation was identified two decades ago, the mechanism of action has remained elusive. (2) SPINK1 and human cationic trypsin (TRY1) were expressed in E. coli, and inhibitory activities were determined. Crystals of SPINK1-TRY1 complexes were grown by using the hanging-drop method, and phases were solved by molecular replacement. (3) Both SPINK1 variants show similar inhibitory behavior toward TRY1. The crystal structures are almost identical, with minor differences in the mutated loop. Both complexes show an unexpected rotamer conformation of the His63 residue in TRY1, which is a member of the catalytic triad. (4) The SPINK1 p.N34S mutation does not affect the inhibitory behavior or the overall structure of the protein. Therefore, the pathophysiological mechanism of action of the p.N34S variant cannot be explained mechanistically or structurally at the protein level. The observed histidine conformation is part of a mechanism for SPINK1 that can explain the exceptional proteolytic stability of this inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Nagel
- Biophysical Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (F.N.); (N.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Gottfried J. Palm
- Synthetic and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (G.J.P.); (B.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Norman Geist
- Biophysical Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (F.N.); (N.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Thomas C. R. McDonnell
- Biochemical Engineering Department, University College London, Bernard Katz, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Anne Susemihl
- Biophysical Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (F.N.); (N.G.); (A.S.)
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine C, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Britta Girbardt
- Synthetic and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (G.J.P.); (B.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximillian University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Markus M. Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Michael Lammers
- Synthetic and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (G.J.P.); (B.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Mihaela Delcea
- Biophysical Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (F.N.); (N.G.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
HYL1-CLEAVAGE SUBTILASE 1 (HCS1) suppresses miRNA biogenesis in response to light-to-dark transition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2116757119. [PMID: 35121664 PMCID: PMC8833217 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116757119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
HYPONASTIC LEAVES 1 (HYL1)-CLEAVAGE SUBTILASE 1 (HCS1) is a novel negative regulator of microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis that degrades HYL1 in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, cytoplasm CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) E3 ligase inhibit HCS1-mediated HYL1 degradation. The COP1-HYL1-HCS1 network may integrate two essential cellular pathways: the miRNA-biogenetic pathway and light signaling pathway. Our finding suggests a regulatory pathway in the miRNA-biogenetic system. The core plant microprocessor consists of DICER-LIKE 1 (DCL1), SERRATE (SE), and HYPONASTIC LEAVES 1 (HYL1) and plays a pivotal role in microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis. However, the proteolytic regulation of each component remains elusive. Here, we show that HYL1-CLEAVAGE SUBTILASE 1 (HCS1) is a cytoplasmic protease for HYL1-destabilization. HCS1-excessiveness reduces HYL1 that disrupts miRNA biogenesis, while HCS1-deficiency accumulates HYL1. Consistently, we identified the HYL1K154A mutant that is insensitive to the proteolytic activity of HCS1, confirming the importance of HCS1 in HYL1 proteostasis. Moreover, HCS1-activity is regulated by light/dark transition. Under light, cytoplasmic CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) E3 ligase suppresses HCS1-activity. COP1 sterically inhibits HCS1 by obstructing HYL1 access into the catalytic sites of HCS1. In contrast, darkness unshackles HCS1-activity for HYL1-destabilization due to nuclear COP1 relocation. Overall, the COP1-HYL1-HCS1 network may integrate two essential cellular pathways: the miRNA-biogenetic pathway and light signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
12
|
Premachandran K, Srinivasan TS, Wilson Alphonse CR. In silico approach on sequential and structural variability in oryzacystatin and its interaction with cysteine protease enzymes of insect. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 186:112728. [PMID: 33721793 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytoprotease inhibitors (PI) are important defence compounds produced by plants against microbes and insect herbivory. Oryzacystatins (OCs) are a group of protease inhibitors from Oryza sativa L. that are specific against cysteine protease enzymes. This study revealed the evolutionary relationship of eleven different oryzacystatins from rice and their interaction with cysteine protease enzymes from brown planthopper (BPH) and striped stem borer (SSB). Three-dimensional structure of eleven different oryzacystatins and six cysteine protease enzymes were homologically modelled, and their interaction was analysed to explore the sequence heterogeneity, structural variability and functional significance. OC XI and OC V showed higher docking score and hydrogen bond interaction with all the six tested cysteine protease enzymes. N terminal glycine residue, central conserved QVVXG, C terminal AVVXXXPW regions are involved in interacting with the active site residue of protease enzymes. Substitution of N terminal glycine by any other residue in OC VI significantly reduced the interaction efficiency with cysteine proteases. In OC XI, glutamine in the fourth position of QVVXG showed higher interaction efficiency with all cysteine proteases than serine at the fourth amino acid position. N terminal glycine plays a vital role in OC XI for interacting with active sites of cysteine protease enzymes whereas, in the OC V central conserved region QVVSG and C terminal PW region plays a major part in the interaction. However, either N terminal or C terminal region along with the central conserved region of oryzacystatin is involved in mediating an efficient interaction with the active site residues of cysteine proteases. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulation study revealed the stability of the OC X1 - cathepsin O2 like and OC V - cathepsin F like complexes during a simulation for 20 ns. Insilico results of the present study predict the potential of oryzacystatins interaction with cysteine protease enzymes of insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamanikumar Premachandran
- Centre for Climate Change Studies, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thanga Suja Srinivasan
- Centre for Climate Change Studies, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Carlton Ranjith Wilson Alphonse
- Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Plasmin and Plasminogen System in the Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081838. [PMID: 33921488 PMCID: PMC8070608 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this review, we present a detailed discussion of how the plasminogen-activation system is utilized by tumor cells in their unrelenting attack on the tissues surrounding them. Plasmin is an enzyme which is responsible for digesting several proteins that hold the tissues surrounding solid tumors together. In this process tumor cells utilize the activity of plasmin to digest tissue barriers in order to leave the tumour site and spread to other parts of the body. We specifically focus on the role of plasminogen receptor—p11 which is an important regulatory protein that facilitates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin and by this means promotes the attack by the tumour cells on their surrounding tissues. Abstract The tumor microenvironment (TME) is now being widely accepted as the key contributor to a range of processes involved in cancer progression from tumor growth to metastasis and chemoresistance. The extracellular matrix (ECM) and the proteases that mediate the remodeling of the ECM form an integral part of the TME. Plasmin is a broad-spectrum, highly potent, serine protease whose activation from its precursor plasminogen is tightly regulated by the activators (uPA, uPAR, and tPA), the inhibitors (PAI-1, PAI-2), and plasminogen receptors. Collectively, this system is called the plasminogen activation system. The expression of the components of the plasminogen activation system by malignant cells and the surrounding stromal cells modulates the TME resulting in sustained cancer progression signals. In this review, we provide a detailed discussion of the roles of plasminogen activation system in tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance with specific emphasis on their role in the TME. We particularly review the recent highlights of the plasminogen receptor S100A10 (p11), which is a pivotal component of the plasminogen activation system.
Collapse
|
14
|
Cruz-Silva I, Gozzo AJ, Nunes VA, Tanaka AS, da Silva Araujo M. Bioengineering of an elastase inhibitor from Caesalpinia echinata (Brazil wood) seeds. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 182:112595. [PMID: 33321445 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors have been widely used in several therapeutic applications such as in the treatment of bleeding disorders, hypertension, cancer and pulmonary diseases. In a previous work, we demonstrated that a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor isolated from the seeds of Caesalpinia echinata (CeEI) exhibits pharmacological potential in lung inflammatory diseases in which neutrophil elastase plays a crucial role. However, an important challenge in the use of natural products is to ensure a commercially viable production. In this work, we report the cloning, expression and purification of two recombinant CeEI isoinhibitors with 700 base pairs encoding two proteins with 181 amino acid residues (rCeEI-4 and rCeEI-5). After the expression, each yielding 22 mg/L of active protein, both isoinhibitors presented a molecular mass of about 23.0 kDa, evaluated by SDS-PAGE. The inhibition constants for human neutrophil elastase (HNE) were 0.67 nM (rCeEI-4) and 0.57 nM (rCeEI-5), i.e., similar to the native inhibitor (1.90 nM). Furthermore, rCeEI-4 was used as a template to design smaller functional peptides flanking the inhibitor reactive site: rCeEI-36, delimited between the amino acid residues N36 and S88 containing a disulfide bond in the reactive-site loop, and rCeEI-46, delimited between S46 and L75 without the disulfide bond. The yields were 18 mg/L (rCeEI-36) and 12 mg/L (rCeEI-46). Both peptides inhibit HNE in the nanomolar range (Ki 0.30 ± 0.01 and 8.80 ± 0.23, respectively). Considering their size and the inhibitory efficiency, these peptides may be considered in strategies for the development of drugs targeting pulmonary disorders where elastase is involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Cruz-Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, 04044-020, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Division of Dermatology, Hospital Sírio Libanês, Rua Professor Daher Cutait, 69, 01308-060, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrezza Justino Gozzo
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Doutor Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, 11070-100, Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Viviane Abreu Nunes
- Department of Biotechnology, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Arlindo Béttio, 1000, 03828-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Aparecida Sadae Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, 04044-020, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana da Silva Araujo
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio, 100, 04044-020, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lechowicz U, Rudzinski S, Jezela-Stanek A, Janciauskiene S, Chorostowska-Wynimko J. Post-Translational Modifications of Circulating Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9187. [PMID: 33276468 PMCID: PMC7731214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), an acute-phase protein encoded by the SERPINA1 gene, is a member of the serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN) superfamily. Its primary function is to protect tissues from enzymes released during inflammation, such as neutrophil elastase and proteinase 3. In addition to its antiprotease activity, AAT interacts with numerous other substances and has various functions, mainly arising from the conformational flexibility of normal variants of AAT. Therefore, AAT has diverse biological functions and plays a role in various pathophysiological processes. This review discusses major molecular forms of AAT, including complex, cleaved, glycosylated, oxidized, and S-nitrosylated forms, in terms of their origin and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Lechowicz
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (U.L.); (S.R.); (A.J.-S.); (S.J.)
| | - Stefan Rudzinski
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (U.L.); (S.R.); (A.J.-S.); (S.J.)
| | - Aleksandra Jezela-Stanek
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (U.L.); (S.R.); (A.J.-S.); (S.J.)
| | - Sabina Janciauskiene
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (U.L.); (S.R.); (A.J.-S.); (S.J.)
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research DZL, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover BREATH, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Joanna Chorostowska-Wynimko
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (U.L.); (S.R.); (A.J.-S.); (S.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gitlin-Domagalska A, Maciejewska A, Dębowski D. Bowman-Birk Inhibitors: Insights into Family of Multifunctional Proteins and Peptides with Potential Therapeutical Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E421. [PMID: 33255583 PMCID: PMC7760496 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitors (BBIs) are found primarily in seeds of legumes and in cereal grains. These canonical inhibitors share a highly conserved nine-amino acids binding loop motif CTP1SXPPXC (where P1 is the inhibitory active site, while X stands for various amino acids). They are natural controllers of plants' endogenous proteases, but they are also inhibitors of exogenous proteases present in microbials and insects. They are considered as plants' protective agents, as their elevated levels are observed during injury, presence of pathogens, or abiotic stress, i.a. Similar properties are observed for peptides isolated from amphibians' skin containing 11-amino acids disulfide-bridged loop CWTP1SXPPXPC. They are classified as Bowman-Birk like trypsin inhibitors (BBLTIs). These inhibitors are resistant to proteolysis and not toxic, and they are reported to be beneficial in the treatment of various pathological states. In this review, we summarize up-to-date research results regarding BBIs' and BBLTIs' inhibitory activity, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity, antimicrobial and insecticidal strength, as well as chemopreventive properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dawid Dębowski
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (A.G.-D.); (A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chang SC, Chiang CP, Lai CH, Du PWA, Hung YS, Chen YH, Yang HY, Fang HY, Lee SP, Tang HJ, Wang JK, Johnson MD, Lin CY. Matriptase and prostasin proteolytic activities are differentially regulated in normal and wounded skin. Hum Cell 2020; 33:990-1005. [PMID: 32617892 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00385-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Orchestrated control of multiple overlapping and sequential processes is required for the maintenance of epidermal homeostasis and the response to and recovery from a variety of skin insults. Previous studies indicate that membrane-associated serine protease matriptase and prostasin play essential roles in epidermal development, differentiation, and barrier formation. The control of proteolysis is a highly regulated process, which depends not only on gene expression but also on zymogen activation and the balance between protease and protease inhibitor. Subcellular localization can affect the accessibility of protease inhibitors to proteases and, thus, also represents an integral component of the control of proteolysis. To understand how membrane-associated proteolysis is regulated in human skin, these key aspects of matriptase and prostasin were determined in normal and injured human skin by immunohistochemistry. This staining shows that matriptase is expressed predominantly in the zymogen form at the periphery of basal and spinous keratinocytes, and prostasin appears to be constitutively activated at high levels in polarized organelle-like structures of the granular keratinocytes in the adjacent quiescent skin. The membrane-associated proteolysis appears to be elevated via an increase in matriptase zymogen activation and prostasin protein expression in areas of skin recovering from epidermal insults. There was no noticeable change observed in other regulatory aspects, including the expression and tissue distribution of their cognate inhibitors HAI-1 and HAI-2. This study reveals that the membrane-associated proteolysis may be a critical epidermal mechanism involved in responding to, and recovering from, damage to human skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Cheng Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Integrated Burn and Wound Care Center, Department of Surgery, Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, 235, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ping Chiang
- Department of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Ming-Chung E. Rd, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Lai
- Department of Dentistry Renai Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wen A Du
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Yu-Sin Hung
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Ming-Chung E. Rd, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Ming-Chung E. Rd, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Ming-Chung E. Rd, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yu Fang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Ming-Chung E. Rd, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Pieng Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Tang
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, No.901, Chung-Hwa Rd., Yung-Kang Dist., Tainan City, 71004, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Jehng-Kang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Ming-Chung E. Rd, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.
| | - Michael D Johnson
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Chen-Yong Lin
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, W412 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Slavokhotova AA, Rogozhin EA. Defense Peptides From the α-Hairpinin Family Are Components of Plant Innate Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:465. [PMID: 32391035 PMCID: PMC7191063 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant immunity represents a sophisticated system, including both basal and inducible mechanisms, to prevent pathogen infection. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are among the innate immunity components playing a key role in effective and rapid response against various pathogens. This review is devoted to a small family of defense peptides called α-hairpinins. The general characters of the family, as well as the individual features of each member, including biological activities, structures of precursor proteins, and spatial structures, are described. Possible applications of α-hairpinin peptides in drug design are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Slavokhotova
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene A. Rogozhin
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg-Pushkin, Russia
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Samtiya M, Aluko RE, Dhewa T. Plant food anti-nutritional factors and their reduction strategies: an overview. FOOD PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND NUTRITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43014-020-0020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Legumes and cereals contain high amounts of macronutrients and micronutrients but also anti-nutritional factors. Major anti-nutritional factors, which are found in edible crops include saponins, tannins, phytic acid, gossypol, lectins, protease inhibitors, amylase inhibitor, and goitrogens. Anti-nutritional factors combine with nutrients and act as the major concern because of reduced nutrient bioavailability. Various other factors like trypsin inhibitors and phytates, which are present mainly in legumes and cereals, reduce the digestibility of proteins and mineral absorption. Anti-nutrients are one of the key factors, which reduce the bioavailability of various components of the cereals and legumes. These factors can cause micronutrient malnutrition and mineral deficiencies. There are various traditional methods and technologies, which can be used to reduce the levels of these anti-nutrient factors. Several processing techniques and methods such as fermentation, germination, debranning, autoclaving, soaking etc. are used to reduce the anti-nutrient contents in foods. By using various methods alone or in combinations, it is possible to reduce the level of anti-nutrients in foods. This review is focused on different types of anti-nutrients, and possible processing methods that can be used to reduce the level of these factors in food products.
Graphical abstract
A brief overview of beneficial effects of anti-nutrients and reduction strategy.
Collapse
|
20
|
Covaleda-Cortés G, Hernández M, Trejo SA, Mansur M, Rodríguez-Calado S, García-Pardo J, Lorenzo J, Vendrell J, Chávez MÁ, Alonso-Del-Rivero M, Avilés FX. Characterization, Recombinant Production and Structure-Function Analysis of NvCI, A Picomolar Metallocarboxypeptidase Inhibitor from the Marine Snail Nerita versicolor. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17090511. [PMID: 31470614 PMCID: PMC6780499 DOI: 10.3390/md17090511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A very powerful proteinaceous inhibitor of metallocarboxypeptidases has been isolated from the marine snail Nerita versicolor and characterized in depth. The most abundant of four, very similar isoforms, NvCla, was taken as reference and N-terminally sequenced to obtain a 372-nucleotide band coding for the protein cDNA. The mature protein contains 53 residues and three disulphide bonds. NvCIa and the other isoforms show an exceptionally high inhibitory capacity of around 1.8 pM for human Carboxypeptidase A1 (hCPA1) and for other A-like members of the M14 CPA subfamily, whereas a twofold decrease in inhibitory potency is observed for carboxypeptidase B-like members as hCPB and hTAFIa. A recombinant form, rNvCI, was produced in high yield and HPLC, mass spectrometry and spectroscopic analyses by CD and NMR indicated its homogeneous, compact and thermally resistant nature. Using antibodies raised with rNvCI and histochemical analyses, a preferential distribution of the inhibitor in the surface regions of the animal body was observed, particularly nearby the open entrance of the shell and gut, suggesting its involvement in biological defense mechanisms. The properties of this strong, small and stable inhibitor of metallocarboxypeptidases envisage potentialities for its direct applicability, as well as leading or minimized forms, in biotechnological/biomedical uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Covaleda-Cortés
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Martha Hernández
- Faculty of Forestry Science, Biotechnology Center, Universidad de Concepción, Victoria 631, Barrio Universitario, 2407 Concepción, Chile
| | - Sebastián Alejandro Trejo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Manuel Mansur
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Sergi Rodríguez-Calado
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Javier García-Pardo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Julia Lorenzo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Josep Vendrell
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - María Ángeles Chávez
- Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de la Habana, 10400 La Habana, Cuba
| | - Maday Alonso-Del-Rivero
- Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de la Habana, 10400 La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Francesc Xavier Avilés
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nishimiya D, Kawaguchi Y, Kodama S, Nasu H, Yano H, Yamaguchi A, Tamura M, Hashimoto R. A protein scaffold, engineered SPINK2, for generation of inhibitors with high affinity and specificity against target proteases. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11436. [PMID: 31391482 PMCID: PMC6686015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47615-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are one of attractive therapeutic targets to play key roles in pharmacological action. There are many protease inhibitors in nature, and most of them structurally have cystine knot motifs. Their structures are favorable for recognition of active pockets of proteases, leading to the potent inhibition. However, they also have drawbacks, such as broad cross-reactivity, on the therapeutic application. To create therapeutic proteins derived from a disulfide-rich scaffold, we selected human serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 2 (SPINK2) through a scaffold screening, as a protein scaffold with requirements for therapeutic proteins. We then constructed a diverse library of the engineered SPINK2 by introducing random mutations into its flexible loop region with the designed method. By phage panning against four serine proteases, we isolated potent inhibitors against each target with picomolar KD and sub-nanomolar Ki values. Also, they exhibited the desired specificities against target proteases without inhibiting non-target proteases. The crystal structure of kallikrein related peptidase 4 (KLK4)-engineered SPINK2 complex revealed the interface with extensive conformational complementarity. Our study demonstrates that engineered SPINK2 can serve as a scaffold to generate therapeutic molecules against target proteins with groove structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nishimiya
- DAIICHI SANKYO CO., LTD., Biologics Division, Modality Research Laboratories, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 140-8710, Japan.
| | - Yoshirou Kawaguchi
- DAIICHI SANKYO CO., LTD., Biologics Division, Modality Research Laboratories, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 140-8710, Japan
| | - Shiho Kodama
- DAIICHI SANKYO CO., LTD., Biologics Division, Modality Research Laboratories, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 140-8710, Japan
| | - Hatsumi Nasu
- DAIICHI SANKYO CO., LTD., Biologics Division, Modality Research Laboratories, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 140-8710, Japan
| | - Hidenori Yano
- DAIICHI SANKYO CO., LTD., Biologics Division, Modality Research Laboratories, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 140-8710, Japan
| | - Aya Yamaguchi
- DAIICHI SANKYO CO., LTD., Biologics Division, Modality Research Laboratories, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 140-8710, Japan
| | - Masakazu Tamura
- DAIICHI SANKYO CO., LTD., Biologics Division, Modality Research Laboratories, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 140-8710, Japan
| | - Ryuji Hashimoto
- DAIICHI SANKYO CO., LTD., Biologics Division, Modality Research Laboratories, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 140-8710, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wei W, Chen Y, Xie D, Zhou Y. Molecular insight into chymotrypsin inhibitor 2 resisting proteolytic degradation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:5049-5058. [PMID: 30762035 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07784c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chymotrypsin inhibitor 2 (CI2) is a special serine protease inhibitor which can resist hydrolysis for several days with a rapid equilibrium between the Michaelis complex and acyl-enzyme intermediate. The energies and conformational changes for subtilisin-catalyzed proteolysis of CI2 were examined in this paper for the first time by employing pseudo bond ab initio QM/MM MD simulations. In the acylation reaction, a low-barrier hydrogen bond between His64 and Asp32 in the transition state together with the lack of covalent backbone constraints makes the peptide bonds of CI2 break more easily than in other serine protease inhibitors. After acyl-enzyme formation, molecular dynamics simulations showed that the access of hydrolytic water to the active site requires partial dissociation of the leaving group. However, retention of the leaving group mainly by the intra- and inter-molecular H-bonding networks hinders the access of water and retards the deacylation reaction. Instead of the dissociation constant of inhibitors, we suggest employing the free energy at the acyl-enzyme state to predict the relative hydrolysis rates of CI2 mutants, which are testified by the experimental relative hydrolysis rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Wei
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Identification of Arenin, a Novel Kunitz-Like Polypeptide from the Skin Secretions of Dryophytes arenicolor. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113644. [PMID: 30463246 PMCID: PMC6274936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibian skin secretions are enriched with complex cocktails of bioactive molecules such as proteins, peptides, biogenic amines, alkaloids guanidine derivatives, steroids and other minor components spanning a wide spectrum of pharmacological actions exploited for centuries in folk medicine. This study presents evidence on the protein profile of the skin secretions of the canyon tree frog, Dryophytes arenicolor. At the same time, it presents the reverse-phase liquid chromatography isolation, mass spectrometry characterization and identification at mRNA level of a novel 58 amino acids Kunitz-like polypeptide from the skin secretions of Dryophytes arenicolor, arenin. Cell viability assays performed on HDFa, CaCo2 and MCF7 cells cultured with different concentrations of arenin showed a discrete effect at low concentrations (2, 4, 8 and 16 µg/mL) suggesting a multi-target interaction in a hormetic-like dose-response. Further work is required to investigate the mechanisms underlying the variable effect on cell viability produced by different concentrations of arenin.
Collapse
|
24
|
Xu P, Huang M. Small Peptides as Modulators of Serine Proteases. Curr Med Chem 2018; 27:3686-3705. [PMID: 30332941 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181016163630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Serine proteases play critical roles in many physiological and pathological processes, and are proven diagnostic and therapeutic targets in a number of clinical indications. Suppression of the aberrant proteolytic activities of these proteases has been clinically used for the treatments of relevant diseases. Polypeptides with 10-20 residues are of great interests as medicinal modulators of serine proteases, because these peptides demonstrate the characteristics of both small molecule drugs and macromolecular drugs. In this review, we summarized the recent development of peptide-based inhibitors against serine proteases with potent inhibitory and high specificity comparable to monoclonal antibodies. In addition, we also discussed the strategies of enhancing plasma half-life and bioavailability of peptides in vivo, which is the main hurdle that limits the clinical translation of peptide-based drugs. This review advocates new avenue for the development of effective serine protease inhibitors and highlights the prospect of the medicinal use of these inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Mingdong Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sananes A, Cohen I, Shahar A, Hockla A, De Vita E, Miller AK, Radisky ES, Papo N. A potent, proteolysis-resistant inhibitor of kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6) for cancer therapy, developed by combinatorial engineering. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12663-12680. [PMID: 29934309 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tissue kallikrein (KLK) proteases are hormone-like signaling molecules with important functions in cancer pathophysiology. KLK-related peptidase 6 (KLK6), specifically, is highly up-regulated in several types of cancer, where its increased activity promotes cancer invasion and metastasis. This characteristic suggests KLK6 as an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. However, inhibitors that specifically target KLK6 have not yet been reported, possibly because KLK6 shares a high sequence homology and structural similarity with other serine proteases and resists inhibition by many polypeptide inhibitors. Here, we present an innovative combinatorial approach to engineering KLK6 inhibitors via flow cytometry-based screening of a yeast-displayed mutant library of the human amyloid precursor protein Kunitz protease inhibitor domain (APPI), an inhibitor of other serine proteases, such as anionic and cationic trypsins. On the basis of this screening, we generated APPIM17L,I18F,S19F,F34V (APPI-4M), an APPI variant with a KLK6 inhibition constant (Ki ) of 160 pm and a turnover time of 10 days. To the best of our knowledge, APPI-4M is the most potent KLK6 inhibitor reported to date, displaying 146-fold improved affinity and 13-fold improved proteolytic stability compared with WT APPI (APPIWT). We further demonstrate that APPI-4M acts as a functional inhibitor in a cell-based model of KLK6-dependent breast cancer invasion. Finally, the crystal structures of the APPIWT/KLK6 and APPI-4M/KLK6 complexes revealed the structural and mechanistic bases for the improved KLK6 binding and proteolytic resistance of APPI-4M. We anticipate that APPI-4M will have substantial translational potential as both imaging agent and therapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amiram Sananes
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel
| | - Itay Cohen
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel
| | - Anat Shahar
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel
| | - Alexandra Hockla
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Elena De Vita
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aubry K Miller
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Niv Papo
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shamsi TN, Parveen R, Afreen S, Azam M, Sen P, Sharma Y, Haque QMR, Fatma T, Manzoor N, Fatima S. Trypsin Inhibitors from Cajanus cajan and Phaseolus limensis Possess Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antibacterial Activity. J Diet Suppl 2018; 15:939-950. [PMID: 29345972 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1407383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors are one of the most promising and investigated subjects for their role in pharmacognostic and pharmacological studies. This study aimed to investigate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities of trypsin inhibitors (TIs) from two plant sources (Cajanus cajan and Phaseolus limensis). TI was purified from C. cajan (PUSA-992) by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by ion exchange chromatography. TI from Phaseolus limensis (lima bean trypsin inhibitor; LBTI) was procured from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, United States. The antioxidant activity was analyzed by ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The anti-inflammatory property of TIs was determined by inhibition of albumin denaturation assay. Ascorbic acid and aspirin were used as standards for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays, respectively. These TIs were tested against various bacterial and fungal strains. The TIs showed DPPH radical-scavenging activity in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 values comparable to ascorbic acid. The FRAP values were also observed comparable to ascorbic acid and followed the trend of dose-dependent manner. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of CCTI and LBTI in anti-inflammatory test showed that LBTI is more potent than CCTI. The TIs showed potent antibacterial activity, but apparently no action against fungi. This study has reported the biological properties of CCTI and LBTI for the first time. The results show that TIs possess the ability to inhibit diseases caused by oxidative stress, inflammation, and bacterial infestation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tooba Naz Shamsi
- a Department of Biotechnology , Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi , India
| | - Romana Parveen
- a Department of Biotechnology , Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi , India
| | - Sumbul Afreen
- b Department of Biosciences , Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi , India
| | - Mudasser Azam
- b Department of Biosciences , Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi , India
| | - Priyankar Sen
- c Centre for Bioseparation Technology, VIT , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Yamini Sharma
- b Department of Biosciences , Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi , India
| | | | - Tasneem Fatma
- b Department of Biosciences , Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi , India
| | - Nikhat Manzoor
- b Department of Biosciences , Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi , India
| | - Sadaf Fatima
- a Department of Biotechnology , Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi , India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
SHIMAZAKI Y, TANAKA K, SAKATA K. Enzyme Inhibitory Activity of Ovomucoid Extracted Using a Carboxypeptidase Y-Immobilized Membrane. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2018. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2017.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youji SHIMAZAKI
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering (Science), Ehime University
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ehime University
| | - Kosuke TANAKA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ehime University
| | - Keisuke SAKATA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ehime University
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
pH induced single step shift of hydrophobic patches followed by formation of an MG state and an amyloidogenic intermediate in Lima Bean Trypsin Inhibitor (LBTI). Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:111-119. [PMID: 28501599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lima Bean Trypsin Inhibitor (LBTI) is 83 residues monomeric protein of 9.0 KDa, consisting of six antiparallel β-strands and can undergo concentration dependant dimerization. We have tried to characterize folding intermediates of LBTI under equilibrium denaturation conditions. We have used various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques to understand the folding and misfolding pathways. LBTI forms molten globule structure at pH 2 and amyloidiogenic intermediate state (Ia) at pH 4. pH induced Shifting of surface exposed hydrophobic patches and that followed by withdrawal of the lone tyrosine residue (Y69) towards nonpolar environment have been reported. Denaturation profile of native and molten globule (MG) states of LBTI in presence of guanidine hydrochloride show sigmoidal curves with non-coincidental and irreversible behaviour in both states. Concentration dependent amyloid fibril formation was confirmed by Thioflavin T and Congo Red binding and its morphology was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This is the first report on biophysical characterization of folding intermediates of LBTI and its aggregation behaviour to the best of our knowledge.
Collapse
|
29
|
Identification of Novel Short C-Terminal Transcripts of Human SERPINA1 Gene. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170533. [PMID: 28107454 PMCID: PMC5249162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human SERPINA1 gene is located on chromosome 14q31-32.3 and is organized into three (IA, IB, and IC) non-coding and four (II, III, IV, V) coding exons. This gene produces α1-antitrypsin (A1AT), a prototypical member of the serpin superfamily of proteins. We demonstrate that human peripheral blood leukocytes express not only a product corresponding to the transcript coding for the full-length A1AT protein but also two short transcripts (ST1C4 and ST1C5) of A1AT. In silico sequence analysis revealed that the last exon of the short transcripts contains an Open Reading Frame (ORF) and thus putatively can produce peptides. We found ST1C4 expression across different human tissues whereas ST1C5 was mainly restricted to leukocytes, specifically neutrophils. A high up-regulation (10-fold) of short transcripts was observed in isolated human blood neutrophils after activation with lipopolysaccharide. Parallel analyses by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identified peptides corresponding to C-terminal region of A1AT in supernatants of activated but not naïve neutrophils. Herein we report for the first time a tissue specific expression and regulation of short transcripts of SERPINA1 gene, and the presence of C-terminal peptides in supernatants from activated neutrophils, in vitro. This gives a novel insight into the studies on the transcription of SERPINA1 gene.
Collapse
|
30
|
Fuchs JE, Schilling O, Liedl KR. Determinants of Macromolecular Specificity from Proteomics-Derived Peptide Substrate Data. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2017; 18:905-913. [PMID: 27455965 PMCID: PMC5898033 DOI: 10.2174/1389203717666160724211231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in proteomics methodologies allow for high throughput profiling of proteolytic cleavage events. The resulting substrate peptide distributions provide deep insights in the underlying macromolecular recognition events, as determinants of biomolecular specificity identified by proteomics approaches may be compared to structure-based analysis of corresponding protein-protein interfaces. METHOD Here, we present an overview of experimental and computational methodologies and tools applied in the area and provide an outlook beyond the protein class of proteases. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION We discuss here future potential, synergies and needs of the emerging overlap disciplines of proteomics and structure-based modelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian E. Fuchs
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, D-79104Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Herrou J, Choi VM, Bubeck Wardenburg J, Crosson S. Activation Mechanism of the Bacteroides fragilis Cysteine Peptidase, Fragipain. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4077-84. [PMID: 27379832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis produces a secreted metalloprotease known as B. fragilis toxin (BFT), which contributes to anaerobic sepsis, colitis, and colonic malignancy in mouse models of disease. A C11 family cysteine protease, fragipain (Fpn), directly activates BFT in the B. fragilis cell by removing the BFT prodomain. Fpn is itself a proenzyme and is autoactivated upon cleavage at an arginine residue in its activation loop. We have defined the proteolytic active site of Fpn, demonstrated that Fpn autoactivation can occur by an in trans loop cleavage mechanism, and characterized structural features of the Fpn activation loop that control peptidase activity against several substrates, including BFT. An arginine residue at the autocleavage site determines the fast activation kinetics of Fpn relative to the homologous C11 protease, PmC11, which is cleaved at lysine. Arginine to alanine substitution at the cleavage site ablated peptidase activity, as did partial truncation of the Fpn activation loop. However, complete truncation of the activation loop yielded an uncleaved, pro form of Fpn that was active as a peptidase against both Fpn and BFT substrates. Thus, Fpn can be transformed into an active peptidase in the absence of activation loop cleavage. This study provides insight into the mechanism of fragipain activation and, more generally, defines the role of the C11 activation loop in the control of peptidase activity and substrate specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Herrou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ‡Department of Microbiology, and §Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago , 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Vivian M Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ‡Department of Microbiology, and §Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago , 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Juliane Bubeck Wardenburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ‡Department of Microbiology, and §Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago , 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Sean Crosson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ‡Department of Microbiology, and §Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago , 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Evidences of Herbal Medicine-Derived Natural Products Effects in Inflammatory Lung Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:2348968. [PMID: 27445433 PMCID: PMC4942669 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2348968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary inflammation is a hallmark of many respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and acute respiratory syndrome distress (ARDS). Most of these diseases are treated with anti-inflammatory therapy in order to prevent or to reduce the pulmonary inflammation. Herbal medicine-derived natural products have been used in folk medicine and scientific studies to evaluate the value of these compounds have grown in recent years. Many substances derived from plants have the biological effects in vitro and in vivo, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Among the biological activities of natural products derived from plants can be pointed out the anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antiplatelet, antitumor anti-allergic activities, and antioxidant. Although many reports have evaluated the effects of these compounds in experimental models, studies evaluating clinical trials are scarce in the literature. This review aims to emphasize the effects of these different natural products in pulmonary diseases in experimental models and in humans and pointing out some possible mechanisms of action.
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhou Y, Xie D, Zhang Y. Amide Rotation Hindrance Predicts Proteolytic Resistance of Cystine-Knot Peptides. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:1138-42. [PMID: 26958702 PMCID: PMC4824663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cystine-knot peptides have remarkable stability against protease degradation and are attractive scaffolds for peptide-based therapeutic and diagnostic agents. In this work, by studying the hydrolysis reaction of a cystine-knot inhibitor MCTI-A and its variants with ab initio QM/MM molecular dynamics simulations, we have elucidated an amide rotation hindrance mechanism for proteolysis resistance: The proteolysis of MCTI-A is retarded due to the higher free energy cost during the rotation of NH group around scissile peptide bond at the tetrahedral intermediate of acylation, and covalent constraint provided by disulfide bonds is the key factor to hinder this rotation. A nearly linear correlation has been revealed between free energy barriers of the peptide hydrolysis reaction and the amide rotation free energy changes at the protease-peptide Michaelis complex state. This suggests that amide rotation hindrance could be one useful feature to estimate peptide proteolysis stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanzi Zhou
- Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Corresponding Author: 1) , 2)
| | - Daiqian Xie
- Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yingkai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003 USA
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai 200062, China
- Corresponding Author: 1) , 2)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Characterization, biomedical and agricultural applications of protease inhibitors: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:1120-33. [PMID: 26955746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review describes Protease Inhibitors (PIs) which target or inhibit proteases, protein digesting enzymes. These proteases play a crucial task in many biological events including digestion, blood coagulation, apoptosis etc. Regardless of their crucial roles, they need to be checked regularly by PIs as their excess may possibly damage host organism. On basis of amino acid composition of PIs where Protease-PI enzymatic reactions occur i.e. serine, cysteine, and aspartic acid, they are classified. Nowadays, various PIs are being worked upon to fight various parasitic or viral diseases including malaria, schistosomiasis, colds, flu', dengue etc. They prevent an ongoing process begun by carcinogen exposure by keeping a check on metastasis. They also possess potential to reduce carcinogen-induced, increased levels of gene amplification to almost normal levels. Some PIs can principally be used for treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure by blocking conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II for example Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). Also PIs target amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) level in brain which is prime responsible for development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Also, PIs inhibit enzymatic activity of HIV-1 Protease Receptor (PR) by preventing cleavage events in Gag and Gag-Pol that result in production of non-virulent virus particles.
Collapse
|
35
|
Dynamics Govern Specificity of a Protein-Protein Interface: Substrate Recognition by Thrombin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140713. [PMID: 26496636 PMCID: PMC4619833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomolecular recognition is crucial in cellular signal transduction. Signaling is mediated through molecular interactions at protein-protein interfaces. Still, specificity and promiscuity of protein-protein interfaces cannot be explained using simplistic static binding models. Our study rationalizes specificity of the prototypic protein-protein interface between thrombin and its peptide substrates relying solely on binding site dynamics derived from molecular dynamics simulations. We find conformational selection and thus dynamic contributions to be a key player in biomolecular recognition. Arising entropic contributions complement chemical intuition primarily reflecting enthalpic interaction patterns. The paradigm “dynamics govern specificity” might provide direct guidance for the identification of specific anchor points in biomolecular recognition processes and structure-based drug design.
Collapse
|
36
|
Engineered protease inhibitors based on sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1) provide insights into the role of sequence and conformation in Laskowski mechanism inhibition. Biochem J 2015; 469:243-53. [PMID: 25981970 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Laskowski inhibitors regulate serine proteases by an intriguing mode of action that involves deceiving the protease into synthesizing a peptide bond. Studies exploring naturally occurring Laskowski inhibitors have uncovered several structural features that convey the inhibitor's resistance to hydrolysis and exceptional binding affinity. However, in the context of Laskowski inhibitor engineering, the way that various modifications intended to fine-tune an inhibitor's potency and selectivity impact on its association and dissociation rates remains unclear. This information is important as Laskowski inhibitors are becoming increasingly used as design templates to develop new protease inhibitors for pharmaceutical applications. In this study, we used the cyclic peptide, sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1), as a model system to explore how the inhibitor's sequence and structure relate to its binding kinetics and function. Using enzyme assays, MD simulations and NMR spectroscopy to study SFTI variants with diverse sequence and backbone modifications, we show that the geometry of the binding loop mainly influences the inhibitor's potency by modulating the association rate, such that variants lacking a favourable conformation show dramatic losses in activity. Additionally, we show that the inhibitor's sequence (including both the binding loop and its scaffolding) influences its potency and selectivity by modulating both the association and the dissociation rates. These findings provide new insights into protease inhibitor function and design that we apply by engineering novel inhibitors for classical serine proteases, trypsin and chymotrypsin and two kallikrein-related peptidases (KLK5 and KLK14) that are implicated in various cancers and skin diseases.
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms possess huge numbers of uncharacterized enzymes. Selective inhibitors offer powerful probes for assigning functions to enzymes in native biological systems. Here, we discuss how the chemical proteomic platform activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) can be implemented to discover selective and in vivo-active inhibitors for enzymes. We further describe how these inhibitors have been used to delineate the biochemical and cellular functions of enzymes, leading to the discovery of metabolic and signaling pathways that make important contributions to human physiology and disease. These studies demonstrate the value of selective chemical probes as drivers of biological inquiry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micah J Niphakis
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037;
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bastianelli G, Bouillon A, Nguyen C, Le-Nguyen D, Nilges M, Barale JC. Computational design of protein-based inhibitors of Plasmodium vivax subtilisin-like 1 protease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109269. [PMID: 25343504 PMCID: PMC4208747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a major global health concern. The development of novel therapeutic strategies is critical to overcome the selection of multiresistant parasites. The subtilisin-like protease (SUB1) involved in the egress of daughter Plasmodium parasites from infected erythrocytes and in their subsequent invasion into fresh erythrocytes has emerged as an interesting new drug target. FINDINGS Using a computational approach based on homology modeling, protein-protein docking and mutation scoring, we designed protein-based inhibitors of Plasmodium vivax SUB1 (PvSUB1) and experimentally evaluated their inhibitory activity. The small peptidic trypsin inhibitor EETI-II was used as scaffold. We mutated residues at specific positions (P4 and P1) and calculated the change in free-energy of binding with PvSUB1. In agreement with our predictions, we identified a mutant of EETI-II (EETI-II-P4LP1W) with a Ki in the medium micromolar range. CONCLUSIONS Despite the challenges related to the lack of an experimental structure of PvSUB1, the computational protocol we developed in this study led to the design of protein-based inhibitors of PvSUB1. The approach we describe in this paper, together with other examples, demonstrates the capabilities of computational procedures to accelerate and guide the design of novel proteins with interesting therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Bastianelli
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Bioinformatique Structurale, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Bouillon
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d’Immunologie Moléculaires des Parasites, Département de Parasitologie et de Mycologie & CNRS URA 2581, Paris, France
- CNRS, URA2581, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Michael Nilges
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Bioinformatique Structurale, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Barale
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d’Immunologie Moléculaires des Parasites, Département de Parasitologie et de Mycologie & CNRS URA 2581, Paris, France
- CNRS, URA2581, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Botelho-Júnior S, Machado OLT, Fernandes KVS, Lemos FJA, Perdizio VA, Oliveira AEA, Monteiro LR, Filho ML, Jacinto T. Defense response in non-genomic model species: methyl jasmonate exposure reveals the passion fruit leaves' ability to assemble a cocktail of functionally diversified Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitors and recruit two of them against papain. PLANTA 2014; 240:345-56. [PMID: 24849173 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiplicity of protease inhibitors induced by predators may increase the understanding of a plant's intelligent behavior toward environmental challenges. Information about defense mechanisms of non-genomic model plant passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) in response to predator attack is still limited. Here, via biochemical approaches, we showed its flexibility to build-up a broad repertoire of potent Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitors (KTIs) in response to methyl jasmonate. Seven inhibitors (20-25 kDa) were purified from exposed leaves by chromatographic techniques. Interestingly, the KTIs possessed truncated Kunitz motif in their N-terminus and some of them also presented non-consensus residues. Gelatin-Native-PAGE established multiple isoforms for each inhibitor. Significant differences regarding inhibitors' activity toward trypsin and chymotrypsin were observed, indicating functional polymorphism. Despite its rarity, two of them also inhibited papain, and such bifunctionality suggests a recruiting process onto another mechanistic class of target protease (cysteine-type). All inhibitors acted strongly on midgut proteases from sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (a lepidopteran insect) while in vivo assays supported their insecticide properties. Moreover, the bifunctional inhibitors displayed activity toward midgut proteases from cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (a coleopteran insect). Unexpectedly, all inhibitors were highly effective against midgut proteases from Aedes aegypti a dipteran insect (vector of neglected tropical diseases) opening new avenues for plant-derived PIs for vector control-oriented research. Our results reflect the KTIs' complexities in passion fruit which could be wisely exploited by influencing plant defense conditions. Therefore, the potential of passion fruit as source of bioactive compounds with diversified biotechnological application was strengthened.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvio Botelho-Júnior
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-600, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lourenço JD, Neves LP, Olivo CR, Duran A, Almeida FM, Arantes PMM, Prado CM, Leick EA, Tanaka AS, Martins MA, Sasaki SD, Lopes FDTQS. A treatment with a protease inhibitor recombinant from the cattle tick (Rhipicephalus Boophilus microplus) ameliorates emphysema in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98216. [PMID: 24886716 PMCID: PMC4041648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To determine whether a serine protease inhibitor treatment can prevent or minimize emphysema in mice. Methods C57BL/6 mice were subjected to porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) nasal instillation to induce emphysema and were treated with a serine protease inhibitor (rBmTI-A) before (Protocol 1) and after (Protocol 2) emphysema development. In both protocols, we evaluated lung function to evaluate the airway resistance (Raw), tissue damping (Gtis) and tissue elastance (Htis). The inflammatory profile was analyzed in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF) and through the use of morphometry; we measured the mean linear intercept (Lm) (to verify alveolar enlargement), the volume proportion of collagen and elastic fibers, and the numbers of macrophages and metalloprotease 12 (MMP-12) positive cells in the parenchyma. We showed that at both time points, even after the emphysema was established, the rBmTI-A treatment was sufficient to reverse the loss of elastic recoil measured by Htis, the alveolar enlargement and the increase in the total number of cells in the BALF, with a primary decrease in the number of macrophages. Although, the treatment did not control the increase in macrophages in the lung parenchyma, it was sufficient to decrease the number of positive cells for MMP-12 and reduce the volume of collagen fibers, which was increased in PPE groups. These findings attest to the importance of MMP-12 in PPE-induced emphysema and suggest that this metalloprotease could be an effective therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luana P. Neves
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, UFABC, Santo André, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarice R. Olivo
- Department of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Duran
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, UFABC, Santo André, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carla M. Prado
- Biological Science Department, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Sergio D. Sasaki
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, UFABC, Santo André, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rigden DJ, Xu Q, Chang Y, Eberhardt RY, Finn RD, Rawlings ND. The first structure in a family of peptidase inhibitors reveals an unusual Ig-like fold. F1000Res 2014; 2:154. [PMID: 24555072 PMCID: PMC3901451 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-154.v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the crystal structure solution of the Intracellular Protease Inhibitor (IPI) protein from
Bacillus subtilis, which has been reported to be an inhibitor of the intracellular subtilisin Isp1 from the same organism. The structure of IPI is a variant of the all-beta, immunoglobulin (Ig) fold. It is possible that IPI is important for protein-protein interactions, of which inhibition of Isp1 is one. The intracellular nature of ISP is questioned, because an alternative ATG codon in the
ipi gene would produce a protein with an N-terminal extension containing a signal peptide. It is possible that alternative initiation exists, producing either an intracellular inhibitor or a secreted form that may be associated with the cell surface. Homologues of the IPI protein from other species are multi-domain proteins, containing signal peptides and domains also associated with the bacterial cell-surface. The cysteine peptidase inhibitors chagasin and amoebiasin also have Ig-like folds, but their topology differs significantly from that of IPI, and they share no recent common ancestor. A model of IPI docked to Isp1 shows similarities to other subtilisin:inhibitor complexes, particularly where the inhibitor interacts with the peptidase active site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rigden
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Qingping Xu
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, La Jolla CA, 92037, USA ; Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park CA, 94025, USA
| | | | - Ruth Y Eberhardt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK ; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute,Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Robert D Finn
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn VA, 20147, USA
| | - Neil D Rawlings
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK ; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute,Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fuchs JE, von Grafenstein S, Huber RG, Wallnoefer HG, Liedl KR. Specificity of a protein-protein interface: local dynamics direct substrate recognition of effector caspases. Proteins 2013; 82:546-55. [PMID: 24085488 PMCID: PMC4282588 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are prototypes of multispecific protein–protein interfaces. Proteases recognize and cleave protein and peptide substrates at a well-defined position in a substrate binding groove and a plethora of experimental techniques provide insights into their substrate recognition. We investigate the caspase family of cysteine proteases playing a key role in programmed cell death and inflammation, turning caspases into interesting drug targets. Specific ligand binding to one particular caspase is difficult to achieve, as substrate specificities of caspase isoforms are highly similar. In an effort to rationalize substrate specificity of two closely related caspases, we investigate the substrate promiscuity of the effector Caspases 3 and 7 by data mining (cleavage entropy) and by molecular dynamics simulations. We find a strong correlation between binding site rigidity and substrate readout for individual caspase subpockets explaining more stringent substrate readout of Caspase 7 via its narrower conformational space. Caspase 3 subpockets S3 and S4 show elevated local flexibility explaining the more unspecific substrate readout of that isoform in comparison to Caspase 7. We show by in silico exchange mutations in the S3 pocket of the proteases that a proline residue in Caspase 7 contributes to the narrowed conformational space of the binding site. These findings explain the substrate specificities of caspases via a mechanism of conformational selection and highlight the crucial importance of binding site local dynamics in substrate recognition of proteases. Proteins 2014; 82:546–555.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian E Fuchs
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Oyen D, Wechselberger R, Srinivasan V, Steyaert J, Barlow JN. Mechanistic analysis of allosteric and non-allosteric effects arising from nanobody binding to two epitopes of the dihydrofolate reductase of Escherichia coli. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2147-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
44
|
Perdomo-Morales R, Montero-Alejo V, Corzo G, Besada V, Vega-Hurtado Y, González-González Y, Perera E, Porto-Verdecia M. The trypsin inhibitor panulirin regulates the prophenoloxidase-activating system in the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:31867-79. [PMID: 24047891 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.464297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanization reaction promoted by the prophenoloxidase-activating system is an essential defense response in invertebrates subjected to regulatory mechanisms that are still not fully understood. We report here the finding and characterization of a novel trypsin inhibitor, named panulirin, isolated from the hemocytes of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus with regulatory functions on the melanization cascade. Panulirin is a cationic peptide (pI 9.5) composed of 48 amino acid residues (5.3 kDa), with six cysteine residues forming disulfide bridges. Its primary sequence was determined by combining Edman degradation/N-terminal sequencing and electrospray ionization-MS/MS spectrometry. The low amino acid sequence similarity with known proteins indicates that it represents a new family of peptidase inhibitors. Panulirin is a competitive and reversible tight-binding inhibitor of trypsin (Ki = 8.6 nm) with a notable specificity because it does not inhibit serine peptidases such as subtilisin, elastase, chymotrypsin, thrombin, and plasmin. The removal of panulirin from the lobster hemocyte lysate leads to an increase in phenoloxidase response to LPS. Likewise, the addition of increasing concentrations of panulirin to a lobster hemocyte lysate, previously depleted of trypsin-inhibitory activity, decreased the phenoloxidase response to LPS in a concentration-dependent fashion. These results indicate that panulirin is implicated in the regulation of the melanization cascade in P. argus by inhibiting peptidase(s) in the pathway toward the activation of the prophenoloxidase enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Perdomo-Morales
- From the Biochemistry Department, Center for Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Ave. 26 No. 1605 e/ Ave. 51 y Boyeros, Plaza, CP 10400, Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Qasim MA, Wang L, Qasim S, Lu S, Lu W, Wynn R, Yi ZP, Laskowski M. Additivity-based design of the strongest possible turkey ovomucoid third domain inhibitors for porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) and Streptomyces griseus protease B (SGPB). FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3021-6. [PMID: 23892073 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe here successful designs of strong inhibitors for porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) and Streptomyces griseus protease B (SGPB). For each enzyme two inhibitor variants were designed. In one, the reactive site residue (position 18) was retained and the best residues were substituted at contact positions 13, 14, and 15. In the other variant the best residues were substituted at all contact positions except the reactive site where a Gly was substituted. The four designed variants were: for PPE, T(13)E(14)Y(15)-OMTKY3 and T(13)E(14)Y(15)G(18)M(21)P(32)V(36)-OMTKY3, and for SGPB, S(13)D(14)Y(15)-OMTKY3 and S(13)D(14)Y(15)G(18)I(19)K(21)-OMTKY3. The free energies of association (ΔG(0)) of expressed variants have been measured with the proteases for which they were designed as well as with five other serine proteases and the results are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Qasim
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 1393 Brown Building, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1393, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
DREB2C acts as a transcriptional activator of the thermo tolerance-related phytocystatin 4 (AtCYS4) gene. Transgenic Res 2013; 23:109-23. [PMID: 23868510 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9735-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Phytocystatins are proteinaceous inhibitors of cysteine proteases. They have been implicated in the regulation of plant protein turnover and in defense against pathogens and insects. Here, we have characterized an Arabidopsis phytocystatin family gene, Arabidopsis thaliana phytocystatin 4 (AtCYS4). AtCYS4 was induced by heat stress. The heat shock tolerance of AtCYS4-overexpressing transgenic plants was greater than that of wild-type and cys4 knock-down plants, as measured by fresh weight and root length. Although no heat shock elements were identified in the 5'-flanking region of the AtCYS4 gene, canonical ABA-responsive elements (ABREs) and dehydration-responsive elements (DREs) were found. Transient promoter activity measurements showed that AtCYS4 expression was up-regulated in unstressed protoplasts by co-expression of DRE-binding factor 2s (DREB2s), especially by DREB2C, but not by bZIP transcription factors that bind to ABREs (ABFs, ABI5 and AREBs). DREB2C bound to and activated transcription from the two DREs on the AtCYS4 promoter although some preference was observed for the GCCGAC DRE element over the ACCGAC element. AtCYS4 transcript and protein levels were elevated in transgenic DREB2C overexpression lines with corresponding decline of endogenous cysteine peptidase activity. We propose that AtCYS4 functions in thermotolerance under the control of the DREB2C cascade.
Collapse
|
47
|
Buckwheat trypsin inhibitor with helical hairpin structure belongs to a new family of plant defence peptides. Biochem J 2012; 446:69-77. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20120548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A new peptide trypsin inhibitor named BWI-2c was obtained from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) seeds by sequential affinity, ion exchange and reversed-phase chromatography. The peptide was sequenced and found to contain 41 amino acid residues, with four cysteine residues involved in two intramolecular disulfide bonds. Recombinant BWI-2c identical to the natural peptide was produced in Escherichia coli in a form of a cleavable fusion with thioredoxin. The 3D (three-dimensional) structure of the peptide in solution was determined by NMR spectroscopy, revealing two antiparallel α-helices stapled by disulfide bonds. Together with VhTI, a trypsin inhibitor from veronica (Veronica hederifolia), BWI-2c represents a new family of protease inhibitors with an unusual α-helical hairpin fold. The linker sequence between the helices represents the so-called trypsin inhibitory loop responsible for direct binding to the active site of the enzyme that cleaves BWI-2c at the functionally important residue Arg19. The inhibition constant was determined for BWI-2c against trypsin (1.7×10−10 M), and the peptide was tested on other enzymes, including those from various insect digestive systems, revealing high selectivity to trypsin-like proteases. Structural similarity shared by BWI-2c, VhTI and several other plant defence peptides leads to the acknowledgement of a new widespread family of plant peptides termed α-hairpinins.
Collapse
|
48
|
Xu S, Li H, Shao X, Fan C, Ericksen B, Liu J, Chi C, Wang C. Critical effect of peptide cyclization on the potency of peptide inhibitors against Dengue virus NS2B-NS3 protease. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6881-7. [PMID: 22780881 DOI: 10.1021/jm300655h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection is a serious public health threat worldwide that demands effective treatment. In the search for potent virus protease inhibitors, several cone snail venoms were screened against serotype 2 DENV NS2B-NS3 protease, and one conotoxin, MrIA, was identified to have inhibitory activity. The inhibitory activity was attributed to a disulfide bond-mediated loop, from which rational optimization was made to improve the potency and stability. An eight-residue cyclic peptide inhibitor was finally obtained with high potency (inhibitory constant 2.2 μM), stability, and cell permeability. This inhibitor can thus serve as a good lead for DENV drug development. In addition, this work highlights the critical effect of peptide cyclization on the potency of oligopeptide inhibitors against DENV protease, which may advance the design of peptide inhibitors for homologous virus proteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqiong Xu
- Institute of Protein Research, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Collin N, Assumpção TCF, Mizurini DM, Gilmore DC, Dutra-Oliveira A, Kotsyfakis M, Sá-Nunes A, Teixeira C, Ribeiro JMC, Monteiro RQ, Valenzuela JG, Francischetti IMB. Lufaxin, a novel factor Xa inhibitor from the salivary gland of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis blocks protease-activated receptor 2 activation and inhibits inflammation and thrombosis in vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2185-98. [PMID: 22796577 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.253906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Blood-sucking arthropods' salivary glands contain a remarkable diversity of antihemostatics. The aim of the present study was to identify the unique salivary anticoagulant of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis, which remained elusive for decades. METHODS AND RESULTS Several L. longipalpis salivary proteins were expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and screened for inhibition of blood coagulation. A novel 32.4-kDa molecule, named Lufaxin, was identified as a slow, tight, noncompetitive, and reversible inhibitor of factor Xa (FXa). Notably, Lufaxin's primary sequence does not share similarity to any physiological or salivary inhibitors of coagulation reported to date. Lufaxin is specific for FXa and does not interact with FX, Dansyl-Glu-Gly-Arg-FXa, or 15 other enzymes. In addition, Lufaxin blocks prothrombinase and increases both prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time. Surface plasmon resonance experiments revealed that FXa binds Lufaxin with an equilibrium constant ≈3 nM, and isothermal titration calorimetry determined a stoichiometry of 1:1. Lufaxin also prevents protease-activated receptor 2 activation by FXa in the MDA-MB-231 cell line and abrogates edema formation triggered by injection of FXa in the paw of mice. Moreover, Lufaxin prevents FeCl(3)-induced carotid artery thrombus formation and prolongs activated partial thromboplastin time ex vivo, implying that it works as an anticoagulant in vivo. Finally, salivary gland of sand flies was found to inhibit FXa and to interact with the enzyme. CONCLUSIONS Lufaxin belongs to a novel family of slow-tight FXa inhibitors, which display antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory activities. It is a useful tool to understand FXa structural features and its role in prohemostatic and proinflammatory events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Collin
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Majumder S, Khamrui S, Dasgupta J, Dattagupta JK, Sen U. Role of remote scaffolding residues in the inhibitory loop pre-organization, flexibility, rigidification and enzyme inhibition of serine protease inhibitors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1824:882-90. [PMID: 22709512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Canonical serine protease inhibitors interact with cognate enzymes through the P3-P2' region of the inhibitory loop while its scaffold hardly makes any contact. Neighboring scaffolding residues like Arginines or Asparagine shape-up the inhibitory loop and favor the resynthesis of cleaved scissile bond. However, role of remote scaffolding residues, which are not involved in religation, was not properly explored. Crystal structures of two engineered winged bean chymotrypsin inhibitor (WCI) complexed with Bovine trypsin (BPT) namely L65R-WCI:BPT and F64Y/L65R-WCI:BPT show that the inhibitory loop of these engineered inhibitors are recognized and rigidified properly at the enzyme active site like other strong trypsin inhibitors. Chimeric protein ETI(L)-WCI(S), having a loop of Erythrina caffra Trypsin Inhibitor, ETI on the scaffold of WCI, was previously shown to behave like substrate. Non-canonical structure of the inhibitory loop and its flexibility are attributed to the presence of smaller scaffolding residues which cannot act as barrier to the inhibitory loop like in ETI. Double mutant A76R/L115Y-(ETI(L)-WCI(S)), where the barrier is reintroduced on ETI(L)-WCI(S), shows regaining of inhibitory activity. The structure of A76R/L115Y-(ETI(L)-WCI(S)) along with L65R-WCI:BPT and F64Y/L65R-WCI:BPT demonstrate here that the lost canonical conformation of the inhibitory loop is fully restored and loop flexibility is dramatically reduced. Therefore, residues at the inhibitory loop interact with the enzyme playing the primary role in recognition and binding but scaffolding residues having no direct interaction with the enzyme are crucial for rigidification event and the inhibitory potency. B-factor analysis indicates that the amount of inhibitory loop rigidification varies between different inhibitor families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Majumder
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|