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Rioux AV, Nsimba-Batomene TR, Slimani S, Bergeron NAD, Gravel MAM, Schreiber SV, Fiola MJ, Haydock L, Garneau AP, Isenring P. Navigating the multifaceted intricacies of the Na +-Cl - cotransporter, a highly regulated key effector in the control of hydromineral homeostasis. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1147-1204. [PMID: 38329422 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC; SLC12A3) is a highly regulated integral membrane protein that is known to exist as three splice variants in primates. Its primary role in the kidney is to mediate the cosymport of Na+ and Cl- across the apical membrane of the distal convoluted tubule. Through this role and the involvement of other ion transport systems, NCC allows the systemic circulation to reclaim a fraction of the ultrafiltered Na+, K+, Cl-, and Mg+ loads in exchange for Ca2+ and [Formula: see text]. The physiological relevance of the Na+-Cl- cotransport mechanism in humans is illustrated by several abnormalities that result from NCC inactivation through the administration of thiazides or in the setting of hereditary disorders. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the molecular mechanisms and overall roles of Na+-Cl- cotransport as the main topics of interest. On reading the narrative proposed, one will realize that the knowledge gained in regard to these themes will continue to progress unrelentingly no matter how refined it has now become.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Rioux
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - T R Nsimba-Batomene
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - S Slimani
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - N A D Bergeron
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - M A M Gravel
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - S V Schreiber
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - M J Fiola
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - L Haydock
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation Rénale Adultes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, INSERM U1151, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - A P Garneau
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation Rénale Adultes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, INSERM U1151, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - P Isenring
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research Group, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Duan H, Li N, Qi J, Li X, Zhou K. Cullin-3 proteins be a novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for hyperchloremia induced by oral poisoning. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8597. [PMID: 38615119 PMCID: PMC11016057 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral poisoning can trigger diverse physiological reactions, determined by the toxic substance involved. One such consequence is hyperchloremia, characterized by an elevated level of chloride in the blood and leads to kidney damage and impairing chloride ion regulation. Here, we conducted a comprehensive genome-wide analysis to investigate genes or proteins linked to hyperchloremia. Our analysis included functional enrichment, protein-protein interactions, gene expression, exploration of molecular pathways, and the identification of potential shared genetic factors contributing to the development of hyperchloremia. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that oral poisoning owing hyperchloremia is associated with 4 proteins e.g. Kelch-like protein 3, Serine/threonine-protein kinase WNK4, Serine/threonine-protein kinase WNK1 and Cullin-3. The protein-protein interaction network revealed Cullin-3 as an exceptional protein, displaying a maximum connection of 18 nodes. Insufficient data from transcriptomic analysis indicates that there are lack of information having direct associations between these proteins and human-related functions to oral poisoning, hyperchloremia, or metabolic acidosis. The metabolic pathway of Cullin-3 protein revealed that the derivative is Sulfonamide which play role in, increasing urine output, and metabolic acidosis resulted in hypertension. Based on molecular docking results analysis it found that Cullin-3 proteins has the lowest binding energies score and being suitable proteins. Moreover, no major variations were observed in unbound Cullin-3 and all three peptide bound complexes shows that all systems remain compact during 50 ns simulations. The results of our study revealed Cullin-3 proteins be a strong foundation for the development of potential drug targets or biomarker for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Duan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jia Qi
- Department of Hematology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Department of Physical Examination Center, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.
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Zhou Y, Zhang Q, Zhao Z, Hu X, You Q, Jiang Z. Targeting kelch-like (KLHL) proteins: achievements, challenges and perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 269:116270. [PMID: 38490062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Kelch-like proteins (KLHLs) are a large family of BTB-containing proteins. KLHLs function as the substrate adaptor of Cullin 3-RING ligases (CRL3) to recognize substrates. KLHLs play pivotal roles in regulating various physiological and pathological processes by modulating the ubiquitination of their respective substrates. Mounting evidence indicates that mutations or abnormal expression of KLHLs are associated with various human diseases. Targeting KLHLs is a viable strategy for deciphering the KLHLs-related pathways and devising therapies for associated diseases. Here, we comprehensively review the known KLHLs inhibitors to date and the brilliant ideas underlying their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangguo Zhou
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ziquan Zhao
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiuqi Hu
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Zhengyu Jiang
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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4
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Sharma P, Chatrathi HE. Insights into the diverse mechanisms and effects of variant CUL3-induced familial hyperkalemic hypertension. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:286. [PMID: 37845702 PMCID: PMC10577937 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01269-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt), also known as Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII) or Gordon syndrome is a rare Mendelian disease classically characterized by hyperkalemia, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, and high systolic blood pressure. The most severe form of the disease is caused by autosomal dominant variants in CUL3 (Cullin 3), a critical subunit of the multimeric CUL3-RING ubiquitin ligase complex. The recent identification of a novel FHHt disease variant of CUL3 revealed intricacies within the underlying disease mechanism. When combined with studies on canonical CUL3 variant-induced FHHt, these findings further support CUL3's role in regulating renal electrolyte transport and maintaining systemic vascular tone. However, the pathophysiological effects of CUL3 variants are often accompanied by diverse systemic disturbances in addition to classical FHHt symptoms. Recent global proteomic analyses provide a rationale for these systemic disturbances, paving the way for future mechanistic studies to reveal how CUL3 variants dysregulate processes outside of the renovascular axis. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Sharma
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Harish E Chatrathi
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Gamba G. Thirty years of the NaCl cotransporter: from cloning to physiology and structure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F479-F490. [PMID: 37560773 PMCID: PMC10639029 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00114.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary structure of the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) was resolved 30 years ago by the molecular identification of the cDNA encoding this cotransporter, from the winter's flounder urinary bladder, following a functional expression strategy. This review outlines some aspects of how the knowledge about thiazide diuretics and NCC evolved, the history of the cloning process, and the expansion of the SLC12 family of electroneutral cotransporters. The diseases associated with activation or inactivation of NCC are discussed, as well as the molecular model by which the activity of NCC is regulated. The controversies in the field are discussed as well as recent publication of the three-dimensional model of NCC obtained by cryo-electron microscopy, revealing not only the amino acid residues critical for Na+ and Cl- translocation but also the residues critical for polythiazide binding to the transporter, opening the possibility for a new era in thiazide diuretic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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Wang Y, Yixiong Z, Wang L, Huang X, Xin HB, Fu M, Qian Y. E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Endothelial Dysfunction and Vascular Diseases: Roles and Potential Therapies. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2023; 82:93-103. [PMID: 37314134 PMCID: PMC10527814 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ubiquitin E3 ligases are a structurally conserved family of enzymes that exert a variety of regulatory functions in immunity, cell death, and tumorigenesis through the ubiquitination of target proteins. Emerging evidence has shown that E3 ubiquitin ligases play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction and related vascular diseases. Here, we reviewed the new findings of E3 ubiquitin ligases in regulating endothelial dysfunction, including endothelial junctions and vascular integrity, endothelial activation, and endothelial apoptosis. The critical role and potential mechanism of E3 ubiquitin ligases in vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, and acute lung injury, were summarized. Finally, the clinical significance and potential therapeutic strategies associated with the regulation of E3 ubiquitin ligases were also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhan Yixiong
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Nanchang University, Chongqing, 402660, China
| | - Linsiqi Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hong-Bo Xin
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Mingui Fu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Shock/Trauma Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Yisong Qian
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Nanchang University, Chongqing, 402660, China
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Ying S, Guo Q, Zhang C. KLHL3-dependent WNK4 degradation affected by potassium through the neddylation and autophagy pathway. BMC Nephrol 2023; 24:217. [PMID: 37481568 PMCID: PMC10362690 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-023-03257-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies reported that kelch-like protein 3 (KLHL3)-Cullin3(CUL3) E3 ligase ubiquitinated with-no-lysine kinase 4 (WNK4). Impaired WNK4 ubiquitination plays a key role in Familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt, also called pseudohypoaldosteronism type II) which results from overaction of thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransport (NCC). In addition, researchers have also found that dietary potassium deficiency activates NCC along the renal distal convoluted tubule (DCT). However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear about the relationship between potassium and WNK4. METHODS In the present study, we conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments to confirm that KLHL3-dependent WNK4 degradation is affected by potassium through the neddylation and autophagy pathway. In vitro, the WNK4 and KLHL3 plasmids were cotransfected into HEK293 cell lines by lipofectamine 2000, and then incubated with different potassium concentrations (1mmol/L and 10mmol/L) for 24 h, and further treated with MLN4924 or the autophagy inhibitor or both of MLN4924 and the autophagy inhibitor for another 24 h respectively. In vivo, we created mice that were fed with low or high potassium diets and then were injected MLN4924 in the experimental groups. The expression of WNK4, pWNK4, KLHL3, NEDD8, LC3 ,and P62 was detected by western blotting in vitro and vivo experiments. RESULTS We found that the abundance and phosphorylation of WNK4 increase when neddylation is inhibited both in vitro and vivo. Furthermore, the abundance of pWNK4, WNK4, NEDD8, and KLHL3 was increased in the low potassium (LK) group. Inhibiting autophagy can ameliorate the effect of potassium on the abundance and activity of WNK4 to some extent. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a complex regulation of potassium in the degradation of WNK4. Low potassium can activate WNK4, which may be related to neddylation and autophagy, but the mechanism needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Ying
- Department of Nephrology, Jing'an District Center Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qin Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Shi, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Shi, China.
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Cornelius RJ, Maeoka Y, McCormick JA. Renal effects of cullin 3 mutations causing familial hyperkalemic hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2023; 32:335-343. [PMID: 37070483 PMCID: PMC10330058 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mutations in the E3 ubiquitin ligase scaffold cullin 3 (CUL3) cause the disease familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt) by hyperactivating the NaCl cotransporter (NCC). The effects of these mutations are complex and still being unraveled. This review discusses recent findings revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of CUL3 mutations in the kidney. RECENT FINDINGS The naturally occurring mutations that cause deletion of exon 9 (CUL3-Δ9) from CUL3 generate an abnormal CUL3 protein. CUL3-Δ9 displays increased interaction with multiple ubiquitin ligase substrate adaptors. However, in-vivo data show that the major mechanism for disease pathogenesis is that CUL3-Δ9 promotes degradation of itself and KLHL3, the specific substrate adaptor for an NCC-activating kinase. CUL3-Δ9 displays dysregulation via impaired binding to the CSN and CAND1, which cause hyperneddylation and compromised adaptor exchange, respectively. A recently discovered CUL3 mutant (CUL3-Δ474-477) displays many similarities to CUL3-Δ9 mutations but some key differences that likely account for the milder FHHt phenotype it elicits. Furthermore, recent work suggests that CUL3 mutations could have unidentified complications in patients and/or a predisposition to renal injury. SUMMARY This review summarizes recent studies highlighting advances in our understanding of the renal mechanisms by which CUL3 mutations modulate blood pressure in FHHt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Cornelius
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Wang L, Wu G, Peng JB. Identification of a novel KLHL3-interacting motif in the C-terminal region of WNK4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 670:87-93. [PMID: 37285722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in with-no-lysine [K] kinase 4 (WNK4) and kelch-like 3 (KLHL3) are linked to pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2 (PHAII, also known as familial hyperkalemic hypertension or Gordon's syndrome). WNK4 is degraded by a ubiquitin E3 ligase with KLHL3 as the substrate adaptor for WNK4. Several PHAII-causing mutations, e.g. those in the acidic motif (AM) of WNK4 and in the Kelch domain of KLHL3, impair the binding between WNK4 and KLHL3. This results in a reduction in WNK4 degradation and an increase in WNK4 activity, leading to PHAII. Although the AM is important in interacting with KLHL3, it is unclear whether this is the only motif in WNK4 responsible for KLHL3-interacting. In this study, a novel motif of WNK4 that is capable of mediating the degradation of the protein by KLHL3 was identified. This C-terminal motif (termed as CM) is located in amino acids 1051-1075 of WNK4 and is rich in negatively charged residues. Both AM and CM responded to the PHAII mutations in the Kelch domain of KLHL3 in a similar manner, but AM is dominant among the two motifs. The presence of this motif likely allows WNK4 protein to respond to the KLHL3-mediated degradation when the AM is dysfunctional due to a PHAII mutation. This may be one of the reasons why PHAII is less severe when WNK4 is mutated compared to KLHL3 is mutated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Guojin Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Ji-Bin Peng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Maeoka Y, Cornelius RJ, McCormick JA. Cullin 3 and Blood Pressure Regulation: Insights From Familial Hyperkalemic Hypertension. Hypertension 2023; 80:912-923. [PMID: 36861484 PMCID: PMC10133098 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.20525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The study of rare monogenic forms of hypertension has led to the elucidation of important physiological pathways controlling blood pressure. Mutations in several genes cause familial hyperkalemic hypertension (also known as Gordon syndrome or pseudohypoaldosteronism type II). The most severe form of familial hyperkalemic hypertension is caused by mutations in CUL3, encoding CUL3 (Cullin 3)-a scaffold protein in an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that tags substrates for proteasomal degradation. In the kidney, CUL3 mutations cause accumulation of the substrate WNK (with-no-lysine [K]) kinase and ultimately hyperactivation of the renal NaCl cotransporter-the target of the first-line antihypertensive thiazide diuretics. The precise mechanisms by which mutant CUL3 causes WNK kinase accumulation have been unclear, but several functional defects are likely to contribute. The hypertension seen in familial hyperkalemic hypertension also results from effects exerted by mutant CUL3 on several pathways in vascular smooth muscle and endothelium that modulate vascular tone. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which wild type and mutant CUL3 modulate blood pressure through effects on the kidney and vasculature, potential effects in the central nervous system and heart, and future directions for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Maeoka
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Ryan J Cornelius
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
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Ares GR. Ubiquitination of NKCC2 by the cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase family in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 324:F315-F328. [PMID: 36727946 PMCID: PMC9988521 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00079.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2) in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (TAL) mediates NaCl reabsorption. cGMP, the second messenger of nitric oxide and atrial natriuretic peptide, inhibits NKCC2 activity by stimulating NKCC2 ubiquitination and decreasing surface NKCC2 levels. Among the E3 ubiquitin ligase families, the cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL) family is the largest. Cullins are molecular scaffold proteins that recruit multiple subunits to form the CRL complex. We hypothesized that a CRL complex mediates the cGMP-dependent increase in NKCC2 ubiquitination in TALs. Cullin-1, cullin-2, cullin-3, cullin-4A, and cullin-5 were expressed at the protein level, whereas the other members of the cullin family were expressed at the mRNA level, in rat TALs. CRL complex activity is regulated by neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated protein 8 (Nedd8) to cullins, a process called neddylation. Inhibition of cullin neddylation blunted the cGMP-dependent increase in ubiquitinated NKCC2 while increasing the expression of cullin-1 by threefold, but this effect was not seen with other cullins. CRL complex activity is also regulated by cullin-associated Nedd8-dissociated 1 (CAND1). CAND1 binds to cullins and promotes the exchange of substrate-recognition proteins to target different proteins for ubiquitination. CAND1 inhibition exacerbated the cGMP-dependent increase in NKCC2 ubiquitination and decreased surface NKCC2 expression. Finally, cGMP increased neddylation of cullins. We conclude that the cGMP-dependent increase in NKCC2 ubiquitination is mediated by a CRL complex. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence that a CRL complex mediates NKCC2 ubiquitination in native TALs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2) reabsorbs NaCl by the thick ascending limb. Nitric oxide and atrial natriuretic peptide decrease NaCl reabsorption in thick ascending limbs by increasing the second messenger cGMP. The present findings indicate that cGMP increases NKCC2 ubiquitination via a cullin-RING ligase complex and regulates in part surface NKCC2 levels. Identifying the E3 ubiquitin ligases that regulate NKCC2 expression and activity may provide new targets for the development of specific loop diuretics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo R Ares
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States.,Department of Physiology, Integrative Bioscience Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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12
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Gallafassi E, Bezerra M, Rebouças N. Control of sodium and potassium homeostasis by renal distal convoluted tubules. Braz J Med Biol Res 2023; 56:e12392. [PMID: 36790288 PMCID: PMC9925193 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2023e12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Distal convoluted tubules (DCT), which contain the Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) inhibited by thiazide diuretics, undergo complex modulation to preserve Na+ and K+ homeostasis. The lysine kinases 1 and 4 (WNK1 and WNK4), identified as hyperactive in the hereditary disease pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2, are responsible for activation of NCC and consequent hypokalemia and hypertension. WNK4, highly expressed in DCT, activates the SPAK/OSR1 kinases, which phosphorylate NCC and other regulatory proteins and transporters in the distal nephron. WNK4 works as a chloride sensor through a Cl- binding site, which acts as an on/off switch at this kinase in response to changes of basolateral membrane electrical potential, the driving force of cellular Cl- efflux. High intracellular Cl- in hyperkalemia decreases NCC phosphorylation and low intracellular Cl- in hypokalemia increases NCC phosphorylation and activity, which makes plasma K+ concentration a central modulator of NCC and of K+ secretion. The WNK4 phosphorylation by cSrc or SGK1, activated by angiotensin II or aldosterone, respectively, is another relevant mechanism of NCC, ENaC, and ROMK modulation in states such as volume reduction, hyperkalemia, and hypokalemia. Loss of NCC function induces upregulation of electroneutral NaCl reabsorption by type B intercalated cells through the combined activity of pendrin and NDCBE, as demonstrated in double knockout mice (KO) animal models, Ncc/pendrin or Ncc/NDCBE. The analysis of ks-Nedd-4-2 KO animal models introduced the modulation of NEDD4-2 by intracellular Mg2+ activity as an important regulator of NCC, explaining the thiazide-induced persistent hypokalemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.A. Gallafassi
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M.B. Bezerra
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - N.A. Rebouças
- Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Uchida S, Mori T, Susa K, Sohara E. NCC regulation by WNK signal cascade. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1081261. [PMID: 36685207 PMCID: PMC9845728 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1081261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With-no-lysine (K) (WNK) kinases have been identified as the causal genes for pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII), a rare hereditary hypertension condition characterized by hyperkalemia, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, and thiazide-hypersensitivity. We thought that clarifying the link between WNK and NaCl cotransporter (NCC) would bring us new mechanism(s) of NCC regulation. For the first time, we were able to produce a knock-in mouse model of PHAII and anti-phosphorylated NCC antibodies against the putative NCC phosphorylation sites and discover that constitutive activation of NCC and increased phosphorylation of NCC are the primary pathogenesis of the disease in vivo. We have since demonstrated that this regulatory mechanism is mediated by the kinases oxidative stress-response protein 1 (OSR1) and STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) (WNK-OSR1/SPAK-NCC signaling cascade) and that the signaling is not only important in the pathological condition of PHAII but also plays a crucial physiological role in the regulation of NCC.
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14
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Pratamawati TM, Alwi I. Summary of Known Genetic and Epigenetic Modification Contributed to Hypertension. Int J Hypertens 2023; 2023:5872362. [PMID: 37201134 PMCID: PMC10188269 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5872362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a multifactorial disease due to a complex interaction among genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Characterized by raised blood pressure (BP), it is responsible for more than 7 million deaths per annum by acting as a leading preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Reports suggest that genetic factors are estimated to be involved in approximately 30 to 50% of BP variation, and epigenetic marks are known to contribute to the initiation of the disease by influencing gene expression. Consequently, elucidating the genetic and epigenetic mediators associated with hypertension is essential for better discernment of its pathophysiology. By deciphering the unprecedented molecular hypertension basis, it could help to unravel an individual's inclination towards hypertension which eventually could result in an arrangement of potential strategies for prevention and therapy. In the present review, we discuss known genetic and epigenetic drivers that contributed to the hypertension development and summarize the novel variants that have currently been identified. The effect of these molecular alterations on endothelial function was also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiar Masykuroh Pratamawati
- Program Doctoral Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati, Cirebon, Indonesia
| | - Idrus Alwi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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15
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Carbajal-Contreras H, Gamba G, Castañeda-Bueno M. The serine-threonine protein phosphatases that regulate the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1100522. [PMID: 36875042 PMCID: PMC9974657 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1100522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of the Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is finely tuned by phosphorylation networks involving serine/threonine kinases and phosphatases. While much attention has been paid to the With-No-lysine (K) kinase (WNK)- STE20-related Proline Alanine rich Kinase (SPAK)/Oxidative Stress Responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) signaling pathway, there remain many unanswered questions regarding phosphatase-mediated modulation of NCC and its interactors. The phosphatases shown to regulate NCC's activity, directly or indirectly, are protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), calcineurin (CN), and protein phosphatase 4 (PP4). PP1 has been suggested to directly dephosphorylate WNK4, SPAK, and NCC. This phosphatase increases its abundance and activity when extracellular K+ is increased, which leads to distinct inhibitory mechanisms towards NCC. Inhibitor-1 (I1), oppositely, inhibits PP1 when phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA). CN inhibitors, like tacrolimus and cyclosporin A, increase NCC phosphorylation, giving an explanation to the Familial Hyperkalemic Hypertension-like syndrome that affects some patients treated with these drugs. CN inhibitors can prevent high K+-induced dephosphorylation of NCC. CN can also dephosphorylate and activate Kelch-like protein 3 (KLHL3), thus decreasing WNK abundance. PP2A and PP4 have been shown in in vitro models to regulate NCC or its upstream activators. However, no studies in native kidneys or tubules have been performed to test their physiological role in NCC regulation. This review focuses on these dephosphorylation mediators and the transduction mechanisms possibly involved in physiological states that require of the modulation of the dephosphorylation rate of NCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Carbajal-Contreras
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,PECEM (MD/PhD), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,PECEM (MD/PhD), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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16
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Castañeda-Bueno M, Ellison DH. Blood pressure effects of sodium transport along the distal nephron. Kidney Int 2022; 102:1247-1258. [PMID: 36228680 PMCID: PMC9754644 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian distal nephron is a target of highly effective antihypertensive drugs. Genetic variants that alter its transport activity are also inherited causes of high or low blood pressure, clearly establishing its central role in human blood pressure regulation. Much has been learned during the past 25 years about salt transport along this nephron segment, spurred by the cloning of major transport proteins and the discovery of disease-causing genetic variants. Recognition is increasing that substantial cellular and segmental heterogeneity is present along this segment, with electroneutral sodium transport dominating more proximal segments and electrogenic sodium transport dominating more distal segments. Coupled with recent insights into factors that modulate transport along these segments, we now understand one important mechanism by which dietary potassium intake influences sodium excretion and blood pressure. This finding has solved the aldosterone paradox, by demonstrating how aldosterone can be both kaliuretic, when plasma potassium is elevated, and anti-natriuretic, when extracellular fluid volume is low. However, what also has become clear is that aldosterone itself only stimulates a portion of the mineralocorticoid receptors along this segment, with the others being activated by glucocorticoid hormones instead. These recent insights provide an increasingly clear picture of how this short nephron segment contributes to blood pressure homeostasis and have important implications for hypertension prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Oregon Clinical & Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; LeDucq Transatlantic Network of Excellence, Portland, Oregon, USA; Renal Section, VA Portland Healthcare System, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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17
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Caswell RC, Gunning AC, Owens MM, Ellard S, Wright CF. Assessing the clinical utility of protein structural analysis in genomic variant classification: experiences from a diagnostic laboratory. Genome Med 2022; 14:77. [PMID: 35869530 PMCID: PMC9308257 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The widespread clinical application of genome-wide sequencing has resulted in many new diagnoses for rare genetic conditions, but testing regularly identifies variants of uncertain significance (VUS). The remarkable rise in the amount of genomic data has been paralleled by a rise in the number of protein structures that are now publicly available, which may have clinical utility for the interpretation of missense and in-frame insertions or deletions. Methods Within a UK National Health Service genomic medicine diagnostic laboratory, we investigated the number of VUS over a 5-year period that were evaluated using protein structural analysis and how often this analysis aided variant classification. Results We found 99 novel missense and in-frame variants across 67 genes that were initially classified as VUS by our diagnostic laboratory using standard variant classification guidelines and for which further analysis of protein structure was requested. Evidence from protein structural analysis was used in the re-assessment of 64 variants, of which 47 were subsequently reclassified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic and 17 remained as VUS. We identified several case studies where protein structural analysis aided variant interpretation by predicting disease mechanisms that were consistent with the observed phenotypes, including loss-of-function through thermodynamic destabilisation or disruption of ligand binding, and gain-of-function through de-repression or escape from proteasomal degradation. Conclusions We have shown that using in silico protein structural analysis can aid classification of VUS and give insights into the mechanisms of pathogenicity. Based on our experience, we propose a generic evidence-based workflow for incorporating protein structural information into diagnostic practice to facilitate variant classification. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13073-022-01082-2.
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18
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Ye G, Wang J, Yang W, Li J, Ye M, Jin X. The roles of KLHL family members in human cancers. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:5105-5139. [PMID: 36504893 PMCID: PMC9729911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kelch-like (KLHL) family members consist of three domains: bric-a-brac, tramtrack, broad complex/poxvirus and zinc finger domain, BACK domain and Kelch domain, which combine and interact with Cullin3 to form an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Research has indicated that KLHL family members ubiquitinate target substrates to regulate physiological and pathological processes, including tumorigenesis and progression. KLHL19, a member of the KLHL family, is associated with tumorigenesis and drug resistance. However, the regulation and cross talks of other KLHL family members, which also play roles in cancer, are still unclear. Our review mainly explores studies concerning the roles of other KLHL family members in tumor-related regulation to provide novel insights into KLHL family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganghui Ye
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315020, Zhejiang, P. R. China,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315020, Zhejiang, P. R. China,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Weili Yang
- Yinzhou People’s Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315040, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jinyun Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315020, Zhejiang, P. R. China,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Meng Ye
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315020, Zhejiang, P. R. China,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315020, Zhejiang, P. R. China,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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19
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The Post-Translational Modification Networking in WNK-Centric Hypertension Regulation and Electrolyte Homeostasis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092169. [PMID: 36140271 PMCID: PMC9496095 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The with-no-lysine (WNK) kinase family, comprising four serine-threonine protein kinases (WNK1-4), were first linked to hypertension due to their mutations in association with pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII). WNK kinases regulate crucial blood pressure regulators, SPAK/OSR1, to mediate the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of their downstream ion channel substrates, such as sodium chloride co-transporter (NCC), epithelial sodium chloride (ENaC), renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK), and Na/K/2Cl co-transporters (NKCCs). In this review, we summarize the molecular pathways dysregulating the WNKs and their downstream target renal ion transporters. We summarize each of the genetic variants of WNK kinases and the small molecule inhibitors that have been discovered to regulate blood pressure via WNK-triggered PTM cascades.
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20
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WNK1 in the kidney. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2022; 31:471-478. [PMID: 35894282 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this manuscript was to review recent evidence uncovering the roles of the With No lysine (K) kinase 1 (WNK1) in the kidney. RECENT FINDINGS Analyses of microdissected mouse nephron segments have revealed the abundance of long-WNK1 and kidney-specific-WNK1 transcripts in different segments. The low levels of L-WNK1 transcripts in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) stand out and support functional evidence on the lack of L-WNK1 activity in this segment. The recent description of familial hyperkalaemic hypertension (FHHt)-causative mutations affecting the acidic domain of WNK1 supports the notion that KS-WNK1 activates the Na+:Cl- cotransporter NCC. The high sensitivity of KS-WNK1 to KLHL3-targeted degradation and the low levels of L-WNK1 in the DCT, led to propose that this type of FHHt is mainly due to increased KS-WNK1 protein in the DCT. The observation that KS-WNK1 renal protein expression is induced by low K+ diet and recent reassessment of the phenotype of KS-WNK1-/- mice suggested that KS-WNK1 may be necessary to achieve maximal NCC activation under this condition. Evidences on the regulation of other renal transport proteins by WNK1 are also summarized. SUMMARY The diversity of WNK1 transcripts in the kidney has complicated the interpretation of experimental data. Integration of experimental data with the knowledge of isoform abundance in renal cell types is necessary in future studies about WNK1 function in the kidney.
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21
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Jang JH, Lee JW, Cho MJ, Hwang B, Kwon MG, Kim DH, Lee NK, Lee J, Park YJ, Yang YR, Kim J, Kim YH, An TH, Oh KJ, Bae KH, Park JG, Min JK. KLHL3 deficiency in mice ameliorates obesity, insulin resistance, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating energy expenditure. EXPERIMENTAL & MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 54:1250-1261. [PMID: 36028759 PMCID: PMC9440235 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00833-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a growing global epidemic that can cause serious adverse health consequences, including insulin resistance (IR) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Obesity development can be attributed to energy imbalance and metabolic inflexibility. Here, we demonstrated that lack of Kelch-like protein 3 (KLHL3) mitigated the development of obesity, IR, and NAFLD by increasing energy expenditure. KLHL3 mutations in humans cause Gordon’s hypertension syndrome; however, the role of KLHL3 in obesity was previously unknown. We examined differences in obesity-related parameters between control and Klhl3−/− mice. A significant decrease in body weight concomitant with fat mass loss and improved IR and NAFLD were observed in Klhl3−/− mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet and aged. KLHL3 deficiency inhibited obesity, IR, and NAFLD by increasing energy expenditure with augmentation of O2 consumption and CO2 production. Delivering dominant-negative (DN) Klhl3 using adeno-associated virus into mice, thereby dominantly expressing DN-KLHL3 in the liver, ameliorated diet-induced obesity, IR, and NAFLD. Finally, adenoviral overexpression of DN-KLHL3, but not wild-type KLHL3, in hepatocytes revealed an energetic phenotype with an increase in the oxygen consumption rate. The present findings demonstrate a novel function of KLHL3 mutation in extrarenal tissues, such as the liver, and may provide a therapeutic target against obesity and obesity-related diseases. Mice that are genetically engineered to lack a protein involved in regulating energy expenditure are protected against the onset of obesity and the related problems of insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Jeong-Ki Min, Jong-Gil Park and colleagues at the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology in South Korea, Daejon, discovered that the beneficial effect of the lack of the protein, called KLHL3, was due to an increase in energy expenditure. Mutations in the gene for KLHL3 are known to cause a variety of metabolic diseases in humans, including a form of high blood pressure called Gordon’s hypertension syndrome, but the protein’s role in human obesity has not been studied. The results suggest that drugs able to regulate the production or activity of KLHL3 might offer a new approach to treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hong Jang
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioscience, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Woong Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Cho
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungtae Hwang
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gi Kwon
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioscience, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hwan Kim
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Kyung Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangwook Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ryoul Yang
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinchul Kim
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyeon An
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Oh
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Gil Park
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Bioscience, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Ki Min
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Bioscience, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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22
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McDonough AA, Fenton RA. Potassium homeostasis: sensors, mediators, and targets. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:853-867. [PMID: 35727363 PMCID: PMC10163916 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02718-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane potassium (K) gradients are key determinants of membrane potential that can modulate action potentials, control muscle contractility, and influence ion channel and transporter activity. Daily K intake is normally equal to the amount of K in the entire extracellular fluid (ECF) creating a critical challenge - how to maintain ECF [K] and membrane potential in a narrow range during feast and famine. Adaptations to maintain ECF [K] include sensing the K intake, sensing ECF [K] vs. desired set-point and activating mediators that regulate K distribution between ECF and ICF, and regulate renal K excretion. In this focused review, we discuss the basis of these adaptions, including (1) potential mechanisms for rapid feedforward signaling to kidney and muscle after a meal (before a rise in ECF [K]), (2) how skeletal muscles sense and respond to changes in ECF [K], (3) effects of K on aldosterone biosynthesis, and (4) how the kidney responds to changes in ECF [K] to modify K excretion. The concepts of sexual dimorphisms in renal K handling adaptation are introduced, and the molecular mechanisms that can account for the benefits of a K-rich diet to maintain cardiovascular health are discussed. Although the big picture of K homeostasis is becoming more clear, we also highlight significant pieces of the puzzle that remain to be solved, including knowledge gaps in our understanding of initiating signals, sensors and their connection to homeostatic adjustments of ECF [K].
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A McDonough
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Robert A Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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23
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Cornelius RJ, Nelson JW, Su XT, Yang CL, Ellison DH. COP9 signalosome deletion promotes renal injury and distal convoluted tubule remodeling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F4-F19. [PMID: 35532068 PMCID: PMC9236871 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00436.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cullin-RING ligases are a family of E3 ubiquitin ligases that control cellular processes through regulated degradation. Cullin 3 targets with-no-lysine kinase 4 (WNK4), a kinase that activates the Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC), the main pathway for Na+ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). Mutations in the cullin 3 gene lead to familial hyperkalemic hypertension by increasing WNK4 abundance. The constitutive photomorphogenesis 9 (COP9) signalosome (CSN) regulates the activity of cullin-RING ligases by removing the ubiquitin-like protein neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein 8. Genetic deletion of the catalytically active CSN subunit, Jab1, along the nephron in mice (KS-Jab1-/-) led to increased WNK4 abundance; however, NCC abundance was substantially reduced. We hypothesized that the reduction in NCC resulted from a cortical injury that led to hypoplasia of the segment, which counteracted WNK4 activation of NCC. To test this, we studied KS-Jab1-/- mice at weekly intervals over a period of 3 wk. The results showed that NCC abundance was unchanged until 3 wk after Jab1 deletion, at which time other DCT-specific proteins were also reduced. The kidney injury markers kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin demonstrated kidney injury immediately after Jab1 deletion; however, the damage was initially limited to the medulla. The injury progressed and expanded into the cortex 3 wk after Jab1 deletion coinciding with loss of the DCT. The data indicate that nephron-specific disruption of the cullin-RING ligase system results in a complex progression of tubule injury that leads to hypoplasia of the DCT.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cullin 3 (CUL3) targets with-no-lysine-kinase 4 (WNK4), which activates Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of the kidney. Renal-specific genetic deletion of the constitutive photomorphogenesis 9 signalosome, an upstream regulator of CUL3, resulted in a reduction of NCC due to DCT hypoplasia, which coincided with cortical kidney injury. The data indicate that nephron-specific disruption of the cullin-RING ligase system results in a complex progression of tubule injury leading to hypoplasia of the DCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Cornelius
- 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jonathan W. Nelson
- 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Xiao-Tong Su
- 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Chao-Ling Yang
- 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - David H. Ellison
- 1Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon,2Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
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24
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Jung JU, Jaykumar AB, Cobb MH. WNK1 in Malignant Behaviors: A Potential Target for Cancer? Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:935318. [PMID: 35813203 PMCID: PMC9257110 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.935318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of mortality in cancer patients. Analyses of mouse models and patient data have implicated the protein kinase WNK1 as one of a handful of genes uniquely linked to a subset of invasive cancers. WNK1 signaling pathways are widely implicated in the regulation of ion co-transporters and in controlling cell responses to osmotic stress. In this review we will discuss its actions in tumor malignancy in human cancers and present evidence for its function in invasion, migration, angiogenesis and mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melanie H. Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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25
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Lin CM, Sung CC, Yang SS, Chen YC, Huang SM, Lin SH. Generation and analysis of pseudohypoaldosteronism type II knock-in mice caused by a nonsense KLHL3 mutation in the Kelch domain. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22363. [PMID: 35621709 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101827rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the Kelch-like 3 (KLHL3) gene are the most common cause of inherited pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII) featuring thiazide-sensitive hypertension and hyperkalemic metabolic acidosis. Although Klhl3R528H /+ knock-in (KI) mice carrying a missense mutation in the Kelch repeat domain have been reported, nonsense KLHL3 mutations in the same domain that cause PHAII have not been fully investigated in vivo. We generated and analyzed Klhl3 KI mice harboring a nonsense W523X mutation (corresponding to the human KLHL3 W470X mutation). Both heterozygous and homozygous Klhl3W523X /+ KI mice exhibited typical PHAII with low-renin hypertension, hyperkalemia with reduced renal potassium excretion, and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Their kidney tissues showed the presence of Klhl3 mRNA and increased Klhl3 protein levels along with enhanced downstream Wnk1/4-Spak/Osr1-N(k)cc phosphorylation. Increased protein expression of total Spak, phosphor(p-)Spak, total Ncc, and p-Ncc from urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) also confirmed the activation of the Wnk-mediated Ncc pathway. In vitro studies showed that the human KLHL3 W470X mutation resulted in increased KLHL3 protein stability and disrupted its binding affinity for WNK1/4, leading to the attenuated degradation and increased abundance of total WNKs. In conclusion, nonsense Klhl3W523X /+ mice recapitulating PHAII phenotypes exhibit Klhl3 protein stability, abrogating its binding to Wnks, with enhanced Ncc expression in the kidney tissue and even in uEVs. Activation of the WNK-mediated Na+ -Cl- co-transporter reiterated the in vivo pathogenic role of nonsense KLHL3 mutations in PHAII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ming Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Sung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Sen Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chuan Chen
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ming Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hua Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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26
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Kelch-like protein 3 in human disease and therapy. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:9813-9824. [PMID: 35585379 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Kelch-like protein 3 (KLHL3) is a substrate adaptor of Cullin3-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL3), and KLHL3-CUL3 complex plays a vital role in the ubiquitination of specific substrates. Mutations and abnormal post-translational modifications of KLHL3-CUL3 affect substrate ubiquitination and may related to the pathogenesis of Gordon syndrome (GS), Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Congenital Heart Disease (CHD), Pre-eclampsia (PE) and even cancers. Therefore, it is essential to understand the function and molecular mechanisms of KLHL3-CUL3 for the treatment of related diseases. In this review, we summary the structure and function of KLHL3-CUL3, the effect of KLHL3-CUL3 mutations and aberrant modifications in GS, PHPT, DM, CHD and PE. Moreover, we noted a possible role of KLHL3-CUL3 in carcinogenesis and provided ideas for targeting KLHL3-CUL3 for related disease treatment.
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27
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Jung JU, Ghosh A, Earnest S, Deaton SL, Cobb MH. UBR5 is a novel regulator of WNK1 stability. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1176-C1186. [PMID: 35442829 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00417.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The with no lysine (K) 1 (WNK1) protein kinase maintains cellular ion homeostasis in many tissues through actions on ion cotransporters and channels. Increased accumulation of WNK1 protein leads to pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII), a form of familial hypertension. WNK1 can be degraded via its adaptor-dependent recruitment to the Cullin3-RBX1 E3 ligase complex by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Disruption of this process also leads to disease. To determine if this is the primary mechanism of WNK1 turnover, we examined WNK1 protein stability and degradation by measuring its rate of decay after blockade of translation. Here, we show that WNK1 protein degradation exhibits atypical kinetics in Hela cells. Consistent with this apparent complexity, we found that multiple degradative pathways can modulate cellular WNK1 protein amount. WNK1 protein is degraded not only by the proteasome, but also by the lysosome. Non-lysosomal cysteine proteases calpain and caspases also influence WNK1 degradation, as inhibitors of these proteases modestly increased WNK1 protein expression. Importantly, we discovered that the E3 ubiquitin ligase UBR5 interacts with WNK1 and its deficiency results in increased WNK1 protein. Our results further demonstrate that increased WNK1 in UBR5-depleted cells is attributable to reduced lysosomal degradation of WNK1 protein. Taken together, our findings provide insights into the multiplicity of degradative pathways involved in WNK1 turnover and uncover UBR5 as a previously unknown regulator of WNK1 protein stability that leads to lysosomal degradation of WNK1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ung Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Anwesha Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Svetlana Earnest
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Staci L Deaton
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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28
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Chen Z, Zhang J, Murillo-de-Ozores AR, Castañeda-Bueno M, D'Amico F, Heilig R, Manning CE, Sorrell FJ, D'Angiolella V, Fischer R, Mulder MPC, Gamba G, Alessi DR, Bullock AN. Sequence and structural variations determining the recruitment of WNK kinases to the KLHL3 E3 ligase. Biochem J 2022; 479:661-675. [PMID: 35179207 PMCID: PMC9022995 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The BTB-Kelch protein KLHL3 is a Cullin3-dependent E3 ligase that mediates the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of kinases WNK1-4 to control blood pressure and cell volume. A crystal structure of KLHL3 has defined its binding to an acidic degron motif containing a PXXP sequence that is strictly conserved in WNK1, WNK2 and WNK4. Mutations in the second proline abrograte the interaction causing the hypertension syndrome pseudohypoaldosteronism type II. WNK3 shows a diverged degron motif containing four amino acid substitutions that remove the PXXP motif raising questions as to the mechanism of its binding. To understand this atypical interaction, we determined the crystal structure of the KLHL3 Kelch domain in complex with a WNK3 peptide. The electron density enabled the complete 11-mer WNK-family degron motif to be traced for the first time revealing several conserved features not captured in previous work, including additional salt bridge and hydrogen bond interactions. Overall, the WNK3 peptide adopted a conserved binding pose except for a subtle shift to accommodate bulkier amino acid substitutions at the binding interface. At the centre, the second proline was substituted by WNK3 Thr541, providing a unique phosphorylatable residue among the WNK-family degrons. Fluorescence polarisation and structural modelling experiments revealed that its phosphorylation would abrogate the KLHL3 interaction similarly to hypertension-causing mutations. Together, these data reveal how the KLHL3 Kelch domain can accommodate the binding of multiple WNK isoforms and highlight a potential regulatory mechanism for the recruitment of WNK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyao Chen
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD15EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Adrián R. Murillo-de-Ozores
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francesca D'Amico
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Einthovenweg 20, 2333, ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Raphael Heilig
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, U.K
| | - Charlotte E. Manning
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Fiona J. Sorrell
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Vincenzo D'Angiolella
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research U.K.. and Medical Research Council Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, U.K
| | - Monique P. C. Mulder
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Einthovenweg 20, 2333, ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dario R. Alessi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD15EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Alex N. Bullock
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
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29
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Roles of Cullin-RING Ubiquitin Ligases in Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030416. [PMID: 35327608 PMCID: PMC8946067 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of protein homeostasis is crucial for virtually every aspect of eukaryotic biology. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) represents a highly regulated quality control machinery that protects cells from a variety of stress conditions as well as toxic proteins. A large body of evidence has shown that UPS dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. This review highlights the latest findings regarding the physiological and pathological roles of cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRLs), an essential player in the UPS, in the cardiovascular system. To inspire potential therapeutic invention, factors regulating CRL activities are also discussed.
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30
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Defective protein degradation in genetic disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166366. [PMID: 35158019 PMCID: PMC8977116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie different human pathologies is necessary to develop novel therapeutic strategies. An emerging mechanism of pathogenesis in many genetic disorders is the dysregulation of protein degradation, which leads to the accumulation of proteins that are responsible for the disease phenotype. Among the different cellular pathways that regulate active proteolysis, the Cullin RING E3 ligases represent an important group of sophisticated enzymatic complexes that mediate substrate ubiquitination through the interaction with specific adaptors. However, pathogenic mutations in these adaptors affect the physiological ubiquitination of their substrates. This review discusses our current understanding of this emerging field.
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31
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Elvers KT, Lipka-Lloyd M, Trueman RC, Bax BD, Mehellou Y. Structures of the Human SPAK and OSR1 Conserved C-Terminal (CCT) Domains. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100441. [PMID: 34726826 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress responsive 1 (OSR1) kinase are two serine/threonine protein kinases that regulate the function of ion co-transporters through phosphorylation. The highly conserved C-terminal (CCT) domains of SPAK and OSR1 bind to RFx[V/I] peptide sequences from their upstream 'With No Lysine Kinases (WNKs), facilitating their activation via phosphorylation. Thus, the inhibition of SPAK and OSR1 binding, via their CCT domains, to WNK kinases is a plausible strategy for inhibiting SPAK and OSR1 kinases. To facilitate structure-guided drug design of such inhibitors, we expressed and purified human SPAK and OSR1 CCT domains and solved their crystal structures. Interestingly, these crystal structures show a highly conserved primary pocket adjacent to a flexible secondary pocket. We also employed a biophysical strategy and determined the affinity of SPAK and OSR1 CCT domains to short peptides derived from WNK4 and NKCC1. Together, this work provides a platform that facilitates the design of CCT domain specific small molecule binders that inhibit SPAK- and OSR1-activation by WNK kinases, and these could be useful in treating hypertension and ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen T Elvers
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK.,Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | | | - Rebecca C Trueman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2TQ, UK
| | - Benjamin D Bax
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Youcef Mehellou
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
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32
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Tsilosani A, Gao C, Zhang W. Aldosterone-Regulated Sodium Transport and Blood Pressure. Front Physiol 2022; 13:770375. [PMID: 35197862 PMCID: PMC8859437 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.770375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone is a major mineralocorticoid steroid hormone secreted by glomerulosa cells in the adrenal cortex. It regulates a variety of physiological responses including those to oxidative stress, inflammation, fluid disruption, and abnormal blood pressure through its actions on various tissues including the kidney, heart, and the central nervous system. Aldosterone synthesis is primarily regulated by angiotensin II, K+ concentration, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone. Elevated serum aldosterone levels increase blood pressure largely by increasing Na+ re-absorption in the kidney through regulating transcription and activity of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). This review focuses on the signaling pathways involved in aldosterone synthesis and its effects on Na+ reabsorption through ENaC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akaki Tsilosani
- Department of Regenerative & Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Regenerative & Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Wenzheng Zhang
- Department of Regenerative & Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
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33
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Chatrathi HE, Collins JC, Wolfe LA, Markello TC, Adams DR, Gahl WA, Werner A, Sharma P. Novel CUL3 Variant Causing Familial Hyperkalemic Hypertension Impairs Regulation and Function of Ubiquitin Ligase Activity. Hypertension 2022; 79:60-75. [PMID: 34878901 PMCID: PMC8667186 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Familial hyperkalemic hypertension is caused by pathogenic variants in genes of the CUL3 (cullin-3)-KLHL3 (kelch-like-family-member-3)-WNK (with no-lysine [K] kinase) pathway, manifesting clinically as hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, and high systolic blood pressure. The ubiquitin E3 ligase CUL3-KLHL3 targets WNK kinases for degradation to limit activation of the thiazide-sensitive NCC (Na-Cl cotransporter). All known variants in CUL3 lead to exon 9 skipping (CUL3Δ9) and typically result in severe familial hyperkalemic hypertension and growth disturbances in patients. Whether other variants in CUL3 cause familial hyperkalemic hypertension is unknown. Here, we identify a novel de novo heterozygous CUL3 variant (CUL3Δ474-477) in a pediatric familial hyperkalemic hypertension patient with multiple congenital anomalies and reveal molecular mechanisms by which CUL3Δ474-477 leads to dysregulation of the CUL3-KLHL3-WNK signaling axis. Using patient-derived urinary extracellular vesicles and dermal fibroblasts, in vitro assays, and cultured kidney cells, we demonstrate that CUL3Δ474-477 causes reduced total CUL3 levels due to increased autoubiquitination. The CUL3Δ474-477 that escapes autodegradation shows enhanced modification with NEDD8 (neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 8) and increased formation of CUL3-KLHL3 complexes that are impaired in ubiquitinating WNK4. Proteomic analysis of CUL3 complexes revealed that, in addition to increased KLHL3 binding, the CUL3Δ474-477 variant also exhibits increased interactions with other BTB (Bric-a-brac, Tramtrack, and Broad complex) substrate adaptors, providing a rationale for the patient's diverse phenotypes. We conclude that the pathophysiological effects of CUL3Δ474-477 are caused by reduced CUL3 levels and formation of catalytically impaired CUL3 ligase complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish E. Chatrathi
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA,Share the first authorship position
| | - Jason C. Collins
- Stem Cell Biochemistry Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA,Share the first authorship position
| | - Lynne A. Wolfe
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Thomas C. Markello
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA,Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - David R. Adams
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA,Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - William A. Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA,Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Achim Werner
- Stem Cell Biochemistry Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Prashant Sharma
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA,Correspondence: Prashant Sharma, NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD.
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34
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Marcoux AA, Tremblay LE, Slimani S, Fiola MJ, Mac-Way F, Haydock L, Garneau AP, Isenring P. Anatomophysiology of the Henle's Loop: Emphasis on the Thick Ascending Limb. Compr Physiol 2021; 12:3119-3139. [PMID: 34964111 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The loop of Henle plays a variety of important physiological roles through the concerted actions of ion transport systems in both its apical and basolateral membranes. It is involved most notably in extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure regulation as well as Ca2+ , Mg2+ , and acid-base homeostasis because of its ability to reclaim a large fraction of the ultrafiltered solute load. This nephron segment is also involved in urinary concentration by energizing several of the steps that are required to generate a gradient of increasing osmolality from cortex to medulla. Another important role of the loop of Henle is to sustain a process known as tubuloglomerular feedback through the presence of specialized renal tubular cells that lie next to the juxtaglomerular arterioles. This article aims at describing these physiological roles and at discussing a number of the molecular mechanisms involved. It will also report on novel findings and uncertainties regarding the realization of certain processes and on the pathophysiological consequences of perturbed salt handling by the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Since its discovery 150 years ago, the loop of Henle has remained in the spotlight and is now generating further interest because of its role in the renal-sparing effect of SGLT2 inhibitors. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:1-21, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée-Anne Marcoux
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Laurence E Tremblay
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Samira Slimani
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Jeanne Fiola
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Fabrice Mac-Way
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Ludwig Haydock
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre P Garneau
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada.,Cardiometabolic Axis, School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Isenring
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
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35
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Castañeda-Bueno M, Ellison DH, Gamba G. Molecular mechanisms for the modulation of blood pressure and potassium homeostasis by the distal convoluted tubule. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 14:e14273. [PMID: 34927382 PMCID: PMC8819348 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical observations have shown that potassium ingestion is inversely correlated with arterial hypertension prevalence and cardiovascular mortality. The higher the dietary potassium, the lower the blood pressure and mortality. This phenomenon is explained, at least in part, by the interaction between salt reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and potassium secretion in the connecting tubule/collecting duct of the mammalian nephron: In order to achieve adequate K+ secretion levels under certain conditions, salt reabsorption in the DCT must be reduced. Because salt handling by the kidney constitutes the basis for the long‐term regulation of blood pressure, losing salt prevents hypertension. Here, we discuss how the study of inherited diseases in which salt reabsorption in the DCT is affected has revealed the molecular players, including membrane transporters and channels, kinases, and ubiquitin ligases that form the potassium sensing mechanism of the DCT and the processes through which the consequent adjustments in salt reabsorption are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Oregon Clinical & Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
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36
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Hureaux M, Mazurkiewicz S, Boccio V, Vargas-Poussou R, Jeunemaitre X. The variety of genetic defects explains the phenotypic heterogeneity of Familial Hyperkalemic Hypertension. Kidney Int Rep 2021; 6:2639-2652. [PMID: 34622103 PMCID: PMC8484123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Familial hyperkalemic hypertension is a rare inherited form of arterial hypertension. Four genes are responsible for this disease, the variants of these genes cause disruption in the regulation of ion transport in the distal renal tubule. Whether the genotype explains the large phenotypic heterogeneity has not been fully explored. Methods We retrospectively analyzed clinical and genetic data of 153 cases (84 probands, 69 relatives) with familial hyperkalemic hypertension. Results Pathogenic variants (25 novel variants) were identified as follows: KLHL3 (n = 50), CUL3 (n = 16), WNK1 acidic motif (n = 11), WNK4 acidic motif (n = 4) and WNK1 intron 1 deletions (n = 3). De novo cases were mainly observed in the CUL3-related cases (9 of 12) and recessive cases were only observed in KLHL3-related cases (14 of 50). More severe forms were observed in recessive KLHL3 and CUL3 cases that were also associated with growth retardation. Patients with WNK1 acidic motif variants had a typical biological phenotype and lower frequency of hypertension conversely to WNK4 variants affecting the same motif. Patients with heterozygous KLHL3 and WNK1 deletions had milder forms. Familial screening in 178 relatives allowed detection and care for 69 positive cases. Blood pressure and hyperkalemia were improved by hydrochlorothiazide in all groups. Conclusions This study confirms the phenotypic variability ranging from the severe and early forms associated with CUL3 and recessive KLHL3 genotypes through intermediate forms associated with KLHL3 dominant, WNK4 and WNK1 deletion to mild form associated with WNK1 acidic motif genotype and reinforces the interest of genetic screening to better orientate medical care and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Hureaux
- Université de Paris, INSERM, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique et Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires Rares (MARHEA), Paris, France
| | | | - Valerie Boccio
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique et Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires Rares (MARHEA), Paris, France
| | - Rosa Vargas-Poussou
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique et Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires Rares (MARHEA), Paris, France
| | - Xavier Jeunemaitre
- Université de Paris, INSERM, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique et Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires Rares (MARHEA), Paris, France
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37
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Taylor CA, Cobb MH. CCT and CCT-like Modular Protein Interaction Domains in WNK Signaling. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 101:201-212. [PMID: 34312216 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The WNK (with-no lysine (K)) kinases and their downstream effector kinases, OSR1 (oxidative stress responsive 1) and SPAK (SPS/STE20-related proline-alanine rich kinase), have well-established functions in the maintenance of cell volume and ion homeostasis. Mutations in these kinases have been linked to an inherited form of hypertension, neurological defects, and other pathologies. A rapidly expanding body of evidence points to the involvement of WNKs in regulating multiple diverse cellular processes as well as the progression of some forms of cancer. How OSR1/SPAK contribute to these processes is well understood in some cases, but completely unknown in others. OSR1 and SPAK are targeted to both WNKs and substrates via their conserved C-terminal (CCT) protein interaction domains. Considerable effort has been put forth to understand the structure, function, and interaction specificity of the CCT domains in relation to WNK signaling, and multiple inhibitors of WNK signaling target these domains. The domains bind RFxV and RxFxV protein sequence motifs with the consensus sequence R-F-x-V/I or R-x-F-x-V/I, but residues outside the core motif also contribute to specificity. CCT interactions are required for OSR1 and SPAK activation and deactivation as well as cation-chloride cotransporter substrate phosphorylation. All four WNKs also contain CCT-like domains that have similar structures and conserved binding residues when compared to CCT domains, but their functions and interaction specificities are mostly unknown. A better understanding of the varied actions of these domains and their interactions will better define the known signaling mechanisms of the WNK pathway as well as uncover new ones. Significance Statement WNK kinases and downstream effector kinases, OSR1 and SPAK, have been shown to be involved in an array of diverse cellular processes. Here we review the function of modular protein interaction domains found in OSR1 and SPAK as well as related domains found in WNKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton A Taylor
- Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, United States
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, United States
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38
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Jaykumar AB, Jung JU, Parida PK, Dang TT, Wichaidit C, Kannangara AR, Earnest S, Goldsmith EJ, Pearson GW, Malladi S, Cobb MH. WNK1 Enhances Migration and Invasion in Breast Cancer Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1800-1808. [PMID: 34253593 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of mortality in patients with breast cancer. Many signaling pathways have been linked to cancer invasiveness, but blockade of few protein components has succeeded in reducing metastasis. Thus, identification of proteins contributing to invasion that are manipulable by small molecules may be valuable in inhibiting spread of the disease. The protein kinase with no lysine (K) 1 (WNK1) has been suggested to induce migration of cells representing a range of cancer types. Analyses of mouse models and patient data have implicated WNK1 as one of a handful of genes uniquely linked to invasive breast cancer. Here, we present evidence that inhibition of WNK1 slows breast cancer metastasis. We show that depletion or inhibition of WNK1 reduces migration of several breast cancer cell lines in wound healing assays and decreases invasion in collagen matrices. Furthermore, WNK1 depletion suppresses expression of AXL, a tyrosine kinase implicated in metastasis. Finally, we demonstrate that WNK inhibition in mice attenuates tumor progression and metastatic burden. These data showing reduced migration, invasion, and metastasis upon WNK1 depletion in multiple breast cancer models suggest that WNK1 contributes to the metastatic phenotype, and that WNK1 inhibition may offer a therapeutic avenue for attenuating progression of invasive breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita B Jaykumar
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ji-Ung Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Tuyen T Dang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | | | - Svetlana Earnest
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Gray W Pearson
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Srinivas Malladi
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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39
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Genotype-phenotype correlation in Gordon's syndrome: report of two cases carrying novel heterozygous mutations. J Nephrol 2021; 35:859-862. [PMID: 34089516 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-021-01083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Gordon's syndrome, known also as Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II is a rare inherited dominant form of low-renin hypertension associated with hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis. Four genes related to the regulation of the NaCl co-symporter NCC have been discovered associated to Gordon phenotypes: WINK 1 and WINK4, which, along with WNK2 and WNK3, encode a family of WNK-kinases, and KLHL3 and CUL3 encoding respectively, Kelch-like 3 protein and cullin. Heterozygous mutations in these genes constitutively activate NCC leading to abnormally increased salt reabsorption and salt-sensitive hypertension. Thiazide diuretic is the recognized treatment for this condition. We report and discuss phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity of two patients with Gordon's syndrome carrying novel heterozygous mutations in the WNK1 and KLHL3 genes. A very rare variant in the SCNN1G gene encoding the γ subunit of epithelial sodium channel ENaC was also identified in one patient.
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40
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Ostrosky-Frid M, Chávez-Canales M, Zhang J, Andrukhova O, Argaiz ER, Lerdo-de-Tejada F, Murillo-de-Ozores A, Sanchez-Navarro A, Rojas-Vega L, Bobadilla NA, Vazquez N, Castañeda-Bueno M, Alessi DR, Gamba G. Role of KLHL3 and dietary K + in regulating KS-WNK1 expression. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F734-F747. [PMID: 33682442 PMCID: PMC8174809 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00575.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological role of the shorter isoform of with no lysine kinase (WNK)1 that is exclusively expressed in the kidney (KS-WNK1), with particular abundance in the distal convoluted tubule, remains elusive. KS-WNK1, despite lacking the kinase domain, is nevertheless capable of stimulating the NaCl cotransporter, apparently through activation of WNK4. It has recently been shown that a less severe form of familial hyperkalemic hypertension featuring only hyperkalemia is caused by missense mutations in the WNK1 acidic domain that preferentially affect cullin 3 (CUL3)-Kelch-like protein 3 (KLHL3) E3-induced degradation of KS-WNK1 rather than that of full-length WNK1. Here, we show that full-length WNK1 is indeed less impacted by the CUL3-KLHL3 E3 ligase complex compared with KS-WNK1. We demonstrated that the unique 30-amino acid NH2-terminal fragment of KS-WNK1 is essential for its activating effect on the NaCl cotransporter and recognition by KLHL3. We identified specific amino acid residues in this region critical for the functional effect of KS-WNK1 and KLHL3 sensitivity. To further explore this, we generated KLHL3-R528H knockin mice that mimic human mutations causing familial hyperkalemic hypertension. These mice revealed that the KLHL3 mutation specifically increased expression of KS-WNK1 in the kidney. We also observed that in wild-type mice, the expression of KS-WNK1 was only detectable after exposure to a low-K+ diet. These findings provide new insights into the regulation and function of KS-WNK1 by the CUL3-KLHL3 complex in the distal convoluted tubule and indicate that this pathway is regulated by dietary K+ levels.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this work, we demonstrated that the kidney-specific isoform of with no lysine kinase 1 (KS-WNK1) in the kidney is modulated by dietary K+ and activity of the ubiquitin ligase protein Kelch-like protein 3. We analyzed the role of different amino acid residues of KS-WNK1 in its activity against the NaCl cotransporter and sensitivity to Kelch-like protein 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Ostrosky-Frid
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- PECEM (MD/PhD), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Chávez-Canales
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Olena Andrukhova
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Eduardo R Argaiz
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernando Lerdo-de-Tejada
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adrian Murillo-de-Ozores
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrea Sanchez-Navarro
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lorena Rojas-Vega
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma A Bobadilla
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Vazquez
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dario R Alessi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- PECEM (MD/PhD), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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Meor Azlan NF, Koeners MP, Zhang J. Regulatory control of the Na-Cl co-transporter NCC and its therapeutic potential for hypertension. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1117-1128. [PMID: 34094823 PMCID: PMC8144889 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the largest risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of mortality worldwide. As blood pressure regulation is influenced by multiple physiological systems, hypertension cannot be attributed to a single identifiable etiology. Three decades of research into Mendelian forms of hypertension implicated alterations in the renal tubular sodium handling, particularly the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)-native, thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC). Altered functions of the NCC have shown to have profound effects on blood pressure regulation as illustrated by the over activation and inactivation of the NCC in Gordon's and Gitelman syndromes respectively. Substantial progress has uncovered multiple factors that affect the expression and activity of the NCC. In particular, NCC activity is controlled by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, and NCC expression is facilitated by glycosylation and negatively regulated by ubiquitination. Studies have even found parvalbumin to be an unexpected regulator of the NCC. In recent years, there have been considerable advances in our understanding of NCC control mechanisms, particularly via the pathway containing the with-no-lysine [K] (WNK) and its downstream target kinases, SPS/Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress responsive 1 (OSR1), which has led to the discovery of novel inhibitory molecules. This review summarizes the currently reported regulatory mechanisms of the NCC and discusses their potential as therapeutic targets for treating hypertension.
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Key Words
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Blood pressure regulation
- CCC, cation-coupled chloride cotransporters
- CCT, conserved carboxy-terminal
- CNI, calcineurin inhibitors
- CUL3, cullin 3
- CUL3/KLHL3-WNK-SPAK/OSR1
- Ca2+, calcium ion
- Cardiovascular disease
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DCT, distal convoluted tubule
- DUSP, dual specificity phosphatases
- ECF, extracellular fluid
- ELISA, enzyme-bound immunosorbent analysis
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- EnaC, epithelial sodium channels
- GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid
- HEK293, human embryonic kidney 293
- Hypertension
- I1, inhibitor 1
- K+, potassium ion
- KCC, potassium-chloride-cotransporters
- KLHL3, kelch-like 3
- KS-WNK1, kidney specific-WNK1
- Kinase inhibitors
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MO25, mouse protein-25
- Membrane trafficking
- NCC, sodium–chloride cotransporters
- NKCC, sodium–potassium–chloride-cotransporter
- Na+, sodium ion
- NaCl, sodium chloride
- NaCl-cotransporter NCC
- OSR1, oxidative stress-responsive gene 1
- PCT, proximal convoluted tubule
- PHAII, pseudohypoaldosteronism type II
- PP, protein phosphatase
- PV, parvalbumin
- ROMK, renal outer medullary potassium
- RasGRP1, RAS guanyl-releasing protein 1
- SLC12, solute carrier 12
- SPAK, Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich-kinase
- TAL, thick ascending limb
- Therapeutic targets
- WNK, with-no-lysine kinases
- mDCT, mammalian DCT
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Farah Meor Azlan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Maarten P. Koeners
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
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42
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Brown A, Meor Azlan NF, Wu Z, Zhang J. WNK-SPAK/OSR1-NCC kinase signaling pathway as a novel target for the treatment of salt-sensitive hypertension. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:508-517. [PMID: 32724175 PMCID: PMC8115323 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the most prevalent health condition worldwide, affecting ~1 billion people. Gordon's syndrome is a form of secondary hypertension that can arise due to a number of possible mutations in key genes that encode proteins in a pathway containing the With No Lysine [K] (WNK) and its downstream target kinases, SPS/Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress responsive kinase 1 (OSR1). This pathway regulates the activity of the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC), which is responsible for NaCl reabsorption in the distal nephron. Therefore, mutations in genes encoding proteins that regulate the NCC proteins disrupt ion homeostasis and cause hypertension by increasing NaCl reabsorption. Thiazide diuretics are currently the main treatment option for Gordon's syndrome. However, they have a number of side effects, and chronic usage can lead to compensatory adaptations in the nephron that counteract their action. Therefore, recent research has focused on developing novel inhibitory molecules that inhibit components of the WNK-SPAK/OSR1-NCC pathway, thereby reducing NaCl reabsorption and restoring normal blood pressure. In this review we provide an overview of the currently reported molecular inhibitors of the WNK-SPAK/OSR1-NCC pathway and discuss their potential as treatment options for Gordon's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archie Brown
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Nur Farah Meor Azlan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Zhijuan Wu
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
- Newcastle University Business School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4SE, UK
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK.
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, China.
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43
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Delpire E. Advances in the development of novel compounds targeting cation-chloride cotransporter physiology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C324-C340. [PMID: 33356948 PMCID: PMC8294628 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00566.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For about half a century, the pharmacology of electroneutral cation-chloride cotransporters has been dominated by a few drugs that are widely used in clinical medicine. Because these diuretic drugs are so good at what they do, there has been little incentive in expanding their pharmacology. The increasing realization that cation-chloride cotransporters are involved in many other key physiological processes and the knowledge that different tissues express homologous proteins with matching transport functions have rekindled interest in drug discovery. This review summarizes the methods available to assess the function of these transporters and describe the multiple efforts that have made to identify new compounds. We describe multiple screens targeting KCC2 function and one screen designed to find compounds that discriminate between NKCC1 and NKCC2. Two of the KCC2 screens identified new inhibitors that are 3-4 orders of magnitude more potent than furosemide. Additional screens identified compounds that purportedly increase cell surface expression of the cotransporter, as well as several FDA-approved drugs that increase KCC2 transcription and expression. The technical details of each screen biased them toward specific processes in the life cycle of the transporter, making these efforts independent and complementary. In addition, each drug discovery effort contributes to our understanding of the biology of the cotransporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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44
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Louis-Dit-Picard H, Kouranti I, Rafael C, Loisel-Ferreira I, Chavez-Canales M, Abdel-Khalek W, Argaiz ER, Baron S, Vacle S, Migeon T, Coleman R, Do Cruzeiro M, Hureaux M, Thurairajasingam N, Decramer S, Girerd X, O'Shaugnessy K, Mulatero P, Roussey G, Tack I, Unwin R, Vargas-Poussou R, Staub O, Grimm R, Welling PA, Gamba G, Clauser E, Hadchouel J, Jeunemaitre X. Mutation affecting the conserved acidic WNK1 motif causes inherited hyperkalemic hyperchloremic acidosis. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:6379-6394. [PMID: 32790646 DOI: 10.1172/jci94171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in with no lysine (K) 1 (WNK1) and WNK4 genes are responsible for familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt), a rare, inherited disorder characterized by arterial hypertension and hyperkalemia with metabolic acidosis. More recently, FHHt-causing mutations in the Kelch-like 3-Cullin 3 (KLHL3-CUL3) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex have shed light on the importance of WNK's cellular degradation on renal ion transport. Using full exome sequencing for a 4-generation family and then targeted sequencing in other suspected cases, we have identified new missense variants in the WNK1 gene clustering in the short conserved acidic motif known to interact with the KLHL3-CUL3 ubiquitin complex. Affected subjects had an early onset of a hyperkalemic hyperchloremic phenotype, but normal blood pressure values"Functional experiments in Xenopus laevis oocytes and HEK293T cells demonstrated that these mutations strongly decrease the ubiquitination of the kidney-specific isoform KS-WNK1 by the KLHL3-CUL3 complex rather than the long ubiquitous catalytically active L-WNK1 isoform. A corresponding CRISPR/Cas9 engineered mouse model recapitulated both the clinical and biological phenotypes. Renal investigations showed increased activation of the Ste20 proline alanine-rich kinase-Na+-Cl- cotransporter (SPAK-NCC) phosphorylation cascade, associated with impaired ROMK apical expression in the distal part of the renal tubule. Together, these new WNK1 genetic variants highlight the importance of the KS-WNK1 isoform abundance on potassium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chloé Rafael
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR_S1155, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Maria Chavez-Canales
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006, Paris, France.,Translational Medicine Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Eduardo R Argaiz
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Stéphanie Baron
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006, Paris, France.,Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Vacle
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Richard Coleman
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Marguerite Hureaux
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | | | - Stéphane Decramer
- Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier Girerd
- AP-HP, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Unité de Prévention Cardiovasculaire, Hôpital de La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Kevin O'Shaugnessy
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Mulatero
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gwenaëlle Roussey
- Néphrologie Pédiatrique-Clinique Médicale Pédiatrique, Hôpital Mère Enfant, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Ivan Tack
- Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles Physiologiques, CHU de Toulouse et INSERM U1048-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Robert Unwin
- UCL Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Campus and Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosa Vargas-Poussou
- AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Staub
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard Grimm
- Departments of Medicine, Nephrology, and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul A Welling
- Departments of Medicine, Nephrology, and Physiology, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eric Clauser
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Hadchouel
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR_S1155, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Jeunemaitre
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75006, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
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45
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Liu Z, Yoon J, Wichaidit C, Jaykumar AB, Dbouk HA, Embry AE, Liu L, Henderson JM, Chang AN, Cobb MH, Miller RT. Control of Podocyte and Glomerular Capillary Wall Structure and Elasticity by WNK1 Kinase. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:618898. [PMID: 33604334 PMCID: PMC7884762 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.618898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeletal structure and its regulation are essential for maintenance of the differentiated state of specific types of cells and their adaptation to physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. Renal glomerular capillaries, composed of podocytes, endothelial cells, and the glomerular basement membrane, have distinct structural and biophysical properties and are the site of injury in many glomerular diseases. Calcineurin inhibitors, immunosuppressant drugs used for organ transplantation and auto-immune diseases, can protect podocytes and glomerular capillaries from injury by preserving podocyte cytoskeletal structure. These drugs cause complications including hypertension and hyperkalemia which are mediated by WNK (With No Lysine) kinases as well as vasculopathy with glomerulopathy. WNK kinases and their target kinases oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) and SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) have fundamental roles in angiogenesis and are activated by calcineurin inhibitors, but the actions of these agents on kidney vasculature, and glomerular capillaries are not fully understood. We investigated WNK1 expression in cultured podocytes and isolated mouse glomerular capillaries to determine if WNK1 contributes to calcineurin inhibitor-induced preservation of podocyte and glomerular structure. WNK1 and OSR1/SPAK are expressed in podocytes, and in a pattern similar to podocyte synaptopodin in glomerular capillaries. Calcineurin inhibitors increased active OSR1/SPAK in glomerular capillaries, the Young’s modulus (E) of glomeruli, and the F/G actin ratio, effects all blocked by WNK inhibition. In glomeruli, WNK inhibition caused reduced and irregular synaptopodin-staining, abnormal capillary and foot process structures, and increased deformability. In cultured podocytes, FK506 activated OSR1/SPAK, increased lamellipodia, accelerated cell migration, and promoted traction force. These actions of FK506 were reduced by depletion of WNK1. Collectively, these results demonstrate the importance of WNK1 in regulation of the podocyte actin cytoskeleton, biophysical properties of glomerular capillaries, and slit diaphragm structure, all of which are essential to normal kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenan Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Medicine Service, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Joonho Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Medicine Service, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Chonlarat Wichaidit
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Ankita B Jaykumar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Hashem A Dbouk
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Addie E Embry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Joel M Henderson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Audrey N Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Medicine Service, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Richard Tyler Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Medicine Service, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, United States
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46
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Franken GAC, Adella A, Bindels RJM, de Baaij JHF. Mechanisms coupling sodium and magnesium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13528. [PMID: 32603001 PMCID: PMC7816272 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypomagnesaemia is a common feature of renal Na+ wasting disorders such as Gitelman and EAST/SeSAME syndrome. These genetic defects specifically affect Na+ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule, where Mg2+ reabsorption is tightly regulated. Apical uptake via TRPM6 Mg2+ channels and basolateral Mg2+ extrusion via a putative Na+ -Mg2+ exchanger determines Mg2+ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule. However, the mechanisms that explain the high incidence of hypomagnesaemia in patients with Na+ wasting disorders of the distal convoluted tubule are largely unknown. In this review, we describe three potential mechanisms by which Mg2+ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule is linked to Na+ reabsorption. First, decreased activity of the thiazide-sensitive Na+ /Cl- cotransporter (NCC) results in shortening of the segment, reducing the Mg2+ reabsorption capacity. Second, the activity of TRPM6 and NCC are determined by common regulatory pathways. Secondary effects of NCC dysregulation such as hormonal imbalance, therefore, might disturb TRPM6 expression. Third, the basolateral membrane potential, maintained by the K+ permeability and Na+ -K+ -ATPase activity, provides the driving force for Na+ and Mg2+ extrusion. Depolarisation of the basolateral membrane potential in Na+ wasting disorders of the distal convoluted tubule may therefore lead to reduced activity of the putative Na+ -Mg2+ exchanger SLC41A1. Elucidating the interconnections between Mg2+ and Na+ transport in the distal convoluted tubule is hampered by the currently available models. Our analysis indicates that the coupling of Na+ and Mg2+ reabsorption may be multifactorial and that advanced experimental models are required to study the molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs A. C. Franken
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Anastasia Adella
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - René J. M. Bindels
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Jeroen H. F. de Baaij
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenthe Netherlands
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47
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Murillo-de-Ozores AR, Rodríguez-Gama A, Carbajal-Contreras H, Gamba G, Castañeda-Bueno M. WNK4 kinase: from structure to physiology. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F378-F403. [PMID: 33491560 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00634.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With no lysine kinase-4 (WNK4) belongs to a serine-threonine kinase family characterized by the atypical positioning of its catalytic lysine. Despite the fact that WNK4 has been found in many tissues, the majority of its study has revolved around its function in the kidney, specifically as a positive regulator of the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron. This is explained by the description of gain-of-function mutations in the gene encoding WNK4 that causes familial hyperkalemic hypertension. This disease is mainly driven by increased downstream activation of the Ste20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich kinase/oxidative stress responsive kinase-1-NCC pathway, which increases salt reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and indirectly impairs renal K+ secretion. Here, we review the large volume of information that has accumulated about different aspects of WNK4 function. We first review the knowledge on WNK4 structure and enumerate the functional domains and motifs that have been characterized. Then, we discuss WNK4 physiological functions based on the information obtained from in vitro studies and from a diverse set of genetically modified mouse models with altered WNK4 function. We then review in vitro and in vivo evidence on the different levels of regulation of WNK4. Finally, we go through the evidence that has suggested how different physiological conditions act through WNK4 to modulate NCC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Rafael Murillo-de-Ozores
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Héctor Carbajal-Contreras
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Combined Studies Program in Medicine MD/PhD (PECEM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Combined Studies Program in Medicine MD/PhD (PECEM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.,Combined Studies Program in Medicine MD/PhD (PECEM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico, Mexico
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48
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Jonniya NA, Sk MF, Kar P. Characterizing an allosteric inhibitor-induced inactive state in with-no-lysine kinase 1 using Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:7343-7358. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05733a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The binding of an allosteric inhibitor in WNK1 leads to the inactive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Amarnath Jonniya
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, MP
- India
| | - Md Fulbabu Sk
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, MP
- India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, MP
- India
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49
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Zhao X, Lai G, Tu J, Liu S, Zhao Y. Crosstalk between phosphorylation and ubiquitination is involved in high salt-induced WNK4 expression. Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:133. [PMID: 33376515 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
With no lysine 4 (WNK4) is a serine/threonine kinase, which is expressed in the kidney and associated with salt-sensitive hypertension. However, how salt regulates WNK4 remains unclear. In the present study, the C57BL/6 mice and HEK293 cells were treated with high salt and the expression of WNK4 protein and its ubiquitination and phosphorylation levels were detected. Western blotting demonstrated that WNK4 expression was significantly increased in high salt-treated mice and cells. Meanwhile, co-immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that the ubiquitination of WNK4 was decreased under high-salt simulation. It was also identified that the Lys-1023 site was the most important ubiquitination site for WNK4, and it was found that phosphorylation at the Ser-1022 site was a prerequisite for ubiquitination. These results suggested that there was crosstalk between phosphorylation and ubiquitination in the WNK4 protein, and high salt may downregulate its phosphorylation and, in turn, decrease its ubiquitination, leading to a decrease in WNK4 degradation. This eventually resulted in an increase in the abundance of WNK4 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Zhao
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110003, P.R. China
| | - Guangrui Lai
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110003, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiao Tu
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110003, P.R. China
| | - Shuchang Liu
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110003, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110003, P.R. China
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50
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Elzwawi A, Grafton G, Barnes NM, Mehellou Y. SPAK and OSR1 kinases bind and phosphorylate the β 2-Adrenergic receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 532:88-93. [PMID: 32828531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.07.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SPAK and OSR1 are two cytoplasmic serine/threonine protein kinases that regulate the function of a series of sodium, potassium and chloride co-transporters via phosphorylation. Over recent years, it has emerged that these two kinases may have diverse function beyond the regulation of ion co-transporters. Inspired by this, we explored whether SPAK and OSR1 kinases impact physically and phosphorylate the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2ADR). Herein, we report that the amino acid sequence of the human β2ADR displays a SPAK/OSR1 consensus binding motif and using a series of pulldown and in vitro kinase assays we show that SPAK and OSR1 bind the β2ADR and phosphorylate it in vitro. This work provides a notable example of SPAK and OSR1 kinases binding to a G-protein coupled receptor and taps into the potential of these protein kinases in regulating membrane receptors beyond ion co-transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Elzwawi
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gillian Grafton
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nicholas M Barnes
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Youcef Mehellou
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK.
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