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Venkidesh BS, Narasimhamurthy RK, Jnana A, Reghunathan D, Sharan K, Chandraguthi SG, Saigal M, Murali TS, Mumbrekar KD. Pelvic irradiation induces behavioural and neuronal damage through gut dysbiosis in a rat model. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 386:110775. [PMID: 37866488 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Radiation exposure can cause gut dysbiosis and there is a positive correlation between gut microbial imbalance and radiation-induced side effects in cancer patients. However, the influence of radiation on the gut-brain axis (GBA) and its neurological consequences are not well understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of pelvic irradiation on gut microbiota and the brain. Sprague Dawley rats were irradiated with a single dose of 6 Gy, and faecal samples were collected at different time points (7 and 12-days post-irradiation) for microbial analysis. Behavioural, histological, and gene expression analysis were performed to assess the effect of microbial dysbiosis on the brain. The findings indicated alterations in microbial diversity, disrupted intestinal morphology and integrity, neuronal death-related brain changes, neuroinflammation and reduced locomotor activity. Hippocampal gene expression analysis also showed a reduced expression of neural plasticity-related genes. Overall, this study demonstrated that pelvic irradiation affects gut microbiota, intestinal morphology, integrity, brain neuronal maturation, neural plasticity gene expression, and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu Santhi Venkidesh
- Department of Radiation Biology & Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Rekha K Narasimhamurthy
- Department of Radiation Biology & Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Apoorva Jnana
- Department of Public Health Genomics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Dinesh Reghunathan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishna Sharan
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Srinidhi G Chandraguthi
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Mehreen Saigal
- Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Thokur S Murali
- Department of Public Health Genomics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Kamalesh Dattaram Mumbrekar
- Department of Radiation Biology & Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
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Ma L, Chen Y, Gong Q, Cheng Z, Ran C, Liu K, Shi C. Cold atmospheric plasma alleviates radiation-induced skin injury by suppressing inflammation and promoting repair. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 204:184-194. [PMID: 37172912 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is no effective treatment for chronic skin radiation injury, which burdens patients significantly. Previous studies have shown that cold atmospheric plasma has an apparent therapeutic effect on acute and chronic skin injuries in clinical. However, whether CAP is effective for radiation-induced skin injury has not been reported. We created 35Gy X-ray radiation exposure within 3 * 3 cm2 region of the left leg of rats and applied CAP to the wound bed. Wound healing, cell proliferation and apoptosis were examined in vivo or vitro. CAP alleviated radiation-induced skin injury by enhancing proliferation and migration and cellular antioxidant stress and promoting DNA damage repair through regulated nuclear translocation of NRF2. In addition, CAP inhibited the proinflammatory factors' expression of IL-1β, TNF-α and temporarily increased the pro repair factor's expression of IL-6 in irradiated tissues. At the same time, CAP also changed the polarity of macrophages to a repair-promoting phenotype. Our finding suggested that CAP ameliorated radiation-induced skin injury by activating NRF2 and ameliorating the inflammatory response. Our work provided a preliminary theoretical foundation for the clinical administration of CAP in high-dose irradiated skin injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Ma
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Qiang Gong
- Department of Hematology, Southwest Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of the Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Zhuo Cheng
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Congfu Ran
- The State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Kun Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Chunmeng Shi
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Tabatabaie F, Franich R, Feltis B, Geso M. Oxidative Damage to Mitochondria Enhanced by Ionising Radiation and Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136887. [PMID: 35805905 PMCID: PMC9266628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) can increase the efficacy of radiation therapy by sensitising tumor cells to radiation damage. When used in combination with radiation, AuNPs enhance the rate of cell killing; hence, they may be of great value in radiotherapy. This study assessed the effects of radiation and AuNPs on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in cancer cells as an adjunct therapeutic target in addition to the DNA of the cell. Mitochondria are considered one of the primary sources of cellular ROS. High levels of ROS can result in an intracellular state of oxidative stress, leading to permanent cell damage. In this study, human melanoma and prostate cancer cell lines, with and without AuNPs, were irradiated with 6-Megavolt X-rays at doses of 0–8 Gy. Indicators of mitochondrial stress were quantified using two techniques, and were found to be significantly increased by the inclusion of AuNPs in both cell lines. Radiobiological damage to mitochondria was quantified via increased ROS activity. The ROS production by mitochondria in cells was enhanced by the inclusion of AuNPs, peaking at ~4 Gy and then decreasing at higher doses. This increased mitochondrial stress may lead to more effectively kill of AuNP-treated cells, further enhancing the applicability of functionally-guided nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Tabatabaie
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
| | - Rick Franich
- School of Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- Correspondence: (R.F.); (M.G.); Tel.: +61-401-730-320 (R.F.); +61-3-9925-7991 (M.G.)
| | - Bryce Feltis
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia;
| | - Moshi Geso
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia;
- Correspondence: (R.F.); (M.G.); Tel.: +61-401-730-320 (R.F.); +61-3-9925-7991 (M.G.)
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4
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Schuster M, Tewary G, Bao X, Subedi P, Hauck SM, Olsen AK, Eide DM, Trott KR, Götz S, Atkinson MJ, Rosemann M. In vitro cellular and proteome assays identify Wnt pathway and CDKN2A-regulated senescence affected in mesenchymal stem cells from mice after a chronic LD gamma irradiation in utero. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2021; 60:397-410. [PMID: 34287697 PMCID: PMC8310520 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-021-00925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reliable data on the effects of chronic prenatal exposure to low dose (LD) of ionizing radiation in humans are missing. There are concerns about adverse long-term effects that may persist throughout postnatal life of the offspring. Due to their slow cell cycle kinetics and life-long residence time in the organism, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are more susceptible to low level genotoxic stress caused by extrinsic multiple LD events. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic, prenatal LD gamma irradiation to the biology of MSCs later in life. C3H mice were exposed in utero to chronic prenatal irradiation of 10 mGy/day over a period of 3 weeks. Two years later, MSCs were isolated from the bone marrow and analyzed in vitro for their radiosensitivity, for cellular senescence and for DNA double-strand break recognition after a second acute gamma-irradiation. In addition to these cellular assays, changes in protein expression were measured using HPLC-MS/MS and dysregulated molecular signaling pathways identified using bioinformatics. We observed radiation-induced proteomic changes in MSCs from the offspring of in utero irradiated mice (leading to ~ 9.4% of all detected proteins being either up- or downregulated) as compared to non-irradiated controls. The proteomic changes map to regulation pathways involved in the extracellular matrix, the response to oxidative stress, and the Wnt signaling pathway. In addition, chronic prenatal LD irradiation lead to an increased rate of in vitro radiation-induced senescence later in life and to an increased number of residual DNA double-strand breaks after 4 Gy irradiation, indicating a remarkable interaction of in vivo radiation in combination with a second acute dose of in vitro radiation. This study provides the first insight into a molecular mechanism of persistent MSC damage response by ionizing radiation exposure during prenatal time and will help to predict therapeutic safety and efficacy with respect to a clinical application of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schuster
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gargi Tewary
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Xuanwen Bao
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Prabal Subedi
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), 80939, Munich, Germany
| | - Ann Karin Olsen
- Department of Molecular Biology/Domain for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggt. 8, 0456, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Markus Eide
- Department of Molecular Biology/Domain for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggt. 8, 0456, Oslo, Norway
| | - Klaus Rüdiger Trott
- Chair of Radiation Biology, Technical University Munich (TUM), 80333, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Götz
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael J Atkinson
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Radiation Biology, Technical University Munich (TUM), 80333, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Rosemann
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Medical Graduate School, Technical University Munich (TUM), 80333, Munich, Germany.
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5
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Rusin A, Li M, Cocchetto A, Seymour C, Mothersill C. Radiation exposure and mitochondrial insufficiency in chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome. Med Hypotheses 2021; 154:110647. [PMID: 34358921 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome (CFIDS) is a heterogeneous disease that may be promoted by various environmental stressors, including viral infection, toxin uptake, and ionizing radiation exposure. Previous studies have identified mitochondrial dysfunction in CFIDS patients, including modulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain activity, deletions in the mitochondrial genome, and upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This paper focuses on radiation effects and hypothesizes that CFIDS is primarily caused by stressor-induced mitochondrial metabolic insufficiency, which results in decreased energy production and anabolic metabolites required for normal cellular metabolism. Furthermore, tissues neighbouring or distant from directly perturbed tissues compensate for this dysfunction, which causes symptoms associated with CFIDS. This hypothesis is justified by reviewing the links between radiation exposure and CFIDS, cancer, immune dysfunction, and induction of oxidative stress. Moreover, the relevance of mitochondria in cellular responses to radiation and metabolism are discussed and putative mitochondrial biomarkers for CFIDS are introduced. Implications for diagnosis are then described, including a potential urine assay and PCR test for mitochondrial genome mutations. Finally, future research needs are offered with an emphasis on where rapid progress may be made to assist the afflicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Rusin
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada.
| | - Megan Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Alan Cocchetto
- National CFIDS Foundation Inc., 103 Aletha Road, Needham, MA USA
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
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PTEN inhibitor bpV(HOpic) confers protection against ionizing radiation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1720. [PMID: 33462262 PMCID: PMC7814022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to Ionizing radiation (IR) poses a severe threat to human health. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop potent and safe radioprotective agents for radio-nuclear emergencies. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) mediates its cytoprotective signaling against IR by phosphorylating membrane phospholipids to phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 triphosphate, PIP3, that serve as a docking site for AKT. Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog on chromosome 10 (PTEN) antagonizes PI3K activity by dephosphorylating PIP3, thus suppressing PI3K/AKT signaling that could prevent IR induced cytotoxicity. The current study was undertaken to investigate the radioprotective potential of PTEN inhibitor (PTENi), bpV(HOpic). The cell cytotoxicity, proliferation index, and clonogenic survival assays were performed for assessing the radioprotective potential of bpV(HOpic). A safe dose of bpV(HOpic) was shown to be radioprotective in three radiosensitive tissue origin cells. Further, bpV(HOpic) significantly reduced the IR-induced apoptosis and associated pro-death signaling. A faster and better DNA repair kinetics was also observed in bpV(HOpic) pretreated cells exposed to IR. Additionally, bpV(HOpic) decreased the IR-induced oxidative stress and significantly enhanced the antioxidant defense mechanism in cells. The radioprotective effect of bpV(HOpic) was found to be AKT dependant and primarily regulated by the enhanced glycolysis and associated signaling. Furthermore, this in-vitro observation was verified in-vivo, where administration of bpV(HOpic) in C57BL/6 mice resulted in AKT activation and conferred survival advantage against IR-induced mortality. These results imply that bpV(HOpic) ameliorates IR-induced oxidative stress and cell death by inducing AKT signaling mediated antioxidant defense system and DNA repair pathways, thus strengthening its potential to be used as a radiation countermeasure.
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Goldblatt ZE, Cirka HA, Billiar KL. Mechanical Regulation of Apoptosis in the Cardiovascular System. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:75-97. [PMID: 33169343 PMCID: PMC7775273 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02659-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a highly conserved physiological process of programmed cell death which is critical for proper organism development, tissue maintenance, and overall organism homeostasis. Proper regulation of cell removal is crucial, as both excessive and reduced apoptotic rates can lead to the onset of a variety of diseases. Apoptosis can be induced in cells in response to biochemical, electrical, and mechanical stimuli. Here, we review literature on specific mechanical stimuli that regulate apoptosis and the current understanding of how mechanotransduction plays a role in apoptotic signaling. We focus on how insufficient or excessive mechanical forces may induce apoptosis in the cardiovascular system and thus contribute to cardiovascular disease. Although studies have demonstrated that a broad range of mechanical stimuli initiate and/or potentiate apoptosis, they are predominantly correlative, and no mechanisms have been established. In this review, we attempt to establish a unifying mechanism for how various mechanical stimuli initiate a single cellular response, i.e. apoptosis. We hypothesize that the cytoskeleton plays a central role in this process as it does in determining myriad cell behaviors in response to mechanical inputs. We also describe potential approaches of using mechanomedicines to treat various diseases by altering apoptotic rates in specific cells. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state of the mechanobiology field and suggest potential avenues where future research can explore.
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Guo YR, Liu ZW, Peng S, Duan MY, Feng JW, Wang WF, Xu YH, Tang X, Zhang XZ, Ren BX, Tang FR. The Neuroprotective Effect of Amitriptyline on Radiation-Induced Impairment of Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819895912. [PMID: 31903069 PMCID: PMC6926988 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819895912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The radioprotective effect of amitriptyline, an inhibitor of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase), on radiation-induced impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis, loss of interneuron, and animal weight changes was investigated in BALB/c mice by immunostaining of biomarkers for cell division (Ki67), immature neurons (doublecortin or DCX), and interneurons (parvalbumin or PV) in the dentate gyrus (DG) of hippocampus. The results indicated that preirradiation (with 10 mg/kg, 2 times per day, for 7 consecutive days) or postirradiation (with 10 mg/kg, 2 times per day, for 14 consecutive days) treatment (pretreatment or posttreatment) with intraperitoneal injection of amitriptyline prevented the loss of newly generated neurons, proliferating cells, and interneurons in the subgranular zone of the DG. At the molecular level, pretreatment or posttreatment inhibited the expression of sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1) gene which codes for ASMase. The pretreatment for 7 days also prevented radiation-induced weight loss from 2 to 3 weeks, but not within 1 week after irradiation. On the other hand, the posttreatment with amitriptyline for 14 days could improve animal weight gain from 4 to 6 weeks after irradiation. The present study suggests that amitriptyline may be a promising candidate radio-neuroprotective drug to improve radiation-induced impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis and relevant neurological and neuropsychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Rong Guo
- Health Center of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Zi Wei Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuang Peng
- Health Center of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Meng Yun Duan
- Health Center of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Wei Feng
- Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wei Feng Wang
- Department of Oncology, Central Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Hua Xu
- Department of Oncology, Central Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Xi Tang
- Department of Oncology, Central Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | | | - Bo Xu Ren
- Health Center of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Ru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Laboratory, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Rezaei N, Neshasteh-Riz A, Mazaheri Z, Koosha F, Hoormand M. The Combination of Metformin and Disulfiram-Cu for Effective Radiosensitization on Glioblastoma Cells. CELL JOURNAL 2019; 22:263-272. [PMID: 31863651 PMCID: PMC6947006 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2020.6798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the devastating types of primary brain tumors with a negligible response to
standard therapy. Repurposing drugs, such as disulfiram (DSF) and metformin (Met) have shown antitumor properties
in different cell lines, including GBM. In the present study, we focused on the combinatory effect of Met and DSF-Cu on
the induction of apoptosis in U87-MG cells exposed to 6-MV X-ray beams.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, the MTT assay was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of
each drug, along with the combinatory use of both. After irradiation, the apoptotic cells were assessed using the flow
cytometry, western blot, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to analyze the expression of some cell
death markers such as BAX and BCL-2.
Results The synergistic application of both Met and DSF had cytotoxic impacts on the U87-MG cell line and made
them sensitized to irradiation. The combinatory usage of both drugs significantly decreased the cells growth, induced
apoptosis, and caused the upregulation of BAX, P53, CASPASE-3, and it also markedly downregulated the expression
of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 at the gene and protein levels.
Conclusion It seems that the synergistic application of both Met and DSF with the support of irradiation can remarkably
restrict the growth of the U87-MG cell line. This may trigger apoptosis via the stimulation of the intrinsic pathway. The
combinatory use of Met and DSF in the presence of irradiation could be applied for patients afflicted with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Rezaei
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Radiation Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Neshasteh-Riz
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Radiation Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic Address:
| | - Zohreh Mazaheri
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Koosha
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Hoormand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Cho HT, Kim JH, Heo W, Lee HS, Lee JJ, Park TS, Lee JH, Kim YJ. Explosively Puffed Ginseng Ameliorates Ionizing Radiation-Induced Injury of Colon by Decreasing Oxidative Stress-Related Apoptotic Cell Execution in Mice. J Med Food 2019; 22:490-498. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.4293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Taek Cho
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong-si, Korea
| | - Jun Ho Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Wan Heo
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong-si, Korea
| | - Hyun-Sun Lee
- Agency for Korea National Food Cluster, Iksan-si, Korea
| | - Jeong Jun Lee
- Development Center, Naturetech Co., Ltd., Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Tae-Sik Park
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Inchon-si, Korea
| | - Jin Hyup Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong-si, Korea
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong-si, Korea
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11
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Siama Z, Zosang-Zuali M, Vanlalruati A, Jagetia GC, Pau KS, Kumar NS. Chronic low dose exposure of hospital workers to ionizing radiation leads to increased micronuclei frequency and reduced antioxidants in their peripheral blood lymphocytes. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:697-709. [PMID: 30668213 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1571255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The regular low dose occupational exposure to ionizing radiation may induce deleterious health effects, which may be of particular interest to medical radiation workers who daily handle X-ray machines. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes are able to retain the signature of radiation-induced DNA damage, therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the DNA damage and antioxidants status in hospital workers occupationally exposed to low doses of X-rays. Materials and methods: The peripheral blood lymphocytes of the occupationally exposed and control groups matched for age, gender, tobacco usage, and alcohol consumption were cultured and micronuclei frequency was determined. Activities of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation were also estimated in their plasma. Results: The micronuclei frequency in the occupationally exposed group (n = 33), increased significantly (p < .0001) followed by reduced glutathione-s-transferase (p < .01) and catalase (p < .001) activities, and increased lipid peroxidation (p < .05) when compared to the control group (n = 33). Occupational exposure resulted in an effective dose ranging between 3.14 to 144.5 mSv (40.88 ± 39.86mSv) depending on the employment duration of 3-29 years (10.33 ± 7.05 years). A correlation between the micronuclei frequency (p < .05) and catalase activity (p < .05) existed in the occupationally exposed individuals depending on the smoking habit, age, duration of employment, cumulative exposure dose and number of patients handled per day. Conclusions: We have observed that protracted low dose exposure to ionizing radiation is an inevitable occupational hazard leading to persistence of oxidative stress and increased genomic instability in the radiological technicians depending on the time spent with X-rays, cumulative dose received and the number of patients handled daily raising the risk of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zothan Siama
- a Department of Zoology, Cancer and Radiation Biology Laboratory , Mizoram University , Aizawl , India
| | - Mary Zosang-Zuali
- a Department of Zoology, Cancer and Radiation Biology Laboratory , Mizoram University , Aizawl , India
| | - Annie Vanlalruati
- a Department of Zoology, Cancer and Radiation Biology Laboratory , Mizoram University , Aizawl , India
| | - Ganesh Chandra Jagetia
- a Department of Zoology, Cancer and Radiation Biology Laboratory , Mizoram University , Aizawl , India
| | - Kham Suan Pau
- b Radiation Safety Agency, Directorate of Hospital and Medical Education , Aizawl , India
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Mechanistic Modelling of Radiation Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020205. [PMID: 30744204 PMCID: PMC6406300 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiobiological modelling has been a key part of radiation biology and therapy for many decades, and many aspects of clinical practice are guided by tools such as the linear-quadratic model. However, most of the models in regular clinical use are abstract and empirical, and do not provide significant scope for mechanistic interpretation or making predictions in novel cell lines or therapies. In this review, we will discuss the key areas of ongoing mechanistic research in radiation biology, including physical, chemical, and biological steps, and review a range of mechanistic modelling approaches which are being applied in each area, highlighting the possible opportunities and challenges presented by these techniques.
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McMahon SJ. The linear quadratic model: usage, interpretation and challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 64:01TR01. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aaf26a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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McKelvey KJ, Hudson AL, Back M, Eade T, Diakos CI. Radiation, inflammation and the immune response in cancer. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:843-865. [PMID: 30178305 PMCID: PMC6267675 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9777-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Radiation is an important component of cancer treatment with more than half of all patients receive radiotherapy during their cancer experience. While the impact of radiation on tumour morphology is routinely examined in the pre-clinical and clinical setting, the impact of radiation on the tumour microenvironment and more specifically the inflammatory/immune response is less well characterised. Inflammation is a key contributor to short- and long-term cancer eradication, with significant tumour and normal tissue consequences. Therefore, the role of radiation in modulating the inflammatory response is highly topical given the current wave of targeted and immuno-therapeutic treatments for cancer. This review provides a general overview of how radiation modulates the inflammatory and immune response—(i) how radiation induces the inflammatory/immune system, (ii) the cellular changes that take place, (iii) how radiation dose delivery affects the immune response, and (iv) a discussion on research directions to improve patient survival, reduce side effects, improve quality of life, and reduce financial costs in the immediate future. Harnessing the benefits of radiation on the immune response will enhance its maximal therapeutic benefit and reduce radiation-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J McKelvey
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Northern Sydney Local Health District Research and the Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia. .,Sydney Neuro-Oncology Group, North Shore Private Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia. .,Sydney Vital Translational Research Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.
| | - Amanda L Hudson
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Northern Sydney Local Health District Research and the Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Sydney Neuro-Oncology Group, North Shore Private Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Sydney Vital Translational Research Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Michael Back
- Sydney Neuro-Oncology Group, North Shore Private Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Tom Eade
- Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Connie I Diakos
- Sydney Vital Translational Research Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
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Abstract
Cancer patients' quality of life is greatly dependent on the efficacy of treatments and their associated side effects, which can significantly reduce the overall quality of life. Although the effectiveness of cancer treatments has improved over time, adverse effects persist with each treatment. Some side effects, such as paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy, can be dose limiting, thus further reducing the potential of paclitaxel chemotherapy treatment. Premature ovarian failure in young female patients due to radiation and chemotherapy therapy can have devastating infertility consequences. In recent years, a class of lipids known as sphingolipids has been identified as playing a role in the side effects of cancer therapies. Advanced analytical technologies, such as mass spectrometry, have provided great aid in detecting and distinguishing individual sphingolipids at low concentrations. Sphingolipids play an important role in cell proliferation and apoptosis and, importantly, sphingolipid metabolism has been shown to be dysregulated in cancer. The goal of this review is to summarize the latest findings of the role of sphingolipids in the injurious side effects in various cancer treatments. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving these sphingolipid-induced side effects can help develop new drugs and treatments for cancer that have fewer side effects, thus improving treatment efficacy and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falak Patel
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Stefka D Spassieva
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Najafi M, Motevaseli E, Shirazi A, Geraily G, Rezaeyan A, Norouzi F, Rezapoor S, Abdollahi H. Mechanisms of inflammatory responses to radiation and normal tissues toxicity: clinical implications. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:335-356. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1440092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shirazi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazale Geraily
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolhasan Rezaeyan
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Norouzi
- Science and Research Branch, Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Rezapoor
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Abdollahi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Savarin M, Kamensek U, Cemazar M, Heller R, Sersa G. Electrotransfer of plasmid DNA radiosensitizes B16F10 tumors through activation of immune response. Radiol Oncol 2017; 51:30-39. [PMID: 28265230 PMCID: PMC5330176 DOI: 10.1515/raon-2017-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor irradiation combined with adjuvant treatments, either vascular targeted or immunomodulatory, is under intense investigation. Gene electrotransfer of therapeutic genes is one of these approaches. The aim of this study was to determine, whether gene electrotransfer of plasmid encoding shRNA for silencing endoglin, with vascular targeted effectiveness, can radiosensitize melanoma B16F10 tumors. Materials and methods The murine melanoma B16F10 tumors, growing on the back of C57Bl/6 mice, were treated by triple gene electrotransfer and irradiation. The antitumor effect was evaluated by determination of tumor growth delay and proportion of tumor free mice. Furthermore, histological analysis of tumors (necrosis, apoptosis, proliferation, vascularization, presence of hypoxia and infiltration of immune cells,) was used to evaluate the therapeutic mechanisms. Results Gene electrotransfer of plasmid silencing endoglin predominantly indicated vascular targeted effects of the therapy, since significant tumor growth delay and 44% of tumor free mice were obtained. In addition, irradiation had minor effects on radioresistant melanoma, with 11% of mice tumor free. The combined treatment resulted in excellent effectiveness with 88% of mice tumor free, with more than half resistant to secondary tumor challenge, which was observed also with the plasmid devoid of the therapeutic gene. Histological analysis of tumors in the combined treatment group, demonstrated similar mode of action of the gene electrotransfer of plasmid encoding shRNA for silencing endoglin and devoid of it, both through the induction of an immune response. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that irradiation can in radioresistant melanoma tumors, by release of tumor associated antigens, serve as activator of the immune response, besides directly affecting tumor cells and vasculature. The primed antitumor immune response can be further boosted by gene electrotransfer of plasmid, regardless of presence of the therapeutic gene, which was confirmed by the high radiosensitization, resulting in prolonged tumor growth delay and 89% of tumor free mice that were up to 63% resistant to secondary challenge of tumor. In addition, gene electrotransfer of therapeutic plasmid for silencing endoglin has also a direct effect on tumor vasculature and tumors cells; however in combination with radiotherapy this effect was masked by pronounced immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Savarin
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urska Kamensek
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Cemazar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Richard Heller
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, USA
| | - Gregor Sersa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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18
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Paul J, Yang C, Wu H, Tai A, Dalah E, Zheng C, Johnstone C, Kong FM, Gore E, Li XA. Early Assessment of Treatment Responses During Radiation Therapy for Lung Cancer Using Quantitative Analysis of Daily Computed Tomography. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017; 98:463-472. [PMID: 28463166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate early tumor and normal tissue responses during the course of radiation therapy (RT) for lung cancer using quantitative analysis of daily computed tomography (CT) scans. METHODS AND MATERIALS Daily diagnostic-quality CT scans acquired using CT-on-rails during CT-guided RT for 20 lung cancer patients were quantitatively analyzed. On each daily CT set, the contours of the gross tumor volume (GTV) and lungs were generated and the radiation dose delivered was reconstructed. The changes in CT image intensity (Hounsfield unit [HU]) features in the GTV and the multiple normal lung tissue shells around the GTV were extracted from the daily CT scans. The associations between the changes in the mean HUs, GTV, accumulated dose during RT delivery, and patient survival rate were analyzed. RESULTS During the RT course, radiation can induce substantial changes in the HU histogram features on the daily CT scans, with reductions in the GTV mean HUs (dH) observed in the range of 11 to 48 HU (median 30). The dH is statistically related to the accumulated GTV dose (R2 > 0.99) and correlates weakly with the change in GTV (R2 = 0.3481). Statistically significant increases in patient survival rates (P=.038) were observed for patients with a higher dH in the GTV. In the normal lung, the 4 regions proximal to the GTV showed statistically significant (P<.001) HU reductions from the first to last fraction. CONCLUSION Quantitative analysis of the daily CT scans indicated that the mean HUs in lung tumor and surrounding normal tissue were reduced during RT delivery. This reduction was observed in the early phase of the treatment, is patient specific, and correlated with the delivered dose. A larger HU reduction in the GTV correlated significantly with greater patient survival. The changes in daily CT features, such as the mean HU, can be used for early assessment of the radiation response during RT delivery for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijo Paul
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Cungeng Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - An Tai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Entesar Dalah
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Medical Diagnostic Imaging, College of Health Science, University of Sharjah, UAE
| | - Cheng Zheng
- Biostatistics, Joseph. J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Candice Johnstone
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Feng-Ming Kong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Elizabeth Gore
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - X Allen Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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Takase N, Yamashita K, Sumi Y, Hasegawa H, Yamamoto M, Kanaji S, Matsuda Y, Matsuda T, Oshikiri T, Nakamura T, Suzuki S, Koma YI, Komatsu M, Sasaki R, Kakeji Y. Local advanced rectal cancer perforation in the midst of preoperative chemoradiotherapy: A case report and literature review. World J Clin Cases 2017; 5:18-23. [PMID: 28138443 PMCID: PMC5237824 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v5.i1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Standard chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for local advanced rectal cancer (LARC) rarely induce rectal perforation. Here we report a rare case of rectal perforation in a patient with LARC in the midst of preoperative CRT. A 56-year-old male was conveyed to our hospital exhibiting general malaise. Colonoscopy and imaging tests resulted in a clinical diagnosis of LARC with direct invasion to adjacent organs and regional lymphadenopathy. Preoperative 5-fluorouracil-based CRT was started. At 25 d after the start of CRT, the patient developed a typical fever. Computed tomography revealed rectal perforation, and he underwent emergency sigmoid colostomy. At 12 d after the surgery, the remaining CRT was completed according to the original plan. The histopathological findings after radical operation revealed a wide field of tumor necrosis and fibrosis without lymph node metastasis. We share this case as important evidence for the treatment of LARC perforation in the midst of preoperative CRT.
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20
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Li H, Wang L, Jiang Z, Li L, Xiao Z, Liu Z, Zhang S, Jin H, Su L, Xiao Y. Long-term health effects of persistent exposure to low-dose lr192 gamma-rays. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:2695-2701. [PMID: 27698774 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of persistent low-dose iridium-192 (Ir192) exposure on immunological function, chromosome aberration and the telomerase activity of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMNCs), in order to increase clinical knowledge of the late effects of persistent low-dose Ir192 gamma-ray exposure. Patients (n=54) accidentally exposed to persistent low-dose Ir192 were included in this 10-year follow-up study. Clinical symptoms, peripheral blood, bone marrow, cellular and humoral immune status, chromosome aberrations and the telomerase activity of BMNCs were analyzed in this study. Exposure to low-dose Ir192 resulted in different degrees of clinical symptoms and significantly lowered complement C3 and C4 levels, CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell levels, the lymphocyte transformation rate and the percentage of natural killer (NK) cells. It also led to increases in peripheral blood and bone marrow abnormality rates, chromosome aberration rate and BMNC telomerase activity. Exposure to persistent low-dose Ir192 radiation resulted in different degrees of immune dysfunction, and abnormalities of blood cells and bone marrow, which recovered within 1-3 years. Chromosome aberrations were observed to take 5-10 years to recover. However, it would take >10 years for the telomerase activity of BMNCs to be reduced to normal levels. A prolonged follow-up time is required in order to monitor clonal proliferative diseases such as leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Li
- Department of Hematology, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Zujun Jiang
- Department of Hematology, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Hematology, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Zhifang Xiao
- Department of Hematology, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Zenghui Liu
- Department of Hematology, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of ICU, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529000, P.R. China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of ICU, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Lei Su
- Department of ICU, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China; Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Hematology, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
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Zhang Y, Cheng Z, Wang C, Ma H, Meng W, Zhao Q. Neuroprotective Effects of Kukoamine a against Radiation-induced Rat Brain Injury through Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Neuronal Apoptosis. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2549-2558. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1967-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Qi D, Feng J, Yang C, Jin C, Sa Y, Feng Y. Original Research: Label-free detection for radiation-induced apoptosis in glioblastoma cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1751-6. [PMID: 27190270 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216648024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current flow cytometry (FCM) requires fluorescent dyes labeling cells which make the procedure costly and time consuming. This manuscript reports a feasibility study of detecting the cell apoptosis with a label-free method in glioblastoma cells. A human glioma cell line M059K was exposed to 8 Gy dose of radiation, which enables the cells to undergo radiation-induced apoptosis. The rates of apoptosis were studied at different time points post-irradiation with two different methods: FCM in combination with Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and a newly developed technique named polarization diffraction imaging flow cytometry. Totally 1000 diffraction images were acquired for each sample and the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) algorithm was used in morphological characterization of the apoptotic cells. Among the feature parameters extracted from each image pair, we found that the two GLCM parameters of angular second moment (ASM) and sum entropy (SumEnt) exhibit high sensitivities and consistencies as the apoptotic rates (Pa) measured with FCM method. In addition, no significant difference exists between Pa and ASM_S, Pa and SumEnt_S, respectively (P > 0.05). These results demonstrated that the new label-free method can detect cell apoptosis effectively. Cells can be directly used in the subsequent biochemical experiments as the structure and function of cells and biomolecules are well-preserved with this new method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jingwen Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chengwen Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Changrong Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yu Sa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuanming Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China Department of Radiation Oncology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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Therapeutic Implications for Overcoming Radiation Resistance in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26880-913. [PMID: 26569225 PMCID: PMC4661850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR), such as X-rays and gamma (γ)-rays, mediates various forms of cancer cell death such as apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, mitotic catastrophe, and senescence. Among them, apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe are the main mechanisms of IR action. DNA damage and genomic instability contribute to IR-induced cancer cell death. Although IR therapy may be curative in a number of cancer types, the resistance of cancer cells to radiation remains a major therapeutic problem. In this review, we describe the morphological and molecular aspects of various IR-induced types of cell death. We also discuss cytogenetic variations representative of IR-induced DNA damage and genomic instability. Most importantly, we focus on several pathways and their associated marker proteins responsible for cancer resistance and its therapeutic implications in terms of cancer cell death of various types and characteristics. Finally, we propose radiation-sensitization strategies, such as the modification of fractionation, inflammation, and hypoxia and the combined treatment, that can counteract the resistance of tumors to IR.
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Au KM, Min Y, Tian X, Zhang L, Perello V, Caster JM, Wang AZ. Improving Cancer Chemoradiotherapy Treatment by Dual Controlled Release of Wortmannin and Docetaxel in Polymeric Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2015; 9:8976-96. [PMID: 26267360 PMCID: PMC4990743 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Combining molecularly targeted agents and chemotherapeutics is an emerging strategy in cancer treatment. We engineered sub-50 nm diameter diblock copolymer nanoparticles (NPs) that can sequentially release wortmannin (Wtmn, a cell signaling inhibitor) and docetaxel (Dtxl, genotoxic anticancer agent) to cancer cells. These NPs were studied in chemoradiotherapy, an important cancer treatment paradigm, in the preclinical setting. We demonstrated that Wtmn enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of Dtxl and increased the efficiency of radiotherapy (XRT) in H460 lung cancer and PC3 prostate cells in culture. Importantly, we showed that NPs containing both Wtmn and Dtxl release the drugs in a desirable sequential fashion to maximize therapeutic efficacy in comparison to administering each drug alone. An in vivo toxicity study in a murine model validated that NPs containing both Dtxl and Wtmn do not have a high toxicity profile. Lastly, we demonstrated that Dtxl/Wtmn-coencapsulated NPs are more efficient than each single-drug-loaded NPs or a combination of both single-drug-loaded NPs in chemoradiotherapy using xenograft models. Histopathological studies and correlative studies support that the improved therapeutic efficacy is through changes in signaling pathways and increased tumor cell apoptosis. Our findings suggest that our nanoparticle system led to a dynamic rewiring of cellular apoptotic pathways and thus improve the therapeutic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Man Au
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yuanzeng Min
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Xi Tian
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Longzhen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xuzhou Medical School, Xuzhou, China
| | - Virginia Perello
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Joseph M. Caster
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew Z. Wang
- Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Carolina Institute of Nanomedicine, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xuzhou Medical School, Xuzhou, China
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Suryavanshi S, Sharma D, Checker R, Thoh M, Gota V, Sandur SK, Sainis KB. Amelioration of radiation-induced hematopoietic syndrome by an antioxidant chlorophyllin through increased stem cell activity and modulation of hematopoiesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 85:56-70. [PMID: 25872101 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells (HSPC) are low in abundance and exhibit high radiosensitivity and their ability to divide dramatically decreases following exposure to ionizing radiation. Our earlier studies have shown antiapoptotic, immune-stimulatory, and antioxidant effects of chlorophyllin, a constituent of the over the counter drug derifil. Here we describe the beneficial effects of chlorophyllin against radiation-induced hematopoietic syndrome. Chlorophyllin administration significantly enhanced the abundance of HSPC in vivo. It induced a transient cell cycle arrest in lineage-negative cells in the bone marrow. However, the chlorophyllin-treated mice exposed to whole body irradiation (WBI) had a significantly higher proportion of actively dividing HSPC in the bone marrow as compared to only WBI-exposed mice. It significantly increased the number of colony forming units (CFUs) by bone marrow cells in vitro and spleen CFUs in irradiated mice in vivo. Pharmacokinetic study showed that chlorophyllin had a serum half-life of 141.8 min in mice. Chlorophyllin upregulated antiapoptotic genes and antioxidant machinery via activation of prosurvival transcription factors Nrf-2 and NF-κB and increased the survival and recovery of bone marrow cells in mice exposed to WBI. Chlorophyllin stimulated granulocyte production in bone marrow and increased the abundance of peripheral blood neutrophils by enhancing serum levels of granulocyte-colony stimulation factor (GCSF). Most importantly, prophylactic treatment of mice with chlorophyllin significantly abrogated radiation-induced mortality. Chlorophyllin mitigates radiation-induced hematopoietic syndrome by increasing the abundance of hematopoietic stem cells, enhancing granulopoiesis, and stimulating prosurvival pathways in bone marrow cells and lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Suryavanshi
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Rahul Checker
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Maikho Thoh
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Vikram Gota
- Clinical Pharmacology, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Santosh K Sandur
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India.
| | - Krishna B Sainis
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
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Suman S, Khan Z, Zarin M, Chandna S, Seth RK. Radioresistant Sf9 insect cells display efficient antioxidant defence against high dose γ-radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:732-41. [PMID: 25998970 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.1054958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of gamma radiation-induced alterations in antioxidant defence of radioresistant Sf9 insect cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sf9 cells were irradiated at doses ranging from 0.5-200 Gy. Lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation levels were observed at 4 h post-exposure along with reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) profile as well as specific activities of redox active enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, ascorbate peroxidase (APOx), and glutathione reductase (GR). Human brain malignant glioma (BMG-1) cells were used for comparing radiation response of mammalian cells. RESULTS Sf9 cells displayed significantly less radiation-induced reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generation, protein carbonylation and growth inhibition as compared to mammalian cells. Sf9 cells have higher basal APOx (∼4-fold), catalase (∼1.7-fold), SOD (∼1.3-fold) activity and GSH level (∼2.2-fold) compared to mammalian cells. A radiation dose-dependent increase in SOD, Catalase and APOx activity was found in Sf9 cells at least up to 100 Gy dose, while maximum activity in mammalian cells was achieved by 10 Gy. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that Lepidopteran insect cells carry a stronger antioxidant system that protects against radiation-induced macromolecular damage, growth inhibition and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhankar Suman
- a Natural Radiation Response Mechanisms Group, Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences , Delhi , India.,b Department of Zoology , University of Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - Zubeda Khan
- b Department of Zoology , University of Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - Mahtab Zarin
- b Department of Zoology , University of Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - Sudhir Chandna
- a Natural Radiation Response Mechanisms Group, Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences , Delhi , India
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Drake TM, Ritchie JE, Kanthou C, Staves JJ, Narramore R, Wyld L. Targeting the endoplasmic reticulum mediates radiation sensitivity in colorectal cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 98:532-9. [PMID: 25825019 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy is an established treatment modality for early and locally advanced rectal cancer as part of short course radiotherapy and long course chemoradiotherapy. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular stress response pathway often activated in human solid tumours which has been implicated in resistance to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This research has investigated whether the UPR pathway is upregulated in ex-vivo samples of human colorectal cancer and characterised the interaction between radiotherapy and UPR activation in two human colorectal cancer cell lines in vitro. METHODS In vitro UPR expression was determined in response to clinical doses of radiotherapy in both the human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29) cell line and a radio-resistant clone (HT-29R) using western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The UPR was induced using a glucose deprivation culture technique before irradiation and radiosensitivity assessed using a clonogenic assay. Ex-vivo human colorectal cancer tissue was immuno-histochemically analysed for expression of the UPR marker glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP-78). RESULTS The UPR was strongly up regulated in ex-vivo human colorectal tumours with 36 of 50 (72.0%) specimens demonstrating moderate to strong staining for the classic UPR marker GRP-78. In vitro, therapeutic doses of radiotherapy did not induce UPR activation in either radiosensitive or radioresistant cell lines. UPR induction caused significant radiosensitisation of the radioresistant cell line (HT-29R SF2Gy=0.90 S.E.M. +/-0.08; HT-29RLG SF2Gy=0.69 S.E.M. +/-0.050). CONCLUSION This suggests that UPR induction agents may be potentially useful response modifying agents in patients undergoing therapy for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Drake
- Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, FU03, Department of Oncology, The Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - J E Ritchie
- Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, FU03, Department of Oncology, The Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - C Kanthou
- Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, FU03, Department of Oncology, The Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - J J Staves
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - R Narramore
- The Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - L Wyld
- Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, FU03, Department of Oncology, The Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
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Patel MA, Kim JE, Ruzevick J, Lim M. Present and future of immune checkpoint blockade: Monotherapy to adjuvant approaches. World J Immunol 2015; 5:1-15. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v5.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune regulation of aggressive tumor growth is often outpaced by tumor up-regulation of ligands that inhibit effector immune responses through the activation of immune checkpoints. A few of such checkpoints include programmed death-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), lymphocyte activation gene-3, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin protein-3, Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related receptor (GITR), and killer cell immunoglobulin like receptor. With the exception of GITR, after binding to their respective ligands these checkpoints induce down-modulation of immune responses to prevent autoimmunity. However, such immune mechanisms are co-opted by tumors to allow rapid tumor cell proliferation. Pre-clinical studies in antibody blockade of PD-1 and CTLA-4 have led to promising augmentation of effector immune responses in murine tumor models, and human antibodies against PD-1 and CTLA-4 alone or in combination have demonstrated tumor regression in clinical trials. The development of immune checkpoint blockade as a potential future immunotherapy has led to increasing interest in combining treatment modalities. Combination checkpoint blockade with chemotherapy and radiation therapy has shown synergistic effects in pre-clinical and clinical studies, and combination checkpoint blockade with bacterial vaccine vectors have produced increased effector immune responses in pre-clinical models. The future of immune checkpoint blockade may be as a powerful adjuvant alongside the current standard of care.
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Luzhna L, Lykkesfeldt AE, Kovalchuk O. Altered radiation responses of breast cancer cells resistant to hormonal therapy. Oncotarget 2015; 6:1678-94. [PMID: 25682200 PMCID: PMC4359324 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine therapy agents (the selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulators such as tamoxifen or the selective ER down-regulators such as ICI 182,780) are key treatment regimens for hormone receptor-positive breast cancers. While these drugs are very effective in controlling ER-positive breast cancer, many tumors that initially respond well to treatment often acquire drug resistance, which is a major clinical problem. In clinical practice, hormonal therapy agents are commonly used in combination or sequence with radiation therapy. Tamoxifen treatment and radiotherapy improve both local tumor control and patient survival. However, tamoxifen treatment may render cancer cells less responsive to radiation therapy. Only a handful of data exist on the effects of radiation on cells resistant to hormonal therapy agents. These scarce data show that cells that were resistant to tamoxifen were also resistant to radiation. Yet, the existence and mechanisms of cross-resistance to endocrine therapy and radiation therapy need to be established. Here, we for the first time examined and compared radiation responses of MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7/S0.5) and two antiestrogen resistant cell lines derived from MCF-7/S0.5: the tamoxifen resistant MCF-7/TAMR-1 and ICI 182,780 resistant MCF-7/182R-6 cell lines. Specifically, we analyzed the radiation-induced changes in the expression of genes involved in DNA damage, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation. We found that the tamoxifen-resistant cell line in contrast to the parental and ICI 182,780-resistant cell lines displayed a significantly less radiation-induced decrease in the expression of genes involved in DNA repair. Furthermore, we show that MCF-7/TAMR-1 and MCF-7/182R-6 cells were less susceptible to radiation-induced apoptosis as compared to the parental line. These data indicate that tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells have a reduced sensitivity to radiation treatment. The current study may therefore serve as a roadmap to the future analysis of the mechanisms of cross-resistance between hormonal therapy and radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiya Luzhna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Anne E. Lykkesfeldt
- Breast Cancer Group, Cell Death and Metabolism, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Pont LMEB, Naipal K, Kloezeman JJ, Venkatesan S, van den Bent M, van Gent DC, Dirven CMF, Kanaar R, Lamfers MLM, Leenstra S. DNA damage response and anti-apoptotic proteins predict radiosensitization efficacy of HDAC inhibitors SAHA and LBH589 in patient-derived glioblastoma cells. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:525-35. [PMID: 25305451 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HDAC inhibitors have radiosensitizing effects in established cancer cell lines. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of SAHA, LBH589, Valproic Acid (VPA), MS275 and Scriptaid in the patient-derived glioblastoma model. In more detail, SAHA and LBH589 were evaluated to determine predictors of response. Acetylated-histone-H3, γH2AX/53BP1, (p)Chek2/ATM, Bcl-2/Bcl-XL, p21(CIP1/WAF1) and caspase-3/7 were studied in relation to response. SAHA sensitized 50% of cultures, LBH589 45%, VPA and Scriptaid 40% and MS275 60%. Differences after treatment with SAHA/RTx or LBH589/RTx in a sensitive and resistant culture were increased acetylated-H3, caspase-3/7 and prolonged DNA damage repair γH2AX/53BP1 foci. pChek2 was found to be associated with both SAHA/RTx and LBH589/RTx response with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 90%. Bcl-XL had a PPV of 100% for LBH589/RTx response. Incubation with HDACi 24 and 48 hours pre-RTx resulted in the best efficacy of combination treatment. In conclusion a subset of patient-derived glioblastoma cultures were sensitive to HDACi/RTx. For SAHA and LBH589 responses were strongly associated with pChek2 and Bcl-XL, which warrant further clinical exploration. Additional information on responsiveness was obtained by DNA damage response markers and apoptosis related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte M E Berghauser Pont
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kishan Naipal
- Department of Genetics, Department Radiation Oncology, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenneke J Kloezeman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Subramanian Venkatesan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin van den Bent
- Department of Neurology/Neuro-oncology, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dik C van Gent
- Department of Genetics, Department Radiation Oncology, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens M F Dirven
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Genetics, Department Radiation Oncology, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine L M Lamfers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sieger Leenstra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Elizabeth Medical Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
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Ridolfi L, de Rosa F, Ridolfi R, Gentili G, Valmorri L, Scarpi E, Parisi E, Romeo A, Guidoboni M. Radiotherapy as an immunological booster in patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell carcinoma treated with high-dose Interleukin-2: evaluation of biomarkers of immunologic and therapeutic response. J Transl Med 2014; 12:262. [PMID: 25245327 PMCID: PMC4182814 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor cells killed by radiation therapy (RT) are a potentially good source of antigens for dendritic cell (DC) uptake and presentation to T-cells. RT upregulates cell death receptors such as Fas/CD95 and MHC-I, induces the expression of co-stimulatory molecules on tumor cells, and promotes production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. High-dose interleukin-2 (HD-IL-2) bolus has been shown to obtain objective response rates ranging from 15% to 17% in patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell carcinoma (RCC), with 6% to 8% of cases experiencing a durable complete response. However, HD-IL-2 is also associated with severe side-effects; if it is to remain a component of the curative treatment strategy in patients with metastatic melanoma or RCC, its therapeutic efficacy must be improved and patients who are most likely to benefit from treatment must be identified a priori. We designed a clinical study combining immunomodulating RT and HD-IL-2 to evaluate their clinical and immunological efficacy and to explore the predictive and prognostic value of 1) tumor-specific immune response and 2) serum levels of proangiogenic cytokines. Methods/design The primary endpoint of this proof-of-principle phase II study is immune response. Secondary endpoints are the identification of biomarkers potentially predictive of response, toxicity, response rate and overall survival. Three daily doses of booster radiotherapy (XRT) at 6–12 Gy will be administered to at least one metastatic field on days −3 to −1 before the first and third cycle. Treatment with IL-2 (dose 18 MIU/m2/day by continuous IV infusion for 72 hours) will start on day +1 and will be repeated every 3 weeks for up to 4 cycles and then every 4 weeks for a further 2 cycles. Immune response against tumor antigens expressed by melanoma and/or RCC will be evaluated during treatment. Circulating immune effectors and regulators, e.g. cytotoxic T lymphocytes and regulatory T cells, as well as serum levels of proangiogenic/proinflammatory cytokines will also be quantified. Discussion This study aims to evaluate the potential immunological synergism between HD-IL-2 and XRT, and to identify biomarkers that are predictive of response to IL-2 in order to spare potentially non responding patients from toxicity. Trial registration EudraCT no. 2012-001786-32 ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01884961
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de Rosa F, Ridolfi L, Ridolfi R, Gentili G, Valmorri L, Nanni O, Petrini M, Fiammenghi L, Granato AM, Ancarani V, Pancisi E, Soldati V, Cassan S, Riccobon A, Parisi E, Romeo A, Turci L, Guidoboni M. Vaccination with autologous dendritic cells loaded with autologous tumor lysate or homogenate combined with immunomodulating radiotherapy and/or preleukapheresis IFN-α in patients with metastatic melanoma: a randomised "proof-of-principle" phase II study. J Transl Med 2014; 12:209. [PMID: 25053129 PMCID: PMC4223722 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination with dendritic cells (DC) loaded with tumor antigens elicits tumor-specific immune responses capable of killing cancer cells without inducing meaningful side-effects. Patients with advanced melanoma enrolled onto our phase II clinical studies have been treated with autologous DC loaded with autologous tumor lysate/homogenate matured with a cytokine cocktail, showing a clinical benefit (PR + SD) in 55.5% of evaluable cases to date. The beneficial effects of the vaccine were mainly restricted to patients who developed vaccine-specific immune response after treatment. However, immunological responses were only induced in about two-thirds of patients, and treatments aimed at improving immunological responsiveness to the vaccine are needed. METHODS/DESIGN This is a phase II, "proof-of-principle", randomized, open-label trial of vaccination with autologous DC loaded with tumor lysate or homogenate in metastatic melanoma patients combined with immunomodulating RT and/or preleukapheresis IFN-α. All patients will receive four bi-weekly doses of the vaccine during the induction phase and monthly doses thereafter for up to a maximum of 14 vaccinations or until confirmed progression. Patients will be randomized to receive:(1.) three daily doses of 8 Gy up to 12 Gy radiotherapy delivered to one non-index metastatic field between vaccine doses 1 and 2 and, optionally, between doses 7 and 8, using IMRT-IMAT techniques;(2.) daily 3 MU subcutaneous IFN-α for 7 days before leukapheresis;(3.) both 1 and 2;(4.) neither 1 nor 2.At least six patients eligible for treatment will be enrolled per arm. Daily 3 MU IL-2 will be administered subcutaneously for 5 days starting from the second day after each vaccine dose. Serial DTH testing and blood sampling to evaluate treatment-induced immune response will be performed. Objective response will be evaluated according to immune-related response criteria (irRC). DISCUSSION Based upon the emerging role of radiotherapy as an immunologic modifier, we designed a randomized phase II trial adding radiotherapy and/or preleukapheresis IFN-α to our DC vaccine in metastatic melanoma patients. Our aim was to find the best combination of complementary interventions to enhance anti-tumor response induced by DC vaccination, which could ultimately lead to better survival and milder toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Ridolfi
- Immunotherapy Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei, Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy.
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Zhang S, Wang W, Gu Q, Xue J, Cao H, Tang Y, Xu X, Cao J, Zhou J, Wu J, Ding WQ. Protein and miRNA profiling of radiation-induced skin injury in rats: the protective role of peroxiredoxin-6 against ionizing radiation. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 69:96-107. [PMID: 24447893 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced skin injury is a serious concern during radiotherapy. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of radiation-induced skin injury has not been extensively reported. Most biological functions are performed and regulated by proteins and noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs). The interplay between mRNA and miRNA has been implicated in disease initiation and progression. Technical advances in genomics and proteomics have enabled the exploration of the etiology of diseases and have the potential to broaden our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of radiation-induced skin injury. In this study, we compared the protein and miRNA expression in rat skin irradiated with a 45-Gy electron beam with expression from adjacent normal tissues. We found 24 preferentially expressed proteins and 12 dysregulated miRNAs in irradiated skin. By analyzing the protein and miRNA profiles using bioinformatics tools, we identified a possible interaction between miR-214 and peroxiredoxin-6 (PRDX-6). Next, we investigated the expression of PRDX-6 and the consequences of its dysregulation. PRDX-6 is suppressed by radiation-inducible miR-214 and is involved in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced skin injury. Overexpression of PRDX-6 conferred radioresistance on cells, decreased cell apoptosis, and preserved mitochondrial integrity after radiation exposure. In addition, in vivo transfection with PRDX-6 reduced radiation-induced reactive oxygen species and the malondialdehyde concentration and ameliorated radiation-induced skin damage in rats. Our present findings illustrate the molecular changes during radiation-induced skin injury and the important role of PRDX-6 in ameliorating this damage in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Zhang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qing Gu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiao Xue
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Han Cao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yiting Tang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Jundong Zhou
- Department of Radio-oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou 215001, China
| | - Jinchang Wu
- Department of Radio-oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou 215001, China
| | - Wei-Qun Ding
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Arlen PM, Wood LV. Prostate cancer vaccines: moving therapeutic vaccination forward in the post-Provenge™ era. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 11:287-302. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zuo KJ, Tredget EE. Multiple Marjolin's ulcers arising from irradiated post-burn hypertrophic scars: a case report. Burns 2013; 40:e21-5. [PMID: 24290855 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Marjolin's ulcer is an aggressive ulcerating cutaneous malignancy that may arise in chronically inflamed or traumatized skin. Frequently overlooked, this rare condition is classically associated with burn scars, with the process of malignant degeneration typically occurring over two to three decades. The most common histopathological pattern is squamous cell carcinoma; however, compared to typical squamous cell carcinomas, Marjolin's ulcers have an increased rate of metastasis. The correlation between radiotherapy for benign hypertrophic scarring and carcinogenesis is controversial, with few reports in the literature. We present a unique case of a 61 year old Caucasian male who was burned by scald at age 4, received radiotherapy for his post-burn hypertrophic scars, and later developed multiple Marjolin's ulcers on his left arm, chest, and right temporal scalp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Zuo
- Wound Healing Research Group, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Firefighters' Burn Treatment Unit, Canada
| | - Edward E Tredget
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 2D2.28 WMC, 8440-112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada.
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Sharabi A, Herman J, Weiss V, Laheru D, Tuli R. Role of radiotherapy in combination with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy in the management of pancreatic cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13566-013-0125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Gamma tocotrienol, a potent radioprotector, preferentially upregulates expression of anti-apoptotic genes to promote intestinal cell survival. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:488-96. [PMID: 23941772 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Gamma tocotrienol (GT3) has been reported as a potent ameliorator of radiation-induced gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity when administered prophylactically. This study aimed to evaluate the role of GT3 mediated pro- and anti-apoptotic gene regulation in protecting mice from radiation-induced GI damage. Male 10- to 12-weeks-old CD2F1 mice were administered with a single dose of 200 mg/kg of GT3 or equal volume of vehicle (5% Tween-80) 24 h before exposure to 11 Gy of whole-body γ-radiation. Mouse jejunum was surgically removed 4 and 24h after radiation exposure, and was used for PCR array, histology, immunohistochemistry, and immunoblot analysis. Results were compared among vehicle pre-treated no radiation, vehicle pre-treated irradiated, and GT3 pre-treated irradiated groups. GT3 pretreated irradiated groups, both 4h and 24h after radiation, showed greater upregulation of anti-apoptotic gene expression than vehicle pretreated irradiated groups. TUNEL staining and intestinal crypt analysis showed protection of jejunum after GT3 pre-treatment and immunoblot results were supportive of PCR data. Our study demonstrated that GT3-mediated protection of intestinal cells from a GI-toxic dose of radiation occurred via upregulation of antiapoptotic and downregulation of pro-apoptotic factors, both at the transcript as well as at the protein levels.
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X-ray irradiation promotes apoptosis of hippocampal neurons through up-regulation of Cdk5 and p25. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:47. [PMID: 23688022 PMCID: PMC3673899 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cranial radiation therapy has been used for the treatment of primary and metastatic brain tumors. A prominent feature of brain injury induced by the radiation therapy is hippocampal dysfunction, characterized by a decline in memory. Cdk5 plays an important role in memory formation. Abnormal Cdk5 activity is associated with neuronal apoptosis induced by neurotoxic stimuli. However, the roles of Cdk5 in hippocampal apoptosis in response to X-ray irradiation have not been explored. METHODS The expression of Cdk5 activators, p35 and p25, in hippocampal neurons was tested in both in vivo animal and in vitro couture after X-ray irradiation. RESULTS After X-ray irradiation at 20 Gy and 30 Gy in rats, the number of hippocampal neuronal pyknosis was increased, but the number of hippocampal neuron was decreased, in the hippocampal CA1 region of rats. In these animals undergone with X-ray irradiation, the expression of p35 was significantly down-regulated, but it was up-regulated in p25. These opposite expressions were also shown in the primary cultured hippocampal neurons with 30 Gy irradiation. The apoptosis induced by X-ray irradiation were significantly prevented by the pretreatment of Cdk5 inhibitor, roscovitine, in both in vivo and in vitro settings. CONCLUSIONS X-ray irradiation resulted in a hippocampal neuronal apoptosis through up-regulation of p25, the Cdk5 activator. Hyperactivity of Cdk5 was involved in the pathogenesis of X-ray irradiation-induced hippocampal neuronal apoptosis. Blockade of Cdk5 signal pathway effectively protected neurons from the irradiation-induced brain injury.
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Wang XJ, Lin S, Kang HF, Dai ZJ, Bai MH, Ma XL, Ma XB, Liu MJ, Liu XX, Wang BF. The effect of RHIZOMA COPTIDIS and COPTIS CHINENSIS aqueous extract on radiation-induced skin injury in a rat model. Altern Ther Health Med 2013; 13:105. [PMID: 23675786 PMCID: PMC3694038 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation-induced skin injury is a common complication of radiotherapy. The RHIZOMA COPTIDIS and COPTIS CHINENSIS aqueous extract (RCE) can ameliorate radiation-induced skin injury in our clinical observation. But, the protective mechanism of RHIZOMA COPTIDIS and COPTIS CHINENSIS in radiation-induced skin injury remains unclear. METHODS In this experiment, we developed a radiation-induced skin injury rat model to study the mechanism. The animals were randomly divided into control group, treatment group, radiation group, and treatment and radiation group. 5 rats in each group were separately executed on 2 d and 49 d post-radiation. The semi-quantitative skin injury score was used to measure skin reactions by unblinded observers, and hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to evaluate the damage areas by irradiation. The MDA content, SOD activity of skin and serum were measured to detect the oxidative stress. RESULTS Acute skin reactions were caused by a single dose of 45 Gy of β-ray irradiation, and the skin injury could be found in all rats receiving irradiation based on the observation of HE staining of skin at different time-points, while RCE could significantly ameliorate those changes. The MDA content in serum and skin of control rats was 4.13±0.12 mmol/ml and 4.95±0.35 mmol/mgprot on 2 d post-radiation. The rats receiving radiation showed an increased content of MDA (5.54±0.21 mmol/ml and 7.10±0.32 mmol/mgprot), while it was 4.57±0.21 mmol/ml and 5.95±0.24 mmol/mgprot after treated with RCE (p<0.05). Similar changes of the MDA content could be seen on 49 d post-radiation. However, the SOD activity of rats receiving radiation decreased compared with control group on both time-points, which was inhibited by RCE (p<0.05). Meanwhile, no valuable changes could be found between control group and treatment group on 2 d and 49 d. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidences for the radioprotective role of RCE against radiation-induced skin damage in rats by modulating oxidative stress in skin, which may be a useful therapy for radiation-induced skin injury.
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Targeted manipulation of apoptotic pathways by using High Intensity Focused Ultrasound in cancer treatment. Cancer Lett 2013; 338:204-8. [PMID: 23612069 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a mechanism of cell death, which has been exploited for the treatment of cancers over the past few years. The understanding of apoptosis pathways (intrinsic and extrinsic) has led to discovery of treatment strategies which selectively target the cancer cells and spare the normal ones. This article reviews the current understanding of the apoptotic pathways which are utilized for targeting cancer cells using High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU).
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Parker JJ, Jones JC, Strober S, Knox SJ. Characterization of direct radiation-induced immune function and molecular signaling changes in an antigen presenting cell line. Clin Immunol 2013; 148:44-55. [PMID: 23649044 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a widely used cancer treatment and pre-transplantation conditioning regimen that has the potential to influence anti-tumor and post-transplantation immune responses. Although conventionally fractionated radiation doses can suppress immune responses by depleting lymphocytes, single high doses of local tumor radiation can enhance immune responses. Using phospho-flow cytometry analysis of a human monocytic cell line, we identified novel radiation-induced changes in the phosphorylation state of NFκB family members known in other cell types to maintain and regulate immune function. These phosphorylation changes were p53 independent, but were strongly dependent upon ATM activation due to DNA damage. We found that radiation promotes the activation and APC functional maturation through phosphorylation of NFκB Essential Modulator (NEMO). Our results and the analytic methods are especially well suited to the study of functional changes in APC when radiation is used for immune modulation in clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Parker
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Zhang S, Song C, Zhou J, Xie L, Meng X, Liu P, Cao J, Zhang X, Ding WQ, Wu J. Amelioration of radiation-induced skin injury by adenovirus-mediated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) overexpression in rats. Radiat Oncol 2012; 7:4. [PMID: 22247972 PMCID: PMC3282628 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-7-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Radiation-induced skin injury remains a serious concern for radiation therapy. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), the rate-limiting enzyme in heme catabolism, has been reported to have potential antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. However, the role of HO-1 in radiation-induced skin damage remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate the effects of HO-1 on radiation-induced skin injury in rats. Methods A control adenovirus (Ad-EGFP) and a recombinant adenovirus (Ad-HO1-EGFP) were constructed. Rats were irradiated to the buttock skin with a single dose of 45 Gy followed by a subcutaneous injection of PBS, 5 × 109 genomic copies of Ad-EGFP or Ad-HO1-EGFP (n = 8). After treatment, the skin MDA concentration, SOD activity and apoptosis were measured. The expression of antioxidant and pro-apoptotic genes was determined by RT-PCR and real-time PCR. Skin reactions were measured at regular intervals using the semi-quantitative skin injury score. Results Subcutaneous injection of Ad-HO1-EGFP infected both epidermal and dermal cells and could spread to the surrounding regions. Radiation exposure upregulated the transcription of the antioxidant enzyme genes, including SOD-1, GPx2 and endogenous HO-1. HO-1 overexpression decreased lipid peroxidation and inhibited the induction of ROS scavenging proteins. Moreover, HO-1 exerted an anti-apoptotic effect by suppressing FAS and FASL expression. Subcutaneous injection of Ad-HO1-EGFP demonstrated significant improvement in radiation-induced skin injury. Conclusions The present study provides evidences for the protective role of HO-1 in alleviating radiation-induced skin damage in rats, which is helpful for the development of therapy for radiation-induced skin injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Zhang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Edriss AS, Smrcka V. Therapy of keloid and hypertrophic scars: a review. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-011-0602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Galluzzi L, Vitale I, Vacchelli E, Kroemer G. Cell death signaling and anticancer therapy. Front Oncol 2011; 1:5. [PMID: 22655227 PMCID: PMC3356092 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2011.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, it was commonly believed that efficient anticancer regimens would either trigger the apoptotic demise of tumor cells or induce a permanent arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, i.e., senescence. The recent discovery that necrosis can occur in a regulated fashion and the increasingly more precise characterization of the underlying molecular mechanisms have raised great interest, as non-apoptotic pathways might be instrumental to circumvent the resistance of cancer cells to conventional, pro-apoptotic therapeutic regimens. Moreover, it has been shown that some anticancer regimens engage lethal signaling cascades that can ignite multiple oncosuppressive mechanisms, including apoptosis, necrosis, and senescence. Among these signaling pathways is mitotic catastrophe, whose role as a bona fide cell death mechanism has recently been reconsidered. Thus, anticancer regimens get ever more sophisticated, and often distinct strategies are combined to maximize efficacy and minimize side effects. In this review, we will discuss the importance of apoptosis, necrosis, and mitotic catastrophe in the response of tumor cells to the most common clinically employed and experimental anticancer agents.
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Choi Y, Jeon YH, Paik JH, Ko J, Choi DH, Chung JK, Kim CW. In Vivo Scintigraphic Imaging of Antitumor Effects by Combined Radioiodine Therapy and Human Sodium Iodide Symporter Gene Immunotherapy. Mol Imaging 2010. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2010.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Choi
- From the Departments of Pathology, Tumor Biology, and Nuclear Medicine; Tumor Immunity Medical Research Centre; and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Jeon
- From the Departments of Pathology, Tumor Biology, and Nuclear Medicine; Tumor Immunity Medical Research Centre; and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Paik
- From the Departments of Pathology, Tumor Biology, and Nuclear Medicine; Tumor Immunity Medical Research Centre; and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinkyung Ko
- From the Departments of Pathology, Tumor Biology, and Nuclear Medicine; Tumor Immunity Medical Research Centre; and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Han Choi
- From the Departments of Pathology, Tumor Biology, and Nuclear Medicine; Tumor Immunity Medical Research Centre; and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - June Key Chung
- From the Departments of Pathology, Tumor Biology, and Nuclear Medicine; Tumor Immunity Medical Research Centre; and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Woo Kim
- From the Departments of Pathology, Tumor Biology, and Nuclear Medicine; Tumor Immunity Medical Research Centre; and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Tumour escape mechanisms and their therapeutic implications in combination tumour therapy. Cell Biol Int 2010; 34:553-63. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20090206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Jeon YH, Choi Y, Kim CW, Kim YH, Youn H, Lee J, Chung JK. Human sodium/iodide symporter-mediated radioiodine gene therapy enhances the killing activities of CTLs in a mouse tumor model. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:126-33. [PMID: 20053774 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether human sodium/iodide symporter (hNIS) radioiodine gene therapy can modulate the phenotype of cancer cells and enhance the killing activities of CTLs in a mouse tumor model. Various doses of I-131 (75, 300, 600, 1,200, and 2,400 microCi/5 mL) were incubated with hNIS-expressing colon cancer (CT26/hNIS) and parental cells (CT26), and numbers of MHC class I and Fas-expressing cells were determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). In addition, CT26/hNIS or CT26 tumor-bearing mice were treated with 1,200 microCi of I-131, and percentages of MHC class I and Fas-expressing tumor cells were determined by FACS. The levels of tumor-infiltrating CD8+IFNgamma+ and CD11c+CD86+ cells and CTL killing activities were measured in CT26/hNIS tumor-bearing mice (treated with PBS or 1,200 microCi of I-131) by FACS and lactate dehydrogenase assay, respectively. MHC class I and Fas gene expressions were markedly upregulated in CT26/hNIS cells, but not in CT26 cells, in an I-131 dose-dependent manner. The level of MHC class I and Fas-expressing cancer cell were 4.5-fold and 2.1-fold higher in CT26/hNIS tumors than in CT26 tumors, respectively (P < 0.01). Interestingly, numbers of tumor-infiltrating CD8+IFNgamma+ cells and CD11c+CD86+ cells were 5-fold and 2.5-fold higher in I-131-treated tumors than in PBS tumors, respectively (P < 0.001). Furthermore, CTL assays showed significantly more specific tumor cell lysis in I-131 tumors than in PBS tumors (P < 0.01). Our findings suggest that hNIS radioiodine gene therapy can generate tumor-associated immunity in tumor microenvironments and enhance the killing activities of CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hyun Jeon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Indovina P, Ferrante A, Rainaldi G, Santini MT. Hypoxia and Ionizing Radiation: Changes in Adhesive Properties and Cell Adhesion Molecule Expression in MG-63 Three-Dimensional Tumor Spheroids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 13:185-98. [PMID: 16798617 DOI: 10.1080/15419060600734153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of chemically induced hypoxia and ionizing radiation on the adhesive properties of MG-63 human osteosarcoma three-dimensional spheroids were investigated. Hypoxia was induced by addition of CoCl2 to small, nonhypoxic spheroids and verified by HIF-1alpha expression. In addition, the possible role of important cell adhesion molecules involved in tumor dissemination in inducing adhesive changes were also studied. In particular, two key integrins (i.e., the alpha chain of the fibronectin receptor, alpha5, and the alpha chain of the collagen receptor, alpha2), an important member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (CD54 or ICAM-1) and the strategic molecule CD44 (H-CAM, the principal receptor for hyaluronan) were examined. Because of the important role of fibronectin in adhesive processes, variations in this extracellular matrix component were also examined. The results seem to indicate that CoCl2-induced hypoxia greatly increases adhesion of MG-63 spheroids to both tissue culture plates and plates coated with fibronectin or collagen when compared to controls, while ionizing radiation induces a great decrease in this attachment. Furthermore, chemically induced hypoxia also partially inhibits the effects of ionizing radiation. The data also show that these adhesive changes are accompanied by concomitant variations in the expression of alpha5 and alpha2 integrins, CD44, and CD54 and fibronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Indovina
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, Oncologia e Medicina Molecolare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Le UM, Kaurin DGL, Sloat BR, Yanasarn N, Cui Z. Localized irradiation of tumors prior to synthetic dsRNA therapy enhanced the resultant anti-tumor activity. Radiother Oncol 2009; 90:273-9. [PMID: 19013656 PMCID: PMC2741318 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2008.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Despite the potent tumoricidal activity of the synthetic dsRNA in culture, its in vivo anti-tumor activity has proven to be limited. We sought to devise and validate a new strategy to improve the in vivo anti-tumor activity by integrating localized irradiation into dsRNA therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a mouse lung cancer model and a mouse melanoma model in immuno-competent mice or athymic nude mice, we evaluated the combined anti-tumor activity using a synthetic dsRNA, polyinosine-cytosine (poly(I:C)). RESULTS Localized irradiation of tumors prior to the poly(I:C) therapy significantly delayed the tumor growth as compared to monotherapies using the radiation or poly(I:C) alone. The poly(I:C) enhanced the tumor response to radiation with a dose modification factor as large as 20. The combined effect was synergistic only in immuno-competent mice with highly immunogenic tumors. The anti-tumor activity of the combination therapy was significantly impaired when the type I interferons in the mice were neutralized. CONCLUSIONS This combination modality may represent a promising approach to exploit synthetic dsRNA in cancer therapy and to enhance tumor response to radiation. T cell-mediated immunity was likely responsible for the combined synergistic effect. Type I interferons contributed significantly to the combined anti-tumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen M. Le
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Darryl G. L. Kaurin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Brian R. Sloat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Nijaporn Yanasarn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
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Miller DL, Dou C. Induction of apoptosis in sonoporation and ultrasonic gene transfer. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2009; 35:144-54. [PMID: 18723272 PMCID: PMC2642595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of apoptosis in sonoporation and ultrasound-enhanced gene transfection of cell suspensions was examined in vitro. Suspensions of HL-60 and of CHO-K1 cells were exposed to 2.25-MHz continuous ultrasound for 1 min in a 60-rpm rotating-tube exposure system, with ultrasound contrast media added to ensure nucleation of cavitation. Cell necrosis was measured by trypan blue dye exclusion (using a hemacytometer) and by propidium iodide nuclear staining (using flow cytometry). Apoptosis was detected by the annexin V method with Alexa Fluor 350 as the fluorescent label, and confirmed by Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining. Sonoporation cell loading was assessed by uptake of large fluorescent-dextran molecules from the medium. Transfection was demonstrated by expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) from plasmids transferred into the cells by the treatment. Cell scoring was performed by flow cytometry, with necrotic cell events excluded. For HL-60 cells at 0.4 MPa, cell loading and transfection was significantly increased relative to shams at 2, 6 and 24 h post exposure, peaking at 19.0 +/- 5.5% and 9.6 +/- 4.2% of non-necrotic cells, respectively, at 6 h. However, about one third of the treatment-positive cells were identified as apoptotic. The cell loading and gene transfer effects increased for increasing peak rarefactional pressure amplitude, reaching 24.4 +/- 7.7% and 12.7 +/- 5.1% of non-necrotic cells, respectively, for 0.6-MPa exposure. However, the lethal cellular injury caused by cavitation in the rotating tube system reduced the overall apparent efficacy of cell loading and gene transfer to 5.1 +/- 2.1% and 2.1 +/- 0.9%, respectively, after accounting for necrosis and apoptosis. Similar tests with CHO cells showed increased sonoporation but mostly cell death by necrosis, rather than apoptosis. The induction of apoptosis by cavitation treatments should be considered as a possible confounding factor, in addition to necrosis, in sonoporation and ultrasonic gene transfer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Miller
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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