1
|
Wijesooriya LI, Chalker V, Perera P, Sunil-Chandra NP. A study on viruses and bacteria with particular interest on Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children with exacerbation of asthma from a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka. Access Microbiol 2024; 6:000778.v5. [PMID: 39081780 PMCID: PMC11288328 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000778.v5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a significant public health concern, particularly in children with severe symptoms. Exacerbation of asthma (EOA) is life-threatening, and respiratory infections (RIs) play a crucial role. Though viruses play a significant role in EOA, patients are empirically treated with antibiotics, contributing to antibiotic resistance development. Although there are widely reported associations of EOA with viral or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections, there are no published data for Sri Lanka. The present study aimed to identify the association of common respiratory viruses, typical respiratory bacterial pathogens and M. pneumoniae in children with EOA and relate them with the compatibility of antimicrobial use. A case-control study was conducted in the paediatric unit of North Colombo Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka, involving two groups of children between 5 and 15 years of age. Group 1 is children with EOA and Group 2 is children with stable asthma (SA). Each group consisted of 100 children. Sputum/throat swabs were tested for common respiratory viruses using virus-specific fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), bacteria by routine culture, and M. pneumoniae by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Macrolide resistance in M. pneumoniae was detected using conventional PCR and sequencing specific genetic mutations in the 23S rRNA gene. M. pneumoniae was genotyped using nested multilocus sequence typing, which targeted eight housekeeping genes (ppa, pgm, gyrB, gmk, glyA, atpA, arcC and adk). There was no significant difference in age, gender, demographic or geographical location between the two groups. In children with EOA, antibiotics were used in 66 % (66/100) and macrolides in 42 % (42/100). Samples comprised 78 % (78/100) sputum and 22 % (22/100) throat swabs. Adenovirus was the most common virus identified, and it was significantly higher in children with EOA compared to those with SA. Still, the two groups had no significant difference in typical bacteria findings. M. pneumoniae was detected in one patient with EOA, but none was detected in the SA group. The M. pneumoniae was macrolide-sensitive and ST14 by multilocus sequence typing. This study showed that the empiric use of antibiotics in children with asthma might be better targeted with prior pathogen screening to inform appropriate treatment to minimize antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Priyantha Perera
- Department of Peadiatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Kurunegala, Sri Lanka
| | - N. P. Sunil-Chandra
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Leng M, Yang J, Zhou J. The molecular characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1115009. [PMID: 36937963 PMCID: PMC10017863 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1115009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to review the molecular characteristics, the diagnosis, and treatment of the widespread infection of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae; MRMP) in children, thus providing a better knowledge of this infection and presenting the associated problems. Single point mutations in the V region of the 23S rRNA gene of M. pneumoniae genome are associated with macrolide resistance. P1-1, MLVA4-5-7-2, and ST3 are usually the predominated genetic types in the M. pneumoniae epidemics. The short-term two times serological IgM (or together with IgG) test in the acute stage can be used for confirmation. Combined serological testing and PCR might be a more prudent method to reduce macrolide consumption and antibiotic selective pressure in a clinical setting. Molecular methods for the detection of single-nucleotide mutations in the V region of the 23S rRNA gene can be used for the diagnosis of MRMP. The routine use of macrolide for the treatment of macrolide-sensitive Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MSMP) infections can get good effect, but the effects are limited for severe MRMP infections. Additional corticosteroids may be required for the treatment of severe MRMP infections in children in China during the era of MRMP.
Collapse
|
3
|
Smith DR. Confessions of a microscope hoarder. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e54024. [PMID: 34605599 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many people have discovered new hobbies and pastimes during the COVID crisis. David Smith describes how he developed an obsession with rescuing old microscopes.
Collapse
|
4
|
Sellyei B, Varga Z, Cech G, Varga Á, Székely C. Mycoplasma infections in freshwater carnivorous fishes in Hungary. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:297-304. [PMID: 33128822 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The abundance of mycoplasma-like microorganisms seems to be common in the intestinal tract of fish, but their occurrence in other organs can be considered pathological. Isolation of piscine mycoplasmas is essential to prove their virulence. In this study, a total of 100 specimens of nine freshwater fish species collected from natural waters and fish farms were analysed for the prevalence of mycoplasmas in different extraintestinal organs. Our results demonstrate that mycoplasmas are present in carnivorous fish (pike, wels catfish, black bullhead and pike perch) than in cyprinids more frequently. Among the surveyed organs, they colonize mainly the gills, the kidney and the livers. Although mycoplasmas could be detected in one-fifth of samples by molecular assays, the isolation of mycoplasmas belonged to the M. sualvi cluster within the hominis group of Mycoplasmataceae, but was separate from M. mobile, has been successful only from some specimens originated from wels catfish that was feasible only by special preparation steps (prefreezing, filter sterilization and incubation conditions (long culturing period, etc.). The low-efficiency of isolation trials indicates an extensive gap in our knowledge about piscine mycoplasmas, especially in the field of their nutritional requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boglárka Sellyei
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Varga
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Cech
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Varga
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Székely
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Atypical Pathogen in Community Acquired Pneumonia. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.4.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a one of most common reasons of respiratory tract infections in both adolescents and children with severity ranged from moderate to high. Many facts in the previous years regarding infections were induced via this organism having extra pathogenic mechanisms. Clinically, resistance to macrolide has produced internationally and represents a treatment trouble. Antimicrobial sensitivity checking out techniques have been applied, and novel antibiotics which are effective towards M. pneumoniae are present processing development. That evaluate concentrates on the several trends occurring in the previous quite a few years which beautify the grasp of that microorganism, which is one of the smallest pathogenic bacteria; however, is of extreme medical significance.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kuchibiro T, Hirano A, Ogasawara S, Nakamura T. The microcolony detection method (MCD), a simple and rapid screening test for antimicrobial resistance bacteria on positive blood cultures. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05494. [PMID: 33241155 PMCID: PMC7672289 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in blood cultures is critical for the timely treatment of patients with sepsis. The aim of this study was to develop a simple method for the rapid detection of drug-resistant bacteria from blood cultures and to evaluate its performance. We developed an optical microscopy-based microcolony detection method (MCD) for the rapid detection of antibiotic-resistant bacterial colonies in media. This method was tested using staphylococci resistant to methicillin and gram-negative bacilli resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenem. The results of the investigations of clinical samples using this method were compared with the drug susceptibility testing results for each of the 457 isolates, which included 134 staphylococci and 323 g-negative bacilli. The MCD was successful in detecting antibiotic-resistant bacterial growth from culture-positive blood samples in approximately 3 h. The sensitivity/specificity for methicillin-resistant staphylococci was 100%/97.2%. In the case of gram-negative bacilli, the sensitivity/specificity values for bacteria resistant to ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, and carbapenem were 100%/98.7%, 100%/89.3%, and 100%/90.9%, respectively. Therefore, MCD is a clinically useful screening method for the efficient and rapid detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and can be easily implemented in laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Kuchibiro
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Naga Municipal Hospital, 1282 Uchita, Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6414, Japan
| | - Asami Hirano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Naga Municipal Hospital, 1282 Uchita, Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6414, Japan
| | - Shirou Ogasawara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Naga Municipal Hospital, 1282 Uchita, Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6414, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nakamura
- Department of Medical Technology and Sciences Facility of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, 34 Ohtakuyamadacho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto, 607-8175, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee H, Yun KW, Lee HJ, Choi EH. Antimicrobial therapy of macrolide-resistantMycoplasma pneumoniaepneumonia in children. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2017; 16:23-34. [DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2018.1414599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Ki Wook Yun
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hoan Jong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Hwa Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- J F P Hers
- Department of Clinical Respiratory Virology, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Parrott GL, Kinjo T, Fujita J. A Compendium for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:513. [PMID: 27148202 PMCID: PMC4828434 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, atypical pneumonia was a term used to describe an unusual presentation of pneumonia. Currently, it is used to describe the multitude of symptoms juxtaposing the classic symptoms found in cases of pneumococcal pneumonia. Specifically, atypical pneumonia is a syndrome resulting from a relatively common group of pathogens including Chlamydophila sp., and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The incidence of M. pneumoniae pneumonia in adults is less than the burden experienced by children. Transmission rates among families indicate children may act as a reservoir and maintain contagiousness over a long period of time ranging from months to years. In adults, M. pneumoniae typically produces a mild, “walking” pneumonia and is considered to be one of the causes of persistent cough in patients. M. pneumoniae has also been shown to trigger the exacerbation of other lung diseases. It has been repeatedly detected in patients with bronchitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, and cystic fibrosis. Recent advances in technology allow for the rapid diagnosis of M. pneumoniae through the use of polymerase chain reaction or rapid antigen tests. With this, more effort has been afforded to identify the causative etiologic agent in all cases of pneumonia. However, previous practices, including the overprescribing of macrolide treatment in China and Japan, have created increased incidence of macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae. Reports from these countries indicate that >85% of M. pneumoniae pneumonia pediatric cases are macrolide-resistant. Despite its extensively studied past, the smallest bacterial species still inspires some of the largest questions. The developments in microbiology, diagnostic features and techniques, epidemiology, treatment and vaccines, and upper respiratory conditions associated with M. pneumoniae in adult populations are included within this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen L Parrott
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory and Digestive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus Nishihara, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kinjo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory and Digestive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus Nishihara, Japan
| | - Jiro Fujita
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory and Digestive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus Nishihara, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Meyer Sauteur PM, Unger WWJ, Nadal D, Berger C, Vink C, van Rossum AMC. Infection with and Carriage of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Children. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:329. [PMID: 27047456 PMCID: PMC4803743 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
“Atypical” pneumonia was described as a distinct and mild form of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) already before Mycoplasma pneumoniae had been discovered and recognized as its cause. M. pneumoniae is detected in CAP patients most frequently among school-aged children from 5 to 15 years of age, with a decline after adolescence and tapering off in adulthood. Detection rates by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or serology in children with CAP admitted to the hospital amount 4–39%. Although the infection is generally mild and self-limiting, patients of every age can develop severe or extrapulmonary disease. Recent studies indicate that high rates of healthy children carry M. pneumoniae in the upper respiratory tract and that current diagnostic PCR or serology cannot discriminate between M. pneumoniae infection and carriage. Further, symptoms and radiologic features are not specific for M. pneumoniae infection. Thus, patients may be unnecessarily treated with antimicrobials against M. pneumoniae. Macrolides are the first-line antibiotics for this entity in children younger than 8 years of age. Overall macrolides are extensively used worldwide, and this has led to the emergence of macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae, which may be associated with severe clinical features and more extrapulmonary complications. This review focuses on the characteristics of M. pneumoniae infections in children, and exemplifies that simple clinical decision rules may help identifying children at high risk for CAP due to M. pneumoniae. This may aid physicians in prescribing appropriate first-line antibiotics, since current diagnostic tests for M. pneumoniae infection are not reliably predictive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Meyer Sauteur
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical CenterRotterdam, Netherlands; Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical CenterRotterdam, Netherlands; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Wendy W J Unger
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - David Nadal
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Berger
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelis Vink
- Erasmus University College, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annemarie M C van Rossum
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
In the United States in the 1930s, although the pathogen was not known, atypical pneumonia was clinically distinguished from pneumococcal pneumonia by its resistance to sulfonamides. Reimann (1938) reported seven patients with an unusual form of tracheo bronchopneumonia and severe constitutional symptoms. He believed the clinical picture of this disease differed from that of the disease caused by influenza viruses or known bacteria and instead suspected "primary atypical pneumonia." For many years, the responsible infectious agent was tentatively classified as a filterable virus that could pass through a Seitz filter to remove bacteria and was reported to be a psittacosis-like or new virus. After that, Eaton et al. (1942, 1944, 1945) identified an agent that was the principal cause of primary atypical pneumonia using cotton rats, hamsters, and chick embryos. Eaton et al. (1942, 1944, 1945) did not perform an inoculation study in human volunteers. During the 1940s, there were three groups engaged in discovering the etiology of the primary atypical pneumonia. (1) Commission on Acute Respiratory Diseases Diseases directed by John Dingle, (2) Dr. Monroe Eaton's group, the Virus Research Laboratory of the California State Public Health Department, (3) The Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research directed by Horsfall. During 1940s, the members of the Commission on Acute Respiratory Diseases concluded that the bacteria-free filtrates obtained from the patients, presumably containing a virus, could induce primary atypical pneumonia in human volunteers via Pinehurst trials. During 1950s, serological approaches for identification of the Eaton agent developed such as Fluorescent-Stainable Antibody, and at the beginning of the1960s, the Eaton agent successfully grew in media, and finally accepted as a cause of primary atypical pneumonia. Thus, technical difficulties with visualizing the agent and failure to recognize the full significance of the Pinehurst transmission experiments resulted in a lapse of 20 years before acceptance of the Eaton agent as Mycoplasma pneumoniae. This review describes the history of M. pneumoniae pneumonia with a special focus on the recognition between the 1930 and 1960s of the Eaton agent as the infectious cause.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Saraya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of MedicineMitaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Singh P, Seth A. Mycoplasma pneumoniae–A tale of 50 years. Indian Pediatr 2016; 53:147-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-016-0810-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
15
|
Current and past strategies for bacterial culture in clinical microbiology. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28:208-36. [PMID: 25567228 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00110-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A pure bacterial culture remains essential for the study of its virulence, its antibiotic susceptibility, and its genome sequence in order to facilitate the understanding and treatment of caused diseases. The first culture conditions empirically varied incubation time, nutrients, atmosphere, and temperature; culture was then gradually abandoned in favor of molecular methods. The rebirth of culture in clinical microbiology was prompted by microbiologists specializing in intracellular bacteria. The shell vial procedure allowed the culture of new species of Rickettsia. The design of axenic media for growing fastidious bacteria such as Tropheryma whipplei and Coxiella burnetii and the ability of amoebal coculture to discover new bacteria constituted major advances. Strong efforts associating optimized culture media, detection methods, and a microaerophilic atmosphere allowed a dramatic decrease of the time of Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture. The use of a new versatile medium allowed an extension of the repertoire of archaea. Finally, to optimize the culture of anaerobes in routine bacteriology laboratories, the addition of antioxidants in culture media under an aerobic atmosphere allowed the growth of strictly anaerobic species. Nevertheless, among usual bacterial pathogens, the development of axenic media for the culture of Treponema pallidum or Mycobacterium leprae remains an important challenge that the patience and innovations of cultivators will enable them to overcome.
Collapse
|
16
|
Olarerin-George AO, Hogenesch JB. Assessing the prevalence of mycoplasma contamination in cell culture via a survey of NCBI's RNA-seq archive. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:2535-42. [PMID: 25712092 PMCID: PMC4357728 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are notorious contaminants of cell culture and can have profound effects on host cell biology by depriving cells of nutrients and inducing global changes in gene expression. Over the last two decades, sentinel testing has revealed wide-ranging contamination rates in mammalian culture. To obtain an unbiased assessment from hundreds of labs, we analyzed sequence data from 9395 rodent and primate samples from 884 series in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive. We found 11% of these series were contaminated (defined as ≥100 reads/million mapping to mycoplasma in one or more samples). Ninety percent of mycoplasma-mapped reads aligned to ribosomal RNA. This was unexpected given 37% of contaminated series used poly(A)-selection for mRNA enrichment. Lastly, we examined the relationship between mycoplasma contamination and host gene expression in a single cell RNA-seq dataset and found 61 host genes (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with mycoplasma-mapped read counts. In all, this study suggests mycoplasma contamination is still prevalent today and poses substantial risk to research quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony O Olarerin-George
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John B Hogenesch
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wodke JAH, Alibés A, Cozzuto L, Hermoso A, Yus E, Lluch-Senar M, Serrano L, Roma G. MyMpn: a database for the systems biology model organism Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 43:D618-23. [PMID: 25378328 PMCID: PMC4383923 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MyMpn (http://mympn.crg.eu) is an online resource devoted to studying the human pathogen Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a minimal bacterium causing lower respiratory tract infections. Due to its small size, its ability to grow in vitro, and the amount of data produced over the past decades, M. pneumoniae is an interesting model organisms for the development of systems biology approaches for unicellular organisms. Our database hosts a wealth of omics-scale datasets generated by hundreds of experimental and computational analyses. These include data obtained from gene expression profiling experiments, gene essentiality studies, protein abundance profiling, protein complex analysis, metabolic reactions and network modeling, cell growth experiments, comparative genomics and 3D tomography. In addition, the intuitive web interface provides access to several visualization and analysis tools as well as to different data search options. The availability and—even more relevant—the accessibility of properly structured and organized data are of up-most importance when aiming to understand the biology of an organism on a global scale. Therefore, MyMpn constitutes a unique and valuable new resource for the large systems biology and microbiology community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith A H Wodke
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Theoretical Biophysics, Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, Invalidenstr 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreu Alibés
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain CRG Bioinformatics Facility, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luca Cozzuto
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain CRG Bioinformatics Facility, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Hermoso
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain CRG Bioinformatics Facility, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Yus
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Lluch-Senar
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Serrano
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guglielmo Roma
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain CRG Bioinformatics Facility, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Saraya T, Kurai D, Nakagaki K, Sasaki Y, Niwa S, Tsukagoshi H, Nunokawa H, Ohkuma K, Tsujimoto N, Hirao S, Wada H, Ishii H, Nakata K, Kimura H, Kozawa K, Takizawa H, Goto H. Novel aspects on the pathogenesis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia and therapeutic implications. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:410. [PMID: 25157244 PMCID: PMC4127663 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) is a leading cause of community acquired pneumonia. Knowledge regarding Mp pneumonia obtained from animal models or human subjects has been discussed in many different reports. Accumulated expertise concerning this critical issue has been hard to apply clinically, and potential problems may remain undiscovered. Therefore, our multidisciplinary team extensively reviewed the literature regarding Mp pneumonia, and compared findings from animal models with those from human subjects. In human beings, the characteristic pathological features of Mp pneumonia have been reported as alveolar infiltration with neutrophils and lymphocytes and lymphocyte/plasma cell infiltrates in the peri-bronchovascular area. Herein, we demonstrated the novel aspects of Mp pneumonia that the severity of the Mp pneumonia seemed to depend on the host innate immunity to the Mp, which might be accelerated by antecedent Mp exposure (re-exposure or latent respiratory infection) through up-regulation of Toll-like receptor 2 expression on bronchial epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages. The macrolides therapy might be beneficial for the patients with macrolide-resistant Mp pneumonia via not bacteriological but immunomodulative effects. This exhaustive review focuses on pathogenesis and extends to some therapeutic implications such as clarithromycin, and discusses the various diverse aspects of Mp pneumonia. It is our hope that this might lead to new insights into this common respiratory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Saraya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Nakagaki
- Department of Virology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University Mitaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Sasaki
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Maebashi, Japan
| | - Shoichi Niwa
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nunokawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ohkuma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Tsujimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Susumu Hirao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Hiroo Wada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Ishii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Koh Nakata
- Bioscience Medical Research Center, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Kozawa
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hajime Takizawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| | - Hajime Goto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine Mitaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dissecting the energy metabolism in Mycoplasma pneumoniae through genome-scale metabolic modeling. Mol Syst Biol 2013; 9:653. [PMID: 23549481 PMCID: PMC3658275 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2013.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A new genome-scale metabolic reconstruction of M. pneumonia is used in combination with external metabolite measurement and protein abundance measurements to quantitatively explore the energy metabolism of this genome-reduce human pathogen. ![]()
We established a detailed biomass composition for M. pneumoniae, thus allowing for growth simulations. Using our metabolic model, we corrected the metabolic network topology and the functional annotation of key metabolic enzymes. M. pneumoniae, unlike other laboratory-grown bacteria, uses a high fraction of energy (up to 89%) for cellular maintenance and not for growth. Simulating different growth conditions as well as single and double mutant phenotypes, we analyzed pathway connectivity and the impact of gene deletions on the growth performance of M. pneumoniae, highlighting the limited adaptive capabilities of this minimal model organism.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a threatening pathogen with a minimal genome, is a model organism for bacterial systems biology for which substantial experimental information is available. With the goal of understanding the complex interactions underlying its metabolism, we analyzed and characterized the metabolic network of M. pneumoniae in great detail, integrating data from different omics analyses under a range of conditions into a constraint-based model backbone. Iterating model predictions, hypothesis generation, experimental testing, and model refinement, we accurately curated the network and quantitatively explored the energy metabolism. In contrast to other bacteria, M. pneumoniae uses most of its energy for maintenance tasks instead of growth. We show that in highly linear networks the prediction of flux distributions for different growth times allows analysis of time-dependent changes, albeit using a static model. By performing an in silico knock-out study as well as analyzing flux distributions in single and double mutant phenotypes, we demonstrated that the model accurately represents the metabolism of M. pneumoniae. The experimentally validated model provides a solid basis for understanding its metabolic regulatory mechanisms.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zanella A, Martino PA, Pratelli A, Stonfer M. Development of antibiotic resistance in Mycoplasma gallisepticum in vitro. Avian Pathol 2012; 27:591-6. [PMID: 18484048 DOI: 10.1080/03079459808419389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The results of in vitro tests for induction of antibiotic resistance in some strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum are reported. The number of passages required to induce resistance varied considerably between different antibiotics. In two groups of tests, with different strains of M. gallisepticum, resistance (>/= 1 mg/ml) to streptomycin appeared after two to three passages, to erythromycin and spiramycin after five to eight passages, to tylosin after nine to eleven and to enrofloxacin after eight to ten passages. With chlortetracycline the increase in resistance was very low (no more than ten times the starting minimal inhibitory concentration). Cross-sensitivity tests using strains with induced resistance to the different antibiotics demonstrated that those which were resistant to tylosin were also resistant to other macrolides ( > 1 mg/ml), whereas strains made resistant to erythromycin and spiramycin appeared only less sensitive (2 to 200 mug/ml) to tylosin in comparison with the original strains. Streptomycin, chlortetracycline and enrofloxacin induced very little or no cross-resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Zanella
- Institute of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, University of Milan (Italy), Milano
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Kapikian AZ, Morens DM, Fauci AS. In Memoriam: Robert M. Chanock, MD, 1924–2010. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:3-5. [PMID: 21998882 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiq019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Z Kapikian
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Barile MF, Schimke RT, Riggs DB. Presence of the arginine dihydrolase pathway in Mycoplasma. J Bacteriol 2010; 91:189-92. [PMID: 16562098 PMCID: PMC315930 DOI: 10.1128/jb.91.1.189-192.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Barile, Michael F. (Division of Biologics Standards, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.), Robert T. Schimke, and Donald B. Riggs. Presence of the arginine dihydrolase pathway in Mycoplasma. J. Bacteriol. 91:189-192. 1966.-The presence of the arginine dihydrolase pathway was examined in 61 Mycoplasma strains representing at least 18 Mycoplasma species isolated from nine different sources: human, bovine, avian, murine, swine, goat, canine, sewage, and tissue cell culture origin. Some species were represented by only one or two strains. Different strains of the same species gave the same results. Ten species (56%) were positive. Many nonpathogenic Mycoplasma species (M. hominis, type 1 and 2, M. fermentans, M. salivarium, and M. gallinarum) were positive, whereas most pathogenic species (M. pneumoniae, M. gallisepticum, M. neurolyticum, and M. hyorhinis) were negative. The presence of arginine dihydrolase activity among Mycoplasma species may prove to be useful for purposes of identification and classification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F Barile
- Laboratory of Bacterial Products, Division of Biologics Standards, and Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Low IE. Effect of Medium on H(2)O(2) Levels and Peroxidase-Like Activity by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Infect Immun 2010; 3:80-6. [PMID: 16557950 PMCID: PMC416110 DOI: 10.1128/iai.3.1.80-86.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
H(2)O(2) levels accumulated by Mycoplasma pneumoniae can be influenced by carbon source, different horse sera, yeast extract, thallium acetate, or growth in a simplified, dialyzed medium. Thus, increased levels of H(2)O(2) were detected by growth in glycerol, by omission of thallium acetate, and by the use of dialyzed medium. The ability of M. pneumoniae in the presence of glucose, but not with fructose, mannose, or glycerol, to remove both endogenous and exogenous H(2)O(2) suggests an inducible peroxidase similar to bacterial enzymes in streptococci. This peroxidase-like activity is in turn influenced by the complex interplay of medium components, explaining perhaps some of the variability of H(2)O(2) accumulations observed with glucose. A survival value has been suggested for this "peroxidase-like" activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I E Low
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Old LJ, Boyse EA, Oettgen HF, Harven ED, Geering G, Williamson B, Clifford P. Precipitating antibody in human serum to an antigen present in cultured burkitt's lymphoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 56:1699-704. [PMID: 16591407 PMCID: PMC220158 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.56.6.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L J Old
- DIVISION OF IMMUNOLOGY, SLOAN-KETTERING INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RESEARCH
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ley KD, Tobey RA. REGULATION OF INITIATION OF DNA SYNTHESIS IN CHINESE HAMSTER CELLS : II. Induction of DNA Synthesis and Cell Division by Isoleucine and Glutamine in G(1)-Arrested Cells in Suspension Culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 47:453-9. [PMID: 19866743 PMCID: PMC2108097 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.47.2.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Suspension cultures of Chinese hamster cells (line CHO), which had stopped dividing and were arrested in G1 following growth to high cell concentrations in F-10 medium, could be induced to reinitiate DNA synthesis and to divide in synchrony upon addition of the appropriate amounts of isoleucine and glutamine. Both amino acids were required to initiate resumption of cell-cycle traverse. Deficiencies in other amino acids contained in F-10 medium did not result in accumulation of cells in G1, indicating a specific action produced by limiting quantities of isoleucine and glutamine. In the presence of sufficient glutamine, approximately 2 x 10-6M isoleucine was required for all cells to initiate DNA synthesis in a population initially containing 1.5 x 105 cells/ml. Under similar conditions, about 4 x 10-6M isoleucine was required for all G1-arrested cells to progress through cell division. In contrast, 1 x 10-4M glutamine was necessary for maximum initiation of DNA synthesis in G1 cells, along with sufficient isoleucine. A technique for rapid production of G1-arrested cells is described in which cells from an exponentially growing population placed in F-10 medium deficient in both isoleucine and glutamine or isoleucine alone accumulated in G1 after 30 hr.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K D Ley
- Biomedical Research Group, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, University of California, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Highlights of mycoplasma research—An historical perspective. Biologicals 2010; 38:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
28
|
Ebbesen P, Lind K. Lack of evidence for oncogenic or amyloid inducing qualities of Mycoplasma neurolyticum inoculated into BALB-c mice. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2009; 76:594-600. [PMID: 4900568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1969.tb03290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
29
|
Lind K. An indirect haemagglutination test for serum antibodies against mycoplasma pneumoniae using formalinized, tanned sheep erythrocytes. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2009; 73:459-72. [PMID: 4878744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1968.tb04615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
30
|
Lind K, Perch B. Isolation of non-haemolytic streptococci from patients with primary atypical pneumonia. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2009; 73:229-36. [PMID: 5662497 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1968.tb00496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
31
|
Biberfeld G, Stenbeck J, Johnsson T. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in hospitalized patients with acute respiratory illness. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2009; 74:287-300. [PMID: 5700288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1968.tb03480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
32
|
Lind K. Immunological relationships between Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Streptococcus MG. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2009; 73:237-44. [PMID: 4874066 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1968.tb00497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
33
|
Rosendal S, Black FT. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence of unfixed and fixed Mycoplasma colonies. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION B: MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 80:615-22. [PMID: 4566183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1972.tb00186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
34
|
|
35
|
Lind K. A simple test for peroxide secretion by mycoplasma. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION B: MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 78:256-7. [PMID: 5275081 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1970.tb04297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
36
|
Biberfeld G, Sterner G. Antibodies in bronchial secretions following natural infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION B: MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 79:599-605. [PMID: 5000801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1971.tb03818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
37
|
Lind K. Preparation of antigen for the indirect fluorescent antibody test in diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection (A technical report). ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION B: MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 78:149-52. [PMID: 4922732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1970.tb04281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
38
|
MEHL M, PETZOLDT R, ENGEL S, BOLLMANN R, KÖHLER W. Die Veränderung der Natrium- und Kaliumkonzentration in einer Humanspermasuspension nach artifizieller Infektion mit Ureaplasma urealyticum. Andrologia 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1986.tb01767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
|
39
|
|
40
|
Tunevall G, Ohlson M, Svedmyr A, Zeipel G, Frisk Å, Hedlund P, Lamberger B, Jernelius H. Aetiologic Agents in Respiratory Illness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1963.tb07917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
41
|
Voros A, Dunnett A, Leduc LG, Saleh MT. Depleting proteins from the growth medium of Mycoplasma capricolum unmasks bacterium-derived enzymatic activities. Vet Microbiol 2009; 138:384-9. [PMID: 19446411 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma constitutes a unique group of bacteria best characterized as lacking peptidoglycan and having one of the smallest genomes of all free-living prokaryotes. Members of this group also represent important pathogens of humans, animals, and plants. Our understanding of the interaction between these pathogens and their hosts is limited, partly due to our inadequate knowledge of the secreted enzymes and virulence factors of these pathogens. Analysis of secreted proteins of mycoplasma has been hampered by their fastidious growth requirements where protein-rich growth supplements are required. Simple ultrafiltration of the complete medium through a 10kDa cut-off membrane successfully removed virtually all of the polypeptides in the medium and supported the growth of Mycoplasma capricolum (type California kid). This modification (AM medium) exposed the activities of a number of enzymes produced by this bacterium during growth including; acid and alkaline phosphatase, gelatinase, and beta-lactamase activities. We also show that the spent culture medium contained hemolysin activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Voros
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Figueira-Coelho J, Lourenço S, Pires AC, Mendonça P, Malhado JA. Mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated mucositis with minimal skin manifestations. Am J Clin Dermatol 2009; 9:399-403. [PMID: 18973408 DOI: 10.2165/0128071-200809060-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated mucositis is a rarely described complication of M. pneumoniae infection presenting with ocular, oral, and genital involvement but without the typical skin lesions seen in Stevens-Johnson syndrome. A 27-year-old man with a past history of asthma presented at the emergency room with a 1-week history of cough (initially non-productive but subsequently associated with non-bloody mucopurulent sputum), fever, myalgias, headache, and progressive dyspnea. Two days before admission he had commenced amoxicillin/clavulanic acid with no improvement. The patient reported bilateral conjunctival injection and hemorrhagic ulcers on the lips commencing the day prior to admission. Physical examination revealed fever (39 degrees C), bilateral exudative conjunctivitis, painful hemorrhagic ulcers on the lips, tongue, and oral mucosa, small scrotal erosions, erythema of the penile meatus, and small erythematous bullae on the dorsum of each hand; subsequently, the patient developed bullae at the venipuncture site on his right arm. Laboratory tests revealed positive IgM serology for M. pneumoniae, with titer elevation. The patient was successfully treated with levofloxacin and prednisolone. Our case appears to be the first adult patient described with M. pneumoniae-associated mucositis, which has previously been reported only in pediatric patients. This is also the first reported instance of a case of M. pneumoniae-associated mucositis treated with levofloxacin and prednisolone. M. pneumoniae infection should be considered in all cases of mucositis, and treatment of this condition with levofloxacin and prednisolone seems to be effective.
Collapse
|
43
|
Wealthall SR. Mycoplasma meningitis in infants with spina bifida. DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY. SUPPLEMENT 2008:117-22. [PMID: 1107109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1975.tb03590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Infants with myelomeningocele are liable to develop bacterial colonisation of the lesion which, in the case of Gram-negative bacteria, often progresses to meningitis because of the infants' immature immune status. The time and origin of the bacterial colonisation usually are uncertain. This study reports seven cases of meningitis caused by Mycoplasma hominis, an organism not previously reported to cause meningitis. The commensal status of Mycoplasma hominis in the vagina of many women, and its isolation from the mother of one patient in this group, suggests that the infant acquired the organism in the birth canal and that infection developed over a period of days. Routine cultures from the sac or wound did not show the presence of organisms until after the child had developed signs and symptoms of meningitis. Commensal organisms from the vagina may lie dormant for several days within the closed myelomeningocele and their more virulent strains may then produce meningitis. It is suggested that neonatal meningitis may be caused by organisms acquired during birth, as well as by those to which the infant is exposed later.
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the most common agents of community-acquired pneumonia in children and young adults. Although M. pneumoniae is a small bacterium that can reproduce in an artificial culture medium and is known to be sensitive to certain antibiotics in vitro as well as in vivo, the immunopathogenesis of M. pneumoniae in the human host is not fully understood. The epidemiologic characteristics, including periodic epidemics, and some clinical characteristics of M. pneumoniae are similar to those observed in systemic viral infections. Many experimental and clinical studies have suggested that the pathogenesis of lung injuries in M. pneumoniae infection is associated with a cell-mediated immune reaction, including high responsiveness to corticosteroid therapy. This paper presents an overview of M. pneumoniae infections, with emphasis on epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Yil Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, 520-2 Daeheung 2-dong, Jung-gu, Daejeon 301-723, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Borchsenius SN, Vishnyakov IE, Budantseva EV, Vonskii MS, Jacobs E, Lazarev VN. α-crystallin-type heat-shock protein from mycoplasma Acholeplasma laidlawii (Mollicutes). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x08040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
46
|
|
47
|
Barile MF, Delgiudice RA. Isolations of Mycoplasmas and Their Rapid Identification by Plate Epi-Immunofluorescence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470719893.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
|
48
|
Sánchez-Vargas FM, Gómez-Duarte OG. Mycoplasma pneumoniae-an emerging extra-pulmonary pathogen. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 14:105-17. [PMID: 17949442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma is a well-recognised pathogen that colonises mucosal surfaces of humans and animals. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infects the upper and lower respiratory tracts of children and adults, leading to a wide range of respiratory and non-respiratory clinical conditions. M. pneumoniae infection is frequently considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with respiratory illnesses, and is commonly managed empirically with macrolides and fluoroquinolones. This contrasts with patients who present with non-respiratory symptoms in the context of a recent or current unrecognised M. pneumoniae infection, for whom this pathogen is rarely considered in the initial differential diagnosis. This review considers the microbiological, epidemiological, pathogenic and clinical features of this frequent pathogen that need to be considered in the differential diagnosis of respiratory and non-respiratory infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F M Sánchez-Vargas
- Internal Medicine Department, Clínica San Pedro Claver, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Cho BH, Choi HS, Cho CH, Kim YH, Choi CW, Park MJ, Yoo JH, Kang HM. A Case of Mycoplasma Pneumonia Presenting with RUL Collapse. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2007. [DOI: 10.4046/trd.2007.63.6.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Hyun Cho
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kyunghee University College of Medicine, Kyunghee Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Sook Choi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kyunghee University College of Medicine, Kyunghee Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Cho
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kyunghee University College of Medicine, Kyunghee Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yee Hyung Kim
- Kyunghee University College of Medicine, East and West Neo Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheon Woong Choi
- Kyunghee University College of Medicine, East and West Neo Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Jae Park
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kyunghee University College of Medicine, Kyunghee Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee-Hong Yoo
- Kyunghee University College of Medicine, East and West Neo Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Mo Kang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kyunghee University College of Medicine, Kyunghee Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hasselbring BM, Page CA, Sheppard ES, Krause DC. Transposon mutagenesis identifies genes associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae gliding motility. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:6335-45. [PMID: 16923901 PMCID: PMC1595379 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00698-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The wall-less prokaryote Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a common cause of chronic respiratory tract infections in humans, is considered to be among the smallest and simplest known cells capable of self-replication, yet it has a complex architecture with a novel cytoskeleton and a differentiated terminal organelle that function in adherence, cell division, and gliding motility. Recent findings have begun to elucidate the hierarchy of protein interactions required for terminal organelle assembly, but the engineering of its gliding machinery is largely unknown. In the current study, we assessed gliding in cytadherence mutants lacking terminal organelle proteins B, C, P1, and HMW1. Furthermore, we screened over 3,500 M. pneumoniae transposon mutants individually to identify genes associated with gliding but dispensable for cytadherence. Forty-seven transformants having motility defects were characterized further, with transposon insertions mapping to 32 different open reading frames widely distributed throughout the M. pneumoniae genome; 30 of these were dispensable for cytadherence. We confirmed the clonality of selected transformants by Southern blot hybridization and PCR analysis and characterized satellite growth and gliding by microcinematography. For some mutants, satellite growth was absent or developed more slowly than that of the wild type. Others produced lawn-like growth largely devoid of typical microcolonies, while still others had a dull, asymmetrical leading edge or a filamentous appearance of colony spreading. All mutants exhibited substantially reduced gliding velocities and/or frequencies. These findings significantly expand our understanding of the complexity of M. pneumoniae gliding and the identity of possible elements of the gliding machinery, providing a foundation for a detailed analysis of the engineering and regulation of motility in this unusual prokaryote.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Hasselbring
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, 523 Biological Sciences Building, GA 30602, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|