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Schuhmacher L, Heck S, Pitz M, Mathey E, Lamparter T, Blumhofer A, Leister K, Fischer R. The LOV-domain blue-light receptor LreA of the fungus Alternaria alternata binds predominantly FAD as chromophore and acts as a light and temperature sensor. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107238. [PMID: 38552736 PMCID: PMC11061223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Light and temperature sensing are important features of many organisms. Light may provide energy but may also be used by non-photosynthetic organisms for orientation in the environment. Recent evidence suggests that plant and fungal phytochrome and plant phototropin serve dual functions as light and temperature sensors. Here we characterized the fungal LOV-domain blue-light receptor LreA of Alternaria alternata and show that it predominantly contains FAD as chromophore. Blue-light illumination induced ROS production followed by protein agglomeration in vitro. In vivo ROS may control LreA activity. LreA acts as a blue-light photoreceptor but also triggers temperature-shift-induced gene expression. Both responses required the conserved amino acid cysteine 421. We therefore propose that temperature mimics the photoresponse, which could be the ancient function of the chromoprotein. Temperature-dependent gene expression control with LreA was distinct from the response with phytochrome suggesting fine-tuned, photoreceptor-specific gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Schuhmacher
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Steffen Heck
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Pitz
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Elena Mathey
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tilman Lamparter
- Joseph Kölreuter Institute for Plant Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Blumhofer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kai Leister
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Piatkevich KD, Boyden ES. Optogenetic control of neural activity: The biophysics of microbial rhodopsins in neuroscience. Q Rev Biophys 2023; 57:e1. [PMID: 37831008 DOI: 10.1017/s0033583523000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics, the use of microbial rhodopsins to make the electrical activity of targeted neurons controllable by light, has swept through neuroscience, enabling thousands of scientists to study how specific neuron types contribute to behaviors and pathologies, and how they might serve as novel therapeutic targets. By activating a set of neurons, one can probe what functions they can initiate or sustain, and by silencing a set of neurons, one can probe the functions they are necessary for. We here review the biophysics of these molecules, asking why they became so useful in neuroscience for the study of brain circuitry. We review the history of the field, including early thinking, early experiments, applications of optogenetics, pre-optogenetics targeted neural control tools, and the history of discovering and characterizing microbial rhodopsins. We then review the biophysical attributes of rhodopsins that make them so useful to neuroscience - their classes and structure, their photocycles, their photocurrent magnitudes and kinetics, their action spectra, and their ion selectivity. Our hope is to convey to the reader how specific biophysical properties of these molecules made them especially useful to neuroscientists for a difficult problem - the control of high-speed electrical activity, with great precision and ease, in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiryl D Piatkevich
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Edward S Boyden
- McGovern Institute and Koch Institute, Departments of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Media Arts and Sciences, and Biological Engineering, K. Lisa Yang Center for Bionics and Center for Neurobiological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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3
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Mohri M, Moghadam A, Burketova L, Ryšánek P. Genome-wide identification of the opsin protein in Leptosphaeria maculans and comparison with other fungi (pathogens of Brassica napus). Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1193892. [PMID: 37692395 PMCID: PMC10485269 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1193892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The largest family of transmembrane receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These receptors respond to perceived environmental signals and infect their host plants. Family A of the GPCR includes opsin. However, there is little known about the roles of GPCRs in phytopathogenic fungi. We studied opsin in Leptosphaeria maculans, an important pathogen of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) that causes blackleg disease, and compared it with six other fungal pathogens of oilseed rape. A phylogenetic tree analysis of 31 isoforms of the opsin protein showed six major groups and six subgroups. All three opsin isoforms of L. maculans are grouped in the same clade in the phylogenetic tree. Physicochemical analysis revealed that all studied opsin proteins are stable and hydrophobic. Subcellular localization revealed that most isoforms were localized in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane except for several isoforms in Verticillium species, which were localized in the mitochondrial membrane. Most isoforms comprise two conserved domains. One conserved motif was observed across all isoforms, consisting of the BACTERIAL_OPSIN_1 domain, which has been hypothesized to have an identical sensory function. Most studied isoforms showed seven transmembrane helices, except for one isoform of V. longisporum and four isoforms of Fusarium oxysporum. Tertiary structure prediction displayed a conformational change in four isoforms of F. oxysporum that presumed differences in binding to other proteins and sensing signals, thereby resulting in various pathogenicity strategies. Protein-protein interactions and binding site analyses demonstrated a variety of numbers of ligands and pockets across all isoforms, ranging between 0 and 13 ligands and 4 and 10 pockets. According to the phylogenetic analysis in this study and considerable physiochemically and structurally differences of opsin proteins among all studied fungi hypothesized that this protein acts in the pathogenicity, growth, sporulation, and mating of these fungi differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Mohri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ali Moghadam
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Lenka Burketova
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Ryšánek
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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4
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Nagy L, Vonk P, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm R, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu X, Nan S, Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu H, Yang X, Merényi Z. Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Stud Mycol 2023; 104:1-85. [PMID: 37351542 PMCID: PMC10282164 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fruiting bodies (sporocarps, sporophores or basidiomata) of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are among the most complex structures produced by fungi. Unlike vegetative hyphae, fruiting bodies grow determinately and follow a genetically encoded developmental program that orchestrates their growth, tissue differentiation and sexual sporulation. In spite of more than a century of research, our understanding of the molecular details of fruiting body morphogenesis is still limited and a general synthesis on the genetics of this complex process is lacking. In this paper, we aim at a comprehensive identification of conserved genes related to fruiting body morphogenesis and distil novel functional hypotheses for functionally poorly characterised ones. As a result of this analysis, we report 921 conserved developmentally expressed gene families, only a few dozens of which have previously been reported to be involved in fruiting body development. Based on literature data, conserved expression patterns and functional annotations, we provide hypotheses on the potential role of these gene families in fruiting body development, yielding the most complete description of molecular processes in fruiting body morphogenesis to date. We discuss genes related to the initiation of fruiting, differentiation, growth, cell surface and cell wall, defence, transcriptional regulation as well as signal transduction. Based on these data we derive a general model of fruiting body development, which includes an early, proliferative phase that is mostly concerned with laying out the mushroom body plan (via cell division and differentiation), and a second phase of growth via cell expansion as well as meiotic events and sporulation. Altogether, our discussions cover 1 480 genes of Coprinopsis cinerea, and their orthologs in Agaricus bisporus, Cyclocybe aegerita, Armillaria ostoyae, Auriculariopsis ampla, Laccaria bicolor, Lentinula edodes, Lentinus tigrinus, Mycena kentingensis, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Schizophyllum commune, providing functional hypotheses for ~10 % of genes in the genomes of these species. Although experimental evidence for the role of these genes will need to be established in the future, our data provide a roadmap for guiding functional analyses of fruiting related genes in the Agaricomycetes. We anticipate that the gene compendium presented here, combined with developments in functional genomics approaches will contribute to uncovering the genetic bases of one of the most spectacular multicellular developmental processes in fungi. Citation: Nagy LG, Vonk PJ, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm RA, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu XB, Nan S, M. Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu W, Yang X, Merényi Z (2023). Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Studies in Mycology 104: 1-85. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.G. Nagy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - P.J. Vonk
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - M. Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - C. Földi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - M. Virágh
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - R.A. Ohm
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - F. Hennicke
- Project Group Genetics and Genomics of Fungi, Chair Evolution of Plants and Fungi, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany;
| | - B. Bálint
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Á. Csernetics
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Hegedüs
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Z. Hou
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X.B. Liu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - S. Nan
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - M. Pareek
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - N. Sahu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Szathmári
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - T. Varga
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - H. Wu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X. Yang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Z. Merényi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
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5
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Kojima K, Sudo Y. Convergent evolution of animal and microbial rhodopsins. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5367-5381. [PMID: 36793294 PMCID: PMC9923458 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07073a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhodopsins, a family of photoreceptive membrane proteins, contain retinal as a chromophore and were firstly identified as reddish pigments from frog retina in 1876. Since then, rhodopsin-like proteins have been identified mainly from animal eyes. In 1971, a rhodopsin-like pigment was discovered from the archaeon Halobacterium salinarum and named bacteriorhodopsin. While it was believed that rhodopsin- and bacteriorhodopsin-like proteins were expressed only in animal eyes and archaea, respectively, before the 1990s, a variety of rhodopsin-like proteins (called animal rhodopsins or opsins) and bacteriorhodopsin-like proteins (called microbial rhodopsins) have been progressively identified from various tissues of animals and microorganisms, respectively. Here, we comprehensively introduce the research conducted on animal and microbial rhodopsins. Recent analysis has revealed that the two rhodopsin families have common molecular properties, such as the protein structure (i.e., 7-transmembrane structure), retinal structure (i.e., binding ability to cis- and trans-retinal), color sensitivity (i.e., UV- and visible-light sensitivities), and photoreaction (i.e., triggering structural changes by light and heat), more than what was expected at the early stages of rhodopsin research. Contrastingly, their molecular functions are distinctively different (e.g., G protein-coupled receptors and photoisomerases for animal rhodopsins and ion transporters and phototaxis sensors for microbial rhodopsins). Therefore, based on their similarities and dissimilarities, we propose that animal and microbial rhodopsins have convergently evolved from their distinctive origins as multi-colored retinal-binding membrane proteins whose activities are regulated by light and heat but independently evolved for different molecular and physiological functions in the cognate organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Kojima
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Japan
| | - Yuki Sudo
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Japan
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6
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Cerón-Bustamante M, Balducci E, Beccari G, Nicholson P, Covarelli L, Benincasa P. Effect of light spectra on cereal fungal pathogens, a review. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Abstract
Sunlight drives phototrophic metabolism, which affects redox conditions and produces substrates for nonphototrophs. These environmental parameters fluctuate daily due to Earth’s rotation, and nonphototrophic organisms can therefore benefit from the ability to respond to, or even anticipate, such changes. Circadian rhythms, such as daily changes in body temperature, in host organisms can also affect local conditions for colonizing bacteria. Here, we investigated the effects of light/dark and temperature cycling on biofilms of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14. We grew biofilms in the presence of a respiratory indicator dye and found that enhanced dye reduction occurred in biofilm zones that formed during dark intervals and at lower temperatures. This pattern formation occurred with cycling of blue, red, or far-red light, and a screen of mutants representing potential sensory proteins identified two with defects in pattern formation, specifically under red light cycling. We also found that the physiological states of biofilm subzones formed under specific light and temperature conditions were retained during subsequent condition cycling. Light/dark and temperature cycling affected expression of genes involved in primary metabolic pathways and redox homeostasis, including those encoding electron transport chain components. Consistent with this, we found that cbb3-type oxidases contribute to dye reduction under light/dark cycling conditions. Together, our results indicate that cyclic changes in light exposure and temperature have lasting effects on redox metabolism in biofilms formed by a nonphototrophic, pathogenic bacterium.
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8
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Schmoll M, Hinterdobler W. Tools for adapting to a complex habitat: G-protein coupled receptors in Trichoderma. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 193:65-97. [PMID: 36357080 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sensing the environment and interpretation of the received signals are crucial competences of living organisms in order to properly adapt to their habitat, succeed in competition and to reproduce. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are members of a large family of sensors for extracellular signals and represent the starting point of complex signaling cascades regulating a plethora of intracellular physiological processes and output pathways in fungi. In Trichoderma spp. current research involves a wide range of topics from enzyme production, light response and secondary metabolism to sexual and asexual development as well as biocontrol, all of which require delicate balancing of resources in response to the environmental challenges or biotechnological needs at hand, which are crucially impacted by the surroundings of the fungi and their intercellular signaling cascades triggering a precisely tailored response. In this review we summarize recent findings on sensing by GPCRs in Trichoderma, including the function of pheromone receptors, glucose sensing by CSG1 and CSG2, regulation of secondary metabolism by GPR8 and impacts on mycoparasitism by GPR1. Additionally, we provide an overview on structural determinants, posttranslational modifications and interactions for regulation, activation and signal termination of GPCRs in order to inspire future in depth analyses of their function and to understand previous regulatory outcomes of natural and biotechnological processes modulated or enabled by GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schmoll
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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9
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A light-sensing system in the common ancestor of the fungi. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3146-3153.e3. [PMID: 35675809 PMCID: PMC9616733 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diverse light-sensing organs (i.e., eyes) have evolved across animals. Interestingly, several subcellular analogs have been found in eukaryotic microbes.1 All of these systems have a common “recipe”: a light occluding or refractory surface juxtaposed to a membrane-layer enriched in type I rhodopsins.1, 2, 3, 4 In the fungi, several lineages have been shown to detect light using a diversity of non-homologous photo-responsive proteins.5, 6, 7 However, these systems are not associated with an eyespot-like organelle with one exception found in the zoosporic fungus Blastocladiella emersonii (Be).8Be possesses both elements of this recipe: an eyespot composed of lipid-filled structures (often called the side-body complex [SBC]), co-localized with a membrane enriched with a gene-fusion protein composed of a type I (microbial) rhodopsin and guanylyl cyclase enzyme domain (CyclOp-fusion protein).8,9 Here, we identify homologous pathway components in four Chytridiomycota orders (Chytridiales, Synchytriales, Rhizophydiales, and Monoblepharidiales). To further explore the architecture of the fungal zoospore and its lipid organelles, we reviewed electron microscopy data (e.g., the works of Barr and Hartmann10 and Reichle and Fuller11) and performed fluorescence-microscopy imaging of four CyclOp-carrying zoosporic fungal species, showing the presence of a variety of candidate eyespot-cytoskeletal ultrastructure systems. We then assessed the presence of canonical photoreceptors across the fungi and inferred that the last common fungal ancestor was able to sense light across a range of wavelengths using a variety of systems, including blue-green-light detection. Our data imply, independently of how the fungal tree of life is rooted, that the apparatus for a CyclOp-organelle light perception system was an ancestral feature of the fungi. A wide diversity of flagellated fungi possess the CyclOp light response circuit The same fungi possess the subcellular equipment to build lipid-based eyespots The last common ancestor of fungi possessed the CyclOp eyespot system The ancestral fungus could see a rainbow of light wavelengths
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10
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A Simple and Low-Cost Strategy to Improve Conidial Yield and Stress Resistance of Trichoderma guizhouense through Optimizing Illumination Conditions. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8010050. [PMID: 35049990 PMCID: PMC8779183 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is perceived by photoreceptors in fungi and further integrated into the stress-activated MAPK HOG pathway, and thereby potentially activates the expression of genes for stress responses. This indicates that the precise control of light conditions can likely improve the conidial yield and stress resistance to guarantee the low cost and long shelf life of Trichoderma-based biocontrol agents and biofertilizers. In this study, effects of wavelengths and intensities of light on conidial yield and stress tolerance to osmotic, oxidative and pH stresses in Trichoderma guizhouense were investigated. We found that 2 μmol photons/(m2 × s) of blue light increased the conidial yield more than 1000 folds as compared to dark condition and simultaneously enhanced conidial stress resistance. The enhanced conidial stress resistance is probably due to the upregulated stress-related genes in blue light, which is under the control of the blue light receptor BLR1 and the MAP kinase HOG1.
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11
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Brancini GTP, Hallsworth JE, Corrochano LM, Braga GÚL. Photobiology of the keystone genus Metarhizium. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 226:112374. [PMID: 34954528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metarhizium fungi are soil-inhabiting ascomycetes which are saprotrophs, symbionts of plants, pathogens of insects, and participate in other trophic/ecological interactions, thereby performing multiple essential ecosystem services. Metarhizium species are used to control insect pests of crop plants and insects that act as vectors of human and animal diseases. To fulfil their functions in the environment and as biocontrol agents, these fungi must endure cellular stresses imposed by the environment, one of the most potent of which is solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Here, we examine the cellular stress biology of Metarhizium species in context of their photobiology, showing how photobiology facilitates key aspects of their ecology as keystone microbes and as mycoinsectides. The biophysical basis of UV-induced damage to Metarhizium, and mechanistic basis of molecular and cellular responses to effect damage repair, are discussed and interpreted in relation to the solar radiation received on Earth. We analyse the interplay between UV and visible light and how the latter increases cellular tolerance to the former via expression of a photolyase gene. By integrating current knowledge, we propose the mechanism through which Metarhizium species use the visible fraction of (low-UV) early-morning light to mitigate potentially lethal damage from intense UV radiation later in the day. We also show how this mechanism could increase Metarhizium environmental persistence and improve its bioinsecticide performance. We discuss the finding that visible light modulates stress biology in the context of further work needed on Metarhizium ecology in natural and agricultural ecosystems, and as keystone microbes that provide essential services within Earth's biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme T P Brancini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - John E Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Luis M Corrochano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gilberto Ú L Braga
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
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12
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Kikukawa T. Unique Cl - pump rhodopsin with close similarity to H + pump rhodopsin. Biophys Physicobiol 2021; 18:317-326. [PMID: 35087698 PMCID: PMC8756000 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v18.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial rhodopsin is a ubiquitous membrane protein in unicellular microorganisms. Similar to animal rhodopsin, this protein consists of seven transmembrane helices and the chromophore retinal. However, unlike animal rhodopsin, microbial rhodopsin acts as not only a photosignal receptor but also a light-activated ion transporter and light-switchable enzyme. In this article, the third Cl- pump microbial rhodopsin will be introduced. The physiological importance of Cl- pumps has not been clarified. Despite this, their mechanisms, especially that of the first Cl- pump halorhodopsin (HR), have been studied to characterize them as model proteins for membrane anion transporters. The third Cl- pump defines a phylogenetic cluster distinct from other microbial rhodopsins. However, this Cl- pump conserves characteristic residues for not only the Cl- pump HR but also the H+ pump bacteriorhodopsin (BR). Reflecting close similarity to BR, the third Cl- pump begins to pump H+ outwardly after single amino acid replacement. This mutation activates several residues that have no roles in the original Cl- pump function but act as important H+ relay residues in the H+ pump mutant. Thus, the third Cl- pump might be the model protein for functional differentiation because this rhodopsin seems to be the Cl- pump occurring immediately after functional differentiation from the BR-type H+ pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kikukawa
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060–0810, Japan
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13
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Panzer S, Zhang C, Konte T, Bräuer C, Diemar A, Yogendran P, Yu-Strzelczyk J, Nagel G, Gao S, Terpitz U. Modified Rhodopsins From Aureobasidium pullulans Excel With Very High Proton-Transport Rates. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:750528. [PMID: 34790700 PMCID: PMC8591190 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.750528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aureobasidium pullulans is a black fungus that can adapt to various stressful conditions like hypersaline, acidic, and alkaline environments. The genome of A. pullulans exhibits three genes coding for putative opsins ApOps1, ApOps2, and ApOps3. We heterologously expressed these genes in mammalian cells and Xenopus oocytes. Localization in the plasma membrane was greatly improved by introducing additional membrane trafficking signals at the N-terminus and the C-terminus. In patch-clamp and two-electrode-voltage clamp experiments, all three proteins showed proton pump activity with maximal activity in green light. Among them, ApOps2 exhibited the most pronounced proton pump activity with current amplitudes occasionally extending 10 pA/pF at 0 mV. Proton pump activity was further supported in the presence of extracellular weak organic acids. Furthermore, we used site-directed mutagenesis to reshape protein functions and thereby implemented light-gated proton channels. We discuss the difference to other well-known proton pumps and the potential of these rhodopsins for optogenetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Panzer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Neurophysiology, Physiological Institute, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tilen Konte
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Celine Bräuer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anne Diemar
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Parathy Yogendran
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jing Yu-Strzelczyk
- Department of Neurophysiology, Physiological Institute, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Georg Nagel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Physiological Institute, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Department of Neurophysiology, Physiological Institute, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Terpitz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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14
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Abstract
Microbial rhodopsins are diverse photoreceptive proteins containing a retinal chromophore and are found in all domains of cellular life and are even encoded in genomes of viruses. These rhodopsins make up two families: type 1 rhodopsins and the recently discovered heliorhodopsins. These families have seven transmembrane helices with similar structures but opposing membrane orientation. Microbial rhodopsins participate in a portfolio of light-driven energy and sensory transduction processes. In this review we present data collected over the last two decades about these rhodopsins and describe their diversity, functions, and biological and ecological roles. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Rozenberg
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; ,
| | - Keiichi Inoue
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Japan;
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan;
| | - Oded Béjà
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; ,
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15
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Sasaki S, Tamogami J, Nishiya K, Demura M, Kikukawa T. Replaceability of Schiff base proton donors in light-driven proton pump rhodopsins. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101013. [PMID: 34329681 PMCID: PMC8387761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many H+-pump rhodopsins conserve “H+ donor” residues in cytoplasmic (CP) half channels to quickly transport H+ from the CP medium to Schiff bases at the center of these proteins. For conventional H+ pumps, the donors are conserved as Asp or Glu but are replaced by Lys in the minority, such as Exiguobacterium sibiricum rhodopsin (ESR). In dark states, carboxyl donors are protonated, whereas the Lys donor is deprotonated. As a result, carboxyl donors first donate H+ to the Schiff bases and then capture the other H+ from the medium, whereas the Lys donor first captures H+ from the medium and then donates it to the Schiff base. Thus, carboxyl and Lys-type H+ pumps seem to have different mechanisms, which are probably optimized for their respective H+-transfer reactions. Here, we examined these differences via replacement of donor residues. For Asp-type deltarhodopsin (DR), the embedded Lys residue distorted the protein conformation and did not act as the H+ donor. In contrast, for Glu-type proteorhodopsin (PR) and ESR, the embedded residues functioned well as H+ donors. These differences were further examined by focusing on the activation volumes during the H+-transfer reactions. The results revealed essential differences between archaeal H+ pump (DR) and eubacterial H+ pumps PR and ESR. Archaeal DR requires significant hydration of the CP channel for the H+-transfer reactions; however, eubacterial PR and ESR require the swing-like motion of the donor residue rather than hydration. Given this common mechanism, donor residues might be replaceable between eubacterial PR and ESR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syogo Sasaki
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jun Tamogami
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan.
| | - Koki Nishiya
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Demura
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikukawa
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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16
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Kikuchi M, Kojima K, Nakao S, Yoshizawa S, Kawanishi S, Shibukawa A, Kikukawa T, Sudo Y. Functional expression of the eukaryotic proton pump rhodopsin OmR2 in Escherichia coli and its photochemical characterization. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14765. [PMID: 34285294 PMCID: PMC8292405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial rhodopsins are photoswitchable seven-transmembrane proteins that are widely distributed in three domains of life, archaea, bacteria and eukarya. Rhodopsins allow the transport of protons outwardly across the membrane and are indispensable for light-energy conversion in microorganisms. Archaeal and bacterial proton pump rhodopsins have been characterized using an Escherichia coli expression system because that enables the rapid production of large amounts of recombinant proteins, whereas no success has been reported for eukaryotic rhodopsins. Here, we report a phylogenetically distinct eukaryotic rhodopsin from the dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina (O. marina rhodopsin-2, OmR2) that can be expressed in E. coli cells. E. coli cells harboring the OmR2 gene showed an outward proton-pumping activity, indicating its functional expression. Spectroscopic characterization of the purified OmR2 protein revealed several features as follows: (1) an absorption maximum at 533 nm with all-trans retinal chromophore, (2) the possession of the deprotonated counterion (pKa = 3.0) of the protonated Schiff base and (3) a rapid photocycle through several distinct photointermediates. Those features are similar to those of known eukaryotic proton pump rhodopsins. Our successful characterization of OmR2 expressed in E. coli cells could build a basis for understanding and utilizing eukaryotic rhodopsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuzu Kikuchi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Keiichi Kojima
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shin Nakao
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Susumu Yoshizawa
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, 277-8564, Japan
| | - Shiho Kawanishi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shibukawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikukawa
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.,Global Station for Soft Matter, GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yuki Sudo
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan. .,Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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17
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Gao J, Xu X, Huang K, Liang Z. Fungal G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: A Promising Mediator of the Impact of Extracellular Signals on Biosynthesis of Ochratoxin A. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:631392. [PMID: 33643259 PMCID: PMC7907439 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.631392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are transmembrane receptors involved in transducing signals from the external environment inside the cell, which enables fungi to coordinate cell transport, metabolism, and growth to promote their survival, reproduction, and virulence. There are 14 classes of GPCRs in fungi involved in sensing various ligands. In this paper, the synthesis of mycotoxins that are GPCR-mediated is discussed with respect to ligands, environmental stimuli, and intra-/interspecific communication. Despite their apparent importance in fungal biology, very little is known about the role of ochratoxin A (OTA) biosynthesis by Aspergillus ochraceus and the ligands that are involved. Fortunately, increasing evidence shows that the GPCR that involves the AF/ST (sterigmatocystin) pathway in fungi belongs to the same genus. Therefore, we speculate that GPCRs play an important role in a variety of environmental signals and downstream pathways in OTA biosynthesis. The verification of this inference will result in a more controllable GPCR target for control of fungal contamination in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China
| | - Xinge Xu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Liang
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China.,College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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18
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Inoue K. Diversity, Mechanism, and Optogenetic Application of Light-Driven Ion Pump Rhodopsins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1293:89-126. [PMID: 33398809 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ion-transporting microbial rhodopsins are widely used as major molecular tools in optogenetics. They are categorized into light-gated ion channels and light-driven ion pumps. While the former passively transport various types of cations and anions in a light-dependent manner, light-driven ion pumps actively transport specific ions, such as H+, Na+, Cl-, against electrophysiological potential by using light energy. Since the ion transport by these pumps induces hyperpolarization of membrane potential and inhibit neural firing, light-driven ion-pumping rhodopsins are mostly applied as inhibitory optogenetics tools. Recent progress in genome and metagenome sequencing identified more than several thousands of ion-pumping rhodopsins from a wide variety of microbes, and functional characterization studies has been revealing many new types of light-driven ion pumps one after another. Since light-gated channels were reviewed in other chapters in this book, here the rapid progress in functional characterization, molecular mechanism study, and optogenetic application of ion-pumping rhodopsins were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Inoue
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
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19
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Functional Mechanism of Cl --Pump Rhodopsin and Its Conversion into H + Pump. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1293:55-71. [PMID: 33398807 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cl--pump rhodopsin is the second discovered microbial rhodopsin. Although its physiological role has not been fully clarified, its functional mechanism has been studied as a model for anion transporters. After the success of neural activation by channel rhodopsin, the first Cl--pump halorhodopsin (HR) had become widely used as a neural silencer. The emergence of artificial and natural anion channel rhodopsins lowered the importance of HRs. However, the longer absorption maxima of approximately 585-600 nm for HRs are still advantageous for applications in mammalian brains and collaborations with neural activators possessing shorter absorption maxima. In this chapter, the variation and functional mechanisms of Cl- pumps are summarized. After the discovery of HR, Cl--pump rhodopsins were confined to only extremely halophilic haloarchaea. However, after 2014, two Cl--pump groups were newly discovered in marine and terrestrial bacteria. These Cl- pumps are phylogenetically distinct from HRs and have unique characteristics. In particular, the most recently identified Cl- pump has close similarity with the H+ pump bacteriorhodopsin and was converted into the H+ pump by a single amino acid replacement.
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20
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Figueroa D, Rojas V, Romero A, Larrondo LF, Salinas F. The rise and shine of yeast optogenetics. Yeast 2020; 38:131-146. [PMID: 33119964 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics refers to the control of biological processes with light. The activation of cellular phenomena by defined wavelengths has several advantages compared with traditional chemically inducible systems, such as spatiotemporal resolution, dose-response regulation, low cost, and moderate toxic effects. Optogenetics has been successfully implemented in yeast, a remarkable biological platform that is not only a model organism for cellular and molecular biology studies, but also a microorganism with diverse biotechnological applications. In this review, we summarize the main optogenetic systems implemented in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which allow orthogonal control (by light) of gene expression, protein subcellular localization, reconstitution of protein activity, and protein sequestration by oligomerization. Furthermore, we review the application of optogenetic systems in the control of metabolic pathways, heterologous protein production and flocculation. We then revise an example of a previously described yeast optogenetic switch, named FUN-LOV, which allows precise and strong activation of the target gene. Finally, we describe optogenetic systems that have not yet been implemented in yeast, which could therefore be used to expand the panel of available tools in this biological chassis. In conclusion, a wide repertoire of optogenetic systems can be used to address fundamental biological questions and broaden the biotechnological toolkit in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Figueroa
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,ANID - Millennium Science Initiative - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBIO), Santiago, Chile
| | - Vicente Rojas
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBIO), Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andres Romero
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBIO), Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis F Larrondo
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBIO), Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Salinas
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,ANID - Millennium Science Initiative - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBIO), Santiago, Chile
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21
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Moreno-Ruiz D, Fuchs A, Missbach K, Schuhmacher R, Zeilinger S. Influence of Different Light Regimes on the Mycoparasitic Activity and 6-Pentyl-α-pyrone Biosynthesis in Two Strains of Trichoderma atroviride. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100860. [PMID: 33096850 PMCID: PMC7589932 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ascomycete Trichoderma atroviride is well known for its mycoparasitic lifestyle. Similar to other organisms, light is an important cue for T. atroviride. However, besides triggering of conidiation, little is known on the physiological responses of T. atroviride to light. In this study, we analyzed how cultivation under different light wavelengths and regimes impacted the behavior of two T. atroviride wild-type strains: IMI206040 and P1. While colony extension of both strains was slightly affected by light, massive differences in their photoconidation responses became evident. T. atroviride P1 colonies conidiated under all conditions tested including growth in complete darkness, while IMI206040 required white, blue or green light to trigger asexual reproduction. Interestingly, deletion of the stress-activated MAP kinase-encoding gene tmk3 abolished the ability of strain P1 to conidiate in red and yellow light as well as in darkness. Furthermore, light-dependent differences in the mycoparasitic activity and in the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolite 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6-PP) became evident. 6-PP production was highest upon dark incubation, while light, especially exposure to white light as light/dark cycles, had an inhibitory effect on its biosynthesis. We conclude that the response of T. atroviride to light is strain-dependent and impacts differentiation, mycoparasitism, and 6-PP production; hence, this should be considered in experiments testing the mycoparasitic activity of these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubraska Moreno-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.M.-R.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessandro Fuchs
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.M.-R.); (A.F.)
| | - Kristina Missbach
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1180 Tulln, Austria; (K.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1180 Tulln, Austria; (K.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Susanne Zeilinger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.M.-R.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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Temperature Dependency of Proton Pumping Activity for Marine Microbial Rhodopsin from Antartic Ocean. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1356. [PMID: 31992768 PMCID: PMC6987182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteorhodopsin (PR) is discovered from marine bacteria and it has proton pumping activity from inside to outside of the cell using light energy. In general, PR classified into two groups by the maximum absorption spectra. In this study, we isolated the two of a full sequence of opsin homologues by PCR from the seawater sample near King George Island, Antarctica. One was the same sequence as the first reported GPR (Green-light absorbing PR) from Monterey Bay. Another named HSG119 was a newly discovered sequence which shows high sequence similarity with BPR (Blue-light absorbing PR). HSG119 has an absorption maximum at 493 nm with broader spectrum at pH7.0 and it can pump protons out of the cell membrane. Interestingly, it showed a similar temperature dependence to GPR(Y200N) that isolated near the North pole.
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23
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Han S, Kim SH, Cho JC, Song J, Bleckner G, Jung KH. Photochemical characterization of flavobacterial rhodopsin: The importance of the helix E region for heat stability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148092. [PMID: 31669491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.148092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although many microbial rhodopsins have been discovered many of organisms in a variety of habitats, little is known about the property and diversity of rhodopsin in flavobacteria. Recent studies discovered that many proteorhodopsin (PR)-like proteins exist in genomes of flavobacteria. Following the isolation of a flavobacterial rhodopsins (FR) from the flavobacteria IMCC1997 from the East Sea of Korea, we characterized its photochemical features. We confirmed that the FR expression is induced by light in the IMCC1997 cell. Upon receiving light energy in vitro, the proton acceptor (D83) and donor (E94) of the FR translocate protons from intracellular to extracellular regions. Compared with proteorhodopsin (PR), the FR from IMCC 1997 cells is very unstable, which may be explained by their primary sequence differences. The ratio of all trans/13-cis retinal conformation does not influence this stability. To measure the stability of FR, we tested heat endurance at 70 °C and found that the heat endurance time of some FR mutants increased. Based upon these results, we found the helix E of this protein to be critical for the unstability of FR.
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Affiliation(s)
- SongI Han
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Se-Hwan Kim
- Dept. of Life Science and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Chon Cho
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Song
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwen Bleckner
- Princeton international school of mathematics and science, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Kwang-Hwan Jung
- Dept. of Life Science and Institute of Biological Interfaces, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Jiang C, Cao S, Wang Z, Xu H, Liang J, Liu H, Wang G, Ding M, Wang Q, Gong C, Feng C, Hao C, Xu JR. An expanded subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptor genes in Fusarium graminearum required for wheat infection. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1582-1591. [PMID: 31160822 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The cAMP-PKA and MAP kinase pathways are essential for plant infection in the wheat head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum. To identify upstream receptors of these well-conserved signalling pathways, we systematically characterized the 105 G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes. Although none were required for vegetative growth, five GPCR genes (GIV1-GIV5) significantly upregulated during plant infection were important for virulence. The giv1 mutant was defective in the formation of specialized infection structures known as infection cushions, which was suppressed by application of exogenous cAMP and dominant active FST7 MEK kinase. GIV1 was important for the stimulation of PKA and Gpmk1 MAP kinase by compounds in wheat spikelets. GIV2 and GIV3 were important for infectious growth after penetration. Invasive hyphae of the giv2 mutant were defective in cell-to-cell spreading and mainly grew intercellularly in rachis tissues. Interestingly, the GIV2-GIV5 genes form a phylogenetic cluster with GIV6, which had overlapping functions with GIV5 during pathogenesis. Furthermore, the GIV2-GIV6 cluster is part of a 22-member subfamily of GPCRs, with many of them having in planta-specific upregulation and a common promoter element; however, only three subfamily members are conserved in other fungi. Taken together, F. graminearum has an expanded subfamily of infection-related GPCRs for regulating various infection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China.,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Shulin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Zeyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Huaijian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Huiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Mingyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Qinhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Chen Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China.,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Chanjing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Chaofeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China. .,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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25
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Gleason FH, Larkum AW, Raven JA, Manohar CS, Lilje O. Ecological implications of recently discovered and poorly studied sources of energy for the growth of true fungi especially in extreme environments. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Dias LP, Pedrini N, Braga GUL, Ferreira PC, Pupin B, Araújo CAS, Corrochano LM, Rangel DEN. Outcome of blue, green, red, and white light on Metarhizium robertsii during mycelial growth on conidial stress tolerance and gene expression. Fungal Biol 2019; 124:263-272. [PMID: 32389288 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fungi sense light and utilize it as a source of environmental information to prepare against many stressful conditions in nature. In this study, Metarhizium robertsii was grown on: 1) potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) in the dark (control); 2) under nutritive stress in the dark; and 3) PDA under continuous (A) white light; (B) blue light lower irradiance = LI; (C) blue light higher irradiance = HI; (D) green light; and (E) red light. Conidia produced under these treatments were tested against osmotic stress and UV radiation. In addition, a suite of genes usually involved in different stress responses were selected to study their expression patterns. Conidia produced under nutritive stress in the dark were the most tolerant to both osmotic stress and UV radiation, and the majority of their stress- and virulence-related genes were up-regulated. For osmotic stress tolerance, conidia produced under white, blue LI, and blue HI lights were the second most tolerant, followed by conidia produced under green light. Conidia produced under red light were the least tolerant to osmotic stress and less tolerant than conidia produced on PDA medium in the dark. For UV tolerance, conidia produced under blue light LI were the second most tolerant to UV radiation, followed by the UV tolerances of conidia produced under white light. Conidia produced under blue HI, green, and red lights were the least UV tolerant and less tolerant than conidia produced in the dark. The superoxide dismutases (sod1 and sod2), photolyases (6-4phr and CPDphr), trehalose-phosphate synthase (tps), and protease (pr1) genes were highly up-regulated under white light condition, suggesting a potential role of these proteins in stress protection as well as virulence after fungal exposure to visible spectrum components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana P Dias
- Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo (EEL/USP), Lorena, SP, 12602-810, Brazil
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CCT La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Gilberto U L Braga
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Ferreira
- Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, SP, 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Breno Pupin
- Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, SP, 12244-000, Brazil
| | | | - Luis M Corrochano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes 6, Apartado 1095, 41080, Seville, Spain
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Adam A, Deimel S, Pardo-Medina J, García-Martínez J, Konte T, Limón MC, Avalos J, Terpitz U. Protein Activity of the Fusarium fujikuroi Rhodopsins CarO and OpsA and Their Relation to Fungus-Plant Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010215. [PMID: 29324661 PMCID: PMC5796164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi possess diverse photosensory proteins that allow them to perceive different light wavelengths and to adapt to changing light conditions in their environment. The biological and physiological roles of the green light-sensing rhodopsins in fungi are not yet resolved. The rice plant pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi exhibits two different rhodopsins, CarO and OpsA. CarO was previously characterized as a light-driven proton pump. We further analyzed the pumping behavior of CarO by patch-clamp experiments. Our data show that CarO pumping activity is strongly augmented in the presence of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid and in sodium acetate, in a dose-dependent manner under slightly acidic conditions. By contrast, under these and other tested conditions, the Neurospora rhodopsin (NR)-like rhodopsin OpsA did not exhibit any pump activity. Basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) searches in the genomes of ascomycetes revealed the occurrence of rhodopsin-encoding genes mainly in phyto-associated or phytopathogenic fungi, suggesting a possible correlation of the presence of rhodopsins with fungal ecology. In accordance, rice plants infected with a CarO-deficient F. fujikuroi strain showed more severe bakanae symptoms than the reference strain, indicating a potential role of the CarO rhodopsin in the regulation of plant infection by this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Adam
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; (A.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Stephan Deimel
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; (A.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Javier Pardo-Medina
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, E-41012 Seville, Spain; (J.P.-M.); (J.G.-M.); (M.C.L.); (J.A.)
| | - Jorge García-Martínez
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, E-41012 Seville, Spain; (J.P.-M.); (J.G.-M.); (M.C.L.); (J.A.)
| | - Tilen Konte
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - M. Carmen Limón
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, E-41012 Seville, Spain; (J.P.-M.); (J.G.-M.); (M.C.L.); (J.A.)
| | - Javier Avalos
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, E-41012 Seville, Spain; (J.P.-M.); (J.G.-M.); (M.C.L.); (J.A.)
| | - Ulrich Terpitz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; (A.A.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-931-31-84226
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Inoue S, Yoshizawa S, Nakajima Y, Kojima K, Tsukamoto T, Kikukawa T, Sudo Y. Spectroscopic characteristics ofRubricoccus marinusxenorhodopsin (RmXeR) and a putative model for its inward H+transport mechanism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:3172-3183. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05033j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of functional and spectroscopic characterization, we propose a model for the inward proton transport inRmXeR, a newly discovered microbial rhodopsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Inoue
- Graduate School of Medicine
- Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Okayama University
- Okayama 700-8530
- Japan
| | - Susumu Yoshizawa
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute
- The University of Tokyo
- Chiba 277-8564
- Japan
| | - Yu Nakajima
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute
- The University of Tokyo
- Chiba 277-8564
- Japan
| | - Keiichi Kojima
- Graduate School of Medicine
- Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Okayama University
- Okayama 700-8530
- Japan
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Medicine
- Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Okayama University
- Okayama 700-8530
- Japan
| | - Takashi Kikukawa
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-0810
- Japan
- Global Station for Soft Matter
| | - Yuki Sudo
- Graduate School of Medicine
- Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Okayama University
- Okayama 700-8530
- Japan
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Wang Z, Wang J, Li N, Li J, Trail F, Dunlap JC, Townsend JP. Light sensing by opsins and fungal ecology: NOP-1 modulates entry into sexual reproduction in response to environmental cues. Mol Ecol 2017; 27:216-232. [PMID: 29134709 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic basis of the switch from asexual to sexual lifestyles in response to sometimes rapid environmental changes is one of the major challenges in fungal ecology. Light appears to play a critical role in the asexual-sexual switch-but fungal genomes harbour diverse light sensors. Fungal opsins are homologous to bacterial green-light-sensory rhodopsins, and their organismal functions in fungi have not been well understood. Three of these opsin-like proteins were widely distributed across fungal genomes, but homologs of the Fusarium opsin-like protein CarO were present only in plant-associated fungi. Key amino acids, including potential retinal binding sites, functionally diverged on the phylogeny of opsins. This diversification of opsin-like proteins could be correlated with life history-associated differences among fungi in their expression and function during morphological development. In Neurospora crassa and related species, knockout of the opsin NOP-1 led to a phenotype in the regulation of the asexual-sexual switch, modulating response to both light and oxygen conditions. Sexual development commenced early in ∆nop-1 strains cultured in unsealed plates under constant blue and white light. Furthermore, comparative transcriptomics showed that the expression of nop-1 is light-dependent and that the ∆nop-1 strain abundantly expresses genes involved in oxidative stress response, genes enriched in NAD/NADP binding sites, genes with functions in proton transmembrane movement and catalase activity, and genes involved in the homeostasis of protons. Based on these observations, we contend that light and oxidative stress regulate the switch via light-responsive and ROS pathways in model fungus N. crassa and other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Junrui Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.,Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Frances Trail
- Department of Plant Biology, Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jay C Dunlap
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Townsend
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.,Program in Microbiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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31
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Zhang X, Gao Y, Yin Y, Cai M, Zhou X, Zhang Y. Regulation of different polyketide biosynthesis by green light in an endophytic fungus of mangrove leaf. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:363. [PMID: 29043115 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is an important environmental signal for many organisms. The light response reports of fungi usually focus on blue light and red light. Although the green light sensor has also been found in several fungi, the knowledge of the green light response in fungi is very limited. Halorosellinia sp. (No. 1403) is a light-sensitive endophytic fungus of mangrove leaf. In this study, we explored the specific effects of monochromatic blue light, red light, and green light on polyketides biosynthesis in Halorosellinia sp. (No. 1403), respectively. The major polyketides produced in Halorosellinia sp. (No. 1403) are octaketides (1403C and 1403R) and heptaketide (griseofulvin). All monochromatic light enhanced octaketide biosynthesis and inhibited heptaketide biosynthesis to some extent compared with the dark condition. Most prominently, the total production of octaketides was increased by 76%, and the production of heptaketide was decreased by 73% under green light in bioreactor. Therefore, green light can not only influence the secondary metabolism in fungi, but also it can influence different biosynthetic pathways in different ways. We speculate that the significant effect of green light on mangrove leaf endophytic fungus Halorosellinia sp. (No. 1403) may be a kind of environmental adaptation to plant photosynthesis.
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Mehler M, Eckert CE, Leeder AJ, Kaur J, Fischer T, Kubatova N, Brown LJ, Brown RCD, Becker-Baldus J, Wachtveitl J, Glaubitz C. Chromophore Distortions in Photointermediates of Proteorhodopsin Visualized by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization-Enhanced Solid-State NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16143-16153. [PMID: 29027800 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteorhodopsin (PR) is the most abundant retinal protein on earth and functions as a light-driven proton pump. Despite extensive efforts, structural data for PR photointermediate states have not been obtained. On the basis of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)-enhanced solid-state NMR, we were able to analyze the retinal polyene chain between positions C10 and C15 as well as the Schiff base nitrogen in the ground state in comparison to light-induced, cryotrapped K- and M-states. A high M-state population could be achieved by preventing reprotonation of the Schiff base through a mutation of the primary proton donor (E108Q). Our data reveal unexpected large and alternating 13C chemical shift changes in the K-state propagating away from the Schiff base along the polyene chain. Furthermore, two different M-states have been observed reflecting the Schiff base reorientation after the deprotonation step. Our study provides novel insight into the photocycle of PR and also demonstrates the power of DNP-enhanced solid-state NMR to bridge the gap between functional and structural data and models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Mehler
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry & Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Carl Elias Eckert
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Alexander J Leeder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry & Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Tobias Fischer
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Nina Kubatova
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry & Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Lynda J Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard C D Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Becker-Baldus
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry & Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - Clemens Glaubitz
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry & Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Frankfurt 60438, Germany
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WetA bridges cellular and chemical development in Aspergillus flavus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179571. [PMID: 28658268 PMCID: PMC5489174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bridging cellular reproduction and survival is essential for all life forms. Aspergillus fungi primarily reproduce by forming asexual spores called conidia, whose formation and maturation is governed by the central genetic regulatory circuit BrlA→AbaA→WetA. Here, we report that WetA is a multi-functional regulator that couples spore differentiation and survival, and governs proper chemical development in Aspergillus flavus. The deletion of wetA results in the formation of conidia with defective cell walls and no intra-cellular trehalose, leading to reduced stress tolerance, a rapid loss of viability, and disintegration of spores. WetA is also required for normal vegetative growth, hyphal branching, and production of aflatoxins. Targeted and genome-wide expression analyses reveal that WetA exerts feedback control of brlA and that 5,700 genes show altered mRNA levels in the mutant conidia. Functional category analyses of differentially expressed genes in ΔwetA RNA-seq data indicate that WetA contributes to spore integrity and maturity by properly regulating the metabolic pathways of trehalose, chitin, α-(1,3)-glucan, β-(1,3)-glucan, melanin, hydrophobins, and secondary metabolism more generally. Moreover, 160 genes predicted to encode transcription factors are differentially expressed by the absence of wetA, suggesting that WetA may play a global regulatory role in conidial development. Collectively, we present a comprehensive model for developmental control that bridges spore differentiation and survival in A. flavus.
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Photoreceptors in the dark: A functional white collar-like complex and other putative light-sensing components encoded by the genome of the subterranean fungus Tuber melanosporum. Fungal Biol 2017; 121:253-263. [PMID: 28215352 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Light is perceived and transduced by fungi, where it modulates processes as diverse as growth and morphogenesis, sexual development and secondary metabolism. A special case in point is that of fungi with a subterranean, light-shielded habitat such as Tuber spp. Using as reference the genome sequence of the black truffle Tuber melanosporum, we used bioinformatic prediction tools and expression data to gain insight on the photoreceptor systems of this hypogeous ectomycorrhizal fungus. These include a chromophore-less opsin, a putative red-light-sensing phytochrome not expressed at detectable levels in any of the examined lifecycle stages, and a nearly canonical two-component (WC-1/WC-2) photoreceptor system similar to the Neurospora white collar complex (WCC). Multiple evidence, including expression at relatively high levels in all lifecycle stages except for fruiting-bodies and the results of heterologous functional complementation experiments conducted in Neurospora, suggests that the Tuber WCC is likely functional and capable of responding to blue-light. The other putative T. melanosporum photoreceptor components, especially the chromophore-less opsin and the likely non-functional phytochrome, may instead represent signatures of adaptation to a hypogeous (light-shielded) lifestyle.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Life, as we know it, would not be possible without light. Light is not only a primary source of energy, but also an important source of information for many organisms. To sense light, only a few photoreceptor systems have developed during evolution. They are all based on an organic molecule with conjugated double bonds that allows energy transfer from visible (or UV) light to its cognate protein to translate the primary physical photoresponse to cell-biological actions. The three main classes of receptors are flavin-based blue-light, retinal-based green-light (such as rhodopsin), and linear tetrapyrrole-based red-light sensors. Light not only controls the behavior of motile organisms, but is also important for many sessile microorganisms including fungi. In fungi, light controls developmental decisions and physiological adaptations as well as the circadian clock. Although all major classes of photoreceptors are found in fungi, a good level of understanding of the signaling processes at the molecular level is limited to some model fungi. However, current knowledge suggests a complex interplay between light perception systems, which goes far beyond the simple sensing of light and dark. In this article we focus on recent results in several fungi, which suggest a strong link between light-sensing and stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinases.
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Ahrazem O, Gómez-Gómez L, Rodrigo MJ, Avalos J, Limón MC. Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenases from Microbes and Photosynthetic Organisms: Features and Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1781. [PMID: 27792173 PMCID: PMC5133782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apocarotenoids are carotenoid-derived compounds widespread in all major taxonomic groups, where they play important roles in different physiological processes. In addition, apocarotenoids include compounds with high economic value in food and cosmetics industries. Apocarotenoid biosynthesis starts with the action of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs), a family of non-heme iron enzymes that catalyze the oxidative cleavage of carbon-carbon double bonds in carotenoid backbones through a similar molecular mechanism, generating aldehyde or ketone groups in the cleaving ends. From the identification of the first CCD enzyme in plants, an increasing number of CCDs have been identified in many other species, including microorganisms, proving to be a ubiquitously distributed and evolutionarily conserved enzymatic family. This review focuses on CCDs from plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria, describing recent progress in their functions and regulatory mechanisms in relation to the different roles played by the apocarotenoids in these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Ahrazem
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - María J Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Javier Avalos
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - María Carmen Limón
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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Porter ML. Beyond the Eye: Molecular Evolution of Extraocular Photoreception. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:842-852. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Assessing the relevance of light for fungi: Implications and insights into the network of signal transmission. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 76:27-78. [PMID: 21924971 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387048-3.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Light represents an important environmental cue, which provides information enabling fungi to prepare and react to the different ambient conditions between day and night. This adaptation requires both anticipation of the changing conditions, which is accomplished by daily rhythmicity of gene expression brought about by the circadian clock, and reaction to sudden illumination. Besides perception of the light signal, also integration of this signal with other environmental cues, most importantly nutrient availability, necessitates light-dependent regulation of signal transduction pathways and metabolic pathways. An influence of light and/or the circadian clock is known for the cAMP pathway, heterotrimeric G-protein signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinases, two-component phosphorelays, and Ca(2+) signaling. Moreover, also the target of rapamycin signaling pathway and reactive oxygen species as signal transducing elements are assumed to be connected to the light-response pathway. The interplay of the light-response pathway with signaling cascades results in light-dependent regulation of primary and secondary metabolism, morphology, development, biocontrol activity, and virulence. The frequent use of fungi in biotechnology as well as analysis of fungi in the artificial environment of a laboratory therefore requires careful consideration of still operative evolutionary heritage of these organisms. This review summarizes the diverse effects of light on fungi and the mechanisms they apply to deal both with the information content and with the harmful properties of light. Additionally, the implications of the reaction of fungi to light in a laboratory environment for experimental work and industrial applications are discussed.
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Sudo Y. [Structural and Functional Studies on Photoactive Retinal Proteins: Light Becomes Drugs with Proteins]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2016; 136:185-9. [PMID: 26831791 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.15-00229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Retinal proteins possess vitamin A aldehyde (retinal) as a chromophore within seven transmembrane α-helices. Visible light absorption of them triggers trans-cis photoisomerization of the retinal chromophore and induces structural changes in the protein moiety, resulting in a variety of biological functions such as vision, ion transportation, and photosensing. Environmental genomics revealed that retinal proteins are widely distributed through all three biological kingdoms, eukarya, bacteria, and archaea, indicating the biological significance of their light energy conversion. In addition to their biological aspect, retinal proteins have become a focus of interest in part because of applications for optogenetics. On the basis of our results and other findings, we highlight the recent progress in structural and functional studies on retinal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sudo
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
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García-Esquivel M, Esquivel-Naranjo EU, Hernández-Oñate MA, Ibarra-Laclette E, Herrera-Estrella A. The Trichoderma atroviride cryptochrome/photolyase genes regulate the expression of blr1-independent genes both in red and blue light. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:500-512. [PMID: 27020152 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative transcriptome analysis led to the identification of 331 transcripts regulated by white light. Evaluation of the response to white light in mutants affected in the previously characterized blue-light receptor Blr1, demonstrated the existence of both Blr1-dependent and independent responses. Functional categorization of the light responsive genes indicated the effect of light on regulation of various transcription factors, regulators of chromatin structure, signaling pathways, genes related to different kinds of stress, metabolism, redox adjustment, and cell cycle among others. In order to establish the participation of other photoreceptors, gene expression was validated in response to different wavelengths. Gene regulation by blue and red light suggests the involvement of several photoreceptors in integrating light signals of different wavelengths in Trichoderma atroviride. Functional analysis of potential blue light photoreceptors suggests that several perception systems for different wavelengths are involved in the response to light. Deletion of cry1, one of the potential photoreceptors, resulted in severe reduction in the photoreactivation capacity of the fungus, as well as a change in gene expression under blue and red light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica García-Esquivel
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Campus Guanajuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, 36821 Irapuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Edgardo U Esquivel-Naranjo
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Campus Guanajuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, 36821 Irapuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Miguel A Hernández-Oñate
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Campus Guanajuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, 36821 Irapuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Campus Guanajuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, 36821 Irapuato, Gto., Mexico; Instituto de Ecología A.C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91070, Ver., Mexico
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Campus Guanajuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-León, 36821 Irapuato, Gto., Mexico.
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Lyu X, Shen C, Fu Y, Xie J, Jiang D, Li G, Cheng J. The Microbial Opsin Homolog Sop1 is involved in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Development and Environmental Stress Response. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1504. [PMID: 26779159 PMCID: PMC4703900 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial opsins play a crucial role in responses to various environmental signals. Here, we report that the microbial opsin homolog gene sop1 from the necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was dramatically up-regulated during infection and sclerotial development compared with the vegetative growth stage. Further, study showed that sop1 was essential for growth, sclerotial development and full virulence of S. sclerotiorum. Sop1-silenced transformants were more sensitive to high salt stress, fungicides and high osmotic stress. However, they were more tolerant to oxidative stress compared with the wild-type strain, suggesting that sop1 is involved in different stress responses and fungicide resistance, which plays a role in the environmental adaptability of S. sclerotiorum. Furthermore, a Delta blast search showed that microbial opsins are absent from the genomes of animals and most higher plants, indicating that sop1 is a potential drug target for disease control of S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Cuicui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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Fuller K, Dunlap J, Loros J. Fungal Light Sensing at the Bench and Beyond. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2016; 96:1-51. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Díaz-Sánchez V, Limón MC, Schaub P, Al-Babili S, Avalos J. A RALDH-like enzyme involved in Fusarium verticillioides development. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 86:20-32. [PMID: 26688466 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (RALDHs) convert retinal to retinoic acid, an important chordate morphogen. Retinal also occurs in some fungi, such as Fusarium and Ustilago spp., evidenced by the presence of rhodopsins and β-carotene cleaving, retinal-forming dioxygenases. Based on the assumption that retinoic acid may also be formed in fungi, we searched the Fusarium protein databases for RALDHs homologs, focusing on Fusarium verticillioides. Using crude lysates of Escherichia coli cells expressing the corresponding cDNAs, we checked the capability of best matches to convert retinal into retinoic acid in vitro. Thereby, we identified an aldehyde dehydrogenase, termed CarY, as a retinoic acid-forming enzyme, an activity that was also exerted by purified CarY. Targeted mutation of the carY gene in F. verticillioides resulted in alterations of mycelia development and conidia morphology in agar cultures, and reduced capacity to produce perithecia as a female in sexual crosses. Complementation of the mutant with a wild-type carY allele demonstrated that these alterations are caused by the lackof CarY. However, retinoic acid could not be detected by LC-MS analysis either in the wild type or the complemented carY strain in vivo, making elusive the connection between CarY enzymatic activity and retinoic acid formation in the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Díaz-Sánchez
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, E-41012 Seville, Spain
| | - M Carmen Limón
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, E-41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Patrick Schaub
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Center for Desert Agriculture, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javier Avalos
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, E-41012 Seville, Spain.
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Kurihara M, Sudo Y. Microbial rhodopsins: wide distribution, rich diversity and great potential. Biophys Physicobiol 2015; 12:121-9. [PMID: 27493861 PMCID: PMC4736836 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.12.0_121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major topics in biophysics and physicobiology is to understand and utilize biological functions using various advanced techniques. Taking advantage of the photoreactivity of the seven-transmembrane rhodopsin protein family has been actively investigated by a variety of methods. Rhodopsins serve as models for membrane-embedded proteins, for photoactive proteins and as a fundamental tool for optogenetics, a new technology to control biological activity with light. In this review, we summarize progress of microbial rhodopsin research from the viewpoint of distribution, diversity and potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kurihara
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuki Sudo
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Hasemi T, Kikukawa T, Kamo N, Demura M. Characterization of a Cyanobacterial Chloride-pumping Rhodopsin and Its Conversion into a Proton Pump. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:355-62. [PMID: 26578511 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.688614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-driven ion-pumping rhodopsins are widely distributed in microorganisms and are now classified into the categories of outward H(+) and Na(+) pumps and an inward Cl(-) pump. These different types share a common protein architecture and utilize the photoisomerization of the same chromophore, retinal, to evoke photoreactions. Despite these similarities, successful pump-to-pump conversion had been confined to only the H(+) pump bacteriorhodopsin, which was converted to a Cl(-) pump in 1995 by a single amino acid replacement. In this study we report the first success of the reverse conversion from a Cl(-) pump to a H(+) pump. A novel microbial rhodopsin (MrHR) from the cyanobacterium Mastigocladopsis repens functions as a Cl(-) pump and belongs to a cluster that is far distant from the known Cl(-) pumps. With a single amino acid replacement, MrHR is converted to a H(+) pump in which dissociable residues function almost completely in the H(+) relay reactions. MrHR most likely evolved from a H(+) pump, but it has not yet been highly optimized into a mature Cl(-) pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Hasemi
- From the Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikukawa
- From the Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Naoki Kamo
- From the Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Makoto Demura
- From the Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Dasgupta A, Fuller KK, Dunlap JC, Loros JJ. Seeing the world differently: variability in the photosensory mechanisms of two model fungi. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:5-20. [PMID: 26373782 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Light plays an important role for most organisms on this planet, serving either as a source of energy or information for the adaptation of biological processes to specific times of day. The fungal kingdom is estimated to contain well over a million species, possibly 10-fold more, and it is estimated that a majority of the fungi respond to light, eliciting changes in several physiological characteristics including pathogenesis, development and secondary metabolism. Two model organisms for photobiological studies have taken centre-stage over the last few decades--Neurospora crassa and Aspergillus nidulans. In this review, we will first discuss our understanding of the light response in N. crassa, about which the most is known, and will then juxtapose N. crassa with A. nidulans, which, as will be described below, provides an excellent template for understanding photosensory cross-talk. Finally, we will end with a commentary on the variability of the light response among other relevant fungi, and how our molecular understanding in the aforementioned model organisms still provides a strong base for dissecting light responses in such species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arko Dasgupta
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Kevin K Fuller
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jay C Dunlap
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jennifer J Loros
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
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Global Analysis of Predicted G Protein-Coupled Receptor Genes in the Filamentous Fungus, Neurospora crassa. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015; 5:2729-43. [PMID: 26464358 PMCID: PMC4683645 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.020974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
G protein−coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate facets of growth, development, and environmental sensing in eukaryotes, including filamentous fungi. The largest predicted GPCR class in these organisms is the Pth11-related, with members similar to a protein required for disease in the plant pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. However, the Pth11-related class has not been functionally studied in any filamentous fungal species. Here, we analyze phenotypes in available mutants for 36 GPCR genes, including 20 Pth11-related, in the model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. We also investigate patterns of gene expression for all 43 predicted GPCR genes in available datasets. A total of 17 mutants (47%) possessed at least one growth or developmental phenotype. We identified 18 mutants (56%) with chemical sensitivity or nutritional phenotypes (11 uniquely), bringing the total number of mutants with at least one defect to 28 (78%), including 15 mutants (75%) in the Pth11-related class. Gene expression trends for GPCR genes correlated with the phenotypes observed for many mutants and also suggested overlapping functions for several groups of co-transcribed genes. Several members of the Pth11-related class have phenotypes and/or are differentially expressed on cellulose, suggesting a possible role for this gene family in plant cell wall sensing or utilization.
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Hernández CA, Perroni Y, Pérez JAG, Rivera BG, Alarcón E. Light-induced inhibition of laccase in Pycnoporus sanguineus. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2015; 61:137-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-015-0418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Doi S, Mori A, Tsukamoto T, Reissig L, Ihara K, Sudo Y. Structural and functional roles of the N- and C-terminal extended modules in channelrhodopsin-1. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:1628-36. [PMID: 26098533 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00213c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Channelrhodopsins have become a focus of interest because of their ability to control neural activity by light, used in a technology called optogenetics. The channelrhodopsin in the eukaryote Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrChR-1) is a light-gated cation channel responsible for motility changes upon photo-illumination and a member of the membrane-embedded retinal protein family. Recent crystal structure analysis revealed that CrChR-1 has unique extended modules both at its N- and C-termini compared to other microbial retinal proteins. This study reports the first successful expression of a ChR-1 variant in Escherichia coli as a holoprotein: the ChR-1 variant lacking both the N- and C-termini (CrChR-1_82-308). However, compared to ChR-1 having the extended modules (CrChR-1_1-357), truncation of the termini greatly altered the absorption maximum and photochemical properties, including the pKa values of its charged residues around the chromophore, the reaction rates in the photocycle and the photo-induced ion channeling activity. The results of some experiments regarding ion transport activity suggest that CrChR-1_82-308 has a proton channeling activity even in the dark. On the basis of these results, we discuss the structural and functional roles of the N- and C-terminal extended modules in CrChR-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Doi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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