1
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Rizvi S, Chhabra A, Tripathi A, Tyagi RK. Mitotic genome-bookmarking by nuclear hormone receptors: A novel dimension in epigenetic reprogramming and disease assessment. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 578:112069. [PMID: 37730146 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Arrival of multi-colored fluorescent proteins and advances in live cell imaging has immensely contributed to our understanding of intracellular trafficking of nuclear receptors and their roles in gene regulatory functions. These regulatory events need to be faithfully propagated from progenitor to progeny cells. This is corroborated by multiple converging mechanisms that include histone modifications and lately, the phenomenon of 'mitotic genome-bookmarking' by specific transcription factors. This phenomenon refers to the retention and feed-forward transmission of progenitor's architectural blueprint of active transcription status which is silenced and preserved during mitosis. Upon mitotic exit, this phenomenon ensures accurate reactivation of transcriptome, proteome, cellular traits and phenotypes in the progeny cells. In addition to diverse modes of genome-bookmarking by nuclear receptors, a correlation between disease-associated receptor polymorphism and disruption of this phenomenon is apparent. However, breakthrough technologies shall reveal finer details of this phenomenon to help achieve normalcy in receptor-specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Rizvi
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ayushi Chhabra
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Anjali Tripathi
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rakesh K Tyagi
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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2
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Transient protein folding in condensates reveals ways to target disordered oncoproteins. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:1836-1837. [PMID: 38057554 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
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3
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Basu S, Martínez-Cristóbal P, Frigolé-Vivas M, Pesarrodona M, Lewis M, Szulc E, Bañuelos CA, Sánchez-Zarzalejo C, Bielskutė S, Zhu J, Pombo-García K, Garcia-Cabau C, Zodi L, Dockx H, Smak J, Kaur H, Batlle C, Mateos B, Biesaga M, Escobedo A, Bardia L, Verdaguer X, Ruffoni A, Mawji NR, Wang J, Obst JK, Tam T, Brun-Heath I, Ventura S, Meierhofer D, García J, Robustelli P, Stracker TH, Sadar MD, Riera A, Hnisz D, Salvatella X. Rational optimization of a transcription factor activation domain inhibitor. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:1958-1969. [PMID: 38049566 PMCID: PMC10716049 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01159-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors are among the most attractive therapeutic targets but are considered largely 'undruggable' in part due to the intrinsically disordered nature of their activation domains. Here we show that the aromatic character of the activation domain of the androgen receptor, a therapeutic target for castration-resistant prostate cancer, is key for its activity as transcription factor, allowing it to translocate to the nucleus and partition into transcriptional condensates upon activation by androgens. On the basis of our understanding of the interactions stabilizing such condensates and of the structure that the domain adopts upon condensation, we optimized the structure of a small-molecule inhibitor previously identified by phenotypic screening. The optimized compounds had more affinity for their target, inhibited androgen-receptor-dependent transcriptional programs, and had an antitumorigenic effect in models of castration-resistant prostate cancer in cells and in vivo. These results suggest that it is possible to rationally optimize, and potentially even to design, small molecules that target the activation domains of oncogenic transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaon Basu
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paula Martínez-Cristóbal
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Frigolé-Vivas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Pesarrodona
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Lewis
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elzbieta Szulc
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Adriana Bañuelos
- Genome Sciences, BC Cancer and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Carolina Sánchez-Zarzalejo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stasė Bielskutė
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- Dartmouth College, Department of Chemistry, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Karina Pombo-García
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carla Garcia-Cabau
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Levente Zodi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jordann Smak
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cristina Batlle
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Borja Mateos
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mateusz Biesaga
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Escobedo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lídia Bardia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Verdaguer
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessandro Ruffoni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nasrin R Mawji
- Genome Sciences, BC Cancer and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jun Wang
- Genome Sciences, BC Cancer and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jon K Obst
- Genome Sciences, BC Cancer and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Teresa Tam
- Genome Sciences, BC Cancer and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Isabelle Brun-Heath
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Ventura
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - David Meierhofer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Mass Spectrometry Facility, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jesús García
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul Robustelli
- Dartmouth College, Department of Chemistry, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Travis H Stracker
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marianne D Sadar
- Genome Sciences, BC Cancer and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Antoni Riera
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Denes Hnisz
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Xavier Salvatella
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain.
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4
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Wu Q, Qian W, Sun X, Jiang S. Small-molecule inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and more: FDA-approved novel therapeutic drugs for solid tumors from 1991 to 2021. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:143. [PMID: 36209184 PMCID: PMC9548212 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has always been a forerunner in drug evaluation and supervision. Over the past 31 years, 1050 drugs (excluding vaccines, cell-based therapies, and gene therapy products) have been approved as new molecular entities (NMEs) or biologics license applications (BLAs). A total of 228 of these 1050 drugs were identified as cancer therapeutics or cancer-related drugs, and 120 of them were classified as therapeutic drugs for solid tumors according to their initial indications. These drugs have evolved from small molecules with broad-spectrum antitumor properties in the early stage to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) with a more precise targeting effect during the most recent decade. These drugs have extended indications for other malignancies, constituting a cancer treatment system for monotherapy or combined therapy. However, the available targets are still mainly limited to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), restricting the development of antitumor drugs. In this review, these 120 drugs are summarized and classified according to the initial indications, characteristics, or functions. Additionally, RTK-targeted therapies and immune checkpoint-based immunotherapies are also discussed. Our analysis of existing challenges and potential opportunities in drug development may advance solid tumor treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wu
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
| | - Wei Qian
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang China
| | - Shaojie Jiang
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
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5
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Pecci A, Ogara MF, Sanz RT, Vicent GP. Choosing the right partner in hormone-dependent gene regulation: Glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors crosstalk in breast cancer cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1037177. [PMID: 36407312 PMCID: PMC9672667 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1037177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) belong to a large family of ligand-activated nuclear receptors that share certain characteristics and possess others that make them unique. It was thought for many years that the specificity of hormone response lay in the ligand. Although this may be true for pure agonists, the natural ligands as progesterone, corticosterone and cortisol present a broader effect by simultaneous activation of several SHRs. Moreover, SHRs share structural and functional characteristics that range from similarities between ligand-binding pockets to recognition of specific DNA sequences. These properties are clearly evident in progesterone (PR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR); however, the biological responses triggered by each receptor in the presence of its ligand are different, and in some cases, even opposite. Thus, what confers the specificity of response to a given receptor is a long-standing topic of discussion that has not yet been unveiled. The levels of expression of each receptor, the differential interaction with coregulators, the chromatin accessibility as well as the DNA sequence of the target regions in the genome, are reliable sources of variability in hormone action that could explain the results obtained so far. Yet, to add further complexity to this scenario, it has been described that receptors can form heterocomplexes which can either compromise or potentiate the respective hormone-activated pathways with its possible impact on the pathological condition. In the present review, we summarized the state of the art of the functional cross-talk between PR and GR in breast cancer cells and we also discussed new paradigms of specificity in hormone action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adali Pecci
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Adali Pecci, ; Guillermo Pablo Vicent,
| | - María Florencia Ogara
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosario T. Sanz
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Pablo Vicent
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Adali Pecci, ; Guillermo Pablo Vicent,
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6
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Bielskutė S, Garcia-Cabau C, Frigolé-Vivas M, Szulc E, De Mol E, Pesarrodona M, García J, Salvatella X. Low amounts of heavy water increase the phase separation propensity of a fragment of the androgen receptor activation domain. Protein Sci 2021; 30:1427-1437. [PMID: 33978290 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The phase equilibria of intrinsically disordered proteins are exquisitely sensitive to changes in solution conditions and this can be used to investigate the driving forces of phase separation in vitro as well as the biological roles of phase transitions in live cells. Here we investigate how using D2 O as co-solvent in an aqueous buffer changes the phase equilibrium of a fragment of the activation domain of the androgen receptor, a transcription factor that plays a role in the development of the male phenotype and is a therapeutic target for castration resistant prostate cancer. We show how replacing even small fractions of H2 O with D2 O increases the propensity of this fragment to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation, likely reflecting a stabilization of the hydrophobic interactions that drive condensation. Our results indicate that it is necessary to take this effect into consideration when studying phase separation phenomena with biophysical methods that require using D2 O as a co-solvent. In addition, they suggest that additions of D2 O may be used to enhance phase separation phenomena in cells, facilitating their observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stasė Bielskutė
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Joint BSC-IRB Research Programme in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Garcia-Cabau
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Joint BSC-IRB Research Programme in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Frigolé-Vivas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Joint BSC-IRB Research Programme in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elzbieta Szulc
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Joint BSC-IRB Research Programme in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva De Mol
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Joint BSC-IRB Research Programme in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Pesarrodona
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Joint BSC-IRB Research Programme in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús García
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Joint BSC-IRB Research Programme in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Salvatella
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Joint BSC-IRB Research Programme in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Phasing the intranuclear organization of steroid hormone receptors. Biochem J 2021; 478:443-461. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Steroid receptors (SRs) encompass a family of transcription factors that regulate the expression of thousands of genes upon binding to steroid hormones and include the glucocorticoid, androgen, progesterone, estrogen and mineralocorticoid receptors. SRs control key physiological and pathological processes, thus becoming relevant drug targets. As with many other nuclear proteins, hormone-activated SRs concentrate in multiple discrete foci within the cell nucleus. Even though these foci were first observed ∼25 years ago, their exact structure and function remained elusive. In the last years, new imaging methodologies and theoretical frameworks improved our understanding of the intranuclear organization. These studies led to a new paradigm stating that many membraneless nuclear compartments, including transcription-related foci, form through a liquid–liquid phase separation process. These exciting ideas impacted the SR field by raising the hypothesis of SR foci as liquid condensates involved in transcriptional regulation. In this work, we review the current knowledge about SR foci formation under the light of the condensate model, analyzing how these structures may impact SR function. These new ideas, combined with state-of-the-art techniques, may shed light on the biophysical mechanisms governing the formation of SR foci and the biological function of these structures in normal physiology and disease.
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8
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Bi X, Yin J, Zhang D, Zhang X, Balamkundu S, Lescar J, Dedon PC, Tam JP, Liu CF. Tagging Transferrin Receptor with a Disulfide FRET Probe To Gauge the Redox State in Endosomal Compartments. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12460-12466. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Bi
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Juan Yin
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore169857, Singapore
| | - Dingpeng Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Seetharamsing Balamkundu
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, 1 Create Way, #10-01 Create Tower, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Julien Lescar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Peter C. Dedon
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, 1 Create Way, #10-01 Create Tower, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - James P. Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Chuan-Fa Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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9
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Shiota M, Dejima T, Yamamoto Y, Takeuchi A, Imada K, Kashiwagi E, Inokuchi J, Tatsugami K, Kajioka S, Uchiumi T, Eto M. Collateral resistance to taxanes in enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer through aberrant androgen receptor and its variants. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:3224-3234. [PMID: 30051622 PMCID: PMC6172053 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the optimal sequential use of androgen receptor (AR) axis-targeted agents and taxane chemotherapies remains undetermined. We aimed to elucidate the resistance status between taxanes and enzalutamide, and the functional role of the AR axis. Enzalutamide-resistant 22Rv1 cells showed collateral resistance to taxanes, including docetaxel and cabazitaxel. However, taxane-resistant cells showed no collateral resistance to enzalutamide; taxane-resistant cells expressed comparable protein levels of full-length AR and AR variants. Knockdown of both full-length AR and AR variants rendered cells sensitive to taxanes, whereas knockdown of AR variants sensitized cells to enzalutamide, but not to taxanes. In contrast, overexpression of full-length AR rendered cells resistant to taxanes. Consistently, the prostate-specific antigen response and progression-free survival in docetaxel chemotherapy were worse in cases with prior use of ARAT agents compared with cases without. Collateral resistance to taxanes was evident after obtaining enzalutamide resistance, and aberrant AR signaling might be involved in taxane resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shiota
- Department of UrologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Takashi Dejima
- Department of UrologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Yoshiaki Yamamoto
- Department of UrologyGraduate School of MedicineYamaguchi UniversityUbeJapan
| | - Ario Takeuchi
- Department of UrologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Kenjiro Imada
- Department of UrologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Eiji Kashiwagi
- Department of UrologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Junichi Inokuchi
- Department of UrologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Katsunori Tatsugami
- Department of UrologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Shunichi Kajioka
- Department of UrologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Takeshi Uchiumi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Masatoshi Eto
- Department of UrologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
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10
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Cancer Mutations of the Tumor Suppressor SPOP Disrupt the Formation of Active, Phase-Separated Compartments. Mol Cell 2018; 72:19-36.e8. [PMID: 30244836 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the tumor suppressor SPOP (speckle-type POZ protein) cause prostate, breast, and other solid tumors. SPOP is a substrate adaptor of the cullin3-RING ubiquitin ligase and localizes to nuclear speckles. Although cancer-associated mutations in SPOP interfere with substrate recruitment to the ligase, mechanisms underlying assembly of SPOP with its substrates in liquid nuclear bodies and effects of SPOP mutations on assembly are poorly understood. Here, we show that substrates trigger phase separation of SPOP in vitro and co-localization in membraneless organelles in cells. Enzymatic activity correlates with cellular co-localization and in vitro mesoscale assembly formation. Disease-associated SPOP mutations that lead to the accumulation of proto-oncogenic proteins interfere with phase separation and co-localization in membraneless organelles, suggesting that substrate-directed phase separation of this E3 ligase underlies the regulation of ubiquitin-dependent proteostasis.
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11
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Hejmej A, Bilinska B. The effects of flutamide on cell-cell junctions in the testis, epididymis, and prostate. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 81:1-16. [PMID: 29958919 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize recent findings on the effect of the anti-androgen flutamide on cell-cell junctions in the male reproductive system. We outline developmental aspects of flutamide action on the testis, epididymis, and prostate, and describe changes in junction protein expression and organization of junctional complexes in the adult boar following prenatal and postnatal exposure. We also discuss findings on the mechanisms by which flutamide induces alterations in cell-cell junctions in reproductive tissues of adult males, with special emphasis on cytoplasmic effects. Based on the results from in vivo and in vitro studies in the rat, we propose that flutamide affects the expression of junction proteins and junction complex structure not only by inhibiting androgen receptor activity, but equally important by modulating protein kinase-dependent signaling in testicular cells. Additionally, results from studies on prostate cancer cell lines point to a role for the cellular molecular outfit in response to flutamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hejmej
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Bilinska
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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12
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Ma C, Liu Y, Li C, Yang Y. The fluorescence quenching phenomenon in newly synthesized blue fluorescence protein molecule caused by anchoring group substitution: a DFT and TD-DFT study. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26470k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The newly synthesized blue fluorescence protein (BFP) molecule combined with its derivatives were fully investigated using DFT and TD-DFT methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ma
- College of Physics and Material Science
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang 453007
- China
| | - Yufang Liu
- College of Physics and Material Science
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang 453007
- China
| | - Chaozheng Li
- College of Physics and Material Science
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang 453007
- China
| | - Yonggang Yang
- College of Physics and Material Science
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang 453007
- China
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13
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Campana C, Pezzi V, Rainey WE. Cell-based assays for screening androgen receptor ligands. Semin Reprod Med 2015; 33:225-34. [PMID: 26036905 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1552989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR, NR3C4) mediates the majority of androgen effects on target cells. The AR is activated following ligand binding that result is enhanced of target gene transcription. Several cell-based model systems have been developed that allow sensitive detection and monitoring of steroids or other compounds with AR bioactivity. Most cell-based AR reporter models use transgenic gene constructs that include an androgen response element that controls reporter gene expression. The DNA cis-regulatory elements that respond to AR share sequence similarity with cis-regulatory elements for glucocorticoid (GR, NR3C1), mineralocorticoid (MR, NR3C2), and progesterone (PGR, NR3C3) receptors, which has compromised AR selectivity for some models. In recent years, the sensitivity and selectivity of AR bioassays have been significantly improved through careful selection of cell models, utilization of improved reporter genes, and the use of yeast two-hybrid AR systems. This review summarizes and compares the currently available androgen-responsive cell model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Campana
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Vincenzo Pezzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - William E Rainey
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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14
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Ishikura N, Kawata H, Nishimoto A, Nakamura R, Tsunenari T, Watanabe M, Tachibana K, Shiraishi T, Yoshino H, Honma A, Emura T, Ohta M, Nakagawa T, Houjo T, Corey E, Vessella RL, Aoki Y, Sato H. CH5137291, an androgen receptor nuclear translocation-inhibiting compound, inhibits the growth of castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1560-72. [PMID: 25634071 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance of prostate cancer to castration is currently an unavoidable problem. The major mechanisms underlying such resistance are androgen receptor (AR) overexpression, androgen-independent activation of AR, and AR mutation. To address this problem, we developed an AR pure antagonist, CH5137291, with AR nuclear translocation-inhibiting activity, and compared its activity and characteristics with that of bicalutamide. Cell lines corresponding to the mechanisms of castration resistance were used: LNCaP-BC2 having AR overexpression and LNCaP-CS10 having androgen-independent AR activation. VCaP and LNCaP were used as hormone-sensitive prostate cancer cells. In vitro functional assay clearly showed that CH5137291 inhibited the nuclear translocation of wild-type ARs as well as W741C- and T877A-mutant ARs. In addition, it acted as a pure antagonist on the transcriptional activity of these types of ARs. In contrast, bicalutamide did not inhibit the nuclear translocation of these ARs, and showed a partial/full agonistic effect on the transcriptional activity. CH5137291 inhibited cell growth more strongly than bicalutamide in VCaP and LNCaP cells as well as in LNCaP-BC2 and LNCaP-CS10 cells in vitro. In xenograft models, CH5137291 strongly inhibited the tumor growth of LNCaP, LNCaP-BC2, and LNCaP-CS10, whereas bicalutamide showed a weaker effect in LNCaP and almost no effect in LNCaP-BC2 and LNCaP-CS10 xenografts. Levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in plasma correlated well with the antitumor effect of both agents. CH5137291 inhibited the growth of LNCaP tumors that had become resistant to bicalutamide treatment. A docking model suggested that CH5137291 intensively collided with the M895 residue of helix 12, and therefore strongly inhibited the folding of helix 12, a cause of AR agonist activity, in wild-type and W741C-mutant ARs. In cynomolgus monkeys, the serum concentration of CH5137291 increased dose-dependently and PSA level decreased 80% at 100 mg/kg. CH5137291 is expected to offer a novel therapeutic approach against major types of castration-resistant prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Ishikura
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Kawata
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Ayako Nishimoto
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakamura
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tsunenari
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Miho Watanabe
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Tachibana
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Takuya Shiraishi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshino
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Akie Honma
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Emura
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Masateru Ohta
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Toshito Nakagawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Takao Houjo
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Robert L Vessella
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yuko Aoki
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sato
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
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15
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Mazaira GI, Lagadari M, Erlejman AG, Galigniana MD. The Emerging Role of TPR-Domain Immunophilins in the Mechanism of Action of Steroid Receptors. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.11131/2014/101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G. I. Mazaira
- Departamento de Química Biológica-IQUIBICEN, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. Lagadari
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A. G. Erlejman
- Departamento de Química Biológica-IQUIBICEN, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. D. Galigniana
- Departamento de Química Biológica-IQUIBICEN, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Loddick SA, Ross SJ, Thomason AG, Robinson DM, Walker GE, Dunkley TPJ, Brave SR, Broadbent N, Stratton NC, Trueman D, Mouchet E, Shaheen FS, Jacobs VN, Cumberbatch M, Wilson J, Jones RDO, Bradbury RH, Rabow A, Gaughan L, Womack C, Barry ST, Robson CN, Critchlow SE, Wedge SR, Brooks AN. AZD3514: a small molecule that modulates androgen receptor signaling and function in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:1715-27. [PMID: 23861347 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Continued androgen receptor (AR) expression and signaling is a key driver in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) after classical androgen ablation therapies have failed, and therefore remains a target for the treatment of progressive disease. Here, we describe the biological characterization of AZD3514, an orally bioavailable drug that inhibits androgen-dependent and -independent AR signaling. AZD3514 modulates AR signaling through two distinct mechanisms, an inhibition of ligand-driven nuclear translocation of AR and a downregulation of receptor levels, both of which were observed in vitro and in vivo. AZD3514 inhibited testosterone-driven seminal vesicle development in juvenile male rats and the growth of androgen-dependent Dunning R3327H prostate tumors in adult rats. Furthermore, this class of compound showed antitumor activity in the HID28 mouse model of CRPC in vivo. AZD3514 is currently in phase I clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Loddick
- Corresponding Author: A. Nigel Brooks, Oncology iMED, AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom.
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17
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Bisphenol A affects androgen receptor function via multiple mechanisms. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 203:556-64. [PMID: 23562765 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), is a well-known endocrine disruptor compound (EDC) that affects the normal development and function of the female and male reproductive system, however the mechanisms of action remain unclear. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of how BPA may affect ten different nuclear receptors, stable cell lines containing individual nuclear receptor ligand binding domain (LBD)-linked to the β-Gal reporter were examined by a quantitative high throughput screening (qHTS) format in the Tox21 Screening Program of the NIH. The results showed that two receptors, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and androgen receptor (AR), are affected by BPA in opposite direction. To confirm the observed effects of BPA on ERα and AR, we performed transient transfection experiments with full-length receptors and their corresponding response elements linked to luciferase reporters. We also included in this study two BPA analogs, bisphenol AF (BPAF) and bisphenol S (BPS). As seen in African green monkey kidney CV1 cells, the present study confirmed that BPA and BPAF act as ERα agonists (half maximal effective concentration EC50 of 10-100 nM) and as AR antagonists (half maximal inhibitory concentration IC50 of 1-2 μM). Both BPA and BPAF antagonized AR function via competitive inhibition of the action of synthetic androgen R1881. BPS with lower estrogenic activity (EC50 of 2.2 μM), did not compete with R1881 for AR binding, when tested at 30 μM. Finally, the effects of BPA were also evaluated in a nuclear translocation assays using EGPF-tagged receptors. Similar to 17β-estradiol (E2) which was used as control, BPA was able to enhance ERα nuclear foci formation but at a 100-fold higher concentration. Although BPA was able to bind AR, the nuclear translocation was reduced. Furthermore, BPA was unable to induce functional foci in the nuclei and is consistent with the transient transfection study that BPA is unable to activate AR.
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18
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Duda M, Wolna A, Knapczyk-Stwora K, Durlej-Grzesiak M, Knet M, Tabarowski Z, Slomczynska M. The influence of the antiandrogen 2-hydroxyflutamide on the androgen receptor expression in the porcine ovarian follicles - an in vitro study. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 48:454-62. [PMID: 23113830 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Androgens are one of the most important agents influencing ovarian follicles growth and development. The biological action of androgens is primarily exerted through transcriptional regulation by the androgen receptor (AR), a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. The purpose of this study was to test the role of androgen receptor agonist testosterone (T) or antagonist 2-hydroxyflutamide (2-Hf) and in combination on AR expression in cultured porcine granulosa cells (GC) or whole follicles. Granulosa cells isolated from mature pig follicles were cultured for 48 h. During the last 12 and 24 h of culture, they were incubated in the presence of T (10(-7) m/ml), 2-Hf (1.7 × 10(-4) m) or both T and 2-Hf (T + 2-Hf, at the same concentrations as when added separately). To better imitate in vivo conditions, whole follicles (6-8 mm in diameter) isolated from porcine ovaries have been incubated (for 12 and 24 h) in an organ culture system with the addition of the same factors. Thereafter, cells or sections obtained from cultured follicles were processed for AR detection by immunocytochemistry or immunohistochemistry. Moreover, expression of AR mRNA and protein was determined by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. It was shown that the addition of 2-Hf in the presence of T had a positive effect on AR mRNA and protein expression in porcine GC and ovarian follicles. Moreover, the addition of 2-Hf influenced AR distribution in GC cultures which is seen as change of its localization from nuclear to perinuclear. Our results suggest that androgens acting through AR could be involved in the control of AR expression in porcine GC in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Duda
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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19
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Tohyama S, Tomura A, Ikeda N, Hatano M, Odanaka J, Kubota Y, Umekita M, Igarashi M, Sawa R, Morino T. Discovery and Characterization of NK13650s, Naturally Occurring p300-Selective Histone Acetyltransferase Inhibitors. J Org Chem 2012; 77:9044-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301534b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Tohyama
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo
141-0021, Japan
| | - Arihiro Tomura
- Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Research & Development Group, Nippon Kayaku, 3-31-12 Shimo, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan
| | - Noriko Ikeda
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo
141-0021, Japan
| | - Masaki Hatano
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo
141-0021, Japan
| | - Junko Odanaka
- Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Research & Development Group, Nippon Kayaku, 3-31-12 Shimo, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kubota
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo
141-0021, Japan
| | - Maya Umekita
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo
141-0021, Japan
| | - Masayuki Igarashi
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo
141-0021, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sawa
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo
141-0021, Japan
| | - Tomio Morino
- Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Research & Development Group, Nippon Kayaku, 3-31-12 Shimo, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8588, Japan
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20
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Androgen Receptor Signaling Regulates Cell Growth and Vulnerability to Doxorubicin in Bladder Cancer. J Urol 2012; 188:276-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.02.2554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Grøntved L, Hager GL. Impact of chromatin structure on PR signaling: transition from local to global analysis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 357:30-6. [PMID: 21958695 PMCID: PMC3290724 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The progesterone receptor (PR) interacts with chromatin in a highly dynamic manner that requires ongoing chromatin remodeling, interaction with chaparones and activity of the proteasome. Here we discuss dynamic interaction of steroid receptor with chromatin, with special attention not only to PR but also to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), as these receptors share many similarities regarding interaction with, and remodeling of, chromatin. Both receptors can bind nucleosomal DNA and have accordingly been described as pioneering factors. However recent genomic approaches (ChIP-seq and DHS-seq) show that a large fraction of receptor binding events occur at pre-accessible chromatin. Thus factors which generate and maintain accessible chromatin during development, and in fully differentiated tissue, contribute a major fraction of receptor tissue specificity. In addition, chromosome conformation capture techniques suggest that steroid receptors preferentially sequester within distinct nuclear hubs. We will integrate dynamic studies from single cells and genomic studies from cell populations, and discuss how genomic approaches have reshaped our current understanding of mechanisms that control steroid receptor interaction with chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Grøntved
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Building 41, B602, 41 Library Dr., National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Gordon L Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Building 41, B602, 41 Library Dr., National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
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22
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Chen S, Gulla S, Cai C, Balk SP. Androgen receptor serine 81 phosphorylation mediates chromatin binding and transcriptional activation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:8571-83. [PMID: 22275373 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.325290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous findings indicated that androgen receptor (AR) phosphorylation at serine 81 is stimulated by the mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). In this report, we extended our previous study and confirmed that Ser-81 phosphorylation increases during mitosis, coincident with CDK1 activation. We further showed blocking cell cycle at G(1) or S phase did not disrupt androgen-induced Ser-81 phosphorylation and AR-dependent transcription, consistent with a recent report that AR was phosphorylated at Ser-81 and activated by the transcriptional CDK9. To assess the function of Ser-81 phosphorylation in prostate cancer (PCa) cells expressing endogenous AR, we developed a ligand switch strategy using a ligand-binding domain mutation (W741C) that renders AR responsive to the antagonist bicalutamide. An S81A/W741C double mutant AR stably expressed in PCa cells failed to transactivate the endogenous AR-regulated PSA or TMPRSS2 genes. ChIP showed that the S81A mutation prevented ligand-induced AR recruitment to these genes, and cellular fractionation revealed that the S81A mutation globally abrogated chromatin binding. Conversely, the AR fraction rapidly recruited to chromatin after androgen stimulation was highly enriched for Ser-81 phosphorylation. Finally, inhibition of CDK1 and CDK9 decreased AR Ser-81 phosphorylation, chromatin binding, and transcriptional activity. These findings indicate that Ser-81 phosphorylation by CDK9 stabilizes AR chromatin binding for transcription and suggest that CDK1-mediated Ser-81 phosphorylation during mitosis provides a pool of Ser-81 phosphorylation AR that can be readily recruited to chromatin for gene reactivation and may enhance AR activity in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyong Chen
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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23
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Retention and transmission of active transcription memory from progenitor to progeny cells via ligand-modulated transcription factors: elucidation of a concept by BIOPIT model. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:177-82. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20090329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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24
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Antitumor effects of bladder cancer-specific adenovirus carrying E1A-androgen receptor in bladder cancer. Gene Ther 2012; 19:1065-74. [PMID: 22218302 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The high frequency of recurrence and poor survival rate of bladder cancer demand exploration of novel strategies. Gene therapy via adenovirus has shown promising potential for the treatment of tumors. We constructed a bladder cancer-specific adenovirus carrying E1A-androgen receptor (AR) under the control of UPII promoter and prostate stem cell antigen enhancer (PSCAE), designated as Ad/PSCAE/UPII/E1A-AR, and investigated its antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that Ad/PSCAE/UPII/E1A-AR could be selectively replicated in bladder tumor cell lines (5637, BIU87, EJ and T24) when compared with control adenovirus Ad/PSCAE/UPII/Luc. However, there was no evidence of cytotoxicity for normal human bladder cell line SV-HUC-1 and hepatoma cell line SMMC7721. AR agonist R1881 could strengthen the oncolytic effect of Ad/PSCAE/UPII/E1A-AR in bladder cancer cells. In addition, we demonstrated that intratumoral injection of Ad/PSCAE/UPII/E1A-AR into established subcutaneous human EJ tumors in nude mice could significantly regress the growth of tumor and markedly prolong survival for tumor-bearing mice; on the other hand, saline-treated tumors continued to grow rapidly. Our studies indicate that Ad/PSCAE/UPII/E1A-AR could effectively treat bladder cancer in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, our findings provide a promising therapeutic modality for the treatment of bladder cancer.
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25
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Andrieu T, Bertolini R, Nichols SE, Setoud R, Frey FJ, Baker ME, Frey BM. A novel steroidal antiandrogen targeting wild type and mutant androgen receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1651-62. [PMID: 21907706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) progression is enhanced by androgen and treatment with antiandrogens represents an alternative to castration. While patients initially respond favorably to androgen ablation therapy, most experience a relapse of the disease within 1-2 years by expressing androgen receptor (AR) mutants. Such mutations, indeed, promote unfavorable agonistic behavior from classical antagonists. Here, we have synthesized and screened 37 novel compounds derived from dihydrotestosterone (DHT), cyanolutamide and hydroxyflutamide. These derivatives were tested for their potential antagonistic activity using a luciferase reporter gene assay and binding properties were determined for wild type (WT) and mutant ARs (T877A, W741C, W741L, H874Y). In the absence and presence of antiandrogens, androgen dependent cellular proliferation and prostate specific antigen (PSA) expression were assayed in the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP by crystal violet, real time PCR and by Western blots. Also, cellular proliferation and PSA expression were assayed in 22Rv1. A novel compound RB346, derived from DHT, was found to be an antagonist for all tested AR forms, preventing DHT induced proliferation and PSA expression in LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells. RB346 displayed no agonistic activity, in contrast to the non-steroidal antiandrogen bicalutamide (Casodex) with unfavorable agonistic activity for W741L-AR. Additionally, RB346 has a slightly higher binding affinity for WT-AR, T877A-AR and H874Y-AR than bicalutamide. Thus, RB346 is the first potent steroidal antiandrogen with efficacy for WT and various AR mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Andrieu
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
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26
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Shiota M, Takeuchi A, Song Y, Yokomizo A, Kashiwagi E, Uchiumi T, Kuroiwa K, Tatsugami K, Fujimoto N, Oda Y, Naito S. Y-box binding protein-1 promotes castration-resistant prostate cancer growth via androgen receptor expression. Endocr Relat Cancer 2011; 18:505-17. [PMID: 21652770 DOI: 10.1530/erc-11-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is well known to play a central role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (PCa). In several studies, AR was overexpressed in castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). However, the mechanism of AR overexpression in CRPC is not fully elucidated. Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) is a pleiotropic transcription factor that is upregulated in CPRC. We aimed to elucidate the role of YB-1 in castration resistance of PCa and identify therapeutic potential of targeting YB-1. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that nuclear YB-1 expression significantly correlated with the Gleason score and AR expression in PCa tissues. In PCa cells, YB-1 regulated AR expression at the transcriptional level. Furthermore, YB-1 expression and nuclear localization were upregulated in CRPC cells. Overexpression of AR, as well as YB-1, conferred castration-resistant growth in LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells. Conversely, knocking down YB-1 resulted in suppressed cell growth and induced apoptosis, which was more efficient than knocking down AR in LNCaP cells. In other types of PCa cells, such as CRPC cells, knocking down YB-1 resulted in a significant reduction of cell growth. In conclusion, these findings suggested that YB-1 induces castration resistance in androgen-dependent PCa cells via AR expression. Thus, YB-1 may be a promising therapeutic target for PCa, as well as CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shiota
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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27
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Yokomizo A, Shiota M, Kashiwagi E, Kuroiwa K, Tatsugami K, Inokuchi J, Takeuchi A, Naito S. Statins reduce the androgen sensitivity and cell proliferation by decreasing the androgen receptor protein in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2011; 71:298-304. [PMID: 20717902 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors) are cholesterol-lowering drugs that are widely used to prevent and treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that statins reduce serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and decrease the risk of prostate cancer. In the present study, we determined the molecular mechanisms related to the regulation of PSA, androgen receptor (AR) and cell proliferation in prostate cancer cell lines by statins. METHODS Western blotting, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, cytotoxicity analysis and a cell proliferation assay were used to resolve the regulatory role of statins (mevastatin and simvastatin) in three prostate cancer cell lines, RWPE-1, 22Rv1, and LNCaP. RESULTS Western blotting revealed that both mevastatin and simvastatin downregulated AR and PSA protein. However, these statins did not downregulate AR mRNA expression, while they decreased PSA mRNA. The protease inhibitor MG132 inhibited the downregulation of AR protein which suggested that statins decreased AR protein levels by increasing AR proteolysis. Furthermore, statins reduced cell proliferation in AR positive cells but not in AR negative cells, suggesting that statins regulate cell proliferation via AR expression. In addition, cell proliferation assay at various concentrations of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) showed that statins decreased androgen sensitivity in LNCaP cells. CONCLUSIONS Statins decreased AR protein by proteolysis but not mRNA transcription. The drop in AR levels resulted in a reduction in androgen sensitivity and a decrease in cell proliferation in AR positive prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yokomizo
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Chaturvedi NK, Kumar S, Negi S, Tyagi RK. Endocrine disruptors provoke differential modulatory responses on androgen receptor and pregnane and xenobiotic receptor: potential implications in metabolic disorders. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 345:291-308. [PMID: 20830510 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A systematic comparison of the impact of some potential endocrine disruptors (EDs) on modulation of androgen receptor (AR) and pregnane and xenobiotic receptor (PXR) function was conducted in a multi-step analysis. Promoter-reporter-based transcription assays were performed in conjunction with receptor dynamic studies in living cells that helped implicating the suspected EDs for their deleterious effects. We demonstrate that most of the selected EDs not only inhibit AR transcriptional activity, but also alter its subcellular dynamics. Conversely, some of these anti-androgenic compounds were potent activator of xeno-sensing nuclear receptor, PXR. Interestingly, agonist-activated AR that associates with the mitotic chromatin fails to achieve this association when bound to anti-androgenic EDs. Conclusively, most EDs (except BCH) behaved like pure antagonist for AR while as agonist for PXR. Subsequent experiments with DDT treatment in mice model indicated that in testis AR and its regulated genes PEM and ODC levels are down-regulated, whereas in liver of same mice PEM is up-regulated while AR and ODC remain unchanged. On the contrary, PXR and its regulated genes CYP3A11 and MDR1 levels in mice liver were up-regulated while in testis PXR remained unchanged, CYP3A11 up-regulated and MDR1 were down-regulated. Based on a novel "Biopit" concept it is speculated that long-term exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals may influence the epigenetic profile of target cells via transcription factors thereby making them vulnerable to onset of chemically induced endocrine-related malignancies or metabolic disorders.
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Cadwallader AB, Rollins DE, Lim CS. Effect of anabolic-androgenic steroids and glucocorticoids on the kinetics of hAR and hGR nucleocytoplasmic translocation. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:689-98. [PMID: 20230007 PMCID: PMC2882525 DOI: 10.1021/mp900259w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although the qualitative nucleocytoplasmic transport of nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) has been studied, there is little documentation of the cellular kinetics of this transport. Here, translocation studies using the human androgen receptor (hAR) and the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR) were performed to aid in identifying the mechanism by which anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) were activating hAR and potentially interacting with hGR and how glucocorticoid ligands were interacting with the hGR and hAR. The real-time analysis of EGFP-labeled hAR and hGR ligand-induced cytoplasm-to-nucleus translocation was performed using fluorescence microscopy to better understand the action of these NHRs in a physiologically relevant cell-based model. After transient transfection, the hAR and hGR individually translocate as expected (i.e., transport is ligand-induced and dose-dependent) in this model biological system. Testosterone (TEST) had the fastest translocation rate for the hAR of 0.0525 min(-1). The other endogenous steroids, androstenedione (ANE) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), had considerably lower hAR transport rates. The rates of hAR transport for the exogenous steroids methyltrienelone (MET), nandrolone (NAN), and oxandrolone (OXA) are lower than that of testosterone and similar to those of the endogenous steroids ANE and DHT. The hGR transport rates for cortisol (COR) and dexamethasone (DEX) are also presented. The synthetic GC, DEX, had a more rapid translocation rate (0.1599 min(-1)) at the highest dose of 100 nM compared to the endogenous GC COR (0.0431 min(-1)). The data obtained agrees with the existing qualitative data and adds an important ligand-dependent kinetic component to hAR and hGR transport. These kinetic data can aid our understanding of NHR action and interaction with other regulatory proteins, and can be useful in the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B. Cadwallader
- Center for Human Toxicology, University of Utah Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 417 Wakara Way Suite 2111, Salt Lake City, UT, U.S.A. 84108
| | - Douglas E. Rollins
- Center for Human Toxicology, University of Utah Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 417 Wakara Way Suite 2111, Salt Lake City, UT, U.S.A. 84108
| | - Carol S. Lim
- University of Utah Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 421 Wakara Way Room 318, Salt Lake City, UT, U.S.A. 84108
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Godfrey B, Lin Y, Larson J, Haferkamp B, Xiang J. Proteasomal degradation unleashes the pro-death activity of androgen receptor. Cell Res 2010; 20:1138-47. [PMID: 20479785 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2010.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is able to promote stress-induced cell death independently of its transcription activity in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Yet, the underlying mechanism is incompletely understood. Here, we report that stress-induced proteasomal degradation of AR contributes to its pro-death activity. Upon exposure to ultraviolet light and staurosporine, AR underwent proteasomal degradation. Blockade of AR degradation significantly suppressed stress-induced apoptosis in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Ectopic expression of the AR N-terminal (AR-N) domain, which lacks DNA- and ligand-binding abilities, led to cell death without any additional death stimuli. Truncation analysis revealed that AR-N domain contains several sub-domains that regulate the pro-death activity of AR, specifically the first 105 amino acids, which function as a minimal pro-death domain acting upstream of caspases. The pro-apoptotic activity of AR N-terminal fragments was suppressed by ectopic expression of Bcl-2 or selected caspase inhibitors. Thus, our results reveal a novel mechanism by which AR promotes stress-induced cell death in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Godfrey
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Physical Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
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31
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Shiota M, Yokomizo A, Masubuchi D, Tada Y, Inokuchi J, Eto M, Uchiumi T, Fujimoto N, Naito S. Tip60 promotes prostate cancer cell proliferation by translocation of androgen receptor into the nucleus. Prostate 2010; 70:540-54. [PMID: 19938016 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are currently few effective therapies for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPCa). CRPC which is resistant to castration is thought to result from increased activation of the androgen/androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway, which may be augmented by AR coactivators. METHODS Luciferase reporter assay, Western blotting, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, fluorescence microscopy, cell proliferation assay, and flow cytometry for cell-cycle analysis were used to resolve a role of Tip60 regulating AR in PCa cells. RESULTS Tip60 regulated transcriptions of AR target genes androgen independently. Tip60 knockdown induced translocation of AR into the cytoplasm. Acetylation-mimicking mutations in the nuclear localization signal sequence caused AR protein to mainly localize in the nucleus despite androgen starvation, whereas non-acetylation-mimicking mutations caused AR to mainly localize in the cytoplasm despite androgen stimulation. Tip60 overexpression in castration-resistant LNCaP derivative CxR cells resulted in increases in the acetylated form of AR and AR localization in the nucleus even without androgen. Consequently, Tip60 silencing suppressed the growth of AR-expressing PCa cells by inducing cell-cycle arrest at the G1 phase, similar to inhibition of androgen/AR signaling. Furthermore, Tip60 knockdown suppressed the cell growth of CxR cells. CONCLUSIONS Tip60 is involved in the proliferation of PCa cells as an AR coactivator. Modulation of Tip60 expression or function may be a useful strategy for developing novel therapeutics for PCa, even CRPC, which remain dependent on AR signaling, by overexpressing AR and its coactivators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shiota
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Ishikura N, Kawata H, Nishimoto A, Nakamura R, Ishii N, Aoki Y. Establishment and characterization of an androgen receptor-dependent, androgen-independent human prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP-CS10. Prostate 2010; 70:457-66. [PMID: 19902465 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hormone refractoriness is a lethal event for advanced prostate cancer patients, but the mechanisms of the disease are not well elucidated, especially for the so-called "outlaw" pathways of androgen receptor (AR)-dependent, androgen-independent hormone-refractory prostate cancer. METHODS Androgen-dependent prostate cancer LNCaP cells were treated with bicalutamide under an androgen-depleted condition to obtain refractory cells. In the obtained cell line, LNCaP-CS10, we analyzed the effects of androgen and bicalutamide on cell growth and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) production. In addition, AR gene mutation, AR expression levels, and AR subcellular localizations were analyzed. RESULTS In LNCaP-CS10, cell growth and PSA production were found under an androgen-depleted condition and were induced by both R1881 and bicalutamide. Knocking down AR by siRNAs did suppress the growth and PSA production of LNCaP-CS10 cells in the androgen-depleted condition. In comparison to LNCaP, amplification or additional new mutations were not found in the AR genes, but AR nuclear translocation induced by bicalutamide was identified in the LNCaP-CS10 cells. The growth and PSA production of xenografted LNCaP-CS10 tumors, which secrete PSA not only in non-castrated SCID mice but also in castrated SCID mice, were not inhibited by bicalutamide. CONCLUSIONS We have generated a bicalutamide-resistant and androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP-CS10, with outlaw activation both in vitro and in vivo. The LNCaP-CS10 cell line is beneficial for elucidating outlaw pathway mechanisms and evaluating the efficacy of new therapeutics for hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Ishikura
- Research Division, Kamakura Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Department 2, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Nawata H, Watanabe T, Yanase T, Nomura M, Ashida K, Min L, Fan W. Sex hormone and neuroendocrine aspects of the metabolic syndrome. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2010; 182:175-87. [PMID: 20541665 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(10)82007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the recent advances in the knowledge that the sex steroids testosterone (T), estradiol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) are involved in the development of visceral obesity and of the metabolic syndrome. Cross talk between leptin and the androgen receptor (AR) in the hypothalamus as well as the peripheral conversion of DHEA and T to estrone, estradiol and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in adipocytes and hepatocytes play important roles in the metabolic syndrome in men. Finally, we discuss the development of new drugs, selective AR modulators, for treating the metabolic syndrome in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Nawata
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University and Fukuoka Prefectural University, Tagawa City, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Min L, Yanase T, Tanaka T, Fan W, Nomura M, Kawate H, Okabe T, Takayanagi R, Nawata H. A novel synthetic androgen receptor ligand, S42, works as a selective androgen receptor modulator and possesses metabolic effects with little impact on the prostate. Endocrinology 2009; 150:5606-16. [PMID: 19854864 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We identified a novel synthetic steroid, S42, as a promising candidate of selective androgen receptor (AR) modulator. Results of the whole-cell binding assay using COS-7 cells exogenously expressing various steroid receptors indicated that S42 specifically binds to AR and progesterone receptor. When orchiectomized Sprague Dawley rats were administered with S42 for 3 wk, the muscle weight of the levator ani was increased as markedly as that induced by 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), but the weight of the prostate was not elevated at any doses in contrast to DHT. The plasma concentrations of gonadotropin and adiponectin, those down-regulated by DHT, were unaffected by S42. In addition, although the plasma triglyceride level was unaffected by DHT, it was significantly reduced by S42. This effect of S42 was associated with suppression of the SRBP-1c-mediated lipogenic and insulin-desensitizing pathway in the liver and visceral fat. Taken together, S42 works as an AR agonist in muscle and as an AR antagonist in the prostate, pituitary gland, and liver, accompanying beneficial potentials on lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Min
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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35
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Shiota M, Yokomizo A, Tada Y, Inokuchi J, Tatsugami K, Kuroiwa K, Uchiumi T, Fujimoto N, Seki N, Naito S. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha interacts with the androgen receptor (AR) and promotes prostate cancer cell growth by activating the AR. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 24:114-27. [PMID: 19884383 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently few successful therapies for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). CRPC is thought to result from augmented activation of the androgen/androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway, which could be enhanced by AR cofactors. In this study, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) was found to be an AR cofactor. PGC-1alpha interacted with the N-terminal domain of AR, was involved in the N- and C-terminal interaction of AR, and enhanced the DNA-binding ability of AR to androgen-responsive elements in the prostate-specific antigen enhancer and promoter regions to increase the transcription of AR target genes. Silencing of PGC-1alpha suppressed cell growth of AR-expressing prostate cancer (PCa) cells by inducing cell-cycle arrest at the G(1) phase, similar to inhibition of androgen/AR signaling. Furthermore, PGC-1alpha knock-down also suppressed cell growth in the castration-resistant LNCaP-derivatives. These findings indicate that PGC-1alpha is involved in the proliferation of AR-expressing PCa cells by acting as an AR coactivator. Modulation of PGC-1alpha expression or function may offer a useful strategy for developing novel therapeutics for PCa, including CRPC, which depends on AR signaling by overexpressing AR and its coactivators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shiota
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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36
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Suzuki K, Kastuno M, Banno H, Sobue G. Pathogenesis-targeting therapeutics for spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA). Neuropathology 2009; 29:509-16. [PMID: 19486304 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2009.01013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is an hereditary, adult-onset, lower motor neuron disease caused by an aberrant elongation of a trinucleotide CAG repeat, which encodes the polyglutamine tract, in the first exon of the androgen receptor (AR) gene. The main symptoms are slowly progressive muscle weakness and atrophy of bulbar, facial and limb muscles. The cardinal histopathological findings of SBMA are an extensive loss of lower motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord as well as in brainstem motor nuclei and intranuclear accumulations of mutant AR protein in the residual motor neurons. Androgen deprivation therapy rescues neuronal dysfunction in animal models of SBMA, suggesting that the molecular basis for motor neuron degeneration in this disorder is testosterone-dependent nuclear accumulation of the mutant AR. Suppression of disease progression by leuprorelin acetate has also been demonstrated in a phase 2 clinical trial. In addition, the clarification of pathophysiology leads to appearance of candidate drugs to treat this devastating disease: heat shock protein (HSP) inducer, Hsp90 inhibitor, and histone deacetylase inhibitor. Advances in basic and clinical research on SBMA are now paving the way for clinical application of pathogenesis-targeting therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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37
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Modification of androgen receptor function by IGF-1 signaling implications in the mechanism of refractory prostate carcinoma. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2009; 80:649-66. [PMID: 19251054 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)00623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The androgen-androgen receptor (AR) system plays important roles in a variety of biological processes, including prostate cancer (PC) development and progression. Insulin and Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling negatively regulate a member of the forkhead box-containing protein O subfamily (FoxO), Foxo-1, and associated biological functions. IGF-1 can potentiate androgen signaling through AR activation. Foxo-1, phosphorylated and inactivated by phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt kinase induced by IGF-1 or insulin, suppresses ligand-mediated AR transactivation. Foxo-1 reduces expression of androgen-induced AR target genes and suppresses in vitro growth of PC cells. These inhibitory effects of Foxo-1 are attenuated by IGF-1, but enhanced when it was rendered Akt-non-phosphorylatable. Foxo-1 directly interacts with the C-terminus of AR in a ligand-dependent manner, and disrupts ligand-induced AR subnuclear compartmentalization. Foxo-1 is recruited by liganded AR to the chromatin of the AR target gene promoter, while IGF-1 or insulin abolishes the Foxo-1 occupancy on the promoter. Liganded AR stimulates IGF-1 receptor expression, suggesting the presence of local positive feedback between IGF-1 and AR signaling in PC cells, presumably resulting in higher IGF-1 signaling tension and further enhancing the functions of the receptor itself. Thus, Foxo-1 is a novel corepressor for AR and IGF-1/insulin signaling may confer stimulatory effects on AR by attenuating Foxo-1 inhibition. Positive feedback between the growth factor and androgen in the local cellular environment may play important roles in AR transactivation regulation in several clinical situations including refractory PC.
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38
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Szafran AT, Szwarc M, Marcelli M, Mancini MA. Androgen receptor functional analyses by high throughput imaging: determination of ligand, cell cycle, and mutation-specific effects. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3605. [PMID: 18978937 PMCID: PMC2572143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding how androgen receptor (AR) function is modulated by exposure to steroids, growth factors or small molecules can have important mechanistic implications for AR-related disease therapies (e.g., prostate cancer, androgen insensitivity syndrome, AIS), and in the analysis of environmental endocrine disruptors. Methodology/Principal Findings We report the development of a high throughput (HT) image-based assay that quantifies AR subcellular and subnuclear distribution, and transcriptional reporter gene activity on a cell-by-cell basis. Furthermore, simultaneous analysis of DNA content allowed determination of cell cycle position and permitted the analysis of cell cycle dependent changes in AR function in unsynchronized cell populations. Assay quality for EC50 coefficients of variation were 5–24%, with Z' values reaching 0.91. This was achieved by the selective analysis of cells expressing physiological levels of AR, important because minor over-expression resulted in elevated nuclear speckling and decreased transcriptional reporter gene activity. A small screen of AR-binding ligands, including known agonists, antagonists, and endocrine disruptors, demonstrated that nuclear translocation and nuclear “speckling” were linked with transcriptional output, and specific ligands were noted to differentially affect measurements for wild type versus mutant AR, suggesting differing mechanisms of action. HT imaging of patient-derived AIS mutations demonstrated a proof-of-principle personalized medicine approach to rapidly identify ligands capable of restoring multiple AR functions. Conclusions/Significance HT imaging-based multiplex screening will provide a rapid, systems-level analysis of compounds/RNAi that may differentially affect wild type AR or clinically relevant AR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T. Szafran
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maria Szwarc
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marco Marcelli
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- The Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Mancini
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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True LD, Jordan CD. The cancer nuclear microenvironment: interface between light microscopic cytology and molecular phenotype. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:1994-2003. [PMID: 18041766 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A definitive diagnosis of cancer may be rendered by microscopic assessment of only a few cells in an appropriate clinical setting due to the distinctive nuclear structure of most cancer cells in comparison to nuclei of normal human cells. The molecular architecture of non-neoplastic human nuclei--of the nuclear matrix and of matrix-associated proteins and nucleic acids--is being characterized in exquisite molecular detail. What is missing is the application of the findings and tools of molecular biology to understanding the cytological structure of cancer nuclei. This article delves into the basis of nuclear structure at different levels of resolution--light microscopic, electron microscopic, and molecular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence D True
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98119, USA.
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40
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Kaku N, Matsuda KI, Tsujimura A, Kawata M. Characterization of nuclear import of the domain-specific androgen receptor in association with the importin alpha/beta and Ran-guanosine 5'-triphosphate systems. Endocrinology 2008; 149:3960-9. [PMID: 18420738 PMCID: PMC2488236 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Androgen induces androgen receptor (AR) nuclear import, which allows AR to act as a transcriptional factor and ultimately leads to biological activity. However, the mechanism of AR translocation to the nucleus is still unclear. In the present study, we assessed the nuclear import abilities of each domain of AR and their mechanisms related to Ran and importin alpha/beta using green fluorescent protein real-time imaging. The localization of AR to the nucleus in the absence and presence of ligands was dependent upon a complex interplay of the amino terminal transactivation domain (NTD), the DNA binding domain (DBD), and the ligand binding domain (LBD). NTD and DBD showed ligand-independent nuclear import ability, whereas LBD had ligand-dependent transport. In addition, AR deletion mutant lacking DBD was distributed in the cytoplasm regardless of ligand existence, suggesting that the remaining domains, NTD and LBD, are responsible for AR cytoplasmic localization. Cotransfection with a dominant negative form of Ran dramatically inhibited the nuclear import of all AR domains, and a dominant negative form of importin alpha prevented AR and DBD import. Importin beta-knockdown strongly blocked DBD import. These results indicate that there are two additional nuclear localization signals (NLSs) in the NTD and LBD, and there are distinct pathways used to attain domain-specific AR nuclear import: the NLS of DBD is Ran and importin alpha/beta-dependent, whereas the NLSs of NTD and LBD are Ran dependent but importin alpha/beta-independent. Our data suggest that the nuclear import of AR is regulated by the interplay between each domain of the AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Kaku
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Research Institute for Geriatric and Neurobiological Diseases, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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41
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Morgan AM, Abd El-Aty AM. Reproductive Toxicity Evaluation of Pestban Insecticide Exposure in Male and Female Rats. Toxicol Res 2008; 24:137-150. [PMID: 32038788 PMCID: PMC7006254 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2008.24.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually mature male and female rats were orally intubated with the organophosphorus insecticide, Pestban at a daily dosage of 7.45 or 3.72 mg/kg bwt, equivalent to 1/20 and 1/40 LD50, respectively. Male rats were exposed for 70 days, while the female rats were exposed for 14 days, premating, during mating and throughout the whole length of gestation and lactation periods till weaning. The results showed depressed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the brain of parents, fetuses and their placentae in a dose-dependent manner. The fertility was significantly reduced with increasing the dose in both treated groups, with more pronounced suppressive effects in the male treated group. The number of implantation sites and viable fetuses were significantly reduced in pregnant females of both treated groups. However, the number of resorptions, dead fetuses, and pre-and postimplantation losses were significantly increased. The incidence of resorptions was more pronounced in treated female compared to male group and was dose dependant. The behavioral responses as well as fetal survival and viability indices were altered in both treated groups during the lactation period. The incidence of these effects was more pronounced in the treated female group and occurred in a dose-related manner. The recorded morphological, visceral, and skeletal anomalies were significantly increased with increasing the dose in fetuses of both treated groups, with more pronounced effects on fetuses of treated females. In conclusion, the exposure of adult male and female rats to Pestban would cause adverse effects on fertility and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M. Morgan
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
| | - A. M. Abd El-Aty
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701 Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
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42
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Shank LC, Kelley JB, Gioeli D, Yang CS, Spencer A, Allison LA, Paschal BM. Activation of the DNA-dependent protein kinase stimulates nuclear export of the androgen receptor in vitro. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:10568-80. [PMID: 18270197 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800810200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor undergoes nuclear import in response to ligand, but the mechanism by which it undergoes nuclear export is poorly understood. We developed a permeabilized cell assay to characterize nuclear export of the androgen receptor in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. We found that nuclear export of endogenous androgen receptor can be stimulated by short double-stranded DNA oligonucleotides. This androgen receptor export pathway is dependent on ATP hydrolysis and is enhanced by phosphatase inhibition with okadaic acid. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching in permeabilized cells, under the conditions that stimulate androgen receptor export, suggested that double-stranded DNA-dependent export does not simply reflect the relief of a nuclear retention mechanism. A radiolabeled androgen was used to show that the androgen receptor remains ligand-bound during translocation through the nuclear pore complex. A specific inhibitor to the DNA-dependent protein kinase, NU7026, inhibits androgen receptor export and phosphorylation. In living cells, NU7026 treatment increases androgen-dependent transcription from endogenous genes that are regulated by androgen receptor. We suggest that DNA-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of the androgen receptor, or an interacting component, helps target the androgen receptor for export from the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard C Shank
- Center for Cell Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Cancer Center, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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Damdimopoulos AE, Spyrou G, Gustafsson JA. Ligands differentially modify the nuclear mobility of estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Endocrinology 2008; 149:339-45. [PMID: 17884941 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Signaling of nuclear receptors depends on the structure of their ligands, with different ligands eliciting different responses. In this study using a comparative analysis, an array of ligands was examined for effects on estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and ERbeta mobility. Our results indicated that these two receptors share similarities in response to some ligands but differ significantly in response to others. Our results suggest that for ERalpha, ligands can be classified into three distinct groups: 1) ligands that do not affect the mobility of the receptor, 2) ligands that cause a moderate effect, and 3) ligands that strongly impact mobility of ERalpha. Interestingly, we found that for ERbeta such a classification was not possible because ERbeta ligands caused a wider spectrum of responses. One of the main differences between the two receptors was the response toward the antiestrogens ICI and raloxifene, which was not attributable to differential subnuclear localization or different conformations of helix 12 in the C-terminal domain. We showed that both of these ligands caused a robust phenotype, leading to an almost total immobilization of ERalpha, whereas ERbeta retained its mobility; we provide evidence that the mobility of the two receptors depends upon the function of the proteasome machinery. This novel finding that ERbeta retains its mobility in the presence of antiestrogens could be important for its ability to regulate genes that do not contain classic estrogen response element sites and do not require DNA binding and could be used in the investigation of ligands that show ER subtype specificity.
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Maffini M, Denes V, Sonnenschein C, Soto A, Geck P. APRIN is a unique Pds5 paralog with features of a chromatin regulator in hormonal differentiation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 108:32-43. [PMID: 17997301 PMCID: PMC3966471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation of steroid receptors results in global changes of gene expression patterns. Recent studies showed that steroid receptors control only a portion of their target genes directly, by promoter binding. The majority of the changes are indirect, through chromatin rearrangements. The mediators that relay the hormonal signals to large-scale chromatin changes are, however, unknown. We report here that APRIN, a novel hormone-induced nuclear phosphoprotein has the characteristics of a chromatin regulator and may link endocrine pathways to chromatin. We showed earlier that APRIN is involved in the hormonal regulation of proliferative arrest in cancer cells. To investigate its function we cloned and characterized APRIN orthologs and performed homology and expression studies. APRIN is a paralog of the cohesin-associated Pds5 gene lineage and arose by gene-duplication in early vertebrates. The conservation and domain differences we found suggest, however, that APRIN acquired novel chromatin-related functions (e.g. the HMG-like domains in APRIN, the hallmarks of chromatin regulators, are absent in the Pds5 family). Our results suggest that in interphase nuclei APRIN localizes in the euchromatin/heterochromatin interface and we also identified its DNA-binding and nuclear import signal domains. The results indicate that APRIN, in addition to its Pds5 similarity, has the features and localization of a hormone-induced chromatin regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter Geck
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Peter Geck, M.D., Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, Tel: (617) 636-2796, Fax: (617) 636-6536, E-mail:
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Nieva C, Spindler-Barth M, Azoitei A, Spindler KD. Influence of hormone on intracellular localization of the Drosophila melanogaster ecdysteroid receptor (EcR). Cell Signal 2007; 19:2582-7. [PMID: 17884338 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of hormone the ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) is distributed between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Addition of the hormone muristerone A increases nuclear localization of wild type EcR within 5-10 min. Mutation of M504 to alanine, an amino acid, which is essential for ligand binding and which is situated in helix 5 of the ligand binding domain, abolishes hormone binding but still allows nuclear localization at only slightly reduced levels in the absence of hormone, whereas nuclear localization of EcR(M504R) is nearly abolished. Cotransfection with ultraspiracle (USP), the invertebrate ortholog of RXR, leads to exclusively nuclear localization of wild type EcR and EcR(M504A) indicating that basal heterodimerization in the absence of hormone is still possible. In the presence of Usp, EcR(M504R) is only partially localized in the nucleus. EMSA experiments show that the ligand muristerone A enhances binding of wild type EcR, but only slightly of mutated EcRs, to the canonical hsp 27 ecdysone response element. This is confirmed by transactivation studies. The results indicate that the architecture of the E-domain of EcR is important for nuclear localization even in the absence of a ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Nieva
- Institute of General Zoology and Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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Kumar S, Chaturvedi NK, Kumar S, Tyagi RK. Agonist-mediated docking of androgen receptor onto the mitotic chromatin platform discriminates intrinsic mode of action of prostate cancer drugs. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2007; 1783:59-73. [PMID: 18070607 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study documents the analysis of a hitherto unreported dynamic behavior of androgen receptor (AR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Employing GFP-tagged AR, we observed agonist-mediated docking of AR onto the mitotic chromatin during all the stages of mitosis. When bound to therapeutic drugs with intrinsically absolute or partial agonistic properties, AR concomitantly associated with the mitotic chromatin. Conversely, pure antagonists known to bind and subsequently translocate unliganded AR from cytoplasm to nuclear compartment did not provoke such association. The agonist-mediated docking of AR could not be competed with other transcription factors that constitutively preoccupied the chromosomal docking sites. Amongst the previously reported proteins, AR is first example of a transcription factor whose response on mitotic chromatin platform can be modulated in a ligand-specific manner. However, data from live cell imaging revealed that co-activators of agonist-activated receptor that are recruited into "nuclear foci" of interphase chromatin are dislodged from the mitotic chromatin during cell division. This implies that in absence of critical co-activators, AR transverses mitotic phase in transcriptionally silenced state. Finally, our results indicate that ligand-mediated dynamic relationship of nuclear receptors with mitotic chromatin can be effectively exploited to study, analyze and authenticate therapeutic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Kim SB, Kanno A, Ozawa T, Tao H, Umezawa Y. Nongenomic activity of ligands in the association of androgen receptor with SRC. ACS Chem Biol 2007; 2:484-92. [PMID: 17602621 DOI: 10.1021/cb7000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) induces cell proliferation by increasing the kinase activity of Src. We describe an approach for discriminating agonist and antagonist in a nongenomic steroid-signaling pathway using an association of AR with Src. We constructed a pair of genetically encoded indicators, where N- and C-terminal fragments of split firefly luciferase (FLuc) were fused to AR and Src, respectively. The fusion proteins with AR and Src are localized in the cytoplasm and on the plasma membrane, respectively. Upon being activated with androgen, AR undergoes an intramolecular conformational change and binds with Src. The association causes the complementation of the split FLuc and recovery of FLuc activity. The resulting luminescence intensities were taken as a measure of the rapid hormonal activity of steroids in the nongenomic AR signaling. Ten minutes are required for the AR-Src association by 5alpha-dihydroxytestosterone (DHT), which was completely inhibited by an antagonist, cyproterone acetate. The activities of ligands in the nongenomic pathway of AR were compared with those in the genomic pathway obtained on the basis of the nuclear trafficking of AR in mammalian cells. The comparison revealed that DHT and testosterone activate both genomic and nongenomic pathways of AR. 17beta-Estradiol and progesterone were found to be specific activators only for the genomic signaling pathway of AR. On the other hand, procymidone exhibited a specific activity only for the nongenomic signaling pathway of AR. The present approach is the first example addressing the agonistic and antagonistic activities of ligands in a nongenomic pathway of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Bae Kim
- Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Japan
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Kawate H, Wu Y, Ohnaka K, Takayanagi R. Mutual transactivational repression of Runx2 and the androgen receptor by an impairment of their normal compartmentalization. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 105:46-56. [PMID: 17627815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones play important roles not only in the reproductive system but also in bone metabolism. We examined the functional relationship between steroid hormone receptors and the Runx2 transcription factor that is essential for osteoblast differentiation and proliferation. A functional reporter assay using promoters carrying steroid hormone-responsive elements revealed that Runx2 suppressed ligand-dependent transcriptional activation mediated by receptors. To examine intracellular localization of these proteins, a three-dimensional imaging study was performed by laser scanning confocal microscopy of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fused proteins. As previously reported, ligand-bound human androgen receptor (AR) was translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and formed subnuclear fine foci. Coexpression of human Runx2 disrupted the AR subnuclear fine foci formation, and the intranuclear fluorescent pattern of AR became similar to that of Runx2. On the other hand, ligand-bound ARs repressed the Runx2-mediated transactivation function. Runx2 was also extracted from its original compartment by ligand-bound ARs. These results suggest that both Runx2 and ARs repress the transactivation function of the other protein by extracting it from its original compartment. The AR and Runx2 may play a mutual role in transcriptional activation in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaya Kawate
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Griekspoor A, Zwart W, Neefjes J, Michalides R. Visualizing the action of steroid hormone receptors in living cells. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2007; 5:e003. [PMID: 17464358 PMCID: PMC1853070 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.05003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Transcription controlled by Steroid Hormone Receptors (SHRs) plays a key role in many important physiological processes like organ development, metabolite homeostasis, and response to external stimuli. Understandably, the members of this family have drawn a lot of attention from the scientific community since their discovery, four decades ago. Still, after many years of research we are only beginning to unravel the complex nature of these receptors. The pace at which we do has improved significantly in recent years with the discovery of genetically encoded fluorescent probes, and the accompanying revival of biophysical approaches that allow more detailed study of SHRs. Here, we will look into the different aspects of SHR signalling, and discuss how biophysical techniques have contributed to visualizing their function in their native context, the living cell.
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50
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Klokk TI, Kurys P, Elbi C, Nagaich AK, Hendarwanto A, Slagsvold T, Chang CY, Hager GL, Saatcioglu F. Ligand-specific dynamics of the androgen receptor at its response element in living cells. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:1823-43. [PMID: 17189428 PMCID: PMC1820481 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01297-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens have key roles in normal physiology and in male sexual differentiation as well as in pathological conditions such as prostate cancer. Androgens act through the androgen receptor (AR), which is a ligand-modulated transcription factor. Antiandrogens block AR function and are widely used in disease states, but little is known about their mechanism of action in vivo. Here, we describe a rapid differential interaction of AR with target genomic sites in living cells in the presence of agonists which coincides with the recruitment of BRM ATPase complex and chromatin remodeling, resulting in transcriptional activation. In contrast, the interaction of antagonist-bound or mutant AR with its target was found to be kinetically different: it was dramatically faster, occurred without chromatin remodeling, and resulted in the lack of transcriptional inhibition. Fluorescent resonance energy transfer analysis of wild-type AR and a transcriptionally compromised mutant at the hormone response element showed that intramolecular interactions between the N and C termini of AR play a key functional role in vivo compared to intermolecular interactions between two neighboring ARs. These data provide a kinetic and mechanistic basis for regulation of gene expression by androgens and antiandrogens in living cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Androgen Antagonists/pharmacology
- Androgens/pharmacology
- Anilides/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly
- Cyproterone Acetate/pharmacology
- Dihydrotestosterone/pharmacology
- Female
- Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching
- Flutamide/analogs & derivatives
- Flutamide/pharmacology
- Genes, Reporter
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Ligands
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Metribolone/pharmacology
- Mice
- Microscopy, Video
- Mifepristone/pharmacology
- Models, Biological
- Nitriles/pharmacology
- Plasmids
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, Androgen/drug effects
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Response Elements/physiology
- Testosterone/pharmacology
- Tosyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove I Klokk
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Postboks 1041 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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