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Ashrafi E, Radisic M, Elliott JAW. Systematic cryopreservation study of cardiac myoblasts in suspension. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295131. [PMID: 38446773 PMCID: PMC10917286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
H9c2 myoblasts are a cell line derived from embryonic rat heart tissue and demonstrate the ability to differentiate to cardiac myotubes upon reduction of the serum concentration (from 10% to 1%) and addition of all-trans retinoic acid in the growth medium. H9c2 cells are increasingly being used as an easy-to-culture proxy for some functions of cardiomyocytes. The cryobiology of cardiac cells including H9c2 myoblasts has not been studied as extensively as that of some cell types. Consequently, it is important to characterize the cryobiological response and systematically develop well-optimized cryopreservation protocols for H9c2 cells to have optimal and consistent viability and functionality after thaw for high quality studies with this cell type. In this work, an interrupted slow cooling protocol (graded freezing) was applied to characterize H9c2 response throughout the cooling profile. Important factors that affect the cell response were examined, and final protocols that provided the highest post-thaw viability are reported. One protocol uses the common cryoprotectant dimethyl sulfoxide combined with hydroxyethyl starch, which will be suitable for applications in which the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide is not an issue; and the other protocol uses glycerol as a substitute when there is a desire to avoid dimethyl sulfoxide. Both protocols achieved comparable post-thaw viabilities (higher than 80%) based on SYTO 13/GelRed flow cytometry results. H9c2 cells cryopreserved by either protocol showed ability to differentiate to cardiac myotubes comparable to fresh (unfrozen) H9c2 cells, and their differentiation to cardiac myotubes was confirmed with i) change in cell morphology, ii) expression of cardiac marker troponin I, and iii) increase in mitochondrial mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ashrafi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet A. W. Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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2
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Is the new angel better than the old devil? Challenges and opportunities in CD47- SIRPα-based cancer therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 184:103939. [PMID: 36774991 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.103939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of immunotherapies is limited due to the impenetrable nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME of many tumors is immune-privileged, thus allowing them to evade host immunosurveillance. One mechanism through which this occurs is via the overexpression of CD47, a 'don't eat me' protein that can interact with SIRPα on myeloid cells to suppress their phagocytic action. In recent times, many studies are focusing on CD47-SIRPα-dependent immunotherapies to incite a 'seek and eat' interaction between phagocytes and tumors. Thus, in this review, we highlight the basic molecular properties and mechanisms of CD47-SIRPα cascade. In addition, we discuss the major challenges and potential remedies associated with CD47-SIRPα-based immunotherapies.
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3
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Ren D, Liu R, Yan X, Zhang Q, Zeng X, Yuan X. Intensive stretch-activated CRT-PMCA1 feedback loop promoted apoptosis of myoblasts through Ca 2+ overloading. Apoptosis 2022; 27:929-945. [PMID: 35976579 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01759-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stretch exerted pro-apoptotic effect on myoblasts, the mechanism of which is currently unknown. Intracellular Ca2+ accumulation has been implicated in stretch-induced apoptosis. calreticulin (CRT) and plasma membrane Ca2+ transporting ATPase 1 (PMCA1) are two critical components of Ca2+ signaling system participating in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. In this study, we explored the contribution of CRT and PMCA1 in mediating stretch-induced Ca2+ accumulation and apoptosis of myoblasts. Stretching stimuli elevated level of CRT while inhibited activity of PMCA1. Moreover, there were bidirectional regulations between CRT and PMCA1, which formed the positive feedback loop leading to continuous increment of CRT level and repression of PMCA1 activity, in stretched myoblasts. Specifically, increased CRT level inhibited PMCA1 activity via suppressing Calmodulin (CaM), while reduced PMCA1 activity promoted CRT expression through activating p38MAPK pathway. Thus, the CRT-CaM-PMCA1 and PMCA1-p38MAPK-CRT pathways constituted a close cycle comprising CRT, PMCA1, CaM and p38MAPK. Inhibition of both CaM and p38MAPK affected the other three factors in stretched myoblasts. Circulation of the vicious cycle resulted in escalated Ca2+ overloading in myoblasts under continuous stretching stimuli. CRT knock-down, PMCA1 overexpression, and p38MAPK inhibition all attenuated the raised intracellular Ca2+ level and ameliorated myoblast apoptosis in the stretching environment. Conversely, CRT overexpression, PMCA1 knock-down, and CaM inhibition all aggravated stretch-induced Ca2+ overloading and myoblast apoptosis. A positive feedback loop between CRT and PMCA1 was activated in stretched myoblasts, which contributed to intracellular Ca2+ accumulation and resultant myoblast apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Ren
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuemin Zeng
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China. .,Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China. .,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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4
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Onódi Z, Visnovitz T, Kiss B, Hambalkó S, Koncz A, Ágg B, Váradi B, Tóth VÉ, Nagy RN, Gergely TG, Gergő D, Makkos A, Pelyhe C, Varga N, Reé D, Apáti Á, Leszek P, Kovács T, Nagy N, Ferdinandy P, Buzás EI, Görbe A, Giricz Z, Varga ZV. Systematic transcriptomic and phenotypic characterization of human and murine cardiac myocyte cell lines and primary cardiomyocytes reveals serious limitations and low resemblances to adult cardiac phenotype. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 165:19-30. [PMID: 34959166 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac cell lines and primary cells are widely used in cardiovascular research. Despite increasing number of publications using these models, comparative characterization of these cell lines has not been performed, therefore, their limitations are undetermined. We aimed to compare cardiac cell lines to primary cardiomyocytes and to mature cardiac tissues in a systematic manner. METHODS AND RESULTS Cardiac cell lines (H9C2, AC16, HL-1) were differentiated with widely used protocols. Left ventricular tissue, neonatal primary cardiomyocytes, and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes served as reference tissue or cells. RNA expression of cardiac markers (e.g. Tnnt2, Ryr2) was markedly lower in cell lines compared to references. Differentiation induced increase in cardiac- and decrease in embryonic markers however, the overall transcriptomic profile and annotation to relevant biological processes showed consistently less pronounced cardiac phenotype in all cell lines in comparison to the corresponding references. Immunocytochemistry confirmed low expressions of structural protein sarcomeric alpha-actinin, troponin I and caveolin-3 in cell lines. Susceptibility of cell lines to sI/R injury in terms of viability as well as mitochondrial polarization differed from the primary cells irrespective of their degree of differentiation. CONCLUSION Expression patterns of cardiomyocyte markers and whole transcriptomic profile, as well as response to sI/R, and to hypertrophic stimuli indicate low-to-moderate similarity of cell lines to primary cells/cardiac tissues regardless their differentiation. Low resemblance of cell lines to mature adult cardiac tissue limits their potential use. Low translational value should be taken into account while choosing a particular cell line to model cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Onódi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; HCEMM-SU Cardiometabolic Immunology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE Momentum Cardio-Oncology and Cardioimmunology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Visnovitz
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Kiss
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Hambalkó
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Koncz
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Ágg
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Barnabás Váradi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktória É Tóth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; HCEMM-SU Cardiometabolic Immunology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE Momentum Cardio-Oncology and Cardioimmunology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Regina N Nagy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás G Gergely
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; HCEMM-SU Cardiometabolic Immunology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE Momentum Cardio-Oncology and Cardioimmunology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Gergő
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; HCEMM-SU Cardiometabolic Immunology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Makkos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Pelyhe
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra Varga
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Budapest, Hungary; ELKH-Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Reé
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Budapest, Hungary; ELKH-Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágota Apáti
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Budapest, Hungary; ELKH-Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Przemyslaw Leszek
- Department of Heart Failure and Transplantology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński National Institute of Cardiology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Tamás Kovács
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nándor Nagy
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edit I Buzás
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; HCEMM-SU Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Hungary; ELKH-SE Immune-Proteogenomics Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Hungary
| | - Anikó Görbe
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Giricz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán V Varga
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; HCEMM-SU Cardiometabolic Immunology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE Momentum Cardio-Oncology and Cardioimmunology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.
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5
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Alhoshani A, Alanazi FE, Alotaibi MR, Attwa MW, Kadi AA, Aldhfyan A, Akhtar S, Hourani S, Agouni A, Zeidan A, Korashy HM. EGFR Inhibitor Gefitinib Induces Cardiotoxicity through the Modulation of Cardiac PTEN/Akt/FoxO3a Pathway and Reactive Metabolites Formation: In Vivo and in Vitro Rat Studies. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1719-1728. [PMID: 32370496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gefitinib (GEF) is a selective inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) used to treat non-small cell lung cancer. Yet, few cases of cardiotoxicity have been reported. However, the role of the PTEN/Akt/FoxO3a pathway, which mediates GEF anticancer activity, in GEF cardiotoxicity remains unclear. For this purpose, in vitro H9c2 cells and in vivo rat cardiomyocytes were utilized as study models. Treatment of H9c2 cells and Sprague-Dawley rats with GEF significantly induced the expression of hypertrophic and apoptotic markers at mRNA and protein levels with an increased plasma level of troponin. This was accompanied by induction of autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction in H9c2 cells. Inhibition of cardiac EGFR activity and Akt cellular content of in vitro and in vivo rat cardiomyocytes by GEF increased PTEN and FoxO3a gene expression and cellular content. Importantly, treatment of H9c2 cells with PI3K/Akt inhibitor increased PTEN and FoxO3a mRNA expression associated with potentiation of GEF cardiotoxicity. In addition, by using LC-MS/MS, we showed that GEF is metabolized in the rat heart microsomes into one cyanide- and two methoxylamine-adduct reactive metabolites, where their formation was entirely blocked by CYP1A1 inhibitor, α-naphthoflavone. The current study concludes that GEF induces cardiotoxicity through modulating the expression and function of the cardiac PTEN/AKT/FoxO3a pathway and the formation of CYP1A1-mediated reactive metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alhoshani
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawaz E Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Security Forces Hospital Program, P.O. Box 3643, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moureq R Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Students' University Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Adnan A Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Aldhfyan
- Stem Cell & Tissue Re-Engineering, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabah Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shireen Hourani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdelali Agouni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asad Zeidan
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hesham M Korashy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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6
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Calreticulin protects insulin against reductive stress in vitro and in MIN6 cells. Biochimie 2020; 171-172:1-11. [PMID: 32004653 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative folding of proinsulin in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is critical for the proper sorting and secretion of insulin from pancreatic β-cells. Here, by using non-cell-based insulin aggregation assays and mouse insulinoma-derived MIN6 cells, we searched for a candidate molecular chaperone for (pro)insulin when its oxidative folding is compromised. We found that interaction between insulin and calreticulin (CRT), a lectin that acts as an ER-resident chaperone, was enhanced by reductive stress in MIN6 cells. Co-incubation of insulin with recombinant CRT prevented reductant-induced aggregation of insulin. Furthermore, lysosomal degradation of proinsulin, which was facilitated by dithiothreitol-induced reductive stress, depended on CRT in MIN6 cells. Together, our results suggest that CRT may be a protective molecule against (pro)insulin aggregation when oxidative folding is defective, e.g. under reductive stress conditions, in vitro and in cultured cells. Because CRT acts as a molecular chaperone for not only glycosylated proteins but also non-glycosylated polypeptides, we also propose that (pro)insulin is a novel candidate client of the chaperone function of CRT.
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7
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Ihara Y, Ikezaki M, Takatani M, Ito Y. Calnexin/Calreticulin and Assays Related to N-Glycoprotein Folding In Vitro. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2132:295-308. [PMID: 32306337 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0430-4_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Calnexin (CNX) and calreticulin (CRT) are ER-resident lectin-like molecular chaperones involved in the quality control of secretory or membrane glycoproteins. They can exert molecular chaperone functions via specific binding to the early processing intermediates of Glc1Man9GlcNAc2 oligosaccharides of N-glycoproteins. CNX and CRT have similar N-terminal luminal domains and share the same jelly roll tertiary structure as legume lectins. In addition to the lectin-like interactions, CNX and CRT also suppress the aggregation of non-glycosylated substrates through interaction with hydrophobic peptide parts, suggesting a general chaperone function in glycan-dependent and glycan-independent manners. This chapter describes the isolation and purification of CRT produced in a bacterial expression system. We also introduce in vitro assays to estimate the molecular chaperone functions of CRT via the interaction with monoglucosylated N-glycans using Jack bean α-mannosidase as a target substrate. These assays are valuable in assessing quality control events related to the CNX/CRT chaperone cycle and lectin functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Ihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Midori Ikezaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Maki Takatani
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
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8
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Calreticulin is a Critical Cell Survival Factor in Malignant Neoplasms. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000402. [PMID: 31568485 PMCID: PMC6768457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a high-capacity Ca2+ protein whose expression is up-regulated during cellular transformation and is associated with disease progression in multiple types of malignancies. At the same time, CRT has been characterized as an important stress-response protein capable of inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) when translocated to the cell surface. It remains unclear why CRT expression is preserved by malignant cells during the course of transformation despite its immunogenic properties. In this study, we identify a novel, critical function of CRT as a cell survival factor in multiple types of human solid-tissue malignancies. CRT knockdown activates p53, which mediates cell-death response independent of executioner caspase activity and accompanied full-length poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Mechanistically, we show that down-regulation of CRT results in mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and induction of mitochondria permeability transition pore (mPTP)-dependent cell death, which can be significantly rescued by the mPTP inhibitor, Cyclosporin A (CsA). The clinical importance of CRT expression was revealed in the analysis of the large cohort of cancer patients (N = 2,058) to demonstrate that high levels of CRT inversely correlates with patient survival. Our study identifies intracellular CRT as an important therapeutic target for tumors whose survival relies on its expression. This study reveals a novel role for the calcium-binding protein calreticulin in the survival of cancer cells; downregulation of calreticulin leads to mitochondrial calcium overload and an induction of non-apoptotic cell death. Calreticulin levels inversely correlate with the survival of patients diagnosed with various types of solid cancers.
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9
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Yeast molecular chaperone gene SSB2 is involved in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 112:589-598. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Li W, Lu M, Zhang Y, Xia D, Chen Z, Wang L, Yin N, Wang Z. Puerarin attenuates the daunorubicin-induced apoptosis of H9c2 cells by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway via the inhibition of Ca2+ influx. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1889-1894. [PMID: 29039532 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Puerarin extracted from Radix Puerariae is well known for its pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, anti‑inflammatory, neuroprotective and cardioprotective properties. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of puerarin on the daunorubicin (DNR)-induced apoptosis of H9c2 cells and to elucidate the potential mechanisms involved. MTT assay and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate cell cytotoxicity and apoptosis, respectively. Western blot analysis was used to assess changes in the expression levels of proteins, including caspase-3, Akt and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt). Ratiometric imaging of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) using cells loaded with Fura-2 was also carried out. Our results revealed that puerarin pre-treatment protected the H9c2 cells against DNR-induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting cell apoptosis, which was also confirmed by the decrease in the expression of cleaved caspase-3. Additionally, p-Akt activation was associated with the suppressive effects of puerarin. Following pre-treatment with puerarin, the extracellular Ca2+ influx was restrained and this resulted in a reduction in the intracellular Ca2+ levels; these effects were abrogated by LY294002 [an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)]. The inhibition of Ca2+ influx suggested that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway participated in the suppressive effects of puerarin against H9c2 cell apoptosis. Taken togher, our findings demonstrate that puerarin attenuates the DNR-induced apoptosis of H9c2 cells by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway via the inhibition of Ca2+ influx, suggesting that puerarin may be a potential cardioprotective agent for use in the clinical treatment of cardiomyopathy triggered by DNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, P.R. China
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, P.R. China
| | - Danqin Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430077, P.R. China
| | - Zebin Chen
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine/Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Preventive Treatment by Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, P.R. China
| | - Linhua Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Rongjun Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
| | - Nina Yin
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, P.R. China
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11
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Suhaeri M, Subbiah R, Kim SH, Kim CH, Oh SJ, Kim SH, Park K. Novel Platform of Cardiomyocyte Culture and Coculture via Fibroblast-Derived Matrix-Coupled Aligned Electrospun Nanofiber. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:224-235. [PMID: 27936534 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b14020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
For cardiac tissue engineering, much attention has been given to the artificial cardiac microenvironment in which anisotropic design of scaffold and extracellular matrix (ECM) are the major cues. Here we propose poly(l-lactide-co-caprolactone) and fibroblast-derived ECM (PLCL/FDM), a hybrid scaffold that combines aligned electrospun PLCL fibers and FDM. Fibroblasts were grown on the PLCL fibers for 5-7 days and subsequently decellularized to produce PLCL/FDM. Various analyses confirmed aligned, FDM-deposited PLCL fibers. Compared to fibronectin (FN)-coated electrospun PLCL fibers (control), H9c2 cardiomyoblast differentiation was significantly effective, and neonatal rat cardiomyocyte (CM) phenotype and maturation was improved on PLCL/FDM. Moreover, a coculture platform was created using multilayer PLCL/FDM in which two different cells make indirect or direct cell-cell contacts. Such coculture platforms demonstrate their feasibility in terms of higher cell viability, efficiency of target cell harvest (>95% in noncontact; 85% in contact mode), and molecular diffusion through the PLCL/FDM layer. Coculture of primary CMs and fibroblasts exhibited much better CM phenotype and improvement of CM maturity upon either direct or indirect interactions, compared to the conventional coculture systems (transwell insert and tissue culture plate (TCP)). Taken together, our platform should be very useful and have significant contributions in investigating some scientific or practical issues of crosstalks between multiple cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suhaeri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Daejon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramesh Subbiah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Daejon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Sang-Heon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Daejon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwideok Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Daejon 34113, Republic of Korea
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12
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Huang G, Sun Z, Wu J, Shui S, Han X, Guo D, Li T. Calreticulin Promotes Proliferation and Migration But Inhibits Apoptosis in Schwann Cells. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:4516-4522. [PMID: 27876711 PMCID: PMC5132423 DOI: 10.12659/msm.900956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies indicated that calreticulin (CRT) regulated various biological processes. This study was aimed to investigate the function of CRT in Schwann cells (SCs). Material/Methods SCs were separated from sciatic nerves of mice and were transfected with pcDNA3.1-CRT (pc-CRT), small interfering RNA targets CRT (siCRT), or their corresponding negative controls. The expression of CRT was determined by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. Then, cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis were measured by 3-(4, 5-dimethylhiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, modified 2-chamber migration assay, and flow cytometry, respectively. Finally, the phosphorylation levels of key kinases in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (ERK/S6) pathways were detected by Western blot analysis. Results Overexpression of CRT remarkably increased viability (P<0.05, P<0.01 or P<0.001) and migration (P<0.001), but inhibited apoptosis (P<0.05). The CRT-knockdown showed the inverse impacts on viability (P<0.05 or P<0.001), migration (P<0.001), and apoptosis (P<0.001). Additionally, the phosphorylation levels of AKT (Thr308 and Ser473), ERK, and S6 were all up-regulated in CRT-overexpressed cells (P<0.001), and were down-regulated in CRT-knockdown cells (P<0.05, P<0.01 or P<0.001). Conclusions Overexpression of CRT in SCs promoted cell proliferation and migration but suppressed cell apoptosis. The PI3K/AKT and ERK/S6 pathways might be involved in the functional effects of CRT on SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Huang
- Department of Pathology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Zhulei Sun
- Department of Pathology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Pathology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Shaofeng Shui
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Dong Guo
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Tengfei Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
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Abstract
Fetal programming describes long-term adaptive changes that an organism undergoes in response to an intrauterine insult. This term was coined to describe the increased incidence of adult disease, such as cardiovascular disease, seen among populations that suffered an intrauterine insult. While changes induced by such an insult may be initially beneficial, they can have deleterious long-term effects. Cardiac programming effects can be induced by maternal diet alterations, fetal exposure to increased levels of corticosteroids, chronic fetal hypoxia and anemia, and maternal use of nicotine or cocaine. These stimuli result in a variety of changes in cardiac function and gene expression, many of which persist into adulthood. A possible mediator of these changes is an alteration in the DNA methylation pattern of the cardiomyocytes. This review gives an overview of the changes that have been observed in the heart in response to various programming stimuli and potential programming mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Meyer
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA.
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D'Amico MA, Ghinassi B, Izzicupo P, Di Ruscio A, Di Baldassarre A. IL-6 Activates PI3K and PKCζ Signaling and Determines Cardiac Differentiation in Rat Embryonic H9c2 Cells. J Cell Physiol 2016. [PMID: 26205888 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION IL-6 influences several biological processes, including cardiac stem cell and cardiomyocyte physiology. Although JAK-STAT3 activation is the defining feature of IL-6 signaling, signaling molecules such as PI3K, PKCs, and ERK1/2 are also activated and elicit different responses. Moreover, most studies on the specific role of these signaling molecules focus on the adult heart, and few studies are available on the biological effects evoked by IL-6 in embryonic cardiomyocytes. AIM The aim of this study was to clarify the biological response of embryonic heart derived cells to IL-6 by analyzing the morphological modifications and the signaling cascades evoked by the cytokine in H9c2 cells. RESULTS IL-6 stimulation determined the terminal differentiation of H9c2 cells, as evidenced by the increased expression of cardiac transcription factors (NKX2.5 and GATA4), structural proteins (α-myosin heavy chain and cardiac Troponin T) and the gap junction protein Connexin 43. This process was mediated by the rapid modulation of PI3K, Akt, PTEN, and PKCζ phosphorylation levels. PI3K recruitment was an upstream event in the signaling cascade and when PI3K was inhibited, IL-6 failed to modify PKCζ, PTEN, and Akt phosphorylation. Blocking PKCζ activity affected only PTEN and Akt. Finally, the overexpression of a constitutively active form of PKCζ in H9c2 cells largely mimicked the morphological and molecular effects evoked by IL-6. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that IL-6 induces the cardiac differentiation of H9c2 embryonic cells though a signaling cascade that involves PI3K, PTEN, and PKCζ activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angela D'Amico
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Section of Human Morphology, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Barbara Ghinassi
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Section of Human Morphology, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Pascal Izzicupo
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Section of Human Morphology, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Annalisa Di Ruscio
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Angela Di Baldassarre
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Section of Human Morphology, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Obakan P, Barrero C, Coker-Gurkan A, Arisan ED, Merali S, Palavan-Unsal N. SILAC-Based Mass Spectrometry Analysis Reveals That Epibrassinolide Induces Apoptosis via Activating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Prostate Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135788. [PMID: 26353013 PMCID: PMC4564160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epibrassinolide (EBR) is a polyhydroxylated sterol derivative and biologically active compound of the brassinosteroids. In addition to well-described roles in plant growth, EBR induces apoptosis in the LNCaP prostate cancer cells expressing functional androgen receptor (AR). Therefore, it is suggested that EBR might have an inhibitory potential on androgen receptor signaling pathway. However, the mechanism by which EBR exerts its effects on LNCaP is poorly understood. To address this gap in knowledge, we used an unbiased global proteomics approach, i.e., stable-isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). In total, 964 unique proteins were identified, 160 of which were differentially expressed after 12 h of EBR treatment. The quantification of the differentially expressed proteins revealed that the expression of the unfolded protein response (UPR) chaperone protein, calreticulin (CALR), was dramatically downregulated. The decrease in CALR expression was also validated by immunoblotting. Because our data revealed the involvement of the UPR in response to EBR exposure, we evaluated the expression of the other UPR proteins. We demonstrated that EBR treatment downregulated calnexin and upregulated BiP and IRE1α expression levels and induced CHOP translocation from the cytoplasm to nucleus. The translocation of CHOP was associated with caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation after a 12 h EBR treatment. Co-treatment of EBR with rapamycin, an upstream mTOR pathway inhibitor, prevented EBR-induced cell viability loss and PARP cleavage in LNCaP prostate cancer cells, suggesting that EBR could induce ER stress in these cells. In addition, we observed similar results in DU145 cells with nonfunctional androgen receptor. When proteasomal degradation of proteins was blocked by MG132 co-treatment, EBR treatment further induced PARP cleavage relative to drug treatment alone. EBR also induced Ca2+ sequestration, which confirmed the alteration of the ER pathway due to drug treatment. Therefore, we suggest that EBR promotes ER stress and induces apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Obakan
- Istanbul Kultur University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Atakoy Campus, Bakirkoy, Istanbul-Turkey
- * E-mail:
| | - Carlos Barrero
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Fels Institute, 3307 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ajda Coker-Gurkan
- Istanbul Kultur University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Atakoy Campus, Bakirkoy, Istanbul-Turkey
| | - Elif Damla Arisan
- Istanbul Kultur University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Atakoy Campus, Bakirkoy, Istanbul-Turkey
| | - Salim Merali
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Fels Institute, 3307 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Narcin Palavan-Unsal
- Istanbul Kultur University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Atakoy Campus, Bakirkoy, Istanbul-Turkey
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LIU MIHUA, ZHANG YUAN, LIN XIAOLONG, HE JUN, TAN TIANPING, WU SHAOJIAN, YU SHAN, CHEN LI, CHEN YUDAN, FU HONGYUN, YUAN CONG, LI JIAN. Hydrogen sulfide attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting calreticulin expression in H9c2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5197-202. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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17
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Mohamed IA, Gadeau AP, Fliegel L, Lopaschuk G, Mlih M, Abdulrahman N, Fillmore N, Mraiche F. Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1-induced osteopontin expression facilitates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123318. [PMID: 25884410 PMCID: PMC4401699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhanced expression and activity of the Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) has been implicated in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in various experimental models. The upregulation of NHE1 was correlated with an increase in osteopontin (OPN) expression in models of cardiac hypertrophy (CH), and the mechanism for this remains to be delineated. To determine whether the expression of active NHE1-induces OPN and contributes to the hypertrophic response in vitro, cardiomyocytes were infected with the active form of the NHE1 adenovirus or transfected with OPN silencing RNA (siRNA-OPN) and characterized for cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Expression of NHE1 in cardiomyocytes resulted in a significant increase in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy markers: cell surface area, protein content, ANP mRNA and expression of phosphorylated-GATA4. NHE1 activity was also significantly increased in cardiomyocytes expressing active NHE1. Interestingly, transfection of cardiomyocytes with siRNA-OPN significantly abolished the NHE1-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. siRNA-OPN also significantly reduced the activity of NHE1 in cardiomyocytes expressing NHE1 (68.5±0.24%; P<0.05), confirming the role of OPN in the NHE1-induced hypertrophic response. The hypertrophic response facilitated by NHE1-induced OPN occurred independent of the extracellular-signal-regulated kinases and Akt, but required p90-ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK). The ability of OPN to facilitate the NHE1-induced hypertrophic response identifies OPN as a potential therapeutic target to reverse the hypertrophic effect induced by the expression of active NHE1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alain-Pierre Gadeau
- University of Bordeaux, Adaptation Cardiovasculaire à L'ischémie, UMR1034, Pessac, France
| | - Larry Fliegel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gary Lopaschuk
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mohamed Mlih
- College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Natasha Fillmore
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Fatima Mraiche
- College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- * E-mail:
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18
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Sheng W, Chen C, Dong M, Zhou J, Liu Q, Dong Q, Li F. Overexpression of calreticulin contributes to the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:887-97. [PMID: 24264800 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We studied the clinicopathological significance for Calreticulin (CRT) expression in pancreatic cancer (PC), and its functional relationship with other signaling genes (especially with p53) in regulating the biological behavior of PC cells. IHC, IF, IB, and real-time PCR were used to detect CRT expression in PC, while transfection and drug intervention were used to investigate the functional relationship of CRT with other signaling genes. IHC showed both CRT and p53 expression was significantly increased in PC, compared to that in paired non-cancerous pancreatic tissues (P < 0.001). High expression of CRT was positively associated with tumor UICC stage and lymph nodes metastasis (P = 0.034 and P = 0.015), and was an independent adverse prognostic indicator in patients with PC. No relationship was found between CRT and p53 expression in spearman's rank correlation test. Altered expression of CRT did not change p53, MDM2, pho-AKT, pho-p38, and pho-JNK expression, but had a specific regulation on pho-ERK. Meanwhile, CRT-regulated cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of PC cells in MEK/ERK pathway dependent manner. In addition, CRT knockdown significantly decreased pho-ERK expression and cell chemoresistance independent of activated p53 and caspase-3-related apoptosis in gemcitabine- or oxaliplatin-treated Capan-2 cells. Our study first demonstrated that overexpression of CRT contributed to the development and progression of PC through MEK/ERK-signaling pathway but independent of p53. The interaction between CRT and MEK/ERK pathway might provide a new idea for revealing malignant biology and supplying new gene targeted chemotherapy of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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19
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Abstract
Protein kinases represent one of the largest families of genes found in eukaryotes. Kinases mediate distinct cellular processes ranging from proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. Ligand-mediated activation of receptor kinases can lead to the production of endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by membrane-bound NADPH oxidases. In turn, H₂O₂ can be utilized as a secondary messenger in signal transduction pathways. This review presents an overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in redox regulation of protein kinases and its effects on signaling cascades. In the first half, we will focus primarily on receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), whereas the latter will concentrate on downstream non-receptor kinases involved in relaying stimulant response. Select examples from the literature are used to highlight the functional role of H₂O₂ regarding kinase activity, as well as the components involved in H₂O₂ production and regulation during cellular signaling. In addition, studies demonstrating direct modulation of protein kinases by H₂O₂ through cysteine oxidation will be emphasized. Identification of these redox-sensitive residues may help uncover signaling mechanisms conserved within kinase subfamilies. In some cases, these residues can even be exploited as targets for the development of new therapeutics. Continued efforts in this field will further basic understanding of kinase redox regulation, and delineate the mechanisms involved in physiological and pathological H₂O₂ responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu H Truong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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20
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Zamanian M, Veerakumarasivam A, Abdullah S, Rosli R. Calreticulin and cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2013; 19:149-54. [PMID: 23392843 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-012-9600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) as a multi-functional endoplasmic reticulum protein is involved in a spectrum of cellular processes which ranges from calcium homeostasis and chaperoning to cell adhesion and finally malignant formation and progression. Previous studies have shown a contributing role for CRT in a range of different cancers. This present review will focus on the possible roles of CRT in the progression of malignant proliferation and the mechanisms involved in its contribution to cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Zamanian
- Genetic Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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21
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Proteomic analysis for anti-atherosclerotic effect of tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2012. [PMID: 23206751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) extracted from Polygonum multiflorum (a traditional Chinese medicinal herb) has been proved to exhibit significant anti-atherosclerotic activity. In this study, we firstly used proteomic analyses to investigate the molecular events occurring in the atherosclerotic rats after TSG treatment. Aortic samples were collected from the atherosclerotic rat group and the TSG-treated group, and its proteome was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Proteins showing significant changes in expression were identified and analyzed by matrix-assisted desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). As a result, 21 protein spots were found with significant differential expression after the treatment with TSG. A total of 18 spots were identified by database searching, and 17 spots matched with known proteins. Among these proteins (11 proteins up-regulated and six proteins down-regulated), five proteins were mainly involved in inflammation, cholesterol transport, cell apoptosis and adhesion. TSG treatment enhanced the expression of HSP 70, lipocortin 1 and Apo A-I, and inhibited the expression of calreticulin, vimentin. Furthermore, we randomly selected four proteins and confirmed the results of proteomic analysis by RT-PCR and western blotting. In conclusion, TSG treatment suppresses atherosclerosis by altering the expression of different proteins. Calreticulin, vimentin, HSP 70, lipocortin 1, and Apo A-I, are key proteins that may be novel molecular targets responsible for atherogenesis suppression induced by TSG treatment.
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22
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Overexpression of Calreticulin in Pre-eclamptic Placentas: Effect on Apoptosis, Cell Invasion and Severity of Pre-eclampsia. Cell Biochem Biophys 2012; 63:183-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-012-9350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Branco AF, Pereira SL, Moreira AC, Holy J, Sardão VA, Oliveira PJ. Isoproterenol cytotoxicity is dependent on the differentiation state of the cardiomyoblast H9c2 cell line. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2011; 11:191-203. [PMID: 21455642 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-011-9111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
H9c2 cells are used as a surrogate for cardiac cells in several toxicological studies, which are usually performed with cells in their undifferentiated state, raising questions on the applicability of the results to adult cardiomyocytes. Since H9c2 myoblasts have the capacity to differentiate into skeletal and cardiac muscle cells under different conditions, the hypothesis of the present work was that cells in different differentiation states differ in their susceptibility to toxicants. In order to test the hypothesis, the effects of the cardiotoxicant isoproterenol (ISO) were investigated. The present work demonstrates that differentiated H9c2 cells are more susceptible to ISO toxicity. Cellular content of beta(1)-adrenergic receptors (AR), beta(3)-AR, and calcineurin is decreased as cells differentiate, as opposed to the content on the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) and phosphorylated p38-MAPK, which increase. After ISO treatment, the pro-apoptotic protein Bax increases in all experimental groups, although only undifferentiated myoblasts up-regulate the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. Calcineurin is decreased in differentiated H9c2 cells, which suggests an important role against ISO-induced cell death. The results indicate that the differentiation state of H9c2 myoblasts influence ISO toxicity, which may involve calcineurin, p38-MAPK, and Bax/Bcl-2 alterations. The data also provide new insights into cardiovascular toxicology during early development.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/toxicity
- Animals
- Calcineurin/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Isoproterenol/toxicity
- Myoblasts, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myoblasts, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myoblasts, Cardiac/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/metabolism
- Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels/metabolism
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Branco
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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24
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Sussman MA, Völkers M, Fischer K, Bailey B, Cottage CT, Din S, Gude N, Avitabile D, Alvarez R, Sundararaman B, Quijada P, Mason M, Konstandin MH, Malhowski A, Cheng Z, Khan M, McGregor M. Myocardial AKT: the omnipresent nexus. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:1023-70. [PMID: 21742795 PMCID: PMC3674828 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00024.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest examples of integrated signal transduction is revealed by examination of effects mediated by AKT kinase in myocardial biology. Positioned at the intersection of multiple afferent and efferent signals, AKT exemplifies a molecular sensing node that coordinates dynamic responses of the cell in literally every aspect of biological responses. The balanced and nuanced nature of homeostatic signaling is particularly essential within the myocardial context, where regulation of survival, energy production, contractility, and response to pathological stress all flow through the nexus of AKT activation or repression. Equally important, the loss of regulated AKT activity is primarily the cause or consequence of pathological conditions leading to remodeling of the heart and eventual decompensation. This review presents an overview compendium of the complex world of myocardial AKT biology gleaned from more than a decade of research. Summarization of the widespread influence that AKT exerts upon myocardial responses leaves no doubt that the participation of AKT in molecular signaling will need to be reckoned with as a seemingly omnipresent regulator of myocardial molecular biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Sussman
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, SDSU Heart Institute, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
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25
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Comelli M, Domenis R, Bisetto E, Contin M, Marchini M, Ortolani F, Tomasetig L, Mavelli I. Cardiac differentiation promotes mitochondria development and ameliorates oxidative capacity in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Mitochondrion 2011; 11:315-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Transcription factors are the common convergence points of signal transduction pathways to affect gene transcription. Signal transduction activity results in posttranslational modification (PTM) of transcription factors and the sum of these modifications at any given time point will determine the action of the transcription factor. It has been suggested that these PTMs provide a transcription factor code analogous to the histone code. However, the number and variety of these modifications and the lack of knowledge in general of their dynamics precludes at present a concise view of how combinations of PTMs affect transcription factor function. Also, a single type of PTM such as phosphorylation can have opposing effects on transcription factor activity. Transcription factors of the Forkhead box O (FOXO) class are predominantly regulated through signaling, by phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (also known as AKT) pathway and a reactive oxygen species/c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway. Both pathways result in increased FOXO phosphorylation yet with opposing result. Whereas PKB-mediated phosphorylation inactivates FOXO, c-Jun N-terminal kinase-mediated phosphorylation results in activation of FOXO. Here we discuss regulation of FOXO transcription factors by phosphorylation as an example for understanding integration of signal transduction at the level of transcription activity.
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Suzuki O, Kanai T, Nishikawa T, Yamamoto Y, Noguchi A, Takimoto K, Koura M, Noguchi Y, Uchio-Yamada K, Tsuji S, Matsuda J. Adult onset cardiac dilatation in a transgenic mouse line with Galβ1,3GalNAc α2,3-sialyltransferase II (ST3Gal-II) transgenes: a new model for dilated cardiomyopathy. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2011; 87:550-562. [PMID: 21986317 PMCID: PMC3313694 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.87.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sugar chain abnormalities in glycolipids and glycoproteins are associated with various diseases. Here, we report an adult onset cardiac dilatation in a transgenic mouse line with Galβ1,3GalNAc α2,3-sialyltransferase II (ST3Gal-II) transgenes. The transgenic hearts at the end-stage, at around 7 months old, were enlarged, with enlarged cavities and thin, low-tensile walls, typical of dilated cardiomyopathy. Although no apparent change was found in heart gangliosides, glycosylation of heart proteins was altered. Interestingly, sugar moieties not directly related to the ST3Gal-II catalytic reaction were also changed. Significant increases in calreticulin and calnexin were observed in hearts of the transgenic mice. These results suggest that expression of ST3Gal-II transgenes induces abnormal protein glycosylation, which disorganizes the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum quality control system and elevates the calreticulin/calnexin level, resulting in suppression of cardiac function. The transgenic mice showed 100% incidence of adult onset cardiac dilatation, suggesting great potential as a new model for dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Japan.
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di Giacomo V, Rapino M, Sancilio S, Patruno A, Zara S, Di Pietro R, Cataldi A. PKC-δ signalling pathway is involved in H9c2 cells differentiation. Differentiation 2010; 80:204-12. [PMID: 20817341 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
H9c2 are rat heart embryonic myoblasts, with skeletal muscle properties, which terminally differentiate by fusing and forming multinucleated myotubes. Here we investigated the possible involvement of Protein Kinases C (PKCs) in H9c2 cell differentiation and explored the interplay of these enzymes both with reactive oxygen species (ROS), upstream physiological mediators of cell differentiation, and with nitric oxide (NO), downstream target of PKC activation, known for being involved in apoptosis induction in differentiated myoblasts. Cells were induced to differentiate (6 days) under low serum culture conditions and assayed for the expression of cell cycle (cyclin A) and differentiation markers (morphology and myogenin). Both ROS and in vivo production of NO were found increased after 6 days of differentiation, when the activation of PKC-δ isoform was 14-fold increased compared with the undifferentiated control cells. The parallel analysis of apoptotic features demonstrated a small increase in Annexin-V+ cells and a concomitant increase in PARP cleavage and Bax expression. Interestingly, a reduced percentage of differentiated cells was obtained both in the presence of Rottlerin, a highly selective PKC-δ pharmacologic inhibitor, and, moreover, with the use of PKC-δ siRNA technology, further supporting the involvement of PKC-δ in switching on the events related to skeletal muscle myoblast differentiation.
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Vandecaetsbeek I, Raeymaekers L, Wuytack F, Vangheluwe P. Factors controlling the activity of the SERCA2a pump in the normal and failing heart. Biofactors 2009; 35:484-99. [PMID: 19904717 DOI: 10.1002/biof.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is the leading cause of death in western countries and is often associated with impaired Ca(2+) handling in the cardiomyocyte. In fact, cardiomyocyte relaxation and contraction are tightly controlled by the activity of the cardiac sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum (ER/SR) Ca(2+) pump SERCA2a, pumping Ca(2+) from the cytosol into the lumen of the ER/SR. This review addresses three important facets that control the SERCA2 activity in the heart. First, we focus on the alternative splicing of the SERCA2 messenger, which is strictly regulated in the developing heart. This splicing controls the formation of three SERCA2 splice variants with different enzymatic properties. Second, we will discuss the role and regulation of SERCA2a activity in the normal and failing heart. The two well-studied Ca(2+) affinity modulators phospholamban and sarcolipin control the activity of SERCA2a within a narrow window. An aberrantly high or low Ca(2+) affinity is often observed in and may even trigger cardiac failure. Correcting SERCA2a activity might therefore constitute a therapeutic approach to improve the contractility of the failing heart. Finally, we address the controversies and unanswered questions of other putative regulators of the cardiac Ca(2+) pump, such as sarcalumenin, HRC, S100A1, Bcl-2, HAX-1, calreticulin, calnexin, ERp57, IRS-1, and -2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Vandecaetsbeek
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory of Ca(2+)-transport ATPases, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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A proteomic study on a human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2 treated with diallyl trisulfide. Anticancer Drugs 2009; 20:702-12. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32832e89c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Du XL, Yang H, Liu SG, Luo ML, Hao JJ, Zhang Y, Lin DC, Xu X, Cai Y, Zhan QM, Wang MR. Calreticulin promotes cell motility and enhances resistance to anoikis through STAT3-CTTN-Akt pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2009; 28:3714-22. [PMID: 19684620 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have shown earlier that overexpression of Calreticulin (CRT) contributed to a poor prognosis for patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Here, we have shown an important role of CRT in tumorigenesis through enhancing cell motility and anoikis resistance. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of CRT caused impaired cell migration, invasion and resistance to anoikis. Notably, CRT downregulation decreased the expression of Cortactin (CTTN), which has been previously reported as a candidate oncogene associated with anoikis through the PI3K-Akt pathway. In addition, Akt phosphorylation was abolished after CRT downregulation and its activation can be refreshed by CRT upregulation, suggesting that CRT-enhanced cell resistance to anoikis through the CRT-CTTN-PI3K-Akt pathway. Moreover, the CTTN mRNA level was decreased in CRT-siRNA cells, coupled with the inactivation of STAT3. Expression of both CTTN and p-STAT3 was reduced in tumor cells following incubation with the JAK-specific inhibitor, AG490. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed direct binding of p-STAT3 to the conservative STAT3-binding sequences in CTTN promoter. Furthermore, overexpression of CTTN in CRT-downregulated ESCC cells restored its motility and resistance to anoikis. This study not only reveals a role of CRT in motility promotion and anoikis resistance in ESCC cells, but also identifies CRT as an upstream regulator in the CRT-STAT3-CTTN-Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-L Du
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Hirao T, Urata Y, Kageyama K, Ikezaki M, Kawakatsu M, Matsuse M, Matsuo T, Akishita M, Nagata I, Kondo T. Dehydroepiandrosterone augments sensitivity to gamma-ray irradiation in human H4 neuroglioma cells through down-regulation of Akt signaling. Free Radic Res 2009; 42:957-65. [PMID: 19031317 DOI: 10.1080/10715760802566582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) modulates sensitivity to radiation-induced injury in human neuroglioma cells (H4) through effects on Akt signalling by glutathione (GSH)-dependent redox regulation. Previous treatment of H4 cells with DHEA for 18 h reduced the gamma-ray-induced phosphorylation of Akt, activated p21(waf1) synthesis and up-regulated phosphorylation of Rb independent of p53. These reactions were followed by a decrease in cell number and an increase in apoptosis and G(2)/M checkpoint arrest. The suppression of phosphorylation of Akt by DHEA was due to regulation of the dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). DHEA up-regulated the expression of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, a rate-limiting enzyme of glutathione (GSH) synthesis, and the levels of GSH to maintain PP2A activity. The results suggested that DHEA increases the sensitivity of cells to gamma-ray irradiation by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest through GSH-dependent regulation of the reduced form of PP2A to down-regulate the Akt signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Hirao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-14 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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33
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Hippocampal gene expression changes during age-related cognitive decline. Brain Res 2008; 1256:101-10. [PMID: 19133237 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As humans age, cognitive performance decreases differentially across individuals. This age-related decline in otherwise healthy individuals is likely due to the interaction of multiple factors including genetics and environment. We hypothesized that altered spatial memory performance in genetically similar mice could be in part due to differential gene expression patterns in the hippocampus. To investigate this we utilized Morris water maze (MWM) testing in a group of young (3 months) and aged (24 months) C57BL/J male mice. Two sub-groups were identified in the aged animals; one in which MWM performance was not significantly different when compared to the young animals (aged-unimpaired; "AU") and one in which performance was significantly different by 1.5 standard deviations from the mean (aged-impaired; "AI"). One week after testing was completed the entire hippocampus was collected from six each of AU, AI and young mice and their gene expression profiles were compared using Affymetrix microarrays. Benjamini and Hochberg FDR correction at p<0.05 identified 18 genes differentially expressed between the AI and AU mice. The correlation between behavioral deficits and gene expression patterning allows a better understanding of how altered gene expression in the hippocampus contributes to accelerated age-related cognitive decline and delineates between gene expression changes associated with normal aging vs. memory performance.
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Park CH, Kim YS, Kim YH, Choi MY, Yoo JM, Kang SS, Choi WS, Cho GJ. Calcineurin mediates AKT dephosphorylation in the ischemic rat retina. Brain Res 2008; 1234:148-57. [PMID: 18703031 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin (CaN) is a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase that has an important role in ischemia-induced apoptosis. The serine/threonine kinase, Akt, which is also known as protein kinase B, has an important role in the cell death/survival pathways. Akt is activated by its phosphorylation, which is positively regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and negatively regulated by a class of protein phosphatases (PPs) in tissue. However, the relationship between CaN and Akt after transient ischemia remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether CaN is involved in neuronal cell apoptosis and Akt dephosphorylation that occur during ischemic injury. We examined the interdependence between CaN and Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) in the rat retina after transient ischemia. After ischemic damage, we detected changes in levels of CaN, Akt and Bad in rats in the presence or absence FK506, CaN inhibitor. Our results show that CaN cleavage reduced Akt phosphorylation at Thr308 and Ser473, and led to apoptosis via dephosphorylation of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bad. After treatment with FK506, Akt and Bad dephosphorylation was greatly reduced. The total number of TUNEL-positive neurons was reduced by intravitreal injection of FK506 after transient ischemia. These results indicate that CaN cleavage negatively regulates Akt phosphorylation and is involved in retinal cell apoptosis after transient ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hwan Park
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Gyeongsang National University, 92 Chilam-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660-751, South Korea
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Pallero MA, Elzie CA, Chen J, Mosher DF, Murphy-Ullrich JE. Thrombospondin 1 binding to calreticulin-LRP1 signals resistance to anoikis. FASEB J 2008; 22:3968-79. [PMID: 18653767 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-104802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anoikis, apoptotic cell death due to loss of cell adhesion, is critical for regulation of tissue homeostasis in tissue remodeling. Fibrogenesis is associated with reduced fibroblast apoptosis. The matricellular protein thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) regulates cell adhesion and motility during tissue remodeling and in fibrogenesis. The N-terminal domain of TSP1 binds to the calreticulin-LRP1 receptor co-complex to signal down-regulation of cell adhesion and increased cell motility through focal adhesion disassembly. TSP1 signaling through calreticulin-LRP1 activates cell survival signals such as PI3-kinase. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that TSP1 supports cell survival under adhesion-independent conditions to facilitate tissue remodeling. Here, we show that platelet TSP1, its N-terminal domain (NoC1) as a recombinant protein, or a peptide comprising the calreticulin-LRP1 binding site [amino acids 17-35 (hep I)] in the N-terminal domain promotes fibroblast survival under anchorage-independent conditions. TSP1 activates Akt and decreases apoptotic signaling through caspase 3 and PARP1 in suspended fibroblasts. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt activity blocks TSP1-mediated anchorage-independent survival. Fibroblasts lacking LRP1 or expressing calreticulin lacking the TSP1 binding site do not respond to TSP1 with anchorage-independent survival. These data define a novel role for TSP1 signaling through the calreticulin/LRP1 co-complex in tissue remodeling and fibrotic responses through stimulation of anoikis resistance.-Pallero, M. A., Elzie, C. A., Chen, J., Mosher, D. F., Murphy-Ullrich, J. E. Thrombospondin 1 binding to calreticulin-LRP1 signals resistance to anoikis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Pallero
- Department of Pathology, VH 668 1530 3rd Ave., South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA
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36
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Boraldi F, Annovi G, Paolinelli-Devincenzi C, Tiozzo R, Quaglino D. The effect of serum withdrawal on the protein profile of quiescent human dermal fibroblasts in primary cell culture. Proteomics 2008; 8:66-82. [PMID: 18095366 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The effect of serum deprivation on proliferating cells is well known, in contrast its role on primary cell cultures, at confluence, has not been deeply investigated. Therefore, in order to explore the response of quiescent cells to serum deprivation, ubiquitous mesenchymal cells, as normal human dermal fibroblasts, were grown, for 48 h after confluence, in the presence or absence of 10% FBS. Fibroblast behaviour (i.e. cell morphology, cell viability, ROS production and elastin synthesis) was evaluated morphologically and biochemically. Moreover, the protein profile was investigated by 2-DE and differentially expressed proteins were identified by MS. Serum withdrawal caused cell shrinkage but did not significantly modify the total cell number. ROS production, as evaluated by the dihydroethidium (DH2) probe, was increased after serum deprivation, whereas elastin synthesis, measured by a colorimetric method, was markedly reduced in the absence of serum. By proteome analysis, 41 proteins appeared to significantly change their expression, the great majority of protein changes were related to the cytoskeleton, the stress response and the glycolytic pathway. Data indicate that human dermal fibroblasts in primary cell culture can adapt themselves to environmental changes, without significantly altering cell viability, at least after a few days of treatment, even though serum withdrawal represents a stress condition capable to increase ROS production, to influence cell metabolism and to interfere with cell behaviour, favouring the expression of several age-related features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Boraldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, Modena, Italy
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37
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Liu X, Wu X, Cai L, Sun S. CALRETICULIN DOWNREGULATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH FGF-2-INDUCED ANGIOGENESIS THROUGH CALCINEURIN PATHWAY IN ISCHEMIC MYOCARDIUM. Shock 2008; 29:140-8. [PMID: 17693930 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e318123e822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) plays an integral role in therapeutic angiogenesis associated with myocardial infarct healing. Calcium (Ca(2+)) is one of the most universal important signaling molecules that affect cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Calreticulin (CRT), a 46-kd (Ca(2+)) -binding chaperone found mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum, plays an important role in regulating calcium homeostasis. The role of CRT in FGF-2-induced angiogenesis and its signaling pathways in ischemic myocardium are not clear. For this study, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry were used to analyze CRT's differential expression in myocardial microvascular endothelial cells treated with or without FGF-2. Western blotting analysis was used to detect the expression of CRT and calcineurin (CaN) in sham-operated, FGF-2-, or saline intramyocardially injected myocardium. It is found that FGF-2 induced angiogenesis after sustained ischemia with downregulation of CRT expression and upregulation of CaN expression in myocardium. The CRT expression was negatively correlated to angiogenesis. Furthermore, overexpression of CRT or inhibition of CaN with cyclosporine A abolishes FGF-2-induced microvascular endothelial cells proliferation and CaN expression. The results indicate that intramyocardial administration of FGF-2 decreases myocardial CRT expression in parallel with myocardial angiogenesis in ischemic myocardium. The study further indicates that Ca(2+)/CaN signaling pathway may be involved in CRT-related angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Viero C, Kraushaar U, Ruppenthal S, Kaestner L, Lipp P. A primary culture system for sustained expression of a calcium sensor in preserved adult rat ventricular myocytes. Cell Calcium 2008; 43:59-71. [PMID: 17822759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For studying heart pathologies on the cellular level, cultured adult cardiac myocytes represent an important approach. We aimed to explore a novel adult rat ventricular myocyte culture system with minimised dedifferentiation allowing extended experimental manipulation of the cells such as expression of exogenous proteins. Various culture conditions were investigated including medium supplement, substrate coating and electrical pacing for one week. Adult myocytes were probed for (i) viability, (ii) morphology, (iii) frequency dependence of contractions, (iv) Ca(2+) transients, and (v) their tolerance towards adenovirus-mediated expression of the Ca(2+) sensor "inverse pericam". Conventionally, in either serum supplemented or serum-free medium, myocytes dedifferentiated into flat cells within 3 days or cell physiology and morphology were impaired, respectively. In contrast, myocytes cultured in medium supplemented with an insulin-transferrin-selenite mixture on substrates coated with extracellular matrix proteins showed an increased cell attachment and a conserved cross-striation. Moreover, these myocytes displayed optimised preservation of their contractile behaviour and Ca(2+) signalling even under conditions of continuous electrical pacing. Sustained expression of inverse pericam did not alter myocyte function and allowed long lasting high speed Ca(2+) imaging of electrically driven adult myocytes. Our single-cell model thus provides a new advance for high-content screening of these highly specialised cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Viero
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Building 61, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Okunaga T, Urata Y, Goto S, Matsuo T, Mizota S, Tsutsumi K, Nagata I, Kondo T, Ihara Y. Calreticulin, a molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum, modulates radiosensitivity of human glioblastoma U251MG cells. Cancer Res 2007; 66:8662-71. [PMID: 16951181 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is the primary and most important adjuvant therapy for malignant gliomas. Although the mechanism of radiation resistance in gliomas has been studied for decades, it is still not clear how the resistance is related with functions of molecular chaperones in the endoplasmic reticulum. Calreticulin (CRT) is a Ca(2+)-binding molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum. Recently, it was reported that changes in intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis play a role in the modulation of apoptosis. In the present study, we found that the level of CRT was higher in neuroglioma H4 cells than in glioblastoma cells (U251MG and T98G), and was well correlated with the sensitivity to gamma-irradiation. To examine the role of CRT in the radiosensitivity of malignant gliomas, the CRT gene was introduced into U251MG cells, which express low levels of CRT, and the effect of overexpression of CRT on the radiosensitivity was examined. The cells transfected with the CRT gene exhibited enhanced radiation-induced apoptosis compared with untransfected control cells. In CRT-overexpressing cells, cell survival signaling via Akt was markedly suppressed. Furthermore, the gene expression of protein phosphatase 2Ac alpha (PP2Ac alpha), which is responsible for the dephosphorylation and inactivation of Akt, was up-regulated in CRT-overexpressing cells, and the regulation was dependent on Ca(2+). Thus, overexpression of CRT modulates radiation-induced apoptosis by suppressing Akt signaling through the up-regulation of PP2Ac alpha expression via altered Ca(2+) homeostasis. These results show the novel mechanism by which CRT is involved in the regulation of radiosensitivity and radiation-induced apoptosis in malignant glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Okunaga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Disease, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, 852-8523 Nagasaki, Japan
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40
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Zhang X, Szabo E, Michalak M, Opas M. Endoplasmic reticulum stress during the embryonic development of the central nervous system in the mouse. Int J Dev Neurosci 2007; 25:455-63. [PMID: 17913437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we have found evidence for ER stress occurring during development of the central nervous system in the mouse. Several ER-resident stress-regulated chaperones, such as calreticulin, glucose regulated protein 78, glucose regulated protein 94, ER protein 57 and protein disulfide isomerase, were expressed at higher levels in embryonic brain and retina, compared with adult tissues. In contrast, calnexin, a chaperone that is not regulated by stress was equally abundant in embryonic and adult tissues. We also detected unfolded protein response during embryonic development. Both eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha and its phosphorylated form were more abundant in embryonic brain and retina than in adult tissues. Spliced X-box binding protein-1 mRNA was detected in embryonic brain and retina, while it was absent in adult counterparts. Partially glycosylated form of activating transcription factor 6 alpha, another ER stress indicator, was detected predominantly in embryonic brain. Finally, apoptotic pathway components, caspase-7 and -12, were more abundant in embryonic brain than in adult. The pattern of expression of chaperones together with activation of the unfolded protein response factors suggests the presence of ER stress during development of brain and retina. Furthermore, our data suggest that ER stress-like mechanism may induce apoptosis via activation of the caspases during embryonic development of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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41
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Hattori K, Nakamura K, Hisatomi Y, Matsumoto S, Suzuki M, Harvey RP, Kurihara H, Hattori S, Yamamoto T, Michalak M, Endo F. Arrhythmia induced by spatiotemporal overexpression of calreticulin in the heart. Mol Genet Metab 2007; 91:285-93. [PMID: 17482496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Revised: 02/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a Ca(2+)-binding protein of the endoplasmic reticulum essential for cardiac development. For further investigation of the functional mechanism of calreticulin, we generated transgenic mice with spatiotemporal overexpression of calreticulin using a cre-loxP system. To elucidate the role of the protein in cardiogenesis, we adopted Nkx2.5-cre mice for heart specific overexpression. The overexpression of calreticulin was associated with arrhythmia, chamber dilation and sudden death, as observed in 6- to 10-week-old mice. Furthermore, transgenic mice displayed marked edema at 7-weeks of age. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of hyperpolerization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel1 (HCN1), an essential component for cardiac pace maker activity, had receded in the heart of transgenic mice. In addition, the protein level of connexin40 (Cx40), connexin43 (Cx43), components of gap junction, and myocyte-enhancer factor (MEF) 2C, a cardiac-specific transcriptional factor, were reduced in the transgenic mice hearts. These findings suggest that calreticulin affects cardiac arrhythmia with disruption of cardiac signaling, such as the HCN family members, and with low levels of Cx40 and Cx43. Overepression of calreticulin also leads to a decreased protein level of MEF2C and this may cause changes in cardiac structure. Our findings support calreticulin being critical for normal heart function and structure. These mice are a useful model for the study of endoplasmic reticulum proteins, such as calreticulin, in various tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Hattori
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Japan
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Choi SE, Kim HE, Shin HC, Jang HJ, Lee KW, Kim Y, Kang SS, Chun J, Kang Y. Involvement of Ca2+-mediated apoptotic signals in palmitate-induced MIN6N8a beta cell death. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 272:50-62. [PMID: 17507155 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular Ca(2+) chelator EGTA and L-type Ca(2+) channel blockers, such as, nifedipine and nimodipine were found to have a protective effect on palmitate-induced MIN6N8a beta cell apoptosis, whereas the Ca(2+) channel opener, Bay K8644, enhanced the apoptotic process. Moreover, the phospho-form of Bad, in conjunction with phospho-Akt, was reduced in response to palmitate and the palmitate-induced dephosphorylations of Akt and Bad were dependent on Ca(2+) influx. The transient expression of catalytically active Akt prevented MIN6N8a cells from palmitate-induced apoptosis. Deltamethrin, an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-activated phosphatase, delayed Akt and Bad dephosphorylations, and then protected MIN6N8a cells from palmitate-induced apoptosis. On the other hand, palmitate was found to induce CHOP, an apoptotic transcription factor in response to ER stress, and this induction was enhanced by Ca(2+) influx. Our studies suggested that Ca(2+) influx and subsequent Ca(2+)-mediated apoptotic signals are involved in palmitate-induced beta cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-E Choi
- Institute for Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, 442-749 Suwon, Republic of Korea
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43
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Hunter AL, Zhang J, Chen SC, Si X, Wong B, Ekhterae D, Luo H, Granville DJ. Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) inhibits myogenic differentiation. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:879-84. [PMID: 17292893 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC), an anti-apoptotic protein, is highly expressed in differentiated heart and skeletal muscle. Apoptosis and differentiation share numerous common pathways; therefore, we examined the impact of ARC on H9c2-myoblast differentiation. We demonstrate that ARC expression levels increase and stabilize upon differentiation. ARC-overexpression in pre-differentiated H9c2-cells suppresses differentiation; indicated by increased myotube formation, nuclear fusion and expression of the differentiation markers myogenin and troponin-T. ARC-overexpression inhibited myoblast differentiation associated caspase-3 activation, suggesting ARC inhibits myogenic differentiation through caspase inhibition. In summary, we show a novel role for ARC in the regulation of muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwen L Hunter
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Pugatsch T, Abedat S, Lotan C, Beeri R. Anti-erbB2 treatment induces cardiotoxicity by interfering with cell survival pathways. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 8:R35. [PMID: 16839426 PMCID: PMC1779483 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cardiac dysfunction is among the serious side effects of therapy with recombinant humanized anti-erbB2 monoclonal antibody. The antibody blocks ErbB-2, a receptor tyrosine kinase and co-receptor for other members of the ErbB and epidermal growth factor families, which is over-expressed on the surface of many malignant cells. ErbB-2 and its ligands neuregulin and ErbB-3/ErbB-4 are involved in survival and growth of cardiomyocytes in both postnatal and adult hearts, and therefore the drug may interrupt the correct functioning of the ErbB-2 pathway. Methods The effect of the rat-anti-erbB2 monoclonal antibody B-10 was studied in spontaneously beating primary myocyte cultures from rat neonatal hearts. Gene expression was determined by RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) and by rat stress-specific microarray analysis, protein levels by Western blot, cell contractility by video motion analysis, calcium transients by the FURA fluorescent method, and apoptosis using the TUNEL (terminal uridine nick-end labelling) assay. Results B-10 treatment induces significant changes in expression of 24 out of 207 stress genes analyzed using the microarray technique. Protein levels of ErbB-2, ErbB-3, ErbB-4 and neuregulin decreased after 1 day. However, both transcription and protein levels of ErbB-4 and gp130 increased several fold. Calreticulin and calsequestrin were overexpressed after three days, inducing a decrease in calcium transients, thereby influencing cell contractility. Apoptosis was induced in 20% cells after 24 hours. Conclusion Blocking ErbB-2 in cultured rat cardiomyocytes leads to changes that may influence the cell cycle and affects genes involved in heart functions. B-10 inhibits pro-survival pathways and reduces cellular contractility. Thus, it is conceivable that this process may impair the stress response of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Pugatsch
- The Cardiovascular Research Center, Heart Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Suzan Abedat
- The Cardiovascular Research Center, Heart Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chaim Lotan
- The Cardiovascular Research Center, Heart Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ronen Beeri
- The Cardiovascular Research Center, Heart Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Hayashida Y, Urata Y, Muroi E, Kono T, Miyata Y, Nomata K, Kanetake H, Kondo T, Ihara Y. Calreticulin Represses E-cadherin Gene Expression in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells via Slug. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:32469-84. [PMID: 16943193 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607240200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a multifunctional Ca(2+)-binding molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum. In mammals, the expression level of CRT differs markedly in a variety of organs and tissues, suggesting that CRT plays a specific role in each cell type. In the present study, we focused on CRT functions in the kidney, where overall expression of CRT is quite low, and established CRT-overexpressing kidney epithelial cell-derived Madin-Darby canine kidney cells by gene transfection. We demonstrated that, in CRT-overexpressing cells, the morphology was apparently changed, and the original polarized epithelial cell phenotype was destroyed. Furthermore, CRT-overexpressing cells showed enhanced migration through Matrigel-coated Boyden chamber wells, compared with controls. E-cadherin expression was significantly suppressed at the protein and transcriptional levels in CRT-overexpressing cells compared with controls. On the other hand, the expression of mesenchymal protein markers, such as N-cadherin and fibronectin, was up-regulated. We also found that the expression of Slug, a repressor of the E-cadherin promoter, was up-regulated by overexpression of CRT through altered Ca(2+) homeostasis, and this led to enhanced binding of Slug to the E-box element in the E-cadherin promoter. Thus, we conclude that CRT regulates the epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like change of cellular phenotype by modulating the Slug/E-cadherin pathway through altered Ca(2+) homeostasis in cells, suggesting a novel function of CRT in cell-cell interaction of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Hayashida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Disease, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, and Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Pantano C, Reynaert NL, van der Vliet A, Janssen-Heininger YMW. Redox-sensitive kinases of the nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8:1791-806. [PMID: 16987032 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
NF-kappaB is an inducible transcription factor that plays a role in the expression of over one hundred genes involved in immunity, inflammation, proliferation, and in defense against apoptosis. NF-kappaB has been known to be redox regulated for some time and is a direct target for oxidation that can affect its ability to bind to DNA. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been identified as second messengers in cells, and play a role in receptor signaling and posttranslation modification of signaling molecules. These posttranslation modifications include oxidations of critical cysteines to sulfenic acids or mixed disulfides, which can affect the activity of proteins. Many kinases involved in direct or indirect activation of NF-kappaB are affected by oxidants and therefore, have the potential to alter NF-kappaB activity. This review will provide a summary of the NF-kappaB family, their activation and regulation, followed by a summary of cytoplasmic and nuclear kinases in this pathway whose activity is affected by oxidants. Additionally, recent investigations have revealed that the JNK signaling pathway, which is known to be redox regulated, and pro-apoptotic, is inhibited by NF-kappaB signaling. The crosstalk of NF-kappaB with other signaling pathways is therefore critical for cellular fate, notably survival or cell death under oxidative conditions, and will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristen Pantano
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, 05405, USA
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Kanda M, Ihara Y, Murata H, Urata Y, Kono T, Yodoi J, Seto S, Yano K, Kondo T. Glutaredoxin modulates platelet-derived growth factor-dependent cell signaling by regulating the redox status of low molecular weight protein-tyrosine phosphatase. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:28518-28. [PMID: 16893901 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m604359200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxin (GRX) is a glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase involved in various cellular functions, including the redox-dependent regulation of certain integral proteins. Here we demonstrated that overexpression of GRX suppressed the proliferation of myocardiac H9c2 cells treated with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB. After stimulation with PDGF-BB, the phosphorylation of PDGF receptor (PDGFR) beta was suppressed in GRX gene-transfected cells, compared with controls. Conversely, the phosphorylation was enhanced by depletion of GRX by RNA interference. In this study we focused on the role of low molecular weight protein-tyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP) in the dephosphorylation of PDGFRbeta via a redox-dependent mechanism. We found that depletion of LMW-PTP using RNA interference enhanced the PDGF-BB-induced phosphorylation of PDGFRbeta, indicating that LMW-PTP works for PDGFRbeta. The enhancement of the phosphorylation of PDGFRbeta was well correlated with inactivation of LMW-PTP by cellular peroxide generated in the cells stimulated with PDGF-BB. In vitro, with hydrogen peroxide treatment, LMW-PTP showed decreased activity with the concomitant formation of dithiothreitol-reducible oligomers. GRX protected LMW-PTP from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidation and inactivation in concert with glutathione, NADPH, and glutathione disulfide reductase. This strongly suggests that retention of activity of LMW-PTP by enhanced GRX expression suppresses the proliferation of cells treated with PDGF-BB via enhanced dephosphorylation of PDGFRbeta. Thus, GRX plays an important role in PDGF-BB-dependent cell proliferation by regulating the redox state of LMW-PTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munetake Kanda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Disease, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Sucharov CC, Langer S, Bristow M, Leinwand L. Shuttling of HDAC5 in H9C2 cells regulates YY1 function through CaMKIV/PKD and PP2A. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 291:C1029-37. [PMID: 16822951 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00059.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
YY1 is a transcription factor that can activate or repress transcription of a variety of genes and is involved in several developmental processes. YY1 is a repressor of transcription in differentiated H9C2 cells and in neonatal cardiac myocytes but an activator of transcription in undifferentiated H9C2 cells. We now present a detailed analysis of the functional domains of YY1 when it is acting as a repressor or an activator and identify the mechanism whereby its function is regulated in the differentiation of H9C2 cells. We show that histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) is localized to the cytoplasm in undifferentiated H9C2 cells and that this localization is dependent on Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase IV (CaMKIV) and/or protein kinase D (PKD). In differentiated cells, HDAC5 is nuclear and interacts with YY1. Finally, we show that HDAC5 localization in differentiated cells is dependent on phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Our results suggest that a signaling mechanism that involves CaMKIV/PKD and PP2A controls YY1 function through regulation of HDAC5 and is important in the maintenance of muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen C Sucharov
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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Wu Y, Zu K, Warren MA, Wallace PK, Ip C. Delineating the mechanism by which selenium deactivates Akt in prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:246-52. [PMID: 16505097 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The up-regulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is prevalent in many cancers. This phenomenon makes PI3K and Akt fruitful targets for cancer therapy and/or prevention because they are mediators of cell survival signaling. Although the suppression of phospho-Akt by selenium has been reported previously, little information is available on whether selenium modulates primarily the PI3K-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) side of Akt phosphorylation or the phosphatase side of Akt dephosphorylation. The present study was aimed at addressing these questions in PC-3 prostate cancer cells which are phosphatase and tensin homologue-null. Our results showed that selenium decreased Akt phosphorylation at Thr308 (by PDK1) and Ser473 (by an unidentified kinase); the Thr308 site was more sensitive to selenium inhibition than the Ser473 site. The protein levels of PI3K and phospho-PDK1 were not affected by selenium. However, the activity of PI3K was reduced by 30% in selenium-treated cells, thus discouraging the recruitment of PDK1 and Akt to the membrane due to low phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate formation by PI3K. Consistent with the above interpretation, the membrane localization of PDK1 and Akt was significantly diminished as shown by Western blotting. In the presence of a calcium chelator or a specific inhibitor of calcineurin (a calcium-dependent phosphatase), the suppressive effect of selenium on phospho-Akt(Ser473) was greatly reduced. The finding suggests that selenium-mediated dephosphorylation of Akt via calcineurin is likely to be an additional mechanism in regulating the status of phospho-Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Ihara Y, Urata Y, Goto S, Kondo T. Role of calreticulin in the sensitivity of myocardiac H9c2 cells to oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 290:C208-21. [PMID: 16135540 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00075.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT), a Ca2+-binding molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum, plays a vital role in cardiac physiology and pathology. Oxidative stress is a main cause of myocardiac apoptosis in the ischemic heart, but the function of CRT under oxidative stress is not fully understood. In the present study, the effect of overexpression of CRT on susceptibility to apoptosis under oxidative stress was examined using myocardiac H9c2 cells transfected with the CRT gene. Under oxidative stress due to H2O2, the CRT-overexpressing cells were highly susceptible to apoptosis compared with controls. In the overexpressing cells, the levels of cytoplasmic free Ca2+([Ca2+]i) were significantly increased by H2O2, whereas in controls, only a slight increase was observed. The H2O2-induced apoptosis was enhanced by the increase in [Ca2+]icaused by thapsigargin in control cells but was suppressed by BAPTA-AM, a cell-permeable Ca2+chelator in the CRT-overexpressing cells, indicating the importance of the level of [Ca2+]iin the sensitivity to H2O2-induced apoptosis. Suppression of CRT by the introduction of the antisense cDNA of CRT enhanced cytoprotection against oxidative stress compared with controls. Furthermore, we found that the levels of activity of calpain and caspase-12 were elevated through the regulation of [Ca2+]iin the CRT-overexpressing cells treated with H2O2compared with controls. Thus we conclude that the level of CRT regulates the sensitivity to apoptosis under oxidative stress due to H2O2through a change in Ca2+homeostasis and the regulation of the Ca2+-calpain-caspase-12 pathway in myocardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Ihara
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Disease, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki Univ. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
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