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Zhang B, Chang JY, Lee MH, Ju SH, Yi HS, Shong M. Mitochondrial Stress and Mitokines: Therapeutic Perspectives for the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases. Diabetes Metab J 2024; 48:1-18. [PMID: 38173375 PMCID: PMC10850273 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2023.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial stress and the dysregulated mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) are linked to various diseases, including metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Mitokines, signaling molecules released by mitochondrial stress response and UPRmt, are crucial mediators of inter-organ communication and influence systemic metabolic and physiological processes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of mitokines, including their regulation by exercise and lifestyle interventions and their implications for various diseases. The endocrine actions of mitokines related to mitochondrial stress and adaptations are highlighted, specifically the broad functions of fibroblast growth factor 21 and growth differentiation factor 15, as well as their specific actions in regulating inter-tissue communication and metabolic homeostasis. Finally, we discuss the potential of physiological and genetic interventions to reduce the hazards associated with dysregulated mitokine signaling and preserve an equilibrium in mitochondrial stress-induced responses. This review provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial regulation of health and disease by exploring mitokine interactions and their regulation, which will facilitate the development of targeted therapies and personalized interventions to improve health outcomes and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyuan Zhang
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Joon Young Chang
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Min Hee Lee
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyeon Ju
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyon-Seung Yi
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
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Shetty R, Noland R, Nandi G, Suzuki CK. Powering down the mitochondrial LonP1 protease: a novel strategy for anticancer therapeutics. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2024; 28:9-15. [PMID: 38156441 PMCID: PMC10939840 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2298358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mitochondrial LonP1 is an ATP-powered protease that also functions as an ATP-dependent chaperone. LonP1 plays a pivotal role in regulating mitochondrial proteostasis, metabolism and cell stress responses. Cancer cells exploit the functions of LonP1 to combat oncogenic stressors such as hypoxia, proteotoxicity, and oxidative stress, and to reprogram energy metabolism enabling cancer cell proliferation, chemoresistance, and metastasis. AREAS COVERED LonP1 has emerged as a potential target for anti-cancer therapeutics. We review how cytoprotective functions of LonP1 can be leveraged by cancer cells to support oncogenic growth, proliferation, and survival. We also offer insights into small molecule inhibitors that target LonP1 by two distinct mechanisms: competitive inhibition of its protease activity and allosteric inhibition of its ATPase activity, both of which are crucial for its protease and chaperone functions. EXPERT OPINION We highlight advantages of identifying specific, high-affinity allosteric inhibitors blocking the ATPase activity of LonP1. The future discovery of such inhibitors has potential application either alone or in conjunction with other anticancer agents, presenting an innovative approach and target for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Shetty
- Rutgers University- New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Newark, NJ
| | - Roberto Noland
- Rutgers University- New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Newark, NJ
| | - Ghata Nandi
- Rutgers University- New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Newark, NJ
| | - Carolyn K. Suzuki
- Rutgers University- New Jersey Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Newark, NJ
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Todosenko N, Khaziakhmatova O, Malashchenko V, Yurova K, Bograya M, Beletskaya M, Vulf M, Gazatova N, Litvinova L. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Associated with mtDNA in Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12012. [PMID: 37569389 PMCID: PMC10418437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a precursor to the major health diseases associated with high mortality in industrialized countries: cardiovascular disease and diabetes. An important component of the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome is mitochondrial dysfunction, which is associated with tissue hypoxia, disruption of mitochondrial integrity, increased production of reactive oxygen species, and a decrease in ATP, leading to a chronic inflammatory state that affects tissues and organ systems. The mitochondrial AAA + protease Lon (Lonp1) has a broad spectrum of activities. In addition to its classical function (degradation of misfolded or damaged proteins), enzymatic activity (proteolysis, chaperone activity, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)binding) has been demonstrated. At the same time, the spectrum of Lonp1 activity extends to the regulation of cellular processes inside mitochondria, as well as outside mitochondria (nuclear localization). This mitochondrial protease with enzymatic activity may be a promising molecular target for the development of targeted therapy for MetS and its components. The aim of this review is to elucidate the role of mtDNA in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and its components as a key component of mitochondrial dysfunction and to describe the promising and little-studied AAA + LonP1 protease as a potential target in metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Todosenko
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236001 Kaliningrad, Russia; (N.T.); (O.K.); (V.M.); (K.Y.); (M.B.); (M.B.); (M.V.); (N.G.)
| | - Olga Khaziakhmatova
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236001 Kaliningrad, Russia; (N.T.); (O.K.); (V.M.); (K.Y.); (M.B.); (M.B.); (M.V.); (N.G.)
| | - Vladimir Malashchenko
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236001 Kaliningrad, Russia; (N.T.); (O.K.); (V.M.); (K.Y.); (M.B.); (M.B.); (M.V.); (N.G.)
| | - Kristina Yurova
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236001 Kaliningrad, Russia; (N.T.); (O.K.); (V.M.); (K.Y.); (M.B.); (M.B.); (M.V.); (N.G.)
| | - Maria Bograya
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236001 Kaliningrad, Russia; (N.T.); (O.K.); (V.M.); (K.Y.); (M.B.); (M.B.); (M.V.); (N.G.)
| | - Maria Beletskaya
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236001 Kaliningrad, Russia; (N.T.); (O.K.); (V.M.); (K.Y.); (M.B.); (M.B.); (M.V.); (N.G.)
| | - Maria Vulf
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236001 Kaliningrad, Russia; (N.T.); (O.K.); (V.M.); (K.Y.); (M.B.); (M.B.); (M.V.); (N.G.)
| | - Natalia Gazatova
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236001 Kaliningrad, Russia; (N.T.); (O.K.); (V.M.); (K.Y.); (M.B.); (M.B.); (M.V.); (N.G.)
| | - Larisa Litvinova
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236001 Kaliningrad, Russia; (N.T.); (O.K.); (V.M.); (K.Y.); (M.B.); (M.B.); (M.V.); (N.G.)
- Laboratory of Cellular and Microfluidic Technologies, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
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Sun CL, Van Gilst M, Crowder CM. Hypoxia-induced mitochondrial stress granules. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:448. [PMID: 37468471 PMCID: PMC10356818 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05988-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Perturbations of mitochondrial proteostasis have been associated with aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and recently with hypoxic injury. While examining hypoxia-induced mitochondrial protein aggregation in C. elegans, we found that sublethal hypoxia, sodium azide, or heat shock-induced abundant ethidium bromide staining mitochondrial granules that preceded evidence of protein aggregation. Genetic manipulations that reduce cellular and organismal hypoxic death block the formation of these mitochondrial stress granules (mitoSG). Knockdown of mitochondrial nucleoid proteins also blocked the formation of mitoSG by a mechanism distinct from the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. Lack of the major mitochondrial matrix protease LONP-1 resulted in the constitutive formation of mitoSG without external stress. Ethidium bromide-staining RNA-containing mitochondrial granules were also observed in rat cardiomyocytes treated with sodium azide, a hypoxia mimetic. Mitochondrial stress granules are an early mitochondrial pathology controlled by LONP and the nucleoid, preceding hypoxia-induced protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ling Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
- Mitochondrial and Metabolism Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Marc Van Gilst
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
- Mitochondrial and Metabolism Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - C Michael Crowder
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA.
- Mitochondrial and Metabolism Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA.
- Department of Genome Science, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA.
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5
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Szczepanowska K, Trifunovic A. Mitochondrial matrix proteases: quality control and beyond. FEBS J 2022; 289:7128-7146. [PMID: 33971087 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To ensure correct function, mitochondria have developed several mechanisms of protein quality control (QC). Protein homeostasis highly relies on chaperones and proteases to maintain proper folding and remove damaged proteins that might otherwise form cell-toxic aggregates. Besides quality control, mitochondrial proteases modulate and regulate many essential functions, such as trafficking, processing and activation of mitochondrial proteins, mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy and apoptosis. Therefore, the impaired function of mitochondrial proteases is associated with various pathological conditions, including cancer, metabolic syndromes and neurodegenerative disorders. This review recapitulates and discusses the emerging roles of two major proteases of the mitochondrial matrix, LON and ClpXP. Although commonly acknowledge for their protein quality control role, recent advances have uncovered several highly regulated processes controlled by the LON and ClpXP connected to mitochondrial gene expression and respiratory chain function maintenance. Furthermore, both proteases have been lately recognized as potent targets for anticancer therapies, and we summarize those findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Szczepanowska
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Trifunovic
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
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6
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Evidence for mitochondrial Lonp1 expression in the nucleus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10877. [PMID: 35760833 PMCID: PMC9237102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14860-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordinated communication between the mitochondria and nucleus is essential for cellular activities. Nonetheless, the pathways involved in this crosstalk are scarcely understood. The protease Lonp1 was previously believed to be exclusively located in the mitochondria, with an important role in mitochondrial morphology, mtDNA maintenance, and cellular metabolism, in both normal and neoplastic cells. However, we recently detected Lonp1 in the nuclear, where as much as 22% of all cellular Lonp1 can be found. Nuclear localization is detectable under all conditions, but the amount is dependent on a response to heat shock (HS). Lonp1 in the nucleus interacts with heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and modulates the HS response. These findings reveal a novel extramitochondrial function for Lonp1 in response to stress.
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7
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Sidarala V, Zhu J, Levi-D'Ancona E, Pearson GL, Reck EC, Walker EM, Kaufman BA, Soleimanpour SA. Mitofusin 1 and 2 regulation of mitochondrial DNA content is a critical determinant of glucose homeostasis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2340. [PMID: 35487893 PMCID: PMC9055072 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29945-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamin-like GTPases Mitofusin 1 and 2 (Mfn1 and Mfn2) are essential for mitochondrial function, which has been principally attributed to their regulation of fission/fusion dynamics. Here, we report that Mfn1 and 2 are critical for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) primarily through control of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content. Whereas Mfn1 and Mfn2 individually were dispensable for glucose homeostasis, combined Mfn1/2 deletion in β-cells reduced mtDNA content, impaired mitochondrial morphology and networking, and decreased respiratory function, ultimately resulting in severe glucose intolerance. Importantly, gene dosage studies unexpectedly revealed that Mfn1/2 control of glucose homeostasis was dependent on maintenance of mtDNA content, rather than mitochondrial structure. Mfn1/2 maintain mtDNA content by regulating the expression of the crucial mitochondrial transcription factor Tfam, as Tfam overexpression ameliorated the reduction in mtDNA content and GSIS in Mfn1/2-deficient β-cells. Thus, the primary physiologic role of Mfn1 and 2 in β-cells is coupled to the preservation of mtDNA content rather than mitochondrial architecture, and Mfn1 and 2 may be promising targets to overcome mitochondrial dysfunction and restore glucose control in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Sidarala
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States
| | - Jie Zhu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States
| | - Elena Levi-D'Ancona
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States
| | - Gemma L Pearson
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States
| | - Emma C Reck
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States
| | - Emily M Walker
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States
| | - Brett A Kaufman
- Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, United States
| | - Scott A Soleimanpour
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States.
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States.
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Lon upregulation contributes to cisplatin resistance by triggering NCLX-mediated mitochondrial Ca 2+ release in cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:241. [PMID: 35296653 PMCID: PMC8927349 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04668-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the major organelles in sensing cellular stress and inducing the response for cell survival. Mitochondrial Lon has been identified as an important stress protein involved in regulating proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis in cancer cells. However, the mechanism of retrograde signaling by Lon on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage remains to be elucidated. Here we report the role of Lon in the response to cisplatin-induced mtDNA damage and oxidative stress, which confers cancer cells on cisplatin resistance via modulating calcium levels in mitochondria and cytosol. First, we found that cisplatin treatment on oral cancer cells caused oxidative damage of mtDNA and induced Lon expression. Lon overexpression in cancer cells decreased while Lon knockdown sensitized the cytotoxicity towards cisplatin treatment. We further identified that cisplatin-induced Lon activates the PYK2-SRC-STAT3 pathway to stimulate Bcl-2 and IL-6 expression, leading to the cytotoxicity resistance to cisplatin. Intriguingly, we found that activation of this pathway is through an increase of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) via NCLX, a mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. We then verified that NCLX expression is dependent on Lon levels; Lon interacts with and activates NCLX activity. NCLX inhibition increased the level of mitochondrial calcium and sensitized the cytotoxicity to cisplatin in vitro and in vivo. In summary, mitochondrial Lon-induced cisplatin resistance is mediated by calcium release into cytosol through NCLX, which activates calcium-dependent PYK2-SRC-STAT3-IL-6 pathway. Thus, our work uncovers the novel retrograde signaling by mitochondrial Lon on resistance to cisplatin-induced mtDNA stress, indicating the potential use of Lon and NCLX inhibitors for better clinical outcomes in chemoresistant cancer patients.
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Small molecule inhibitors of the mitochondrial ClpXP protease possess cytostatic potential and re-sensitize chemo-resistant cancers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11185. [PMID: 34045646 PMCID: PMC8160014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90801-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human mitochondrial ClpXP protease complex (HsClpXP) has recently attracted major attention as a target for novel anti-cancer therapies. Despite its important role in disease progression, the cellular role of HsClpXP is poorly characterized and only few small molecule inhibitors have been reported. Herein, we screened previously established S. aureus ClpXP inhibitors against the related human protease complex and identified potent small molecules against human ClpXP. The hit compounds showed anti-cancer activity in a panoply of leukemia, liver and breast cancer cell lines. We found that the bacterial ClpXP inhibitor 334 impairs the electron transport chain (ETC), enhances the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) and thereby promotes protein carbonylation, aberrant proteostasis and apoptosis. In addition, 334 induces cell death in re-isolated patient-derived xenograft (PDX) leukemia cells, potentiates the effect of DNA-damaging cytostatics and re-sensitizes resistant cancers to chemotherapy in non-apoptotic doses.
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Zhu L, Zhou Q, He L, Chen L. Mitochondrial unfolded protein response: An emerging pathway in human diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 163:125-134. [PMID: 33347985 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is a mitochondria stress response, which the transcriptional activation programs of mitochondrial chaperone proteins and proteases are initiated to maintain proteostasis in mitochondria. Additionally, the activation of UPRmt delays aging and extends lifespan by maintaining mitochondrial proteostasis. Growing evidences suggests that UPRmt plays an important role in diverse human diseases, especially ageing-related diseases. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of UPRmt in ageing and ageing-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. The activation of UPRmt and the high expression of UPRmt components contribute to longevity extension. The activation of UPRmt may ameliorate Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Besides, UPRmt is also involved in the occurrence and development of cancers and heart diseases. UPRmt contributes to the growth, invasive and metastasis of cancers. UPRmt has paradoxical roles in heart diseases. UPRmt not only protects against heart damage, but may sometimes aggravates the development of heart diseases. Considering the pleiotropic actions of UPRmt system, targeting UPRmt pathway may be a potent therapeutic avenue for neurodegenerative diseases, cancers and heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Qionglin Zhou
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Lu He
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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11
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Comprehensive Review of Methodology to Detect Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Mammalian Species and Establish Its Relationship with Antioxidants and Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010128. [PMID: 33477494 PMCID: PMC7831054 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate tissue homeostasis, cellular signaling, differentiation, and survival. ROS and antioxidants exert both beneficial and harmful effects on cancer. ROS at different concentrations exhibit different functions. This creates necessity to understand the relation between ROS, antioxidants, and cancer, and methods for detection of ROS. This review highlights various sources and types of ROS, their tumorigenic and tumor prevention effects; types of antioxidants, their tumorigenic and tumor prevention effects; and abnormal ROS detoxification in cancer; and methods to measure ROS. We conclude that improving genetic screening methods and bringing higher clarity in determination of enzymatic pathways and scale-up in cancer models profiling, using omics technology, would support in-depth understanding of antioxidant pathways and ROS complexities. Although numerous methods for ROS detection are developing very rapidly, yet further modifications are required to minimize the limitations associated with currently available methods.
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12
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Cheng AN, Cheng LC, Kuo CL, Lo YK, Chou HY, Chen CH, Wang YH, Chuang TH, Cheng SJ, Lee AYL. Mitochondrial Lon-induced mtDNA leakage contributes to PD-L1-mediated immunoescape via STING-IFN signaling and extracellular vesicles. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e001372. [PMID: 33268351 PMCID: PMC7713199 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial Lon is a chaperone and DNA-binding protein that functions in protein quality control and stress response pathways. The level of Lon regulates mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) metabolism and the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, there is little information in detail on how mitochondrial Lon regulates ROS-dependent cancer immunoescape through mtDNA metabolism in the tumor microenvironment (TME). METHODS We explored the understanding of the intricate interplay between mitochondria and the innate immune response in the inflammatory TME. RESULTS We found that oxidized mtDNA is released into the cytosol when Lon is overexpressed and then it induces interferon (IFN) signaling via cGAS-STING-TBK1, which upregulates PD-L1 and IDO-1 expression to inhibit T-cell activation. Unexpectedly, upregulation of Lon also induces the secretion of extracellular vehicles (EVs), which carry mtDNA and PD-L1. Lon-induced EVs further induce the production of IFN and IL-6 from macrophages, which attenuates T-cell immunity in the TME. CONCLUSIONS The levels of mtDNA and PD-L1 in EVs in patients with oral cancer function as a potential diagnostic biomarker for anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy. Our studies provide an insight into the immunosuppression on mitochondrial stress and suggest a therapeutic synergy between anti-inflammation therapy and immunotherapy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Ning Cheng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chun Cheng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Kuo
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yu Kang Lo
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yu Chou
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsing Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hao Wang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jung Cheng
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alan Yueh-Luen Lee
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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13
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Besse A, Brezavar D, Hanson J, Larson A, Bonnen PE. LONP1 de novo dominant mutation causes mitochondrial encephalopathy with loss of LONP1 chaperone activity and excessive LONP1 proteolytic activity. Mitochondrion 2020; 51:68-78. [PMID: 31923470 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
LONP1 is an ATP-dependent protease and chaperone that plays multiple vital roles in mitochondria. LONP1 is essential for mitochondrial homeostasis due to its role in maintenance of the mitochondrial genome and its central role in regulating mitochondrial processes such as oxidative phosphorylation, mitophagy, and heme biosynthesis. Bi-allelic LONP1 mutations have been reported to cause a constellation of clinical presentations. We report a patient heterozygous for a de novo mutation in LONP1: c.901C>T,p.R301W presenting as a neonate with seizures, encephalopathy, pachygyria and microcephaly. Assays of respiratory chain activity in muscle showed complex II-III function at 8% of control. Functional studies in patient fibroblasts showed a signature of dysfunction that included significant decreases in known proteolytic targets of LONP1 (TFAM, PINK1, phospho-PDH E1α) as well as loss of mitochondrial ribosome subunits MRPL44 and MRPL11 with concomitant decreased activity and level of protein subunits of oxidative phosphorylation complexes I and IV. These results indicate excessive LONP1 proteolytic activity and a loss of LONP1 chaperone activity. Further, we demonstrate that the LONP1 N-terminal domain is involved in hexamer stability of LONP1 and that the ability to make conformational changes is necessary for LONP1 to regulate proper functioning of both its proteolytic and chaperone activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Besse
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Daniel Brezavar
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jennifer Hanson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Austin Larson
- University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Penelope E Bonnen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
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14
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Mishmar D, Levin R, Naeem MM, Sondheimer N. Higher Order Organization of the mtDNA: Beyond Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A. Front Genet 2019; 10:1285. [PMID: 31998357 PMCID: PMC6961661 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The higher order organization of eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes is pivotal in the regulation of gene expression. Specifically, chromatin accessibility in eukaryotes and nucleoid accessibility in bacteria are regulated by a cohort of proteins to alter gene expression in response to diverse physiological conditions. By contrast, prior studies have suggested that the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) is coated solely by mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), whose increased cellular concentration was proposed to be the major determinant of mtDNA packaging in the mitochondrial nucleoid. Nevertheless, recent analysis of DNase-seq and ATAC-seq experiments from multiple human and mouse samples suggest gradual increase in mtDNA occupancy during the course of embryonic development to generate a conserved footprinting pattern which correlate with sites that have low TFAM occupancy in vivo (ChIP-seq) and tend to adopt G-quadruplex structures. These findings, along with recent identification of mtDNA binding by known modulators of chromatin accessibility such as MOF, suggest that mtDNA higher order organization is generated by cross talk with the nuclear regulatory system, may have a role in mtDNA regulation, and is more complex than once thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Mishmar
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Rotem Levin
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Mansur M Naeem
- Institute of Medical Sciences and the Department of Paediatrics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neal Sondheimer
- Institute of Medical Sciences and the Department of Paediatrics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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Venkatesh S, Suzuki CK. Cell stress management by the mitochondrial LonP1 protease - Insights into mitigating developmental, oncogenic and cardiac stress. Mitochondrion 2019; 51:46-61. [PMID: 31756517 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial LonP1 is an essential stress response protease that mediates mitochondrial proteostasis, metabolism and bioenergetics. Homozygous and compound heterozygous variants in the LONP1 gene encoding the LonP1 protease have recently been shown to cause a diverse spectrum of human pathologies, ranging from classical mitochondrial disease phenotypes, profound neurologic impairment and multi-organ dysfunctions, some of which are uncommon to mitochondrial disorders. In this review, we focus primarily on human LonP1 and discuss findings, which demonstrate its multidimensional roles in maintaining mitochondrial proteostasis and adapting cells to metabolic flux and stress during normal physiology and disease processes. We also discuss emerging roles of LonP1 in responding to developmental, oncogenic and cardiac stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundararajan Venkatesh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.
| | - Carolyn K Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.
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16
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Göke A, Schrott S, Mizrak A, Belyy V, Osman C, Walter P. Mrx6 regulates mitochondrial DNA copy number in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by engaging the evolutionarily conserved Lon protease Pim1. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 31:527-545. [PMID: 31532710 PMCID: PMC7202074 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-08-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial function depends crucially on the maintenance of multiple mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copies. Surprisingly, the cellular mechanisms regulating mtDNA copy number remain poorly understood. Through a systematic high-throughput approach in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we determined mtDNA–to–nuclear DNA ratios in 5148 strains lacking nonessential genes. The screen revealed MRX6, a largely uncharacterized gene, whose deletion resulted in a marked increase in mtDNA levels, while maintaining wild type–like mitochondrial structure and cell size. Quantitative superresolution imaging revealed that deletion of MRX6 alters both the size and the spatial distribution of mtDNA nucleoids. We demonstrate that Mrx6 partially colocalizes with mtDNA within mitochondria and interacts with the conserved Lon protease Pim1 in a complex that also includes Mam33 and the Mrx6-related protein Pet20. Acute depletion of Pim1 phenocopied the high mtDNA levels observed in Δmrx6 cells. No further increase in mtDNA copy number was observed upon depletion of Pim1 in Δmrx6 cells, revealing an epistatic relationship between Pim1 and Mrx6. Human and bacterial Lon proteases regulate DNA replication by degrading replication initiation factors, suggesting a model in which Pim1 acts similarly with the Mrx6 complex, providing a scaffold linking it to mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Göke
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
| | - Simon Schrott
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Arda Mizrak
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Vladislav Belyy
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
| | - Christof Osman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and.,Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peter Walter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and
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17
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Inhibition of LONP1 Suppresses Pancreatic Cancer Progression Via c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Pathway-Meditated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Pancreas 2019; 48:629-635. [PMID: 31091208 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the role of LONP1 in the progression of pancreatic cancer. METHODS Lentivirus was used to silence LONP1 in PANC-1 cells. Colony formation assay, cell counting kit (CCK8) assay, cell scratch-wound assay, and transwell assay were used to assess the effects of our strategy on inhibiting cancer growth, migration, and invasion. Protein expression was detected by Western blot analysis. RESULTS The expression of LONP1 in pancreatic carcinoma tissues was higher than that in adjacent normal pancreatic tissues. Downregulation of LONP1 suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PANC-1 cells. Knockdown of LONP1 in PANC-1 cells inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition and matrix metalloprotein (MMP) 2/9 by downregulation of vimentin, snail, slug, MMP2, and MMP9 and upregulation of claudin-1. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway was inactivated in LONP1 knockdown PANC-1 cells. Activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway by anisomycin treatment significantly reversed the changes in epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers and MMP2/9 induced by ablation of LONP1 in PANC-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS LONP1 plays a vital role in the proliferation and metastasis of pancreatic cancer, which provides a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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18
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Zhao L. Mitochondrial DNA degradation: A quality control measure for mitochondrial genome maintenance and stress response. Enzymes 2019; 45:311-341. [PMID: 31627882 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in bioenergetics, and fulfill a plethora of functions in cell signaling, programmed cell death, and biosynthesis of key protein cofactors. Mitochondria harbor their own genomic DNA, which encodes protein subunits of the electron transport chain and a full set of transfer and ribosomal RNAs. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is essential for cellular and organismal functions, and defects in mitochondrial genome maintenance have been implicated in common human diseases and mitochondrial disorders. mtDNA repair and degradation are known pathways to cope with mtDNA damage; however, molecular factors involved in this process have remained unclear. Such knowledge is fundamental to the understanding of mitochondrial genomic maintenance and pathology, because mtDNA degradation may contribute to the etiology of mtDNA depletion syndromes and to the activation of the innate immune response by fragmented mtDNA. This article reviews the current literature regarding the importance of mitochondrial DNA degradation in mtDNA maintenance and stress response, and the recent progress in uncovering molecular factors involved in mtDNA degradation. These factors include key components of the mtDNA replication machinery, such as DNA polymerase γ, helicase Twinkle, and exonuclease MGME1, as well as a major DNA-packaging protein, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.
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19
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Cogliati S, Lorenzi I, Rigoni G, Caicci F, Soriano ME. Regulation of Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain Assembly. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:4849-4873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Zurita Rendón O, Shoubridge EA. LONP1 Is Required for Maturation of a Subset of Mitochondrial Proteins, and Its Loss Elicits an Integrated Stress Response. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:e00412-17. [PMID: 30061372 PMCID: PMC6168981 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00412-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
LONP1, an AAA+ mitochondrial protease, is implicated in protein quality control, but its precise role in this process remains poorly understood. In this study, we have investigated the role of human LONP1 in mitochondrial proteostasis and gene expression. Depletion of LONP1 resulted in partial loss of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and a complete suppression of mitochondrial translation associated with impaired ribosome biogenesis. The levels of a distinct subset of mitochondrial matrix proteins (SSBP1, MTERFD3, FASTKD2, and CLPX) increased in the presence of a catalytically dead form of LONP1, suggesting that they are bona fide LONP1 substrates. Unexpectedly, the unprocessed forms of the same proteins also accumulated in an insoluble protein fraction. This subset of unprocessed matrix proteins (but not their mature forms) accumulated following depletion of the mitochondrial processing peptidase MPP, though all other MPP substrates investigated were processed normally. Prolonged depletion of LONP1 produced massive matrix protein aggregates, robustly activated the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway, and resulted in stabilization of PINK1, a mitophagy marker. These results demonstrate that LONP1 and MPPαβ are together required for the maturation of a subset of LONP1 client proteins and that LONP1 activity is essential for the maintenance of mitochondrial proteostasis and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zurita Rendón
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric A Shoubridge
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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21
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Barshad G, Marom S, Cohen T, Mishmar D. Mitochondrial DNA Transcription and Its Regulation: An Evolutionary Perspective. Trends Genet 2018; 34:682-692. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Lebeau J, Rainbolt TK, Wiseman RL. Coordinating Mitochondrial Biology Through the Stress-Responsive Regulation of Mitochondrial Proteases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 340:79-128. [PMID: 30072094 PMCID: PMC6402875 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are localized throughout mitochondria and function as critical regulators of all aspects of mitochondrial biology. As such, the activities of these proteases are sensitively regulated through transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms to adapt mitochondrial function to specific cellular demands. Here, we discuss the stress-responsive mechanisms responsible for regulating mitochondrial protease activity and the implications of this regulation on mitochondrial function. Furthermore, we describe how imbalances in the activity or regulation of mitochondrial proteases induced by genetic, environmental, or aging-related factors influence mitochondria in the context of disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which cells regulate mitochondrial function through alterations in protease activity provide insights into the contributions of these proteases in pathologic mitochondrial dysfunction and reveals new therapeutic opportunities to ameliorate this dysfunction in the context of diverse classes of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Lebeau
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - T Kelly Rainbolt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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23
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Lon in maintaining mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1913-1923. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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24
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Mitochondrial Lon is over-expressed in high-grade gliomas, and mediates hypoxic adaptation: potential role of Lon as a therapeutic target in glioma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:77457-77467. [PMID: 27764809 PMCID: PMC5340227 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of cancer biology. Tumor mitochondrial metabolism is characterized by an abnormal ability to function in scarce oxygen conditions through glycolysis (the Warburg effect), and accumulation of mitochondrial DNA defects are present in both hereditary neoplasia and sporadic cancers. Mitochondrial Lon is a major regulator of mitochondrial metabolism and the mitochondrial response to free radical damage, and plays an essential role in the maintenance and repair of mitochondrial DNA. Despite these critical cellular functions of Lon, very little has been reported regarding its role in glioma. Lon expression in gliomas and its relevance with patient survival was examined using published databases and human tissue sections. The effect of Lon in glioma biology was investigated through siRNA targeting Lon. We also tested the in vitro antitumor activity of Lon inhibitor, CC4, in the glioma cell lines D-54 and U-251. High Lon expression was associated with high glioma tumor grade and poor patient survival. While Lon expression was elevated in response to a variety of stimuli, Lon knockdown in glioma cell lines decreased cell viability under normal conditions, and dramatically impaired glioma cell survival under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, the Lon inhibitor, CC4, efficiently prohibited glioma cell proliferation and synergistically enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of the chemotherapeutic agents, temozolomide (TMZ) and cisplatin. We demonstrate that Lon plays a key role in glioma cell hypoxic survival and mitochondrial respiration, and propose Lon as a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of malignant gliomas.
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25
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Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction underlines a multitude of pathologies; however, studies are scarce that rescue the mitochondria for cellular resuscitation. Exploration into the protective role of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and its mitochondrial functions respective to cardiomyocyte death are in need of further investigation. TFAM is a gene regulator that acts to mitigate calcium mishandling and ROS production by wrapping around mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) complexes. TFAM's regulatory functions over serca2a, NFAT, and Lon protease contribute to cardiomyocyte stability. Calcium- and ROS-dependent proteases, calpains, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are abundantly found upregulated in the failing heart. TFAM's regulatory role over ROS production and calcium mishandling leads to further investigation into the cardioprotective role of exogenous TFAM. In an effort to restabilize physiological and contractile activity of cardiomyocytes in HF models, we propose that TFAM-packed exosomes (TFAM-PE) will act therapeutically by mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction. Notably, this is the first mention of exosomal delivery of transcription factors in the literature. Here we elucidate the role of TFAM in mitochondrial rescue and focus on its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- George H Kunkel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Health Sciences Centre, 1216, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 500, South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Pankaj Chaturvedi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Health Sciences Centre, 1216, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 500, South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Health Sciences Centre, 1216, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 500, South Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
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26
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Sepuri NBV, Angireddy R, Srinivasan S, Guha M, Spear J, Lu B, Anandatheerthavarada HK, Suzuki CK, Avadhani NG. Mitochondrial LON protease-dependent degradation of cytochrome c oxidase subunits under hypoxia and myocardial ischemia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:519-528. [PMID: 28442264 PMCID: PMC5507603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial ATP dependent matrix protease, Lon, is involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA nucleoids and degradation of abnormal or misfolded proteins. The Lon protease regulates mitochondrial Tfam (mitochondrial transcription factor A) level and thus modulates mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content. We have previously shown that hypoxic stress induces the PKA-dependent phosphorylation of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) subunits I, IVi1, and Vb and a time-dependent reduction of these subunits in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages subjected to hypoxia and rabbit hearts subjected to ischemia/reperfusion. Here, we show that Lon is involved in the preferential turnover of phosphorylated CcO subunits under hypoxic/ischemic stress. Induction of Lon protease occurs at 6 to 12 h of hypoxia and this increase coincides with lower CcO subunit contents. Over-expression of flag-tagged wild type and phosphorylation site mutant Vb and IVi1 subunits (S40A and T52A, respectively) caused marked degradation of wild type protein under hypoxia while the mutant proteins were relatively resistant. Furthermore, the recombinant purified Lon protease degraded the phosphorylated IVi1 and Vb subunits, while the phosphorylation-site mutant proteins were resistant to degradation. 3D structural modeling shows that the phosphorylation sites are exposed to the matrix compartment, accessible to matrix PKA and Lon protease. Hypoxic stress did not alter CcO subunit levels in Lon depleted cells, confirming its role in CcO turnover. Our results therefore suggest that Lon preferentially degrades the phosphorylated subunits of CcO and plays a role in the regulation of CcO activity in hypoxia and ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh B V Sepuri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Rajesh Angireddy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Satish Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Manti Guha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Joseph Spear
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers The State University, New Jersey Medical School, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 17103-3535, USA
| | - Hindupur K Anandatheerthavarada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA
| | - Carolyn K Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers The State University, New Jersey Medical School, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 17103-3535, USA
| | - Narayan G Avadhani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6009, USA.
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27
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Bulteau AL, Mena NP, Auchère F, Lee I, Prigent A, Lobsiger CS, Camadro JM, Hirsch EC. Dysfunction of mitochondrial Lon protease and identification of oxidized protein in mouse brain following exposure to MPTP: Implications for Parkinson disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:236-246. [PMID: 28365360 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Compelling evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and protein oxidation could represent a critical event in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Pioneering studies have shown that the mitochondrial matrix contains the Lon protease, which degrades oxidized, dysfunctional, and misfolded protein. Using the PD animal model of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) intoxication in mice, we showed that Lon protease expression increased in the ventral mesencephalon of intoxicated animals, concomitantly with the appearance of oxidized proteins and dopaminergic cell loss. In addition, we report that Lon is inactivated by ROS. Moreover, proteomic experiments provide evidence of carbonylation in α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH), aconitase or subunits of respiratory chain complexes. Lon protease inactivation upon MPTP treatment in mice raises the possibility that Lon protease dysfunction is an early event in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Bulteau
- INSERM, U1127, The Brain and Spinal Cord Institute (ICM), Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche en neurosciences, ICM, Thérapeutique expérimentale de la neurodégénérescence, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, F-75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Natalia P Mena
- INSERM, U1127, The Brain and Spinal Cord Institute (ICM), Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche en neurosciences, ICM, Thérapeutique expérimentale de la neurodégénérescence, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, F-75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute of Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology, Santiago, Chile
| | - Françoise Auchère
- Laboratoire Mitochondries, Métaux et Stress Oxydatif, Département de Pathologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris-Diderot/CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Irene Lee
- Case Western Reserve University Department of Chemistry, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Annick Prigent
- INSERM, U1127, The Brain and Spinal Cord Institute (ICM), Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche en neurosciences, ICM, Thérapeutique expérimentale de la neurodégénérescence, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, F-75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christian S Lobsiger
- INSERM, U1127, The Brain and Spinal Cord Institute (ICM), Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche en neurosciences, ICM, Thérapeutique expérimentale de la neurodégénérescence, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, F-75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Camadro
- Laboratoire Mitochondries, Métaux et Stress Oxydatif, Département de Pathologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris-Diderot/CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Etienne C Hirsch
- INSERM, U1127, The Brain and Spinal Cord Institute (ICM), Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225, Centre de Recherche en neurosciences, ICM, Thérapeutique expérimentale de la neurodégénérescence, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, F-75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France.
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28
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Protein quality control at the mitochondrion. Essays Biochem 2017; 60:213-225. [PMID: 27744337 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20160009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential constituents of a eukaryotic cell by supplying ATP and contributing to many mayor metabolic processes. As endosymbiotic organelles, they represent a cellular subcompartment exhibiting many autonomous functions, most importantly containing a complete endogenous machinery responsible for protein expression, folding and degradation. This article summarizes the biochemical processes and the enzymatic components that are responsible for maintaining mitochondrial protein homoeostasis. As mitochondria lack a large part of the required genetic information, most proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and imported into the organelle. After reaching their destination, polypeptides must fold and assemble into active proteins. Under pathological conditions, mitochondrial proteins become misfolded or damaged and need to be repaired with the help of molecular chaperones or eventually removed by specific proteases. Failure of these protein quality control mechanisms results in loss of mitochondrial function and structural integrity. Recently, novel mechanisms have been identified that support mitochondrial quality on the organellar level. A mitochondrial unfolded protein response allows the adaptation of chaperone and protease activities. Terminally damaged mitochondria may be removed by a variation of autophagy, termed mitophagy. An understanding of the role of protein quality control in mitochondria is highly relevant for many human pathologies, in particular neurodegenerative diseases.
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Cui X, Wei Y, Xie XL, Chen LN, Zhang SH. Mitochondrial and peroxisomal Lon proteases play opposing roles in reproduction and growth but co-function in the normal development, stress resistance and longevity of Thermomyces lanuginosus. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 103:42-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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The role of Lon-mediated proteolysis in the dynamics of mitochondrial nucleic acid-protein complexes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:631. [PMID: 28377575 PMCID: PMC5428876 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial nucleoids consist of several different groups of proteins, many of which are involved in essential cellular processes such as the replication, repair and transcription of the mitochondrial genome. The eukaryotic, ATP-dependent protease Lon is found within the central nucleoid region, though little is presently known about its role there. Aside from its association with mitochondrial nucleoids, human Lon also specifically interacts with RNA. Recently, Lon was shown to regulate TFAM, the most abundant mtDNA structural factor in human mitochondria. To determine whether Lon also regulates other mitochondrial nucleoid- or ribosome-associated proteins, we examined the in vitro digestion profiles of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae TFAM functional homologue Abf2, the yeast mtDNA maintenance protein Mgm101, and two human mitochondrial proteins, Twinkle helicase and the large ribosomal subunit protein MrpL32. Degradation of Mgm101 was also verified in vivo in yeast mitochondria. These experiments revealed that all four proteins are actively degraded by Lon, but that three of them are protected from it when bound to a nucleic acid; the Twinkle helicase is not. Such a regulatory mechanism might facilitate dynamic changes to the mitochondrial nucleoid, which are crucial for conducting mitochondrial functions and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Matilainen O, Quirós PM, Auwerx J. Mitochondria and Epigenetics - Crosstalk in Homeostasis and Stress. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:453-463. [PMID: 28274652 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Through epigenetic mechanisms cells integrate environmental stimuli to fine-tune gene expression levels. Mitochondrial function is essential to provide the intermediate metabolites necessary to generate and modify epigenetic marks in the nucleus, which in turn can regulate the expression of mitochondrial proteins. In this review we summarize the function of mitochondria in the regulation of epigenetic mechanisms as a new aspect of mitonuclear communication. We focus in particular on the most common epigenetic modifications - histone acetylation and histone and DNA methylation. We also discuss the emerging field of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) methylation, whose physiological role remains unknown. Finally, we describe the essential role of some histone modifications in regulating the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) and the mitochondrial stress-dependent lifespan extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Matilainen
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro M Quirós
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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König J, Ott C, Hugo M, Jung T, Bulteau AL, Grune T, Höhn A. Mitochondrial contribution to lipofuscin formation. Redox Biol 2017; 11:673-681. [PMID: 28160744 PMCID: PMC5292761 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have been in the focus of oxidative stress and aging research for decades due to their permanent production of ROS during the oxidative phosphorylation. The hypothesis exists that mitochondria are involved in the formation of lipofuscin, an autofluorescent protein aggregate that accumulates progressively over time in lysosomes of post-mitotic and senescent cells. To investigate the influence and involvement of mitochondria in lipofuscinogenesis, we analyzed lipofuscin amounts as well as the mitochondrial function in young and senescent cells. In addition we used an aging model and Lon protease deficient HeLa cells to investigate the influence of mitochondrial degradation processes on lipofuscin formation. We were able to show that mitophagy is impaired in senescent cells resulting in an increased mitochondrial mass and superoxide formation. In addition, the inhibition of mitochondrial fission leads to increased lipofuscin formation. Moreover, we observed that Lon protease downregulation is linked to a higher lipofuscinogenesis whereas the application of the mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant mitoTEMPO is able to prevent the accumulation of this protein aggregate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette König
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Christiane Ott
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Martín Hugo
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Tobias Jung
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anne-Laure Bulteau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL) - ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), 10117 Berlin, Germany; NutriAct-Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam, Nuthetal 14458, Germany.
| | - Annika Höhn
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany.
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Abstract
ATP-dependent Lon protease of mitochondrial matrix is encoded by nuclear DNA and highly evolutionarily conserved throughout all organisms, which is involved in the quality control of proteins by selective degradation of misfolded, oxidized, and short-lived regulatory proteins within mitochondrial matrix, maintenance of mitochondrial genome (mtDNA), and folding of mitochondria proteins. Various stimuli such as hypoxia and oxidative and ER stress lead to upregulation of Lon expression. Inhibition of protease activity or downregulation of Lon promotes cancer cell death and enhances sensitivity of cancer cells to anticancer drugs through metabolic reprogramming, thus reducing the viability of cancer cell in tumor microenvironment and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, mitochondrial ATP-dependent Lon protease may serve as a potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis and novel target for the development of anticancer drugs and for predicting of the efficiency and effectiveness of chemotherapy of a variety of cancers.
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Levytskyy RM, Germany EM, Khalimonchuk O. Mitochondrial Quality Control Proteases in Neuronal Welfare. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:629-644. [PMID: 27137937 PMCID: PMC5093085 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9683-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The functional integrity of mitochondria is a critical determinant of neuronal health and compromised mitochondrial function is a commonly recognized factor that underlies a plethora of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Metabolic demands of neural cells require high bioenergetic outputs that are often associated with enhanced production of reactive oxygen species. Unopposed accumulation of these respiratory byproducts over time leads to oxidative damage and imbalanced protein homeostasis within mitochondrial subcompartments, which in turn may result in cellular demise. The post-mitotic nature of neurons and their vulnerability to these stress factors necessitate strict protein homeostatic control to prevent such scenarios. A series of evolutionarily conserved proteases is one of the central elements of mitochondrial quality control. These versatile proteolytic enzymes conduct a multitude of activities to preserve normal mitochondrial function during organelle biogenesis, metabolic remodeling and stress. In this review we discuss neuroprotective aspects of mitochondrial quality control proteases and neuropathological manifestations arising from defective proteolysis within the mitochondrion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman M Levytskyy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Edward M Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Oleh Khalimonchuk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
- Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
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Bota DA, Davies KJA. Mitochondrial Lon protease in human disease and aging: Including an etiologic classification of Lon-related diseases and disorders. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 100:188-198. [PMID: 27387767 PMCID: PMC5183306 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Mitochondrial Lon protease, also called LonP1 is a product of the nuclear gene LONP1. Lon is a major regulator of mitochondrial metabolism and response to free radical damage, as well as an essential factor for the maintenance and repair of mitochondrial DNA. Lon is an ATP-stimulated protease that cycles between being bound (at the inner surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane) to the mitochondrial genome, and being released into the mitochondrial matrix where it can degrade matrix proteins. At least three different roles or functions have been ascribed to Lon: 1) Proteolytic digestion of oxidized proteins and the turnover of specific essential mitochondrial enzymes such as aconitase, TFAM, and StAR; 2) Mitochondrial (mt)DNA-binding protein, involved in mtDNA replication and mitogenesis; and 3) Protein chaperone, interacting with the Hsp60-mtHsp70 complex. LONP1 orthologs have been studied in bacteria, yeast, flies, worms, and mammals, evincing the widespread importance of the gene, as well as its remarkable evolutionary conservation. In recent years, we have witnessed a significant increase in knowledge regarding Lon's involvement in physiological functions, as well as in an expanding array of human disorders, including cancer, neurodegeneration, heart disease, and stroke. In addition, Lon appears to have a significant role in the aging process. A number of mitochondrial diseases have now been identified whose mechanisms involve various degrees of Lon dysfunction. In this paper we review current knowledge of Lon's function, under normal conditions, and we propose a new classification of human diseases characterized by a either over-expression or decline or loss of function of Lon. Lon has also been implicated in human aging, and we review the data currently available as well as speculating about possible interactions of aging and disease. Finally, we also discuss Lon as potential therapeutic target in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Bota
- Department of Neurology and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Irvine School of Medicine, 200 S. Manchester Ave., Suite 206, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, & Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
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36
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Gibellini L, Pinti M, Bartolomeo R, De Biasi S, Cormio A, Musicco C, Carnevale G, Pecorini S, Nasi M, De Pol A, Cossarizza A. Inhibition of Lon protease by triterpenoids alters mitochondria and is associated to cell death in human cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:25466-83. [PMID: 26314956 PMCID: PMC4694845 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial Lon protease (Lon) regulates several mitochondrial functions, and is inhibited by the anticancer molecule triterpenoid 2-cyano-3, 12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO), or by its C-28 methyl ester derivative (CDDO-Me). To analyze the mechanism of action of triterpenoids, we investigated intramitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial dynamics and morphology, and Lon proteolytic activity in RKO human colon cancer cells, in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells and in MCF7 breast carcinoma cells. We found that CDDO and CDDO-Me are potent stressors for mitochondria in cancer cells, rather than normal non-transformed cells. In particular, they: i) cause depolarization; ii) increase mitochondrial ROS, iii) alter mitochondrial morphology and proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics; iv) affect the levels of Lon and those of aconitase and human transcription factor A, which are targets of Lon activity; v) increase level of protein carbonyls in mitochondria; vi) lead to intrinsic apoptosis. The overexpression of Lon can rescue cells from cell death, providing an additional evidence on the role of Lon in conditions of excessive stress load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Gibellini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Regina Bartolomeo
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Antonella Cormio
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Clara Musicco
- CNR - Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluca Carnevale
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Simone Pecorini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anto De Pol
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Abstract
Homeostasis is a central pillar of modern Physiology. The term homeostasis was invented by Walter Bradford Cannon in an attempt to extend and codify the principle of 'milieu intérieur,' or a constant interior bodily environment, that had previously been postulated by Claude Bernard. Clearly, 'milieu intérieur' and homeostasis have served us well for over a century. Nevertheless, research on signal transduction systems that regulate gene expression, or that cause biochemical alterations to existing enzymes, in response to external and internal stimuli, makes it clear that biological systems are continuously making short-term adaptations both to set-points, and to the range of 'normal' capacity. These transient adaptations typically occur in response to relatively mild changes in conditions, to programs of exercise training, or to sub-toxic, non-damaging levels of chemical agents; thus, the terms hormesis, heterostasis, and allostasis are not accurate descriptors. Therefore, an operational adjustment to our understanding of homeostasis suggests that the modified term, Adaptive Homeostasis, may be useful especially in studies of stress, toxicology, disease, and aging. Adaptive Homeostasis may be defined as follows: 'The transient expansion or contraction of the homeostatic range in response to exposure to sub-toxic, non-damaging, signaling molecules or events, or the removal or cessation of such molecules or events.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin J A Davies
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Division of Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, & Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA.
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38
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Pinti M, Gibellini L, Nasi M, De Biasi S, Bortolotti CA, Iannone A, Cossarizza A. Emerging role of Lon protease as a master regulator of mitochondrial functions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:1300-1306. [PMID: 27033304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lon protease is a nuclear-encoded, mitochondrial ATP-dependent protease highly conserved throughout the evolution, crucial for the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis. Lon acts as a chaperone of misfolded proteins, and is necessary for maintaining mitochondrial DNA. The impairment of these functions has a deep impact on mitochondrial functionality and morphology. An altered expression of Lon leads to a profound reprogramming of cell metabolism, with a switch from respiration to glycolysis, which is often observed in cancer cells. Mutations of Lon, which likely impair its chaperone properties, are at the basis of a genetic inherited disease named of the cerebral, ocular, dental, auricular, skeletal (CODAS) syndrome. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'EBEC 2016: 19th European Bioenergetics Conference, Riva del Garda, Italy, July 2-6, 2016', edited by Prof. Paolo Bernardi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Anna Iannone
- Department of Diagnostics, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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Pinti M, Gibellini L, Liu Y, Xu S, Lu B, Cossarizza A. Mitochondrial Lon protease at the crossroads of oxidative stress, ageing and cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4807-24. [PMID: 26363553 PMCID: PMC11113732 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lon protease is a nuclear DNA-encoded mitochondrial enzyme highly conserved throughout evolution, involved in the degradation of damaged and oxidized proteins of the mitochondrial matrix, in the correct folding of proteins imported in mitochondria, and in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Lon expression is induced by various stimuli, including hypoxia and reactive oxygen species, and provides protection against cell stress. Lon down-regulation is associated with ageing and with cell senescence, while up-regulation is observed in tumour cells, and is correlated with a more aggressive phenotype of cancer. Lon up-regulation contributes to metabolic reprogramming observed in cancer, favours the switch from a respiratory to a glycolytic metabolism, helping cancer cell survival in the tumour microenvironment, and contributes to epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Silencing of Lon, or pharmacological inhibition of its activity, causes cell death in various cancer cells. Thus, Lon can be included in the growing class of proteins that are not responsible for oncogenic transformation, but that are essential for survival and proliferation of cancer cells, and that can be considered as a new target for development of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 287, 41125, Modena, Italy.
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Yongzhang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Attardi Institute of Mitochondrial Biomedicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shan Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Attardi Institute of Mitochondrial Biomedicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Attardi Institute of Mitochondrial Biomedicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Picca A, Lezza AMS. Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis through TFAM-mitochondrial DNA interactions: Useful insights from aging and calorie restriction studies. Mitochondrion 2015; 25:67-75. [PMID: 26437364 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial biogenesis is regulated to adapt mitochondrial population to cell energy demands. Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) performs several functions for mtDNA and interactions between TFAM and mtDNA participate to regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. Such interactions are modulated through different mechanisms: regulation of TFAM expression and turnover, modulation of TFAM binding activity to mtDNA through post-translational modifications and differential affinity of TFAM, occurrence of TFAM sliding on mtDNA filaments and of cooperative binding among TFAM molecules, modulation of protein-protein interactions. The tissue-specific regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in aging and calorie restriction (CR) highlights the relevance of modulation of TFAM-mtDNA interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Picca
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Maria Serena Lezza
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
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Cui X, Wei Y, Wang YH, Li J, Wong FL, Zheng YJ, Yan H, Liu SS, Liu JL, Jia BL, Zhang SH. Proteins interacting with mitochondrial ATP-dependent Lon protease (MAP1) in Magnaporthe oryzae are involved in rice blast disease. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:847-59. [PMID: 25605006 PMCID: PMC6638408 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ATP-dependent Lon protease is involved in many physiological processes. In bacteria, Lon regulates pathogenesis and, in yeast, Lon protects mitochondia from oxidative damage. However, little is known about Lon in fungal phytopathogens. MAP1, a homologue of Lon in Magnaporthe oryzae, was recently identified to be important for stress resistance and pathogenesis. Here, we focus on a novel pathogenic pathway mediated by MAP1. Based on an interaction system between rice and a tandem affinity purification (TAP)-tagged MAP1 complementation strain, we identified 23 novel fungal proteins from infected leaves using a TAP approach with mass spectrometry, and confirmed that 14 of these proteins physically interact with MAP1 in vivo. Among these 14 proteins, 11 candidates, presumably localized to the mitochondria, were biochemically determined to be substrates of MAP1 hydrolysis. Deletion mutants were created and functionally analysed to further confirm the involvement of these proteins in pathogenesis. The results indicated that all mutants showed reduced conidiation and sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide. Appressorial formations were not affected, although conidia from certain mutants were morphologically altered. In addition, virulence was reduced in four mutants, enhanced (with lesions forming earlier) in two mutants and remained unchanged in one mutant. Together with the known virulence-related proteins alternative oxidase and enoyl-CoA hydratase, we propose that most of the Lon-interacting proteins are involved in the pathogenic regulation pathway mediated by MAP1 in M. oryzae. Perturbation of this pathway may represent an effective approach for the inhibition of rice blast disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cui
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yi Wei
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yu-Han Wang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Fuk-Ling Wong
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ya-Jie Zheng
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Hai Yan
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Shao-Shuai Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jin-Liang Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Bao-Lei Jia
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Shi-Hong Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
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Al-Furoukh N, Ianni A, Nolte H, Hölper S, Krüger M, Wanrooij S, Braun T. ClpX stimulates the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) in mammalian cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2580-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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43
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Mitochondrial proteases and protein quality control in ageing and longevity. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 23:56-66. [PMID: 25578288 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have been implicated in the ageing process and the lifespan modulation of model organisms. Mitochondria are the main providers of energy in eukaryotic cells but also represent both a major source of reactive oxygen species and targets for protein oxidative damage. Since protein damage can impair mitochondrial function, mitochondrial proteases are critically important for protein maintenance and elimination of oxidized protein. In the mitochondrial matrix, protein quality control is mainly achieved by the Lon and Clp proteases which are also key players in damaged mitochondrial proteins degradation. Accumulation of damaged macromolecules resulting from oxidative stress and failure of protein maintenance constitutes a hallmark of cellular and organismal ageing and is believed to participate to the age-related decline of cellular function. Hence, age-related impairment of mitochondrial protein quality control may therefore contribute to the age-associated build-up of oxidized protein and alterations of mitochondrial redox and protein homeostasis.
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Lees JG, Rathjen J, Sheedy JR, Gardner DK, Harvey AJ. Distinct profiles of human embryonic stem cell metabolism and mitochondria identified by oxygen. Reproduction 2015; 150:367-82. [PMID: 26159831 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen is a powerful regulator of cell function and embryonic development. It has previously been determined that oxygen regulates human embryonic stem (hES) cell glycolytic and amino acid metabolism, but the effects on mitochondria are as yet unknown. Two hES cell lines (MEL1, MEL2) were analyzed to determine the role of 5% (physiological) and 20% (atmospheric) oxygen in regulating mitochondrial activity. In response to extended physiological oxygen culture, MEL2 hES cells displayed reduced mtDNA content, mitochondrial mass and expression of metabolic genes TFAM, NRF1, PPARa and MT-ND4. Furthermore, MEL2 hES cell glucose consumption, lactate production and amino acid turnover were elevated under physiological oxygen. In stark contrast, MEL1 hES cell amino acid and carbohydrate use and mitochondrial function were relatively unaltered in response to oxygen. Furthermore, differentiation kinetics were delayed in the MEL1 hES cell line following BMP4 treatment. Here we report the first incidence of metabolic dysfunction in a hES cell population, defined as a failure to respond to oxygen concentration through the modulation of metabolism, demonstrating that hES cells can be perturbed during culture despite exhibiting the defining characteristics of pluripotent cells. Collectively, these data reveal a central role for oxygen in the regulation of hES cell metabolism and mitochondrial function, whereby physiological oxygen promotes glucose flux and suppresses mitochondrial biogenesis and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmon G Lees
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, AustraliaMenzies Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Joy Rathjen
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, AustraliaMenzies Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia School of BiosciencesUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, AustraliaMenzies Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia
| | - John R Sheedy
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, AustraliaMenzies Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David K Gardner
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, AustraliaMenzies Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Harvey
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, AustraliaMenzies Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Tasmania, Australia
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Bahat A, Perlberg S, Melamed-Book N, Isaac S, Eden A, Lauria I, Langer T, Orly J. Transcriptional activation of LON Gene by a new form of mitochondrial stress: A role for the nuclear respiratory factor 2 in StAR overload response (SOR). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 408:62-72. [PMID: 25724481 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
High output of steroid hormone synthesis in steroidogenic cells of the adrenal cortex and the gonads requires the expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) that facilitates cholesterol mobilization to the mitochondrial inner membrane where the CYP11A1/P450scc enzyme complex converts the sterol to the first steroid. Earlier studies have shown that StAR is active while pausing on the cytosolic face of the outer mitochondrial membrane while subsequent import of the protein into the matrix terminates the cholesterol mobilization activity. Consequently, during repeated activity cycles, high level of post-active StAR accumulates in the mitochondrial matrix. To prevent functional damage due to such protein overload effect, StAR is degraded by a sequence of three to four ATP-dependent proteases of the mitochondria protein quality control system, including LON and the m-AAA membranous proteases AFG3L2 and SPG7/paraplegin. Furthermore, StAR expression in both peri-ovulatory ovarian cells, or under ectopic expression in cell line models, results in up to 3-fold enrichment of the mitochondrial proteases and their transcripts. We named this novel form of mitochondrial stress as StAR overload response (SOR). To better understand the SOR mechanism at the transcriptional level we analyzed first the unexplored properties of the proximal promoter of the LON gene. Our findings suggest that the human nuclear respiratory factor 2 (NRF-2), also known as GA binding protein (GABP), is responsible for 88% of the proximal promoter activity, including the observed increase of transcription in the presence of StAR. Further studies are expected to reveal if common transcriptional determinants coordinate the SOR induced transcription of all the genes encoding the SOR proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Bahat
- Department of Biological Chemistry at the Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Shira Perlberg
- Department of Biological Chemistry at the Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Naomi Melamed-Book
- Bio-Imaging Unit at the Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Sara Isaac
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology at the Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Amir Eden
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology at the Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ines Lauria
- CECAD Research Center, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Langer
- CECAD Research Center, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Joseph Orly
- Department of Biological Chemistry at the Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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Szklarczyk R, Nooteboom M, Osiewacz HD. Control of mitochondrial integrity in ageing and disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:20130439. [PMID: 24864310 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Various molecular and cellular pathways are active in eukaryotes to control the quality and integrity of mitochondria. These pathways are involved in keeping a 'healthy' population of this essential organelle during the lifetime of the organism. Quality control (QC) systems counteract processes that lead to organellar dysfunction manifesting as degenerative diseases and ageing. We discuss disease- and ageing-related pathways involved in mitochondrial QC: mtDNA repair and reorganization, regeneration of oxidized amino acids, refolding and degradation of severely damaged proteins, degradation of whole mitochondria by mitophagy and finally programmed cell death. The control of the integrity of mtDNA and regulation of its expression is essential to remodel single proteins as well as mitochondrial complexes that determine mitochondrial functions. The redundancy of components, such as proteases, and the hierarchies of the QC raise questions about crosstalk between systems and their precise regulation. The understanding of the underlying mechanisms on the genomic, proteomic, organellar and cellular levels holds the key for the development of interventions for mitochondrial dysfunctions, degenerative processes, ageing and age-related diseases resulting from impairments of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Szklarczyk
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands Department of Clinical Genetics, Unit Clinical Genomics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Nooteboom
- Department of Biochemistry (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Heinz D Osiewacz
- Faculty for Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence 'Macromolecular Complexes', Goethe University, Molecular Developmental Biology, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Strauss KA, Jinks RN, Puffenberger EG, Venkatesh S, Singh K, Cheng I, Mikita N, Thilagavathi J, Lee J, Sarafianos S, Benkert A, Koehler A, Zhu A, Trovillion V, McGlincy M, Morlet T, Deardorff M, Innes AM, Prasad C, Chudley AE, Lee INW, Suzuki CK. CODAS syndrome is associated with mutations of LONP1, encoding mitochondrial AAA+ Lon protease. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:121-35. [PMID: 25574826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CODAS syndrome is a multi-system developmental disorder characterized by cerebral, ocular, dental, auricular, and skeletal anomalies. Using whole-exome and Sanger sequencing, we identified four LONP1 mutations inherited as homozygous or compound-heterozygous combinations among ten individuals with CODAS syndrome. The individuals come from three different ancestral backgrounds (Amish-Swiss from United States, n = 8; Mennonite-German from Canada, n = 1; mixed European from Canada, n = 1). LONP1 encodes Lon protease, a homohexameric enzyme that mediates protein quality control, respiratory-complex assembly, gene expression, and stress responses in mitochondria. All four pathogenic amino acid substitutions cluster within the AAA(+) domain at residues near the ATP-binding pocket. In biochemical assays, pathogenic Lon proteins show substrate-specific defects in ATP-dependent proteolysis. When expressed recombinantly in cells, all altered Lon proteins localize to mitochondria. The Old Order Amish Lon variant (LONP1 c.2161C>G[p.Arg721Gly]) homo-oligomerizes poorly in vitro. Lymphoblastoid cell lines generated from affected children have (1) swollen mitochondria with electron-dense inclusions and abnormal inner-membrane morphology; (2) aggregated MT-CO2, the mtDNA-encoded subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase; and (3) reduced spare respiratory capacity, leading to impaired mitochondrial proteostasis and function. CODAS syndrome is a distinct, autosomal-recessive, developmental disorder associated with dysfunction of the mitochondrial Lon protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Strauss
- Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA 17579, USA; Lancaster General Hospital, Lancaster, PA 17602, USA; Department of Biology and Biological Foundations of Behavior Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17603, USA.
| | - Robert N Jinks
- Department of Biology and Biological Foundations of Behavior Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17603, USA
| | - Erik G Puffenberger
- Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA 17579, USA; Department of Biology and Biological Foundations of Behavior Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17603, USA
| | - Sundararajan Venkatesh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Kamalendra Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Iteen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Natalie Mikita
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jayapalraja Thilagavathi
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Jae Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Stefan Sarafianos
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Abigail Benkert
- Clinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA 17579, USA; Department of Biology and Biological Foundations of Behavior Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17603, USA
| | - Alanna Koehler
- Department of Biology and Biological Foundations of Behavior Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17603, USA
| | - Anni Zhu
- Department of Biology and Biological Foundations of Behavior Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17603, USA
| | - Victoria Trovillion
- Department of Biology and Biological Foundations of Behavior Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17603, USA
| | - Madeleine McGlincy
- Department of Biology and Biological Foundations of Behavior Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17603, USA
| | - Thierry Morlet
- Auditory Physiology and Psychoacoustics Research Laboratory, duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Matthew Deardorff
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - A Micheil Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Chitra Prasad
- Medical Genetics Program, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Health Research Institute and Western University, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
| | - Albert E Chudley
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1S1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1S1, Canada
| | - Irene Nga Wing Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Carolyn K Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Quantitative PCR-based measurement of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage and repair in mammalian cells. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1105:419-37. [PMID: 24623245 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-739-6_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe a gene-specific quantitative PCR (QPCR)-based assay for the measurement of DNA damage, using amplification of long DNA targets. This assay has been used extensively to measure the integrity of both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes exposed to different genotoxins and has proven to be particularly valuable in identifying reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial DNA damage. QPCR can be used to quantify both the formation of DNA damage as well as the kinetics of damage removal. One of the main strengths of the assay is that it permits monitoring the integrity of mtDNA directly from total cellular DNA without the need for isolating mitochondria or a separate step of mitochondrial DNA purification. Here we discuss advantages and limitations of using QPCR to assay DNA damage in mammalian cells. In addition, we give a detailed protocol of the QPCR assay that helps facilitate its successful deployment in any molecular biology laboratory.
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Tun AW, Chaiyarit S, Kaewsutthi S, Katanyoo W, Chuenkongkaew W, Kuwano M, Tomonaga T, Peerapittayamongkol C, Thongboonkerd V, Lertrit P. Profiling the mitochondrial proteome of Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) in Thailand: down-regulation of bioenergetics and mitochondrial protein quality control pathways in fibroblasts with the 11778G>A mutation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106779. [PMID: 25215595 PMCID: PMC4162555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) is one of the commonest mitochondrial diseases. It causes total blindness, and predominantly affects young males. For the disease to develop, it is necessary for an individual to carry one of the primary mtDNA mutations 11778G>A, 14484T>C or 3460G>A. However these mutations are not sufficient to cause disease, and they do not explain the characteristic features of LHON such as the higher prevalence in males, incomplete penetrance, and relatively later age of onset. In order to explore the roles of nuclear encoded mitochondrial proteins in development of LHON, we applied a proteomic approach to samples from affected and unaffected individuals from 3 pedigrees and from 5 unrelated controls. Two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by MS/MS analysis in the mitochondrial lysate identified 17 proteins which were differentially expressed between LHON cases and unrelated controls, and 24 proteins which were differentially expressed between unaffected relatives and unrelated controls. The proteomic data were successfully validated by western blot analysis of 3 selected proteins. All of the proteins identified in the study were mitochondrial proteins and most of them were down regulated in 11778G>A mutant fibroblasts. These proteins included: subunits of OXPHOS enzyme complexes, proteins involved in intermediary metabolic processes, nucleoid related proteins, chaperones, cristae remodelling proteins and an anti-oxidant enzyme. The protein profiles of both the affected and unaffected 11778G>A carriers shared many features which differed from those of unrelated control group, revealing similar proteomic responses to 11778G>A mutation in both affected and unaffected individuals. Differentially expressed proteins revealed two broad groups: a cluster of bioenergetic pathway proteins and a cluster involved in protein quality control system. Defects in these systems are likely to impede the function of retinal ganglion cells, and may lead to the development of LHON in synergy with the primary mtDNA mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Win Tun
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sakdithep Chaiyarit
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supannee Kaewsutthi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanphen Katanyoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanicha Chuenkongkaew
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Masayoshi Kuwano
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tomonaga
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Research in Complex Systems Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (PL); (VT)
| | - Patcharee Lertrit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (PL); (VT)
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50
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Gibellini L, Pinti M, Boraldi F, Giorgio V, Bernardi P, Bartolomeo R, Nasi M, De Biasi S, Missiroli S, Carnevale G, Losi L, Tesei A, Pinton P, Quaglino D, Cossarizza A. Silencing of mitochondrial Lon protease deeply impairs mitochondrial proteome and function in colon cancer cells. FASEB J 2014; 28:5122-35. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-255869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Gibellini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry, and Morphological SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Federica Boraldi
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | | | - Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PadovaPaduaItaly
| | - Regina Bartolomeo
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry, and Morphological SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry, and Morphological SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry, and Morphological SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Sonia Missiroli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental MedicineUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - Gianluca Carnevale
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry, and Morphological SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Lorena Losi
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Anna Tesei
- Biosciences LaboratoryIRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST)MeldolaItaly
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental MedicineUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - Daniela Quaglino
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry, and Morphological SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
- Dipartimento Sperimentale Interaziendale, Campus San LazzaroUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaReggio EmiliaItaly
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