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Pollastri AR, Forchelli G, Vuijk PJ, Stoll S, Capawana MR, Bellitti J, Braaten EB, Doyle AE. Behavior ratings of executive functions index multiple domains of psychopathology and school functioning in child psychiatric outpatients. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2023; 12:304-317. [PMID: 35900144 PMCID: PMC10081135 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2022.2099743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Behavior rating scales of executive functions (EFs) are convenient and associate with academic and other outcomes; however, prior studies indicate limited correlations with psychometric tests of EFs. To better understand their potential for clinical utility, we examined the extent to which parent ratings on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) related to psychopathology constructs and psychometric test scores in a sample of N = 692 psychiatric outpatients aged 8-17. Then, in a subsample of the youth (N = 261), we related the BRIEF, psychopathology constructs, and psychometric test scores to teacher ratings of school functioning. BRIEF scales were significantly associated with multiple types of psychopathology including ADHD, autism spectrum, mood, anxiety, conduct, oppositional defiant, and psychotic disorders. While the BRIEF showed limited associations with psychometric EF tests, its Global Executive Composite score explained additional variance in teacher-reported functioning beyond what was predicted by clinical diagnoses (additional explained variance of 9.9% in study skills) and psychometric tests (additional explained variance of 2.1% in learning problems and 4.5% in study skills). The Global Executive Composite was not significantly related to teacher-rated school functioning after psychiatric symptoms were accounted for. These findings support further investigation of the unique contribution of the BRIEF in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha R. Pollastri
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard School of Medicine (HMS)
| | - Gina Forchelli
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard School of Medicine (HMS)
| | - Pieter J. Vuijk
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)
| | - Samantha Stoll
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)
| | - Michael R. Capawana
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard School of Medicine (HMS)
| | - Joseph Bellitti
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)
| | - Ellen B. Braaten
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard School of Medicine (HMS)
| | - Alysa E. Doyle
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard School of Medicine (HMS)
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH)
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Alers RJ, Ghossein-Doha C, Canjels LPW, Muijtjens ESH, Brandt Y, Kooi ME, Gerretsen SC, Jansen JFA, Backes WH, Hurks PPM, van de Ven V, Spaanderman MEA. Attenuated cognitive functioning decades after preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2023; 229:294.e1-294.e14. [PMID: 36863645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2023.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia, a hypertensive pregnancy disorder, is a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, with remote cardio- and cerebrovascular implications. After preeclampsia, women may report serious disabling cognitive complaints, especially involving executive function, but the extent and time course of these complaints are unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the impact of preeclampsia on perceived maternal cognitive functioning decades after pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN This study is part of a cross-sectional case-control study named Queen of Hearts (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02347540), a collaboration study of 5 tertiary referral centers within the Netherlands investigating long-term effects of preeclampsia. Eligible participants were female patients aged ≥18 years after preeclampsia and after normotensive pregnancy between 6 months and 30 years after their first (complicated) pregnancy. Preeclampsia was defined as new-onset hypertension after 20 weeks of gestation along with proteinuria, fetal growth restriction, or other maternal organ dysfunction. Women with a history of hypertension, autoimmune disease, or kidney disease before their first pregnancy were excluded. Attenuation of higher-order cognitive functions, that is, executive function, was measured with the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function for Adults. Crude and covariate-adjusted absolute and relative risks of clinical attenuation over time after (complicated) pregnancy were determined with moderated logistic and log-binomial regression. RESULTS This study included 1036 women with a history of preeclampsia and 527 women with normotensive pregnancies. Regarding overall executive function, 23.2% (95% confidence interval, 19.0-28.1) of women experienced clinically relevant attenuation after preeclampsia, as opposed to 2.2% (95% confidence interval, 0.8-6.0) of controls immediately after childbirth (adjusted relative risk, 9.20 [95% confidence interval, 3.33-25.38]). Group differences diminished yet remained statistically significant (P < .05) at least 19 years postpartum. Regardless of history of preeclampsia, women with lower educational attainment, mood or anxiety disorders, or obesity were especially at risk. Neither severity of preeclampsia, multiple gestation, method of delivery, preterm birth, nor perinatal death was related to overall executive function. CONCLUSION After preeclampsia, women were 9 times more likely to experience clinical attenuation of higher-order cognitive functions as opposed to after normotensive pregnancy. Despite overall steady improvement, elevated risks persisted over decades after childbirth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert-Jan Alers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Chahinda Ghossein-Doha
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne P W Canjels
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva S H Muijtjens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yentl Brandt
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - M Eline Kooi
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne C Gerretsen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobus F A Jansen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; MHeNs School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Walter H Backes
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; MHeNs School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra P M Hurks
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent van de Ven
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc E A Spaanderman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Bishop KI, Isquith PK, Gioia GA, Knupp KG, Scheffer IE, Nabbout R, Specchio N, Sullivan J, Auvin S, Helen Cross J, Guerrini R, Farfel G, Galer BS, Gammaitoni AR. Fenfluramine treatment is associated with improvement in everyday executive function in preschool-aged children (<5 years) with Dravet syndrome: A critical period for early neurodevelopment. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 138:108994. [PMID: 36463826 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether fenfluramine (FFA) is associated with improvement in everyday executive function (EF)-self-regulation-in preschool-aged children with Dravet syndrome (DS). METHODS Children with DS received placebo or FFA in one of two phase III studies (first study: placebo, FFA 0.2 mg/kg/day, or FFA 0.7 mg/kg/day added to stiripentol-free standard-of-care regimens; second study: placebo or FFA 0.4 mg/kg/day added to stiripentol-inclusive regimens). Everyday EF was evaluated at baseline and Week 14-15 for children aged 2-4 years with parent ratings on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function®-Preschool (BRIEF®-P); raw scores were transformed to T-scores and summarized in Inhibitory Self-Control Index (ISCI), Flexibility Index (FI), Emergent Metacognition Index (EMI), and Global Executive Composite (GEC). Clinically meaningful improvement and worsening were defined using RCI ≥ 90% and RCI ≥ 80% certainty, respectively. The associations between placebo vs FFA combined (0.2, 0.4, and 0.7 mg/kg/day) or individual treatment groups and the likelihood of clinically meaningful change in BRIEF®-P indexes/composite T-scores were evaluated using Somers'd; pairwise comparisons were calculated by 2-sided Fisher's Exact tests (p ≤ 0.05) and Cramér's V. RESULTS Data were analyzed for 61 evaluable children of median age 3 years (placebo, n = 22; FFA 0.2 mg/kg/day, n = 15; 0.4 mg/kg/day [with stiripentol], n = 10; 0.7 mg/kg/day, n = 14 [total FFA, n = 39]). Elevated or problematic T-scores (T ≥ 65) were reported in 55% to 86% of patients at baseline for ISCI, EMI, and GEC, and in ∼33% for FI. Seventeen of the 61 children (28%) showed reliable, clinically meaningful improvement (RCI ≥ 90% certainty) in at least one BRIEF®-P index/composite, including a majority of the children in the FFA 0.7 mg/kg/day group (9/14, 64%). Only 53% of these children (9/17) also experienced clinically meaningful reduction (≥50%) in monthly convulsive seizure frequency, including 6/14 patients in the FFA 0.7 mg/kg/day group. Overall, there were positive associations between the four individual treatment groups and the likelihood of reliable, clinically meaningful improvement in all BRIEF®-P indexes/composite (ISCI, p = 0.001; FI, p = 0.005; EMI, p = 0.040; GEC, p = 0.002). The FFA 0.7 mg/kg/day group showed a greater likelihood of reliable, clinically meaningful improvement than placebo in ISCI (50% vs 5%; p = 0.003), FI (36% vs 0%; p = 0.005), and GEC (36% vs 0%; p = 0.005). For EMI, the FFA 0.7 mg/kg/day group showed a greater likelihood of reliable, clinically meaningful improvement than the FFA 0.2 mg/kg/day group (29% vs 0%; p = 0.040), but did not meet the significance threshold compared with placebo (29% vs 5%; p = 0.064). There were no significant associations between treatment and the likelihood of reliable, clinically meaningful worsening (p > 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE In this preschool-aged DS population with high baseline everyday EF impairment, FFA treatment for 14-15 weeks was associated with dose-dependent, clinically meaningful improvements in regulating behavior, emotion, cognition, and overall everyday EF. These clinically meaningful improvements in everyday EF were not entirely due to seizure frequency reduction, suggesting that FFA may have direct effects on everyday EF during the early formative years of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter K Isquith
- Global Pharma Consultancy, LLC, Muncy, PA, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gerard A Gioia
- Global Pharma Consultancy, LLC, Muncy, PA, USA; Children's National Health System, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- University of Melbourne, Austin and Royal Children's Hospitals, Florey Institute and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rima Nabbout
- Reference Centre for Rare Epilepsies, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Member of EPICARE, Institut Imagine, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Joseph Sullivan
- University of California San Francisco, Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stéphane Auvin
- Robert Debré Children's Hospital, APHP, Université de Paris, Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - J Helen Cross
- UCL NIHR BRC Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gail Farfel
- Formerly Zogenix, Inc., now a part of UCB, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Bradley S Galer
- Formerly Zogenix, Inc., now a part of UCB, Emeryville, CA, USA
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Mohammadnia S, Bigdeli I, Mashhadi A, Ghanaei Chamanabad A, Roth RM. Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - adult version (BRIEF-A) in Iranian University students: Factor structure and relationship to depressive symptom severity. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2022; 29:786-792. [PMID: 32866045 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1810689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is the most common psychiatric illness in Iran, and depression is common among university students in the country. The presence of depression is frequently associated with problems in executive functioning. The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A) is a questionnaire measure designed to assess executive functioning in everyday life in clinical and non-clinical populations. Currently, there is limited empirical validation of the measure for use in Iran. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of a Persian-language BRIEF-A in a sample of Iranian university students (n = 300). The factor structure of the BRIEF-A was examined via a confirmatory factor analysis. We also evaluated whether BRIEF-A scores differed among university students varying in severity of depressive symptoms (Minimal, Mild, Moderate, Severe) as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory - II. Results indicated that a two-factor model structure best fit the data for the BRIEF-A. Acceptable internal consistency was also observed. Furthermore, poorer subjective executive functioning was endorsed by the three depressive subgroups relative to the Minimal symptoms group. Together, these findings support a two-factor model for the Persian translation of the BRIEF-A, and indicate that more severe depressive symptoms in Iranian university students is associated with worse subjective executive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Mohammadnia
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Imanollah Bigdeli
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Mashhadi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Ghanaei Chamanabad
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Robert M Roth
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychology Program, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth/DHMC, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Finnanger TG, Andersson S, Chevignard M, Johansen GO, Brandt AE, Hypher RE, Risnes K, Rø TB, Stubberud J. Assessment of Executive Function in Everyday Life-Psychometric Properties of the Norwegian Adaptation of the Children's Cooking Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:761755. [PMID: 35185492 PMCID: PMC8852328 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.761755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There are few standardized measures available to assess executive function (EF) in a naturalistic setting for children. The Children's Cooking Task (CCT) is a complex test that has been specifically developed to assess EF in a standardized open-ended environment (cooking). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, sensitivity and specificity, and also convergent and divergent validity of the Norwegian version of CCT among children with pediatric Acquired Brain Injury (pABI) and healthy controls (HCs). Methods: The present study has a cross-sectional design, based on baseline data derived from a multicenter RCT. Seventy-five children with pABI from two university hospitals with parent-reported executive dysfunction and minimum of 12 months since injury/completed cancer therapy, as well as 59 HCs aged 10-17 years, were assessed with CCT using total errors as the main outcome measure. The pABI group completed tests assessing EF (i.e., inhibition, cognitive flexibility, working memory, and planning) on the impairment level within the ICF framework (performance-based neuropsychological tests and the Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome for Children), and on the participation level (questionnaires). In addition, they completed tests of intellectual ability, processing speed, attention, learning, and memory. Finally, overall functional outcome (pediatric Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended) was evaluated for the children with pABI. Results: Acceptable internal consistency and good inter-rater reliability were found for the CCT. Children with pABI performed significantly worse on the CCT than the HCs. The CCT identified group membership, but the sensitivity and specificity were overall classified as poor. Convergent validity was demonstrated by associations between the CCT and performance-based tests assessing inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and working memory, as well as teacher-reported executive dysfunction (questionnaires). Divergent validity was supported by the lack of association with performance-based measures of learning and memory, attention, and verbal intellectual ability. However, there was a moderate association between the CCT and performance-based tests of processing speed. Lastly, better performance on the CCT was associated with a better functional outcome. Conclusion: Our study with a relatively large sample of children with pABI and HC's demonstrated good psychometric properties of the CCT. CCT performance was associated with the overall level of disability and function, suggesting that CCT is related to the level of activity in everyday life and participation in society. Hence, our study suggests that the CCT has the potential to advance the assessment of EF by providing a valid analysis of real-world performance. Nevertheless, further research is needed on larger samples, focusing on predictors of task performance, and evaluating the ability of CCT to detect improvement in EF over time. The patterns of error and problem-solving strategies evaluated by the CCT could be used to inform neuropsychological rehabilitation treatmentand represent a more valid outcome measure of rehabilitation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torun G. Finnanger
- Children’s Clinic, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Mathilde Chevignard
- Rehabilitation Department for Children with Acquired Neurological Injury, Saint Maurice Hospitals, Saint Maurice, France
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale (LIB) Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, GRC 24 Handicap Moteur et Cognitif et Réadaptation (HaMCRe), Paris, France
| | - Gøril O. Johansen
- Children’s Clinic, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne E. Brandt
- Children’s Clinic, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ruth E. Hypher
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences for Children, Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Risnes
- Children’s Clinic, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Clinical Research Unit, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torstein B. Rø
- Children’s Clinic, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Stubberud
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences for Children, Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Rania M, Aloi M, de Filippis R, Carbone EA, Caroleo M, De Fazio P, Segura-Garcia C. Executive functions and depressive symptoms interplay in binge eating disorder: A structural equation model analysis. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2021; 29:811-819. [PMID: 34254393 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Executive functions (EF) have been so far investigated as potential endophenotypes for binge eating disorder (BED). However, major critical limitations in previous research, such as the influence of obesity and comorbid depression, prevented any consensus to be reached. The present study investigated the association between depressive symptoms, a broad range of EF and binge eating severity in individuals with obesity and with/without BED, and whether this association may be explained by a mediation or independency model. METHOD One hundred and seven participants completed clinical and psychometric examination. Associations between EF, depressive symptoms and binge eating severity were assessed through bivariate correlation analysis, and the magnitude, as well as the direction of associations between variables, was estimated with structural equation model. RESULTS Two reliable models were tested; results showed that depressive symptoms exhibited significant direct and indirect effects on the severity of binge eating; conversely, EF did not show either significant direct or indirect effect on binge eating severity. CONCLUSION Depression contributes more than EF to psychopathology of BED. Thus, clinicians should routinely assess and, eventually, tailor depressive symptoms in treatment to improve the outcomes of patients with BED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Rania
- Outpatient Unit for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital "Mater Domini", Catanzaro, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Matteo Aloi
- Outpatient Unit for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital "Mater Domini", Catanzaro, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Renato de Filippis
- Outpatient Unit for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital "Mater Domini", Catanzaro, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elvira Anna Carbone
- Outpatient Unit for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital "Mater Domini", Catanzaro, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariarita Caroleo
- Outpatient Unit for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital "Mater Domini", Catanzaro, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Fazio
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Segura-Garcia
- Outpatient Unit for Clinical Research and Treatment of Eating Disorders, University Hospital "Mater Domini", Catanzaro, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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O'Brien AM, Kivisto LR, Deasley S, Casey JE. Executive Functioning Rating Scale as a Screening Tool for ADHD: Independent Validation of the BDEFS-CA. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:965-977. [PMID: 31448664 DOI: 10.1177/1087054719869834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study provides independent examination of the validity of the Barkley Deficits of Executive Functioning Scale-Children and Adolescents (BDEFS-CA) in a sample of children diagnosed with ADHD (n = 50) and typically developing controls (n = 50). Method: Parents of participants completed the BDEFS-CA and the Conners 3 rating scales. Validity of BDEFS-CA was examined using a confirmatory factor analysis, correlational analyses with Conners 3 ratings, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of diagnostic accuracy. Results: Findings support the construct, concurrent, and discriminant validity of the BDEFS-CA in a mixed sample. Conclusion: Findings provide independent examination of the validity of the BDEFS-CA as a measure of executive dysfunction and a screening tool for ADHD.
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Computational modeling of choice-induced preference change: A Reinforcement-Learning-based approach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244434. [PMID: 33411720 PMCID: PMC7790366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The value learning process has been investigated using decision-making tasks with a correct answer specified by the external environment (externally guided decision-making, EDM). In EDM, people are required to adjust their choices based on feedback, and the learning process is generally explained by the reinforcement learning (RL) model. In addition to EDM, value is learned through internally guided decision-making (IDM), in which no correct answer defined by external circumstances is available, such as preference judgment. In IDM, it has been believed that the value of the chosen item is increased and that of the rejected item is decreased (choice-induced preference change; CIPC). An RL-based model called the choice-based learning (CBL) model had been proposed to describe CIPC, in which the values of chosen and/or rejected items are updated as if own choice were the correct answer. However, the validity of the CBL model has not been confirmed by fitting the model to IDM behavioral data. The present study aims to examine the CBL model in IDM. We conducted simulations, a preference judgment task for novel contour shapes, and applied computational model analyses to the behavioral data. The results showed that the CBL model with both the chosen and rejected value’s updated were a good fit for the IDM behavioral data compared to the other candidate models. Although previous studies using subjective preference ratings had repeatedly reported changes only in one of the values of either the chosen or rejected items, we demonstrated for the first time both items’ value changes were based solely on IDM choice behavioral data with computational model analyses.
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Jacobson LA, Pritchard AE, Koriakin TA, Jones KE, Mahone EM. Initial Examination of the BRIEF2 in Clinically Referred Children With and Without ADHD Symptoms. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:1775-1784. [PMID: 27519529 PMCID: PMC5303680 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716663632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Clinical utility of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition (BRIEF2) was examined in 1,381 clinically referred youth (62.5% male, 5 to 18 years) with and without ADHD symptoms. Method: Participants included children with restricted inattentive symptoms (IA only), restricted hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms (HI only), symptoms in both domains (Combined), and non-ADHD clinical comparison. Results: Greater hyperactivity (Combined, HI only) was associated with higher Behavior Regulation (BRI) and Emotion Regulation (ERI) scores, whereas greater inattentiveness (IA only, Combined) was associated with higher Cognitive Regulation scores. Effect sizes were largest for Inhibit, Working Memory, and Organization of Materials scales; these scales discriminated children with and without ADHD symptoms and restricted inattentive and hyperactive presentations. Conclusion: The BRIEF2 distinguishes associated features of ADHD and the day-to-day executive impact. Sensitivity was consistently poorer than specificity. The referred nature of the sample and examination of restricted presentations suggest additional work is needed to examine whether ERI and BRI are dissociable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Jacobson
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alison E. Pritchard
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Kelly E. Jones
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - E. Mark Mahone
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Effects on the Perceptual and Cognitive Processes Underlying Decision-making: a Mini Review. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-020-00186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Cristofani C, Sesso G, Cristofani P, Fantozzi P, Inguaggiato E, Muratori P, Narzisi A, Pfanner C, Pisano S, Polidori L, Ruglioni L, Valente E, Masi G, Milone A. The Role of Executive Functions in the Development of Empathy and Its Association with Externalizing Behaviors in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Other Psychiatric Comorbidities. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E489. [PMID: 32731515 PMCID: PMC7465618 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10080489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive functions have been previously shown to correlate with empathic attitudes and prosocial behaviors. People with higher levels of executive functions, as a whole, may better regulate their emotions and reduce perceived distress during the empathetic processes. Our goal was to explore the relationship between empathy and executive functioning in a sample of children and adolescents diagnosed with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder alone or associated with comorbid Disruptive Behavior Disorders and/or Autism Spectrum Disorder. We also aimed to examine the role of empathic dimensions and executive skills in regulating externalizing behaviors. The 151 participants with ADHD were assigned to four groups according to their psychiatric comorbidity (either "pure" or with ASD and/or ODD/CD) and assessed by means of either parent- or self-reported questionnaires, namely the BRIEF-2, the BES, and the IRI. No questionnaire was found to discriminate between the four groups. Affective Empathy was found to positively correlate with Emotional and Behavioral Regulation competences. Furthermore, Aggressiveness and Oppositional Defiant Problems were positively associated with Executive Emotional and Behavioral Regulation competences. On the other hand, Rule-Breaking Behaviors and Conduct Problems were negatively associated with Affective Empathy and with Behavioral skills. Our study provides an additional contribution for a better understanding of the complex relationship between empathic competence and executive functions, showing that executive functioning and empathic attitudes interact with each other to regulate aggressive behaviors. This study further corroborates developmental models of empathy and their clinical implications, for which externalizing behaviors could be attenuated by enhancing executive functioning skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cristofani
- IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa (Calambrone), Italy; (C.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (P.F.); (E.I.); (P.M.); (A.N.); (C.P.); (L.P.); (L.R.); (E.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Gianluca Sesso
- IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa (Calambrone), Italy; (C.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (P.F.); (E.I.); (P.M.); (A.N.); (C.P.); (L.P.); (L.R.); (E.V.); (G.M.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Cristofani
- IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa (Calambrone), Italy; (C.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (P.F.); (E.I.); (P.M.); (A.N.); (C.P.); (L.P.); (L.R.); (E.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Pamela Fantozzi
- IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa (Calambrone), Italy; (C.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (P.F.); (E.I.); (P.M.); (A.N.); (C.P.); (L.P.); (L.R.); (E.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Emanuela Inguaggiato
- IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa (Calambrone), Italy; (C.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (P.F.); (E.I.); (P.M.); (A.N.); (C.P.); (L.P.); (L.R.); (E.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Pietro Muratori
- IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa (Calambrone), Italy; (C.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (P.F.); (E.I.); (P.M.); (A.N.); (C.P.); (L.P.); (L.R.); (E.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Antonio Narzisi
- IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa (Calambrone), Italy; (C.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (P.F.); (E.I.); (P.M.); (A.N.); (C.P.); (L.P.); (L.R.); (E.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Chiara Pfanner
- IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa (Calambrone), Italy; (C.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (P.F.); (E.I.); (P.M.); (A.N.); (C.P.); (L.P.); (L.R.); (E.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Simone Pisano
- Department of Neuroscience, AORN Santobono-Pausilipon, 80122 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Lisa Polidori
- IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa (Calambrone), Italy; (C.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (P.F.); (E.I.); (P.M.); (A.N.); (C.P.); (L.P.); (L.R.); (E.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Laura Ruglioni
- IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa (Calambrone), Italy; (C.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (P.F.); (E.I.); (P.M.); (A.N.); (C.P.); (L.P.); (L.R.); (E.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Elena Valente
- IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa (Calambrone), Italy; (C.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (P.F.); (E.I.); (P.M.); (A.N.); (C.P.); (L.P.); (L.R.); (E.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Gabriele Masi
- IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa (Calambrone), Italy; (C.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (P.F.); (E.I.); (P.M.); (A.N.); (C.P.); (L.P.); (L.R.); (E.V.); (G.M.)
| | - Annarita Milone
- IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa (Calambrone), Italy; (C.C.); (G.S.); (P.C.); (P.F.); (E.I.); (P.M.); (A.N.); (C.P.); (L.P.); (L.R.); (E.V.); (G.M.)
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Fruh V, Rifas-Shiman SL, Amarasiriwardena C, Cardenas A, Bellinger DC, Wise LA, White RF, Wright RO, Oken E, Claus Henn B. Prenatal lead exposure and childhood executive function and behavioral difficulties in project viva. Neurotoxicology 2019; 75:105-115. [PMID: 31513824 PMCID: PMC6842061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead is an established neurotoxicant and early life exposure to lead is associated with detrimental impacts on IQ and several neurobehavioral domains. Less is known, however, about effects of prenatal lead exposure below 5 μg/dL on executive function and on social, emotional and self-regulatory behaviors in childhood. OBJECTIVES To examine the association between prenatal lead exposure and childhood executive function and social, emotional and self-regulatory behaviors. METHODS We included 1006 mother-child pairs from the Project Viva prospective pre-birth cohort. We measured prenatal maternal lead in second-trimester erythrocytes. In mid-childhood (median 7.7 years), parents and teachers rated executive function related behaviors using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and behavioral difficulties using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). We used multivariable linear regression models adjusted for maternal, paternal, and child characteristics and metal co-exposures. RESULTS Mean maternal erythrocyte lead concentration was 1.2 μg/dL (interquartile range [IQR] 0.8-1.5 μg /dL), equivalent to approximately 0.4 μg/dL in whole blood. In adjusted models, associations with parent and teacher-rated scales were largely null, although effect estimates were consistently positive, suggesting worse scores with increasing lead levels. For an IQR increase in lead, BRIEF Global Executive Composite (GEC) was 0.73 (95% CI: -0.06, 1.52) points higher for parent-rated scores and 0.42 (95% CI: -0.39, 1.23) points higher for teacher-rated scores. Associations were strongest for parent-rated BRIEF plan/organize (β = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.12, 1.59) and shift (β = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.01, 1.75) subscales, as well as the SDQ emotional problems subscale (β = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.33). DISCUSSION In this cohort with lead levels commonly experienced by U.S. women, there were few statistically significant associations with childhood executive function and behavior. However, there was a trend of worse neurobehavioral scores with increasing prenatal lead concentrations, in particular for childhood emotional problems and capacity to plan/organize and shift. Our results highlight the importance of continuing efforts to eliminate lead exposure in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fruh
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chitra Amarasiriwardena
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David C Bellinger
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren A Wise
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roberta F White
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Birgit Claus Henn
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Tulviste J, Goldberg E, Podell K, Vaht M, Harro J, Bachmann T. BDNF polymorphism in non-veridical decision making and differential effects of rTMS. Behav Brain Res 2019; 364:177-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Dixon K, LaMonica H, Duffy SL, Phillips CL, Grunstein RR, Naismith SL, Hoyos CM. Arterial stiffness relates to executive dysfunction in later life. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2019; 27:140-151. [PMID: 30998086 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2019.1597009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease in older people is often linked with cognitive impairment, particularly in domains of executive function and processing speed. Our aims examined whether carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) related to subtle changes of executive function and processing speed. Fifty-six individuals with subjective mood and/or cognitive concerns underwent PWV and neuropsychological assessments of processing speed (Trail Making Test Part A) and executive functioning (Delis Kaplan Executive Function System Stroop Task; Trail Making Test Part B, TMT-B). Individuals with high PWV (≥12.0m/s) had poorer performance on TMT-B, compared to low PWV (<12.0m/s), and a moderate negative correlation (r = -0.38, p = .004) between PWV and TMT-B performance. Our results confirm that in older adults at-risk for cognitive decline, early markers of CVD are associated with subtle decrements in rapid set-shifting (executive function), supporting efforts towards early detection of CVD as a secondary prevention strategy for older individuals with cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahala Dixon
- The Healthy Brain Ageing Clinic, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Haley LaMonica
- The Healthy Brain Ageing Clinic, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Shantel L Duffy
- The Healthy Brain Ageing Clinic, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Central Clinical School, Glebe, NSW, Australia
| | - Craig L Phillips
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Central Clinical School, Glebe, NSW, Australia
| | - Ron R Grunstein
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Central Clinical School, Glebe, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon L Naismith
- The Healthy Brain Ageing Clinic, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Camilla M Hoyos
- The Healthy Brain Ageing Clinic, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Central Clinical School, Glebe, NSW, Australia
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16
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The influence of depressive symptoms on executive functioning in binge eating disorder: A comparison of patients and non-obese healthy controls. Psychiatry Res 2019; 274:138-145. [PMID: 30784782 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions are a set of cognitive processes that are necessary for the cognitive control of behavior. They play a role in mediating self-control, self-regulation and decision-making. It has been suggested that the inability to control eating behavior in binge eating disorder (BED) may indicate deficits in executive functioning. This may be worsened by depressive symptoms. The aim of the present study was to compare executive functioning of patients with BED and no-to-mild depressive symptoms (n = 25), patients with BED and moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms (n = 66), and healthy controls (Body Mass Index <30) (n = 56), matched on age, educational level and gender. The participants were assessed by means of neuropsychological tests and questionnaires. The neuropsychological tests did not show significant differences in executive functioning between the groups. However, eating disorder psychopathology and depressive symptoms are associated with self-reported difficulties in executive functioning in daily life. A self-report questionnaire which evaluates the functional, real-world impact of executive dysfunction expressed in everyday activities seems to be more useful in this population than neuropsychological tests. This study highlights the importance of taking depressive symptoms into account when studying executive functioning in patients with (binge) eating disorders.
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17
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Wierenga LM, Bos MGN, van Rossenberg F, Crone EA. Sex Effects on Development of Brain Structure and Executive Functions: Greater Variance than Mean Effects. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:730-753. [PMID: 30726177 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although male brains have consistently reported to be 8-10% larger than female brains, it remains not well understood whether there are differences between sexes (average or variance) in developmental trajectories. Furthermore, if sex differences in average brain growth or variance are observed, it is unknown whether these sex differences have behavioral relevance. The present longitudinal study aimed to unravel sex effects in cortical brain structure, development, and variance, in relation to the development of educationally relevant cognitive domains and executive functions (EFs). This was assessed with three experimental tasks including working memory, reading comprehension, and fluency. In addition, real-life aspects of EF were assessed with self- and parent-reported Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function scores. The full data set included 271 participants (54% female) aged between 8 and 29 years of which three waves were collected at 2-year intervals, resulting in 680 T1-weighted MRI scans and behavioral measures. Analyses of average trajectories confirmed general age-related patterns of brain development but did not support the hypothesis of sex differences in brain development trajectories, except for left banks STS where boys had a steeper decline in surface area than girls. Also, our brain age prediction model (including 270 brain measures) did not indicate delayed maturation in boys compared with girls. Interestingly, support was found for greater variance in male brains than female brains in both structure and development, consistent with prior cross-sectional studies. Behaviorally, boys performed on average better on a working memory task with a spatial aspect and girls performed better on a reading comprehension task, but there was no relation between brain development and cognitive performance, neither for average brain measures, brain age, or variance measures. Taken together, we confirmed the hypothesis of greater males within-group variance in brain structures compared with females, but these were not related to EF. The sex differences observed in EF were not related to brain development, possibly suggesting that these are related to experiences and strategies rather than biological development.
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Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) include high-order cognitive abilities such as working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, planning, reasoning, and problem solving. EFs enable humans to achieve goals, adapt to novel everyday life situations, and manage social interactions. Traditionally EFs have been associated with frontal lobe functioning. More recent evidence shows that posterior and subcortical regions also play a crucial role in EF processing, especially in the integration of sensory information and emotion. This chapter reviews the variety of EFs and their neural underpinning, based on lesion mapping and neuroimaging studies, as well as the evidence for rehabilitation interventions, neuropsychological assessment based on standard and ecologically valid tests, development, and genetic predisposition for recovery of executive functions after brain injury. Taken together, the EFs are critical for unique human abilities and more careful analyses of their subcomponents may help the development of targeted translational interventions to improve them.
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Black CL, Shih SW, Sepeta LN, Facella-Ervolini JM, Isquith PK, Berl MM. Everyday executive function in focal onset pediatric epilepsy on the parent-report BRIEF2. Child Neuropsychol 2018; 25:22-43. [PMID: 29375005 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2018.1424326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Executive function (EF) difficulties are a core neuropsychological feature of pediatric epilepsy, and parent-report measures of EF concerns are an important complement to task-based EF measures. The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) has shown sensitivity to parent-reported EF concerns in epilepsy and other pediatric populations. We compared profiles of parent-reported EF concerns using the BRIEF and its revision, the BRIEF2, in 117 pediatric patients with focal onset epilepsy to examine the clinical utility of the revised scale. We then compared BRIEF2 profiles between patients and age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Among patients, profiles on the BRIEF did not globally differ from the BRIEF2, and agreement was very good across scales. Patients and controls differed significantly on the BRIEF2, with patients showing higher EF difficulties reported by parents across most scales. High rates of clinical elevation among patients emerged on the Task Monitor, Plan/Organize, Working Memory, and Shift scales. Younger age of epilepsy onset, chronic epilepsy, and right hemisphere seizure focus were associated with higher parent-reported EF concerns. Findings suggest that the BRIEF2 demonstrates similar performance to the BRIEF among pediatric patients with focal onset epilepsy who are most at risk in the areas of task monitoring, working memory, planning and organization, and flexibility. These findings are informative when comparing literature across versions and provide additional insight into the nature of parent-reported EF difficulties among children with focal onset epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Black
- a Division of Pediatric Neuropsychology , Children's National Medical Center , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Sharon W Shih
- a Division of Pediatric Neuropsychology , Children's National Medical Center , Washington , DC , USA.,b Department of Psychology , Georgia State University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Leigh N Sepeta
- a Division of Pediatric Neuropsychology , Children's National Medical Center , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Joy M Facella-Ervolini
- a Division of Pediatric Neuropsychology , Children's National Medical Center , Washington , DC , USA.,c Institute of Health Professions , Massachusetts General Hospital , Charlestown , MA , USA
| | - Peter K Isquith
- d Department of Psychiatry , Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Madison M Berl
- a Division of Pediatric Neuropsychology , Children's National Medical Center , Washington , DC , USA
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20
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Nguyen TV, Wu M, Lew J, Albaugh MD, Botteron KN, Hudziak JJ, Fonov VS, Collins DL, Campbell BC, Booij L, Herba C, Monnier P, Ducharme S, McCracken JT. Dehydroepiandrosterone impacts working memory by shaping cortico-hippocampal structural covariance during development. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 86:110-121. [PMID: 28946055 PMCID: PMC5659912 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Existing studies suggest that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) may be important for human brain development and cognition. For example, molecular studies have hinted at the critical role of DHEA in enhancing brain plasticity. Studies of human brain development also support the notion that DHEA is involved in preserving cortical plasticity. Further, some, though not all, studies show that DHEA administration may lead to improvements in working memory in adults. Yet these findings remain limited by an incomplete understanding of the specific neuroanatomical mechanisms through which DHEA may impact the CNS during development. Here we examined associations between DHEA, cortico-hippocampal structural covariance, and working memory (216 participants [female=123], age range 6-22 years old, mean age: 13.6 +/-3.6 years, each followed for a maximum of 3 visits over the course of 4 years). In addition to administering performance-based, spatial working memory tests to these children, we also collected ecological, parent ratings of working memory in everyday situations. We found that increasingly higher DHEA levels were associated with a shift toward positive insular-hippocampal and occipito-hippocampal structural covariance. In turn, DHEA-related insular-hippocampal covariance was associated with lower spatial working memory but higher overall working memory as measured by the ecological parent ratings. Taken together with previous research, these results support the hypothesis that DHEA may optimize cortical functions related to general attentional and working memory processes, but impair the development of bottom-up, hippocampal-to-cortical connections, resulting in impaired encoding of spatial cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuong-Vi Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A1A1, Canada; Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Mia Wu
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jimin Lew
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Matthew D Albaugh
- Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Kelly N Botteron
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Brain Development Cooperative Group, United States
| | - James J Hudziak
- Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA; Brain Development Cooperative Group, United States
| | - Vladimir S Fonov
- McConnell Brain imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - D Louis Collins
- McConnell Brain imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Benjamin C Campbell
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Linda Booij
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A1A1, Canada; Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada; CHU Sainte Justine Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T1C5, Canada
| | - Catherine Herba
- CHU Sainte Justine Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T1C5, Canada; Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patricia Monnier
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A1A1, Canada; McConnell Brain imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - James T McCracken
- Brain Development Cooperative Group, United States; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California in Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
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Dodzik P. Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition Gerard A. Gioia, Peter K. Isquith, Steven C. Guy, and Lauren Kenworthy. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40817-017-0044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Miyagi M, Miyatani M, Nakao T. Relation between choice-induced preference change and depression. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180041. [PMID: 28662126 PMCID: PMC5491117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most experimental studies of depressive symptom effects on decision-making have examined situations in which a single correct answer exists based on external circumstances (externally guided decision-making, e.g., gambling task). In addition to such decision-making, for decision-making of other types, no correct answer exists based on external circumstances (internally guided decision-making, e.g., preference judgment). For internally guided decision-making, a phenomenon is known by which preference for the chosen item increases and preference for the rejected item is decreased after choosing between two equally preferred items which is designated as choice-induced preference change. Recent reports suggest that this phenomenon is explainable by reinforcement learning theory just as it is with externally guided decision-making. Although many earlier studies have revealed the effects of depression in externally guided decision-making, the relation between depressive symptoms and choice-induced preference change remains unclear. This study investigated the relation between depressive symptoms and choice-induced preference change using the blind choice paradigm. Results show that depressive symptoms are correlated with change in preference of rejected items (Spearman's r = .28, p = .04): depressed individuals tend to show less decreased preference of rejected items. These results indicate that individual differences of depressive symptoms affect choice-induced preference change. We discuss the mechanisms underlying the relation between depression and choice-induced preference change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Miyagi
- Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Makoto Miyatani
- Department of Psychology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakao
- Department of Psychology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Nguyen TV, Lew J, Albaugh MD, Botteron KN, Hudziak JJ, Fonov VS, Collins DL, Ducharme S, McCracken JT. Sex-specific associations of testosterone with prefrontal-hippocampal development and executive function. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 76:206-217. [PMID: 27984812 PMCID: PMC5272813 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone is thought to play a crucial role in mediating sexual differentiation of brain structures. Examinations of the cognitive effects of testosterone have also shown beneficial and potentially sex-specific effects on executive function and mnemonic processes. Yet these findings remain limited by an incomplete understanding of the critical timing and brain regions most affected by testosterone, the lack of documented links between testosterone-related structural brain changes and cognition, and the difficulty in distinguishing the effects of testosterone from those of related sex steroids such as of estradiol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Here we examined associations between testosterone, cortico-hippocampal structural covariance, executive function (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function) and verbal memory (California Verbal Learning Test-Children's Version), in a longitudinal sample of typically developing children and adolescents 6-22 yo, controlling for the effects of estradiol, DHEA, pubertal stage, collection time, age, handedness, and total brain volume. We found prefrontal-hippocampal covariance to vary as a function of testosterone levels, but only in boys. Boys also showed a specific association between positive prefrontal-hippocampal covariance (as seen at higher testosterone levels) and lower performance on specific components of executive function (monitoring the action process and flexibly shifting between actions). We also found the association between testosterone and a specific aspect of executive function (monitoring) to be significantly mediated by prefrontal-hippocampal structural covariance. There were no significant associations between testosterone-related cortico-hippocampal covariance and verbal memory. Taken together, these findings highlight the developmental importance of testosterone in supporting sexual differentiation of the brain and sex-specific executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuong-Vi Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, McGill University Health Center (Royal Victoria Hospital at the Glen site), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H4A 3J1.
| | - Jimin Lew
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | | | | | - James J. Hudziak
- University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Vladimir S. Fonov
- McConnell Brain imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - D. Louis Collins
- McConnell Brain imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Simon Ducharme
- McConnell Brain imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada,McGill University Health Centre, Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - James T. McCracken
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of California in Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
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Selvam S, Thomas T, Shetty P, Thennarasu K, Raman V, Khanna D, Mehra R, Kurpad AV, Srinivasan K. Development of norms for executive functions in typically-developing Indian urban preschool children and its association with nutritional status. Child Neuropsychol 2016; 24:226-246. [PMID: 27907279 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2016.1254761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) are essential and important for achieving success in children's everyday lives and play a fundamental role in children's cognitive, academic, social, emotional and behavioral functioning. A cross-sectional study was carried out to develop age- and sex-specific norms for EFs using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Preschool Version (BRIEF-P) among 2- to 5-year-olds from urban Bangalore, India. In addition, the association between EFs and anthropometric measures, a marker of nutritional status, is also examined. Primary caregivers of 412 children, equally distributed by age and sex, participated. Raw scores for each domain and indices were converted to standard t-scores and percentiles were computed. A t-score at or above 63 corresponding to the 90th percentile was considered as the cutoff for executive dysfunction in this sample. The prevalence of executive dysfunction is 10% based on the Global Executive Composite score of the BRIEF-P. The cutoff score for identifying executive dysfunction using existing United States (US) norms is higher compared to the cutoff score obtained in the current study. Therefore, using US norms for Indian children could result in the prevalence of executive dysfunction been underestimated. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that stunted and underweight children have significantly elevated EF scores after adjusting for age, sex and socioeconomic status (SES; p < .01). A greater understanding of EFs in preschool children is important for the early identification of executive dysfunction and implementing interventions to improve their future prospects. This study also shows that undernourished children are more likely to have executive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumithra Selvam
- a Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences , Bangalore , India
| | - Tinku Thomas
- a Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences , Bangalore , India
| | - Priya Shetty
- b Division of Mental Health and Neurosciences, St. John's Research Institute , St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences , Bangalore , India
| | - K Thennarasu
- c Department of Biostatistics , National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS) , Bangalore , India
| | - Vijaya Raman
- d Department of Psychology , St. John's Medical College and Hospital, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences , Bangalore , India
| | - Deepti Khanna
- e Research & Development , GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Ltd , Gurgaon , India
| | - Ruchika Mehra
- e Research & Development , GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Ltd , Gurgaon , India
| | - Anura V Kurpad
- f Department of Physiology, St. John's Medical College and Hospital , St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences , Bangalore , India
| | - Krishnamachari Srinivasan
- g Department of Psychiatry , St. John's Medical College and Hospital, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences , Bangalore , India
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Discrepancies among Measures of Executive Functioning in a Subsample of Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Brain Tumor: Associations with Treatment Intensity. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2016; 22:900-910. [PMID: 27667398 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617716000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Treatments for childhood brain tumors (BT) confer substantial risks to neurological development and contribute to neuropsychological deficits in young adulthood. Evidence suggests that individuals who experience more significant neurological insult may lack insight into their neurocognitive limitations. The present study compared survivor, mother, and performance-based estimates of executive functioning (EF), and their associations with treatment intensity history in a subsample of young adult survivors of childhood BTs. METHODS Thirty-four survivors (52.9% female), aged 18 to 30 years (M=23.5; SD=3.4), 16.1 years post-diagnosis (SD=5.9), were administered self-report and performance-based EF measures. Mothers also rated survivor EF skills. Survivors were classified by treatment intensity history into Minimal, Average/Moderate, or Intensive/Most-Intensive groups. Discrepancies among survivor, mother, and performance-based EF estimates were compared. RESULTS Survivor-reported and performance-based measures were not correlated, although significant associations were found between mother-reported and performance measures. Survivors in the Intensive/Most-Intensive treatment group evidenced the greatest score discrepancies, reporting less executive dysfunction relative to mother-reported F(2,31)=7.81, p.05). CONCLUSIONS There may be a lack of agreement among survivor, mother, and performance-based estimates of EF skills in young adult survivors of childhood BT, and these discrepancies may be associated with treatment intensity history. Neuropsychologists should use a multi-method, multi-reporter approach to assessment of EF in this population. Providers also should be aware of these discrepancies as they may be a barrier to intervention efforts. (JINS, 2016, 22, 900-910).
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Post-response βγ power predicts the degree of choice-based learning in internally guided decision-making. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32477. [PMID: 27576670 PMCID: PMC5006019 DOI: 10.1038/srep32477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Choosing an option increases a person’s preference for that option. This phenomenon, called choice-based learning (CBL), has been investigated separately in the contexts of internally guided decision-making (IDM, e.g., preference judgment), for which no objectively correct answer exists, and externally guided decision making (EDM, e.g., perceptual decision making), for which one objectively correct answer exists. For the present study, we compared decision making of these two types to examine differences of underlying neural processes of CBL. As IDM and EDM tasks, occupation preference judgment and salary judgment were used, respectively. To compare CBL for the two types of decision making, we developed a novel measurement of CBL: decision consistency. When CBL occurs, decision consistency is higher in the last-half trials than in first-half trials. Electroencephalography (EEG) data have demonstrated that the change of decision consistency is positively correlated with the fronto-central beta–gamma power after response in the first-half trials for IDM, but not for EDM. Those results demonstrate for the first time the difference of CBL between IDM and EDM. The fronto-central beta–gamma power is expected to reflect a key process of CBL, specifically for IDM.
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Bigorra A, Garolera M, Guijarro S, Hervás A. Long-term far-transfer effects of working memory training in children with ADHD: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 25:853-67. [PMID: 26669692 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0804-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ADHD affects working memory (WM) and other executive functions (EFs) and thereby negatively impacts school performance, clinical symptoms and functional impairment. The main aim of this study was to analyse the efficacy of computerized WM training (CWMT) on EF rating scales. A secondary objective was to assess its efficacy on performance-based measures of EF (PBMEF), learning, clinical symptoms and functional impairment. 66 children with combined-type ADHD between 7 and 12 years of age from the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit (Spain) were included in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial. The participants were randomized (1:1) to an experimental group (EG) (CWMT) (n = 36) or a control group (CG) (placebo training). Assessments were conducted at baseline (T0), 1-2 weeks (T1), and 6 months post-intervention (T2) with the administration of EF rating scales, PBMEF, measures of academic achievement, and questionnaires regarding clinical symptoms and functional impairment. Participants, parents, teachers and professionals who performed the cognitive assessments were blinded. Adjusted multiple linear regression analysis showed significant improvements in EF scales-parent version, from T1 to T2, on the metacognition index [p = 0.03, d' = -0.78 (95 % CI -1.28 to -0.27)] and on WM (also significant at T2-T0) and plan/organize subscales. Significant improvements were also noted in EF scales-teacher version, from T0 to T1 and T2, on the metacognitive index [p = 0.05, d' = -0.37 (95 % CI -0.86 to 0.12) T1-T0, p = 0.02, d' = -0.81 (95 % CI -1.31 to -0.30) T2-T0] and on the initiate, WM, monitor and shift subscales. There were also significant improvements in PBMEF, ADHD symptoms, and functional impairment. CWMT had a significant impact on ADHD deficits by achieving long-term far-transfer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitana Bigorra
- Programa de Doctorat de Psiquiatria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Unit, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Rambla de Egara 386-388, 08221, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
- Clinical Research of Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain.
| | - Maite Garolera
- Clinical Research of Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
- Neuropsychology Unit, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Ctra. Torrebonica s/n, 08227, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
- Grup de Recerca Consolidat en Neuropsicologia (SGR0941), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvina Guijarro
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Unit, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Rambla de Egara 386-388, 08221, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amaia Hervás
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Unit, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Rambla de Egara 386-388, 08221, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
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Commentary on the review of measures of early childhood social and emotional development: Conceptualization, critique, and recommendations. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Astur RS, Purton AJ, Zaniewski MJ, Cimadevilla J, Markus EJ. Human sex differences in solving a virtual navigation problem. Behav Brain Res 2016; 308:236-43. [PMID: 27108050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rai JK, Abecassis M, Casey JE, Flaro L, Erdodi LA, Roth RM. Parent rating of executive function in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: A review of the literature and new data on Aboriginal Canadian children. Child Neuropsychol 2016; 23:713-732. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2016.1191628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet K. Rai
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maurissa Abecassis
- Neuropsychology Program, Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Joseph E. Casey
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Laszlo A. Erdodi
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert M. Roth
- Neuropsychology Program, Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Meltzer EP, Kapoor A, Fogel J, Elbulok-Charcape MM, Roth RM, Katz MJ, Lipton RB, Rabin LA. Association of psychological, cognitive, and functional variables with self-reported executive functioning in a sample of nondemented community-dwelling older adults. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2016; 24:364-375. [PMID: 27282245 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2016.1185428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Subjective executive functioning (EF) measures provide valuable information about real-world difficulties, although it is unclear what variables actually associate with subjective EF scores. We investigated subjective EF in 245 nondemented, community-dwelling older adults (aged 70 and above) from the Einstein Aging Study. Partial correlational analyses controlling for age were performed between the nine Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult version (BRIEF-A) clinical scales and objective EF tests, self-reported mood and personality, and informant-reported activities of daily living. The significance level was set at p < .006 for all analyses (two-tailed). Most notably, higher worry/oversensitivity, physiological anxiety, and fear of aging were significantly associated with increased EF difficulties on all nine BRIEF-A scales. Additionally, increased EF difficulties on five or more BRIEF-A scales were significantly associated with lower conscientiousness, higher neuroticism, and higher depressive symptom scores. The only objective neuropsychological test that significantly correlated with increased EF difficulties (on four BRIEF-A scales) was a measure of practical judgment. Overall, results indicate that interpretation of subjective EF scores must account for self-report of mood and personality. Moreover, the BRIEF-A only minimally taps objective EF as measured by performance-based measures. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica P Meltzer
- a Department of Psychology , Queens College of the City University of New York , Queens , NY , USA.,b Department of Psychology , Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York , New York , NY , USA
| | - Ashu Kapoor
- c Department of Psychology, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology , Yeshiva University , Bronx , NY , USA.,d Department of Neurology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Joshua Fogel
- e Department of Business Management , Brooklyn College of the City University of New York , Brooklyn , NY , USA
| | - Milushka M Elbulok-Charcape
- b Department of Psychology , Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York , New York , NY , USA
| | - Robert M Roth
- f Department of Psychiatry , Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Mindy J Katz
- d Department of Neurology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Richard B Lipton
- d Department of Neurology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Laura A Rabin
- a Department of Psychology , Queens College of the City University of New York , Queens , NY , USA.,b Department of Psychology , Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York , New York , NY , USA.,d Department of Neurology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA.,f Department of Psychiatry , Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College , Lebanon , NH , USA
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Gelonch O, Garolera M, Valls J, Rosselló L, Pifarré J. Executive function in fibromyalgia: Comparing subjective and objective measures. Compr Psychiatry 2016; 66:113-22. [PMID: 26995244 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence to suggest the existence of an executive dysfunction in people diagnosed with fibromyalgia, although there are certain inconsistencies between studies. Here, we aim to compare executive performance between patients with fibromyalgia and a control group by using subjective and objective cognitive tests, analyzing the influence of patient mood on the results obtained, and studying associations between the two measures. METHOD 82 patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia and 42 healthy controls, matched by age and years of education, were assessed using the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Adult Version (BRIEF-A) as a subjective measure of executive functioning. A selection of objective cognitive tests were also used to measure a series of executive functions and to identify symptoms of depression and anxiety. RESULTS Patients with fibromyalgia perceived greater difficulties than the control group on all of the BRIEF-A scales. However, after adjustments were made for depression and anxiety the only differences that remained were those associated with the working memory scale and the Metacognition and Global Executive Composite index. In the case of the objective cognitive tests, a significantly worse overall performance was evidenced for the fibromyalgia patients. However, this also disappeared when adjustments were made for depression and anxiety. After this adjustment, fibromyalgia patients only performed significantly worse for the interference effect in the Stroop Test. Although there were no significant associations between most of the objective cognitive tests and the BRIEF-A scales, depression and anxiety exhibited strong associations with almost all of the BRIEF-A scales and with several of the objective cognitive tests. CONCLUSIONS Patients with fibromyalgia showed executive dysfunction in subjective and objective measures, although most of this impairment was associated with mood disturbances. Exceptions to this general rule were observed in the impairment of working memory evidenced on the BRIEF-A scale and the inhibition impairment exhibited by the interference effect from the Stroop Test. The two types of measurement provide different yet complementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gelonch
- Clinical Research Group for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain; University of Lleida, Spain
| | - Maite Garolera
- Clinical Research Group for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain; Neuropsychology Unit, Hospital de Terrassa, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Joan Valls
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida, IRB-Lleida, Spain
| | - Lluís Rosselló
- Rheumatology Section, Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Unit, Hospital Universitari de Santa Maria, Lleida, Spain
| | - Josep Pifarré
- University of Lleida, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida, IRB-Lleida, Spain.
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Tenconi E, Degortes D, Clementi M, Collantoni E, Pinato C, Forzan M, Cassina M, Santonastaso P, Favaro A. Clinical and genetic correlates of decision making in anorexia nervosa. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2015; 38:327-37. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1112878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ebrahimi AA, Kassani A, Menati R, Abedi A, Yarmohammadian A, Faramarzi S. The Assessment of Validity and Reliability of Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions in Iranian Pre-School Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2015. [DOI: 10.17795/intjsh29022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Lyons Usher AM, Leon SC, Stanford LD, Holmbeck GN, Bryant FB. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (BRIEF) in children and adolescents with ADHD. Child Neuropsychol 2015; 22:907-18. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2015.1060956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Raffard S, Capdevielle D, Boulenger JP, Gely-Nargeot MC, Bayard S. Can individuals with schizophrenia be instructed to deliberately feign memory deficits? Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2015; 19:414-26. [PMID: 24650282 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2014.896251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuropsychological tests are increasingly applied in research studies and clinical practice in psychiatry. In this context, the detection of poor effort is crucial to adequately interpret data. We measured schizophrenia patients' performance on a memory test designed to detect excessive malingering (the "21-Item Test"), before examining whether a second group of schizophrenia patients would excessively malinger on this test when given an incentive to feign memory impairment. METHODS Two independent studies including respectively 49 schizophrenia patients and 100 controls (study 1) and 25 schizophrenia patients and 25 controls (study 2) were conducted. In study 1, participants were asked to complete the 21-Item Test to the best of their ability. In study 2, participants were given a hypothetical scenario in which having a memory impairment would be financially advantageous for them, before completing the 21-Item Test. RESULTS In study 1, no participant scored at levels indicative of excessive malingering. In study 2, 84% of controls but only 36% of patients scored at excessive levels of malingering, and these patients had higher executive functioning than patients who did not excessively malinger, although it should be noted that a significantly greater proportion of patients excessively malingered in study 2 compared to study 1. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that schizophrenia patients do not normally feign excessive memory impairment during psychological testing. Furthermore, they are less able and/or less inclined to excessively malinger than controls in situations where a memory impairment would be advantageous, perhaps indicating a better ability to malinger without detection. Potential clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Raffard
- a Laboratory Epsylon , University Montpellier 3 , EA 4425, Boulevard Henri IV, Montpellier , France
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Normand S, Tannock R. Screening for working memory deficits in the classroom: the psychometric properties of the working memory rating scale in a longitudinal school-based study. J Atten Disord 2014; 18:294-304. [PMID: 22628147 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712445062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this 18-month longitudinal study was to explore the psychometric properties of the recently developed Working Memory Rating Scale (WMRS) within a general school population of 524 six- to nine-year-old children (259 boys, 265 girls) and with an examination of sex and time differences. METHOD Teachers completed the WMRS and children completed objective measures of WM and standardized measures of academic achievement. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analyses indicated a poor fit for the 20 original WMRS items. Post hoc analyses, however, revealed that the factor structure of an alternative five-item short form was strong for both boys and girls and at the two time points, spanning two consecutive academic years. Internal consistency, criterion-related validity, and convergent validity of this alternative five-item WMRS were also excellent. CONCLUSION The short five-item WMRS may eventually provide teachers with a useful and time-effective method to screen for WM deficits at school.
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Isquith PK, Roth RM, Kenworthy L, Gioia G. Contribution of rating scales to intervention for executive dysfunction. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2014; 3:197-204. [PMID: 24559500 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2013.870014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Executive dysfunction is present in children, adolescents, and adults with a wide range of clinical conditions. A growing body of literature has demonstrated the usefulness of rating scales designed to gauge executive functioning in everyday life. In this article, we discuss evidence supporting the use of such rating scales to assess intervention outcome, how they may inform development of interventions, and how comparing rater perspectives can assess awareness of cognitive dysfunction. We provide an example of how an executive function rating scale helped define intervention targets and measured outcomes in a recently published real-world intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder. Rating scales of executive function provide valuable information with respect to treatment planning and assessment of intervention outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Isquith
- a Neuropsychology Program, Department of Psychiatry , Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon , New Hampshire
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Kudlicka A, Clare L, Hindle JV. Quality of life, health status and caregiver burden in Parkinson's disease: relationship to executive functioning. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014; 29:68-76. [PMID: 23625583 DOI: 10.1002/gps.3970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-quality person-centred care for people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD) and their families relies on identifying and addressing factors that specifically impact on quality of life (QoL). Deficits in executive functions (EF) are common in Parkinson's disease, but their impact on PwPD and their caregivers is not well understood. The present study evaluated how EF contributes to QoL and health status for the PwPD and caregiver burden. METHODS Sixty-five PwPD completed measures of QoL, health status and EF, and 50 caregivers rated the EF of the PwPD and their own burden. Multiple regression analyses examined predictors of QoL (general life, health and movement disorders domains), health status and caregiver burden. RESULTS Quality of life in the health and movement disorders domains was best explained by caregiver-rated EF, whereas QoL in the general life domain was best explained by level of depression. Health status was predicted by self-rated EF, with an objective EF measure also included in the regression model. Caregiver burden was best explained by caregiver-rated EF and disease severity, with general cognition and other factors also included in the regression model. CONCLUSIONS Executive functions-related behavioural problems may contribute to QoL and health status in PwPD and affect caregiver burden. The findings support the view that the concepts of subjective QoL and self-assessed health status are only partially related and should not be seen as identical. Adequate strategies to reduce the impact of EF deficits are needed as this may have the potential to improve QoL in PwPD.
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Dahlgren CL, Lask B, Landrø NI, Rø Ø. Patient and Parental Self-reports of Executive Functioning in a Sample of Young Female Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa Before and After Cognitive Remediation Therapy. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2013; 22:45-52. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Lindvall Dahlgren
- Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction; Oslo University Hospital Ullevål HF; Oslo Norway
| | - Bryan Lask
- Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction; Oslo University Hospital Ullevål HF; Oslo Norway
- Feeding and Eating Disorders Service, Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Trust; London UK
- Care UK; London UK
| | - Nils Inge Landrø
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Psychology; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - Øyvind Rø
- Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction; Oslo University Hospital Ullevål HF; Oslo Norway
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41
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Abstract
Executive functioning is frequently impaired among people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Little is known about awareness of executive functioning, in the sense of being able to accurately appraise functioning or performance, in people with PD, or about whether awareness is particularly affected in those who have impaired executive functioning. This study explored awareness of executive functioning at the levels of evaluative judgment (comparison of self- and informant ratings of executive functioning), and performance monitoring (comparison of performance on cognitive tests and self-ratings of that performance). Awareness levels were assessed in people with PD with and without executive deficits, and in healthy controls. When the level of agreement between self- and informant ratings was considered, people with PD in both groups appeared as accurate in evaluating their overall executive functioning as healthy controls. When appraising their performance as the specific tasks were completed, people with PD who had impairments in executive functioning appeared less accurate than controls and people with PD without executive impairments. People with PD who have executive deficits may lack the ability to recognize their limitations while performing specific tasks, which may have implications for their functional abilities.
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42
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Isquith PK, Roth RM, Gioia G. Contribution of rating scales to the assessment of executive functions. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2013; 2:125-32. [PMID: 23442015 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2013.748389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions play a vital role in the everyday functioning of healthy individuals across the lifespan and have been implicated in a wide variety of clinical conditions. Historically, the assessment of executive functions in clinical and research settings relied on performance-based measures. A number of authors have argued, however, that such measures have limited ecological validity. In response to this limitation of performance-based measures, several rating scales have been developed that seek to gauge a person's or their knowledgeable informant's (e.g., parent or teacher) subjective view of executive functioning in everyday life. In this article we review evidence supporting the use of rating scales of executive function including profiles in clinical populations, biological correlates, relationships to relevant outcome measures such as academic performance, and correlations with performance-based measures. We conclude that performance-based and rating scale measures provide complementary information with respect to a child's executive functions, offering a more comprehension view than either approach alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Isquith
- Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756-001, USA.
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43
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Resting-state EEG power predicts conflict-related brain activity in internally guided but not in externally guided decision-making. Neuroimage 2013; 66:9-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
The executive function (EF) is a set of abilities, which allows us to invoke voluntary control of our behavioral responses. These functions enable human beings to develop and carry out plans, make up analogies, obey social rules, solve problems, adapt to unexpected circumstances, do many tasks simultaneously, and locate episodes in time and place. EF includes divided attention and sustained attention, working memory (WM), set-shifting, flexibility, planning, and the regulation of goal directed behavior and can be defined as a brain function underlying the human faculty to act or think not only in reaction to external events but also in relation with internal goals and states. EF is mostly associated with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC). Besides EF, PFC is involved in self-regulation of behavior, i.e., the ability to regulate behavior according to internal goals and constraints, particularly in less structured situations. Self-regulation of behavior is subtended by ventral medial/orbital PFC. Impairment of EF is one of the most commonly observed deficits in schizophrenia through the various disease stages. Impairment in tasks measuring conceptualization, planning, cognitive flexibility, verbal fluency, ability to solve complex problems, and WM occur in schizophrenia. Disorders detected by executive tests are consistent with evidence from functional neuroimaging, which have shown PFC dysfunction in patients while performing these kinds of tasks. Schizophrenics also exhibit deficit in odor identifying, decision-making, and self-regulation of behavior suggesting dysfunction of the orbital PFC. However, impairment in executive tests is explained by dysfunction of prefronto-striato-thalamic, prefronto-parietal, and prefronto-temporal neural networks mainly. Disorders in EFs may be considered central facts with respect to schizophrenia and it has been suggested that negative symptoms may be explained by that executive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gricel Orellana
- Departamento de Psiquiatría Oriente, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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45
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Exploring the relationship between boredom and sustained attention. Exp Brain Res 2012; 221:59-67. [PMID: 22729457 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Boredom is a common experience, prevalent in neurological and psychiatric populations, yet its cognitive characteristics remain poorly understood. We explored the relationship between boredom proneness, sustained attention and adult symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The results showed that high boredom-prone individuals (HBP) performed poorly on measures of sustained attention and showed increased symptoms of ADHD and depression. The results also showed that HBP individuals can be characterised as either apathetic-in which the individual is unconcerned with his/her environment, or as agitated-in which the individual is motivated to engage in meaningful activities, although attempts to do so fail to satisfy. Apathetic boredom proneness was associated with attention lapses, whereas agitated boredom proneness was associated with decreased sensitivity to errors of sustained attention, and increased symptoms of adult ADHD. Our results suggest there is a complex relationship between attention and boredom proneness.
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46
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Nakao T, Ohira H, Northoff G. Distinction between Externally vs. Internally Guided Decision-Making: Operational Differences, Meta-Analytical Comparisons and Their Theoretical Implications. Front Neurosci 2012; 6:31. [PMID: 22403525 PMCID: PMC3293150 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most experimental studies of decision-making have specifically examined situations in which a single less-predictable correct answer exists (externally guided decision-making under uncertainty). Along with such externally guided decision-making, there are instances of decision-making in which no correct answer based on external circumstances is available for the subject (internally guided decision-making). Such decisions are usually made in the context of moral decision-making as well as in preference judgment, where the answer depends on the subject's own, i.e., internal, preferences rather than on external, i.e., circumstantial, criteria. The neuronal and psychological mechanisms that allow guidance of decisions based on more internally oriented criteria in the absence of external ones remain unclear. This study was undertaken to compare decision-making of these two kinds empirically and theoretically. First, we reviewed studies of decision-making to clarify experimental-operational differences between externally guided and internally guided decision-making. Second, using multi-level kernel density analysis, a whole-brain-based quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies was performed. Our meta-analysis revealed that the neural network used predominantly for internally guided decision-making differs from that for externally guided decision-making under uncertainty. This result suggests that studying only externally guided decision-making under uncertainty is insufficient to account for decision-making processes in the brain. Finally, based on the review and results of the meta-analysis, we discuss the differences and relations between decision-making of these two types in terms of their operational, neuronal, and theoretical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakao
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Health Care Group, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Boelen DHE, Allain P, Spikman JM, Fasotti L. Script generation and the dysexecutive syndrome in patients with brain injury. Brain Inj 2011; 25:1091-100. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2011.608207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ganesalingam K, Yeates KO, Taylor HG, Walz NC, Stancin T, Wade S. Executive functions and social competence in young children 6 months following traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology 2011; 25:466-76. [PMID: 21463038 PMCID: PMC3125456 DOI: 10.1037/a0022768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in young children on executive functions and social competence, and particularly on the role of executive functions as a predictor of social competence. METHOD Data were drawn from a prospective, longitudinal study. Participants were children between the ages of 3 years 0 months and 6 years 11 months at time of injury. The initial sample included 23 with severe TBI, 64 with moderate TBI, and 119 with orthopedic injuries (OI). All participants were assessed at 3 and 6 months postinjury. Executive functions were assessed using neuropsychological tests (Delayed Alternation task and Shape School) and parent ratings on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function and Child Behavior Questionnaire. Parents rated children's social competence on the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales, and Home and Community Social Behavior Scales. RESULTS Children with severe TBI displayed more negative outcomes than children with OI on neuropsychological tests, ratings of executive functions, and ratings of social competence (η² ranged from .03 to .11). Neuropsychological tests of executive functions had significant but weak relationships with behavioral ratings of executive functions (ΔR² ranged from .06 to .08). Behavioral ratings of executive functions were strongly related to social competence (ΔR² ranged from .32 to .42), although shared rater and method variance likely contributed to these associations. CONCLUSIONS Severe TBI in young children negatively impacts executive functions and social competence. Executive functions may be an important determinant of social competence following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaichelvi Ganesalingam
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Keith Owen Yeates
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - H. Gerry Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University
- Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nicolay Chertkoff Walz
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Terry Stancin
- Department of Psychiatry, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Shari Wade
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Biederman J, Mick E, Fried R, Wilner N, Spencer TJ, Faraone SV. Are stimulants effective in the treatment of executive function deficits? Results from a randomized double blind study of OROS-methylphenidate in adults with ADHD. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 21:508-15. [PMID: 21303732 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between executive function deficits (EFDs) and response to methylphenidate treatment in ADHD in adults. We conducted a 6-week, parallel design, randomized, placebo controlled study in adults with DSM-IV ADHD. Our psychometric index of executive function used standardized neuropsychological testing. We assessed behaviors reflective of EFDs using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function--Adult Version (BRIEF-A). Subjects with available measures of executive functioning (OROS-MPH N=40; Placebo N=47) were included for analysis. There was no difference in the percent of subjects completing the 6-week acute efficacy Phase I of the trial (100% (N=40) vs. 98% (N=46), p=0.4). The mean daily dose at Phase I endpoint was 84.6±31.6 mg (1.04±0.29 mg/kg) OROS-MPH and 100.5±21.9 mg (1.20±0.11 mg/kg) placebo (p=0.0007). Based on the neuropsychological testing at the baseline assessment, 40% of the ADHD subjects (N=35/87) were considered to have EFDs but 93% (N=81) of subjects had ≥ 2 BRIEF-A clinical scale T-scores > 65. Regardless of the definition used, however, EFDs did not impact the clinical response to OROS-MPH. This randomized clinical trial showed that executive function deficits do not moderate the response to methylphenidate and measures of executive function deficits are not associated with response to OROS-MPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Biederman
- Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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50
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A dual process account of adolescent and adult binge drinking. Addict Behav 2011; 36:341-6. [PMID: 21195555 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study adopted a dual process perspective to investigate the relative contributions of implicit and explicit cognitions to predicting binge drinking in adolescents and adults. Two hundred and seventy-two participants (136 teen-parent pairs) completed measures of alcohol memory associations (reflecting implicit cognition), expectancies about potential costs and benefits of alcohol use (reflecting explicit cognition), and self-reported binge drinking. Adolescents had stronger alcohol memory associations and perceived drinking benefits to be more probable than did adults. In turn, higher scores on the memory association and expected benefit measures were both associated with significantly higher levels of binge drinking. Moderation analyses revealed that alcohol memory associations and expected benefits of drinking were stronger predictors of binge drinking for adolescents than for adults. The findings suggest that both implicit and explicit cognitions may play important roles in alcohol use decisions, and these roles may differ for adolescents and adults.
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