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Hsu CS, Chang SH, Yang RC, Lee CH, Lee MS, Kao JK, Shieh JJ. Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Lysosomal Cell Death Through Reactive Oxygen Species in Rat Liver Cell Clone 9. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39031462 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
In sepsis, bacterial components, particularly lipopolysaccharide (LPS), trigger organ injuries such as liver dysfunction. Although sepsis induces hepatocyte damage, the mechanisms underlying sepsis-related hepatic failure remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that the LPS-treated rat hepatocyte cell line Clone 9 not only induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptosis but also increased the expression of the autophagy marker proteins LC3-II and p62, and decreased the expression of intact Lamp2A, a lysosomal membrane protein. Additionally, LPS increased lysosomal membrane permeability and galectin-3 puncta formation, and promoted lysosomal alkalization in Clone 9 cells. Pharmacological inhibition of caspase-8 and cathepsin D (CTSD) suppressed the activation of caspase-3 and rescued the viability of LPS-treated Clone 9 cells. Furthermore, LPS induced CTSD release associated with lysosomal leakage and contributed to caspase-8 activation. Pretreatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) not only diminished ROS generation and increased the cell survival rate, but also decreased the expression of activated caspase-8 and caspase-3 and increased the protein level of Lamp2A in LPS-treated Clone 9 cells. These results demonstrate that LPS-induced ROS causes lysosomal membrane permeabilization and lysosomal cell death, which may play a crucial role in hepatic failure in sepsis. Our results may facilitate the development of new strategies for sepsis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Sheng Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Frontier Molecular Medical Research Center in Children, Changhua Christian Children Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hao Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Rei-Cheng Yang
- Frontier Molecular Medical Research Center in Children, Changhua Christian Children Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Lee
- Frontier Molecular Medical Research Center in Children, Changhua Christian Children Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Sheng Lee
- Frontier Molecular Medical Research Center in Children, Changhua Christian Children Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Kai Kao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Frontier Molecular Medical Research Center in Children, Changhua Christian Children Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Jer Shieh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Konar ESM, Mai K, Brachs S, Waghmare SG, Samarin AM, Policar T, Samarin AM. Evaluation of viability, developmental competence, and apoptosis-related transcripts during in vivo post-ovulatory oocyte aging in zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822). Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1389070. [PMID: 38952806 PMCID: PMC11216024 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1389070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Post-ovulatory aging is a time-dependent deterioration of ovulated oocytes and a major limiting factor reducing the fitness of offspring. This process may lead to the activation of cell death pathways like apoptosis in oocytes. Methodology We evaluated oocyte membrane integrity, egg developmental competency, and mRNA abundance of apoptosis-related genes by RT-qPCR. Oocytes from zebrafish Danio rerio were retained in vivo at 28.5°C for 24 h post-ovulation (HPO). Viability was assessed using trypan blue (TB) staining. The consequences of in vivo oocyte aging on the developmental competence of progeny were determined by the embryo survival at 24 h post fertilization, hatching, and larval malformation rates. Results The fertilization, oocyte viability, and hatching rates were 91, 97, and 65% at 0 HPO and dropped to 62, 90, and 22% at 4 HPO, respectively. The fertilizing ability was reduced to 2% at 8 HPO, while 72% of oocytes had still intact plasma membranes. Among the apoptotic genes bcl-2 (b-cell lymphoma 2), bada (bcl2-associated agonist of cell death a), cathepsin D, cathepsin Z, caspase 6a, caspase 7, caspase 8, caspase 9, apaf1, tp53 (tumor protein p53), cdk1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1) studied, mRNA abundance of anti-apoptotic bcl-2 decreased and pro-apoptotic cathepsin D increased at 24 HPO. Furthermore, tp53 and cdk1 mRNA transcripts decreased at 24 HPO compared to 0 HPO. Discussion Thus, TB staining did not detect the loss of oocyte competency if caused by aging. TB staining, however, could be used as a simple and rapid method to evaluate the quality of zebrafish oocytes before fertilization. Taken together, our results indicate the activation of cell death pathways in the advanced stages of oocyte aging in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essaikiammal Sodalai Muthu Konar
- Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czechia
| | - Knut Mai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brachs
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Swapnil Gorakh Waghmare
- Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czechia
| | - Azadeh Mohagheghi Samarin
- Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czechia
| | - Tomas Policar
- Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czechia
| | - Azin Mohagheghi Samarin
- Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czechia
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3
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Mamun AA, Shao C, Geng P, Wang S, Xiao J. Recent advances in molecular mechanisms of skin wound healing and its treatments. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1395479. [PMID: 38835782 PMCID: PMC11148235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1395479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The skin, being a multifaceted organ, performs a pivotal function in the complicated wound-healing procedure, which encompasses the triggering of several cellular entities and signaling cascades. Aberrations in the typical healing process of wounds may result in atypical scar development and the establishment of a persistent condition, rendering patients more vulnerable to infections. Chronic burns and wounds have a detrimental effect on the overall quality of life of patients, resulting in higher levels of physical discomfort and socio-economic complexities. The occurrence and frequency of prolonged wounds are on the rise as a result of aging people, hence contributing to escalated expenditures within the healthcare system. The clinical evaluation and treatment of chronic wounds continue to pose challenges despite the advancement of different therapeutic approaches. This is mainly owing to the prolonged treatment duration and intricate processes involved in wound healing. Many conventional methods, such as the administration of growth factors, the use of wound dressings, and the application of skin grafts, are used to ease the process of wound healing across diverse wound types. Nevertheless, these therapeutic approaches may only be practical for some wounds, highlighting the need to advance alternative treatment modalities. Novel wound care technologies, such as nanotherapeutics, stem cell treatment, and 3D bioprinting, aim to improve therapeutic efficacy, prioritize skin regeneration, and minimize adverse effects. This review provides an updated overview of recent advancements in chronic wound healing and therapeutic management using innovative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mamun
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuxiao Shao
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peiwu Geng
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuanghu Wang
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Wound Healing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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4
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Cheetham CJ, McKelvey MC, McAuley DF, Taggart CC. Neutrophil-Derived Proteases in Lung Inflammation: Old Players and New Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5492. [PMID: 38791530 PMCID: PMC11122108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil-derived proteases are critical to the pathology of many inflammatory lung diseases, both chronic and acute. These abundant enzymes play roles in key neutrophil functions, such as neutrophil extracellular trap formation and reactive oxygen species release. They may also be released, inducing tissue damage and loss of tissue function. Historically, the neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) have been the main subject of neutrophil protease research. Despite highly promising cell-based and animal model work, clinical trials involving the inhibition of NSPs have shown mixed results in lung disease patients. As such, the cutting edge of neutrophil-derived protease research has shifted to proteases that have had little-to-no research in neutrophils to date. These include the cysteine and serine cathepsins, the metzincins and the calpains, among others. This review aims to outline the previous work carried out on NSPs, including the shortcomings of some of the inhibitor-orientated clinical trials. Our growing understanding of other proteases involved in neutrophil function and neutrophilic lung inflammation will then be discussed. Additionally, the potential of targeting these more obscure neutrophil proteases will be highlighted, as they may represent new targets for inhibitor-based treatments of neutrophil-mediated lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coby J. Cheetham
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (C.J.C.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Michael C. McKelvey
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (C.J.C.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Daniel F. McAuley
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK;
| | - Clifford C. Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (C.J.C.); (M.C.M.)
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5
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Voronina MV, Frolova AS, Kolesova EP, Kuldyushev NA, Parodi A, Zamyatnin AA. The Intricate Balance between Life and Death: ROS, Cathepsins, and Their Interplay in Cell Death and Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4087. [PMID: 38612897 PMCID: PMC11012956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular survival hinges on a delicate balance between accumulating damages and repair mechanisms. In this intricate equilibrium, oxidants, currently considered physiological molecules, can compromise vital cellular components, ultimately triggering cell death. On the other hand, cells possess countermeasures, such as autophagy, which degrades and recycles damaged molecules and organelles, restoring homeostasis. Lysosomes and their enzymatic arsenal, including cathepsins, play critical roles in this balance, influencing the cell's fate toward either apoptosis and other mechanisms of regulated cell death or autophagy. However, the interplay between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cathepsins in these life-or-death pathways transcends a simple cause-and-effect relationship. These elements directly and indirectly influence each other's activities, creating a complex web of interactions. This review delves into the inner workings of regulated cell death and autophagy, highlighting the pivotal role of ROS and cathepsins in these pathways and their intricate interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya V. Voronina
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.V.V.); (A.S.F.); (E.P.K.); (N.A.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Anastasia S. Frolova
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.V.V.); (A.S.F.); (E.P.K.); (N.A.K.); (A.P.)
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina P. Kolesova
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.V.V.); (A.S.F.); (E.P.K.); (N.A.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Nikita A. Kuldyushev
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.V.V.); (A.S.F.); (E.P.K.); (N.A.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.V.V.); (A.S.F.); (E.P.K.); (N.A.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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6
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Eriksson I, Öllinger K. Lysosomes in Cancer-At the Crossroad of Good and Evil. Cells 2024; 13:459. [PMID: 38474423 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Although it has been known for decades that lysosomes are central for degradation and recycling in the cell, their pivotal role as nutrient sensing signaling hubs has recently become of central interest. Since lysosomes are highly dynamic and in constant change regarding content and intracellular position, fusion/fission events allow communication between organelles in the cell, as well as cell-to-cell communication via exocytosis of lysosomal content and release of extracellular vesicles. Lysosomes also mediate different forms of regulated cell death by permeabilization of the lysosomal membrane and release of their content to the cytosol. In cancer cells, lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy are increased to support the increased metabolism and allow growth even under nutrient- and oxygen-poor conditions. Tumor cells also induce exocytosis of lysosomal content to the extracellular space to promote invasion and metastasis. However, due to the enhanced lysosomal function, cancer cells are often more susceptible to lysosomal membrane permeabilization, providing an alternative strategy to induce cell death. This review summarizes the current knowledge of cancer-associated alterations in lysosomal structure and function and illustrates how lysosomal exocytosis and release of extracellular vesicles affect disease progression. We focus on functional differences depending on lysosomal localization and the regulation of intracellular transport, and lastly provide insight how new therapeutic strategies can exploit the power of the lysosome and improve cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Eriksson
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karin Öllinger
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
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7
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Tu H, Ren H, Jiang J, Shao C, Shi Y, Li P. Dying to Defend: Neutrophil Death Pathways and their Implications in Immunity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306457. [PMID: 38044275 PMCID: PMC10885667 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils, accounting for ≈70% of human peripheral leukocytes, are key cells countering bacterial and fungal infections. Neutrophil homeostasis involves a balance between cell maturation, migration, aging, and eventual death. Neutrophils undergo different death pathways depending on their interactions with microbes and external environmental cues. Neutrophil death has significant physiological implications and leads to distinct immunological outcomes. This review discusses the multifarious neutrophil death pathways, including apoptosis, NETosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis, and outlines their effects on immune responses and disease progression. Understanding the multifaceted aspects of neutrophil death, the intersections among signaling pathways and ramifications of immunity will help facilitate the development of novel therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Tu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionInstitutes for Translational MedicineSuzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123China
| | - Haoyu Ren
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionInstitutes for Translational MedicineSuzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123China
| | - Junjie Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionInstitutes for Translational MedicineSuzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123China
| | - Changshun Shao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionInstitutes for Translational MedicineSuzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123China
| | - Yufang Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionInstitutes for Translational MedicineSuzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123China
| | - Peishan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionInstitutes for Translational MedicineSuzhou Medical College of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123China
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Dejas L, Santoni K, Meunier E, Lamkanfi M. Regulated cell death in neutrophils: From apoptosis to NETosis and pyroptosis. Semin Immunol 2023; 70:101849. [PMID: 37939552 PMCID: PMC10753288 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are among the most abundant immune cells, representing about 50%- 70% of all circulating leukocytes in humans. Neutrophils rapidly infiltrate inflamed tissues and play an essential role in host defense against infections. They exert microbicidal activity through a variety of specialized effector mechanisms, including phagocytosis, production of reactive oxygen species, degranulation and release of secretory vesicles containing broad-spectrum antimicrobial factors. In addition to their homeostatic turnover by apoptosis, recent studies have revealed the mechanisms by which neutrophils undergo various forms of regulated cell death. In this review, we will discuss the different modes of regulated cell death that have been described in neutrophils, with a particular emphasis on the current understanding of neutrophil pyroptosis and its role in infections and autoinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léonie Dejas
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Karin Santoni
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Etienne Meunier
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, University of Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium.
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Fantone KM, Goldberg JB, Stecenko AA, Rada B. Sputum from People with Cystic Fibrosis Reduces the Killing of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Neutrophils and Diminishes Phagosomal Production of Reactive Oxygen Species. Pathogens 2023; 12:1148. [PMID: 37764956 PMCID: PMC10538153 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) airway disease is characterized by chronic polymicrobial infections and an infiltration of neutrophils (PMNs). Staphylococcus aureus has been the most prevalent respiratory pathogen in CF. In particular, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) represents a huge clinical burden in CF due to its association with lung disease and increased resistance to antibiotics. In CF, PMNs are unable to kill and clear MRSA. The reason for this remains largely unknown. Our study found that CF PMNs are as equally capable of killing MRSA as healthy PMNs. We show that the CF sputum, however, significantly impairs the ability of human PMNs to kill CF MRSA isolates. In the absence of CF sputum, PMNs kill MRSA via intracellular mechanisms mediated by phagocytosis, rather than extracellular mechanisms via NET formation. CF sputum does not affect the phagocytosis of MRSA via healthy or CF PMNs. Our results demonstrate that CF sputum exposure impairs phagosomal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MRSA-phagocytosing PMNs. While phagosomal co-localizations of MRSA with primary granule markers, myeloperoxidase and cathepsin D, were significantly reduced upon CF sputum exposure, that of a third azurophilic granule marker, neutrophil elastase, remained unaffected. This suggests that CF sputum does not compromise the fusion of primary granules with phagosomes but diminishes phagosomal ROS levels via another, likely more specific, mechanism. Overall, we identified the airway environment as an important factor that restricts neutrophils' oxidative microbicidal activities in CF against MRSA. These results deliver new details of the complex host-pathogen interactions present in the CF lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla M. Fantone
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Joanna B. Goldberg
- Division of Pulmonology, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30602, USA; (J.B.G.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Arlene A. Stecenko
- Division of Pulmonology, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis and Sleep, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30602, USA; (J.B.G.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Balázs Rada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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Vorobjeva NV, Chelombitko MA, Sud’ina GF, Zinovkin RA, Chernyak BV. Role of Mitochondria in the Regulation of Effector Functions of Granulocytes. Cells 2023; 12:2210. [PMID: 37759432 PMCID: PMC10526294 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) are the most abundant circulating cells in the innate immune system. Circulating granulocytes, primarily neutrophils, can cross the endothelial barrier and activate various effector mechanisms to combat invasive pathogens. Eosinophils and basophils also play an important role in allergic reactions and antiparasitic defense. Granulocytes also regulate the immune response, wound healing, and tissue repair by releasing of various cytokines and lipid mediators. The effector mechanisms of granulocytes include the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), degranulation, phagocytosis, and the formation of DNA-containing extracellular traps. Although all granulocytes are primarily glycolytic and have only a small number of mitochondria, a growing body of evidence suggests that mitochondria are involved in all effector functions as well as in the production of cytokines and lipid mediators and in apoptosis. It has been shown that the production of mitochondrial ROS controls signaling pathways that mediate the activation of granulocytes by various stimuli. In this review, we will briefly discuss the data on the role of mitochondria in the regulation of effector and other functions of granulocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina V. Vorobjeva
- Department Immunology, Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Maria A. Chelombitko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.C.); (R.A.Z.)
- The Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 129226 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina F. Sud’ina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.C.); (R.A.Z.)
| | - Roman A. Zinovkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.C.); (R.A.Z.)
- The Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 129226 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris V. Chernyak
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.C.); (R.A.Z.)
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Bethke K, Kropidłowska K, Stepnowski P, Caban M. Review of warming and acidification effects to the ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals on aquatic organisms in the era of climate change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162829. [PMID: 36924950 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An increase in the temperature and the acidification of the aquatic environment are among the many consequences of global warming. Climate change can also negatively affect aquatic organisms indirectly, by altering the toxicity of pollutants. Models of climate change impacts on the distribution, fate and ecotoxicity of persistent pollutants are now available. For pharmaceuticals, however, as new environmental pollutants, there are no predictions on this issue. Therefore, this paper organizes the existing knowledge on the effects of temperature, pH and both stressors combined on the toxicity of pharmaceuticals on aquatic organisms. Besides lethal toxicity, the molecular, physiological and behavioral biomarkers of sub-lethal stress were also assessed. Both acute and chronic toxicity, as well as bioaccumulation, were found to be affected. The direction and magnitude of these changes depend on the specific pharmaceutical, as well as the organism and conditions involved. Unfortunately, the response of organisms was enhanced by combined stressors. We compare the findings with those known for persistent organic pollutants, for which the pH has a relatively low effect on toxicity. The acid-base constant of molecules, as assumed, have an effect on the toxicity change with pH modulation. Studies with bivalves have been were overrepresented, while too little attention was paid to producers. Furthermore, the limited number of pharmaceuticals have been tested, and metabolites skipped altogether. Generally, the effects of warming and acidification were rather indicated than explored, and much more attention needs to be given to the ecotoxicology of pharmaceuticals in climate change conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bethke
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Analysis, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Klaudia Kropidłowska
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Analysis, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Analysis, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magda Caban
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Analysis, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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12
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Liu S, Huang B, Cao J, Wang Y, Xiao H, Zhu Y, Zhang H. ROS fine-tunes the function and fate of immune cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110069. [PMID: 37150014 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The redox state is essential to the process of cell life, which determines cell fate. As an important signaling molecule of the redox state, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are crucial for the homeostasis of immune cells and participate in the pathological processes of different diseases. We discuss the underlying mechanisms and possible signaling pathways of ROS to fine-tune the proliferation, differentiation, polarization and function of immune cells, including T cells, B cells, neutrophils, macrophages, myeloid-derived inhibitory cells (MDSCs) and dendritic cells (DCs). We further emphasize how excessive ROS lead to programmed immune cell death such as apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, NETosis and necroptosis, providing valuable insights for future therapeutic strategies in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Benqi Huang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Jingdong Cao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Hao Xiao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China
| | - Yaxi Zhu
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China.
| | - Huali Zhang
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, 410008 Changsha, China.
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13
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Scozzi D, Gelman AE. Avoid being trapped by your liver: ischemia-reperfusion injury in liver transplant triggers S1P-mediated NETosis. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e167012. [PMID: 36719374 PMCID: PMC9888375 DOI: 10.1172/jci167012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation can be a life-saving treatment for end-stage hepatic disease. Unfortunately, some recipients develop ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) that leads to poor short- and long-term outcomes. Recent work has shown neutrophils contribute to IRI by undergoing NETosis, a form of death characterized by DNA ejection resulting in inflammatory extracellular traps. In this issue of the JCI, Hirao and Kojima et al. report that sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) expression induced by liver transplant-mediated IRI triggers NETosis. They also provide evidence that neutrophil expression of the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule-1 (CC1) long isoform inhibited NETosis by controlling S1P receptor-mediated autophagic flux. These findings suggest stimulating regulatory mechanisms that suppress NETosis could be used to prevent IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Scozzi
- Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Andrew E. Gelman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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14
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Targeting Lysosomes in Colorectal Cancer: Exploring the Anticancer Activity of a New Benzo[ a]phenoxazine Derivative. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010614. [PMID: 36614056 PMCID: PMC9820173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has been ranked as one of the cancer types with a higher incidence and one of the most mortal. There are limited therapies available for CRC, which urges the finding of intracellular targets and the discovery of new drugs for innovative therapeutic approaches. In addition to the limited number of effective anticancer agents approved for use in humans, CRC resistance and secondary effects stemming from classical chemotherapy remain a major clinical problem, reinforcing the need for the development of novel drugs. In the recent years, the phenoxazines derivatives, Nile Blue analogues, have been shown to possess anticancer activity, which has created interest in exploring the potential of these compounds as anticancer drugs. In this context, we have synthetized and evaluated the anticancer activity of different benzo[a]phenoxazine derivatives for CRC therapy. Our results revealed that one particular compound, BaP1, displayed promising anticancer activity against CRC cells. We found that BaP1 is selective for CRC cells and reduces cell proliferation, cell survival, and cell migration. We observed that the compound is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, accumulates in the lysosomes, and leads to lysosomal membrane permeabilization, cytosolic acidification, and apoptotic cell death. In vivo results using a chicken embryo choriollantoic membrane (CAM) assay showed that BaP1 inhibits tumor growth, angiogenesis, and tumor proliferation. These observations highlight that BaP1 as a very interesting agent to disturb and counteract the important roles of lysosomes in cancer and suggests BaP1 as a promising candidate to be exploited as new anticancer lysosomal-targeted agent, which uses lysosome membrane permeabilization (LMP) as a therapeutic approach in CRC.
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15
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Huertas J, Lee HT. Multi‑faceted roles of cathepsins in ischemia reperfusion injury (Review). Mol Med Rep 2022; 26:368. [PMID: 36300202 PMCID: PMC9644425 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins are one of the most abundant proteases within the lysosomes with diverse physiological effects ranging from immune responses, cell death and intracellular protein degradation. Cathepsins are involved in extracellular and systemic functions such as systemic inflammation and extracellular matrix degradation. Ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury is responsible for numerous diseases including myocardial infarction, acute kidney injury, stroke and acute graft failure after transplant surgery. Inflammation plays a major role in the reperfusion phase of IR injury and previous research has shown that cathepsins are key mediators of the inflammation cascade as well as apoptosis. Taken together, cathepsins modulation could provide potential therapeutic approaches to attenuate IR injury. The present review summarized the current understanding of various cathepsin subtypes, their major physiologic functions, their roles in multi‑organ IR injury and detailed selective cathepsin inhibitors with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Huertas
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032-3784, USA
| | - H. Thomas Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032-3784, USA
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16
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Fu H, Li J, Du P, Jin W, Gao G, Cui D. Senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease arise from Aβ- and Cathepsin D-enriched mixtures leaking out during intravascular haemolysis and microaneurysm rupture. FEBS Lett 2022; 597:1007-1040. [PMID: 36448495 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Senile plaques are a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet the mechanism underlying their generation remains unknown. Beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) is a major component of senile plaques. We analysed AD brain tissues with histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and fluorescence imaging to examine the neural, vascular or blood Aβ contribution to senile plaque development. We found little neural marker co-expression with plaque Aβ, while co-expression of blood markers, such as Haemin and ApoE, was abundant. The plaque cores were structured with vascular and glial proteins outside and blood metabolites inside, co-localizing with a characteristic of Hoechst staining-independent blue autofluorescence. Erythrocyte-interacting Aβ is linked to coagulation, elevated calcium and blue autofluorescence, and it is associated with intravascular haemolysis, atherosclerosis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, microaneurysm, and often with Cathepsin D co-expression. We identified microaneurysms as major sites of amyloid formation. Our data suggest that senile plaques arise from Aβ- and Cathepsin D-enriched mixtures leaking out during intravascular haemolysis and microaneurysm rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Fu
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China.,National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Jilong Li
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Peng Du
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, School of Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Weilin Jin
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China.,National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Guo Gao
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China.,National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China.,National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
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17
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Zhang L, Jin GZ, Li D. Tat-hspb1 Suppresses Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) Growth via Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225710. [PMID: 36428802 PMCID: PMC9688814 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most prevalent kidney cancer, of which the incidence is increasing worldwide with a high mortality rate. Bioactive peptides are considered a significant class of natural medicines. We applied mass spectrometry-based peptidomic analysis to explore the peptide profile of human renal clear cell carcinoma and adjacent normal tissues. A total of 18,031 peptides were identified, of which 105 unique peptides were differentially expressed (44 were up-regulated and 61 were down-regulated in ccRCC tissues). Through bioinformatic analysis, we finally selected one peptide derived from the HSPB1 protein (amino acids 12-35 of the N-terminal region of HSPB1). Next, we fused this peptide to the HIV-Tat, generated a novel peptide named Tat-hspb1, and found that Tat-hspb1 inhibited ccRCC cells' viability while being less cytotoxic to normal epithelial cells. Furthermore, Tat-hspb1 induced apoptosis and inhibited the proliferation and migration of ccRCC cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Tat-hspb1 was predominantly localized in lysosomes after entering the ccRCC cell and induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and the release of cathepsin D from lysosomes. Taken together, Tat-hspb1 has the potential to serve as a new anticancer drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Departments of Urology, Tongren Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Guang-Zhi Jin
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
- Correspondence: (G.-Z.J.); (D.L.)
| | - Dong Li
- Departments of Urology, Tongren Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
- Correspondence: (G.-Z.J.); (D.L.)
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18
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Peng S, Gao J, Stojkov D, Yousefi S, Simon H. Established and emerging roles for mitochondria in neutrophils. Immunol Rev 2022; 314:413-426. [PMID: 36331270 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant innate immune cells in human blood, emerging as important players in a variety of diseases. Mitochondria are bioenergetic, biosynthetic, and signaling organelles critical for cell fate and function. Mitochondria have been overlooked in neutrophil research owing to the conventional view that neutrophils contain few, if any, competent mitochondria and do not rely on these organelles for adenosine triphosphate production. A growing body of evidence suggests that mitochondria participate in neutrophil biology at many levels, ranging from neutrophil development to chemotaxis, effector function, and cell death. Moreover, mitochondria and mitochondrial components, such as mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid, can be released by neutrophils to eliminate infection and/or shape immune response, depending on the specific context. In this review, we provide an update on the functional role of mitochondria in neutrophils, highlight mitochondria as key players in modulating the neutrophil phenotype and function during infection and inflammation, and discuss the possibilities and challenges to exploit the unique aspects of mitochondria in neutrophils for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Peng
- Institute of Pharmacology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas USA
| | - Darko Stojkov
- Institute of Pharmacology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Hans‐Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology Sechenov University Moscow Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal University Kazan Russia
- Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School Neuruppin Germany
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19
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Zamyatnin AA, Gregory LC, Townsend PA, Soond SM. Beyond basic research: the contribution of cathepsin B to cancer development, diagnosis and therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:963-977. [PMID: 36562407 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2161888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In view of other candidate proteins from the cathepsin family of proteases holding great potential in being targeted during cancer therapy, the importance of Cathepsin B (CtsB) stands out as being truly exceptional. Based on its contribution to oncogenesis, its intimate connection with regulating apoptosis and modulating extracellular and intracellular functions through its secretion or compartmentalized subcellular localization, collectively highlight its complex molecular involvement with a myriad of normal and pathological regulatory processes. Despite its complex functional nature, CtsB is emerging as one of the few cathepsin proteases that has been extensively researched to yield tangible outcomes for cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED In this article, we review the scientific literature that has justified or shaped the importance of CtsB expression in cancer progression, from the perspective of highlighting a paradigm that is rapidly changing from basic research toward a broader clinical and translational context. EXPERT OPINION In doing so, we detail its maturation as a diagnostic marker through describing the development of CtsB-specific Activity-Based Probes, the rapid evolution of these toward a new generation of Prodrugs, and the evaluation of these in model systems for their therapeutic potential as anti-cancer agents in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Zamyatnin
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Levy C Gregory
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Paul A Townsend
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Surinder M Soond
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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20
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Chang SH, Lin PY, Wu TK, Hsu CS, Huang SW, Li ZY, Liu KT, Kao JK, Chen YJ, Wong TW, Wu CY, Shieh JJ. Imiquimod-induced ROS production causes lysosomal membrane permeabilization and activates caspase-8-mediated apoptosis in skin cancer cells. J Dermatol Sci 2022; 107:142-150. [PMID: 36075780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysosomal cell death is induced by lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and the subsequent release of lysosomal proteolytic enzymes, including cathepsins (CTSs), which results in mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Imiquimod (IMQ), a synthetic TLR7 ligand, has both antiviral and antitumor activity against various skin malignancies in clinical treatment. Previously, we demonstrated IMQ not only caused lysosomal dysfunction but also triggered lysosome biogenesis to achieve lysosomal adaptation in cancer cells. OBJECTIVE To determine whether lysosomes are involved in IMQ-induced apoptosis. METHODS The human skin cancer cell lines BCC, A375 and mouse melanoma cell line B16F10 were used in all experiments. Cell death was determined by the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and DNA content assay. Protein expression was determined by immunoblotting. Caspase-8 activity was assessed using a fluorescence caspase-8 kit and determined by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. RESULTS IMQ not only induced lysosome damage but also abrogated lysosome function in skin cancer cells. IMQ-induced caspase-8 activation contributed to the processes of lysosomal cell death. Moreover, the use of ROS scavengers significantly abolished caspase-8 activation and inhibited IMQ-induced LMP. Additionally, pharmacological inhibition of CTSD not only abrogated caspase-8 activation but also rescued IMQ-induced cell death. Finally, lysosome-alkalizing agents enhanced the cytotoxicity of IMQ in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS IMQ-induced ROS accumulation promotes LMP, releases CTSs into the cytosol, stimulates caspase-8 activation and finally causes lysosomal cell death. Lysosomal cell death and the CTSD/caspase-8 axis may play a crucial role in IMQ-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hao Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ying Lin
- Center for Cell Therapy and Translation Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Kun Wu
- Division of Renal Medicine, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Post Baccalaureate Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Hsu
- Frontier Molecular Medical Research Center in Children, Changhua Christian Children Hospital, Changhua County, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Wei Huang
- Center for Cell Therapy and Translation Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Zheng-Yi Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Ting Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Kai Kao
- Post Baccalaureate Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Frontier Molecular Medical Research Center in Children, Changhua Christian Children Hospital, Changhua County, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Post Baccalaureate Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tak-Wah Wong
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ying Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jeng-Jer Shieh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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21
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Kremserová S, Kocurková A, Chorvátová M, Klinke A, Kubala L. Myeloperoxidase Deficiency Alters the Process of the Regulated Cell Death of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2022; 13:707085. [PMID: 35211113 PMCID: PMC8860816 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.707085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) play a key role in host defense. However, their massive accumulation at the site of inflammation can delay regenerative healing processes and can initiate pathological inflammatory processes. Thus, the efficient clearance of PMNs mediated by the induction of regulated cell death is a key process preventing the development of these pathological conditions. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a highly abundant enzyme in PMN granules, primarily connected with PMN defense machinery, is suggested to play a role in PMN-regulated cell death. However, the contribution of MPO to the mechanisms of PMN cell death remains incompletely characterized. Herein, the process of the cell death of mouse PMNs induced by three different stimuli – phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), opsonized streptococcus (OST), and N-formyl-met-leu-phe (fMLP) – was investigated. MPO-deficient PMNs revealed a significantly decreased rate of cell death characterized by phosphatidylserine surface exposure and cell membrane permeabilization. An inhibitor of MPO activity, 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide, did not exhibit a significant effect on PMA-induced cell death compared to MPO deficiency. Interestingly, only the limited activation of markers related to apoptotic cell death was observed (e.g. caspase 8 activation, Bax expression) and they mostly did not correspond to phosphatidylserine surface exposure. Furthermore, a marker characterizing autophagy, cleavage of LC3 protein, as well as histone H3 citrullination and its surface expression was observed. Collectively, the data show the ability of MPO to modulate the life span of PMNs primarily through the potentiation of cell membrane permeabilization and phosphatidylserine surface exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvie Kremserová
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czechia
| | - Anna Kocurková
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Michaela Chorvátová
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Anna Klinke
- Clinic of General and Interventional Cardiology/Angiology, Agnes Wittenborg Institute of Translational Cardiovascular Research, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Lukáš Kubala
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
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22
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Abstract
The intimate involvement of pathogens with the heightened risk for developing certain cancers is an area of research that has captured a great deal of attention over the last 10 years. One firmly established paradigm that highlights this aspect of disease progression is in the instance of Helicobacter pylori infection and the contribution it makes in elevating the risk for developing gastric cancer. Whilst the molecular mechanisms that pinpoint the contribution that this microorganism inflicts towards host cells during gastric cancer initiation have come into greater focus, another picture that has also emerged is one that implicates the host's immune system, and the chronic inflammation that can arise therefrom, as being a central contributory factor in disease progression. Consequently, when taken with the underlying role that the extracellular matrix plays in the development of most cancers, and how this dynamic can be modulated by proteases expressed from the tumor or inflammatory cells, a complex and detailed relationship shared between the individual cellular components and their surroundings is coming into focus. In this review article, we draw attention to the emerging role played by the cathepsin proteases in modulating the stage-specific progression of Helicobacter pylori-initiated gastric cancer and the underlying immune response, while highlighting the therapeutic significance of this dynamic and how it may be amenable for novel intervention strategies within a basic research or clinical setting.
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23
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Moraes JDN, Francisco AF, Dill LM, Diniz RS, Oliveira CSD, Silva TMRD, Caldeira CADS, Corrêa EDA, Coutinho-Neto A, Zanchi FB, Fontes MRDM, Soares AM, Calderon LDA. New multienzymatic complex formed between human cathepsin D and snake venom phospholipase A2. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2022; 28:e20220002. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2022-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleff Ferreira Francisco
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology of Epidemiology of the Western Amazon, Brazil; Smart Active Ingredients Lab (SAIL), Brazil
| | | | - Rafaela Souza Diniz
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Brazil; Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology of Epidemiology of the Western Amazon, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fernando Berton Zanchi
- Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Brazil; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Brazil
| | | | - Andreimar Martins Soares
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology of Epidemiology of the Western Amazon, Brazil; São Lucas University Center (UniSL), Brazil
| | - Leonardo de Azevedo Calderon
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Brazil; Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), Brazil; Smart Active Ingredients Lab (SAIL), Brazil; Aparicio Carvalho University Center (FIMCA), Brazil
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Hajji N, Hudik E, Iovino P, Zouari N, Sebai H, Nusse O, Ciacci C. Globularia alypum L. Modulates Inflammatory Markers in Human Colon and Shows a Potential Antioxidant Role in Myeloid Leukemic Cells. Transl Med UniSa 2021; 24:13-23. [PMID: 36447742 PMCID: PMC9673913 DOI: 10.37825/2239-9754.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Globularia alypum (GA), a plant of the Globulariacea family, has long been used as a traditional cure for inflammatory and metabolic illnesses. In addition to various in vitro model studies, the current work focuses on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of GA in human colon biopsies. The phenol components in GA aqueous extract (GAAE) were identified by Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. The antioxidant ability of GAAE was tested in vitro utilizing chemiluminescence and flow cytometry using fluorescent yeasts n conjunction with PLB-985-human myeloid leukemia cells. Experiments on human colon biopsies after a biopsy challenge with Escherichia coli-lipopolysaccharides aimed to see if GAAE had an anti-inflammatory impact on human colon inflammation. Western blotting was used to assess the expression of several inflammatory markers. According to the findings, GAAE had a significant influence on hydrogen peroxide and cellular reactive oxygen species. GAAE inhibited the activities of cyclooxygenase 2 and nuclear factor B in inflamed biopsies, indicating anti-inflammatory action. The present study is the first to show that GA has a beneficial effect on human colon inflammation, thanks to its significant antioxidant activity in vitro. According to these preliminary data, GA may be utilized to treat a range of human inflammatory illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla Hajji
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA,
Italy
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bio-Ressources - Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, Université de Jendouba, Avenue Habib Bourguiba - B.P. 382 - 9000, Béja,
Tunisia
| | - Elodie Hudik
- Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay,
France
- CNRS, LCP, Orsay,
France
- INSERM U1174, Orsay,
France
| | - Paola Iovino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA,
Italy
| | - Nacim Zouari
- Higher Institute of Applied Biology of Medenine, Medenine, Gabes University,
Tunisia
| | - Hichem Sebai
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bio-Ressources - Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, Université de Jendouba, Avenue Habib Bourguiba - B.P. 382 - 9000, Béja,
Tunisia
| | - Oliver Nusse
- Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay,
France
- CNRS, LCP, Orsay,
France
- INSERM U1174, Orsay,
France
| | - Carolina Ciacci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA,
Italy
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Campos-Sánchez JC, Mayor-Lafuente J, González-Silvera D, Guardiola FA, Esteban MÁ. Acute inflammatory response in the skin of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) caused by carrageenin. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:623-634. [PMID: 34656758 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although inflammation is a well-characterized process in mammals, few studies have dealt with the mechanisms involved in this process in fish. The present study evaluated the expression of inflammation-related genes in the skin of fish injected with carrageenin, which has previously been used in inflammatory models in mammals. In our case, fish were injected subcutaneously with PBS (as control) or carrageenin (1%), and skin samples from the injection site were collected 1.5, 3 and 6 h post-injection. The gene expression of inflammatory markers (csfr1, mhc-ii and phox40), several pro-inflammatory cytokines (il1b, tnfa, il6, il8 and il18) and other molecules related (such as myd88 and c-rel) were up-regulated at 1.5 and 3 h in fish injected with carrageenin compared with control levels. By contrast, the gene expression of anti-inflammatory molecules (nlrx1, nlrc5 isoform 1, ctsd and ctss) was down-regulated in fish injected with carrageenin and sampled 3 h post injection, again compared to the gene expression in control fish. According to our results, carrageenin can be considered not only a good stimulator to study skin inflammation in gilthead seabream but also this method might be use to study the modulation of fish inflammatory process caused by internal or external factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Campos-Sánchez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Javier Mayor-Lafuente
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Daniel González-Silvera
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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26
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Zhang F, Hou Y, Zhu M, Deng B, Zhao M, Zhu X, Sun Y, Chen D, Jiang C, Wang L, Chen C, Chen H, Chen H, Zheng H, Li W. Death Pathways of Cancer Cells Modulated by Surface Molecule Density on Gold Nanorods. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102666. [PMID: 34523247 PMCID: PMC8596106 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis induces strong inflammation with undesirable implications in clinics compared with apoptosis. Fortunately, the switch between necrosis and apoptosis could be realized by tailoring the appropriate structural properties of gold nano rods (GNRs) that could precisely modulate cell death pathways. Herein, the intracellular interaction between GNRs and organelles is monitored and it is found that lysosomes dominates necrosis/apoptosis evoking. Then the surface molecule density of GNRs, which is first defined as ρsurf. molecule (Nsurf. molecules /(a × π × Diameter × Length)), mediates lysosome activities as the membrane permeabilization (LMP), the Cathepsin B and D release, the cross-talk between lysosome and different organelles, which selectively evokes apoptosis or necrosis and the production of TNF-α from macrophages. GNRs with small ρsurf. molecule mainly induce apoptosis, while with large ρsurf. molecule they greatly contribute to necrosis. Interestingly, necrosis can be suppressed by GNRs with higher ρsurf. molecule due to the overexpression of key protease caspase 8, which cleaves the RIP1-RIP3 complex and activates caspase 3 followed by necrosis to apoptosis transition. This investigation indicates that the ρsurf. molecule greatly affects the utility of nanomaterials and different structural properties of nanomaterials have different implications in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulei Zhang
- Department of Nanomedicine & International Joint Cancer InstituteNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Yi Hou
- Department of Nanomedicine & International Joint Cancer InstituteNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Minhui Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck SurgeryShanghai Changhai HospitalNaval Medical University168 Changhai RoadShanghai200433China
| | - Bo Deng
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing TechnologiesWuhan430073China
| | - Mengxin Zhao
- Department of Nanomedicine & International Joint Cancer InstituteNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Xiandi Zhu
- Department of Nanomedicine & International Joint Cancer InstituteNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Yun Sun
- Department of Nanomedicine & International Joint Cancer InstituteNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Nanomedicine & International Joint Cancer InstituteNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Department of Nanomedicine & International Joint Cancer InstituteNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Liming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and NanosafetyInstitute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of ChinaChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and NanosafetyInstitute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of ChinaChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Huaiwen Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck SurgeryShanghai Changhai HospitalNaval Medical University168 Changhai RoadShanghai200433China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of General SurgeryNavy No.905 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation ArmyNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200050China
| | - Hongliang Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck SurgeryShanghai Changhai HospitalNaval Medical University168 Changhai RoadShanghai200433China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Nanomedicine & International Joint Cancer InstituteNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
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Campos-Sánchez JC, Mayor-Lafuente J, Guardiola FA, Esteban MÁ. In silico and gene expression analysis of the acute inflammatory response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) after subcutaneous administration of carrageenin. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:1623-1643. [PMID: 34448108 PMCID: PMC8478728 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is one of the main causes of loss of homeostasis at both the systemic and molecular levels. The aim of this study was to investigate in silico the conservation of inflammation-related proteins in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Open reading frames of the selected genes were used as input in the STRING database for protein-protein interaction network analysis, comparing them with other teleost protein sequences. Proteins of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea L.) presented the highest percentages of identity with the gilthead seabream protein sequence. The gene expression profile of these proteins was then studied in gilthead seabream specimens subcutaneously injected with carrageenin (1%) or phosphate-buffered saline (control) by analyzing skin samples from the injected zone 12 and 24 h after injection. Gene expression analysis indicated that the mechanisms necessary to terminate the inflammatory response to carrageenin and recover skin homeostasis were activated between 12 and 24 h after injection (at the tested dose). The gene analysis performed in this study could contribute to the identification of the main mechanisms of acute inflammatory response and validate the use of carrageenin as an inflammation model to elucidate these mechanisms in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Campos-Sánchez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Javier Mayor-Lafuente
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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The Regulation of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap-induced Tissue Damage by Human CD177. Transplant Direct 2021; 7:e734. [PMID: 34549086 PMCID: PMC8439991 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophil-induced tissue damage contributes to the rejection in xenotransplantation. Therefore, suppressing neutrophil function could be effective in suppressing xenogeneic rejection. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the ectopic expression of human cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) on porcine endothelial cells (PEC) significantly suppressed neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity through the homophilic binding of CD31. Cluster of differentiation 177 (CD177) was recently reported to be a high-affinity heterophilic binding partner for CD31 on endothelial cells. Thus, we hypothesized that human CD177 on PEC might induce a stronger suppression in neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity compared with CD31. In this study, the inhibitory function of human CD177 on PEC in neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity was investigated. Methods PEC were transfected with a cloning plasmid containing cDNA inserts that encoded for hCD177 and hCD31 genes. Neutrophil-induced cytotoxicity was evaluated by flow cytometry after coculturing with PEC or PEC/CD177 in the presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. To elucidate the mechanisms responsible for hCD177-induced suppression, the phosphorylation of src homology region 2 domain containing phosphatase 1 was measured by immunoblot analysis. Results Human CD177 on PEC induced a significant reduction in neutrophil-induced cytotoxicity. In addition, CD177 on PEC induced a significant increase in the phosphorylation of src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 in neutrophils and suppressed NETosis. Conclusions These findings suggest that human CD177 suppresses neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity through the inhibition of NETosis.
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29
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Liu YJ, Zhang T, Chen S, Cheng D, Wu C, Wang X, Duan D, Zhu L, Lou H, Gong Z, Wang XD, Ho MS, Duan S. The noncanonical role of the protease cathepsin D as a cofilin phosphatase. Cell Res 2021; 31:801-813. [PMID: 33514914 PMCID: PMC8249557 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-00454-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin D (cathD) is traditionally regarded as a lysosomal protease that degrades substrates in acidic compartments. Here we report cathD plays an unconventional role as a cofilin phosphatase orchestrating actin remodeling. In neutral pH environments, the cathD precursor directly dephosphorylates and activates the actin-severing protein cofilin independent of its proteolytic activity, whereas mature cathD degrades cofilin in acidic pH conditions. During development, cathD complements the canonical cofilin phosphatase slingshot and regulates the morphogenesis of actin-based structures. Moreover, suppression of cathD phosphatase activity leads to defective actin organization and cytokinesis failure. Our findings identify cathD as a dual-function molecule, whose functional switch is regulated by environmental pH and its maturation state, and reveal a novel regulatory role of cathD in actin-based cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Liu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XResearch Units for Emotion and Emotion Disorders, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Ting Zhang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XResearch Units for Emotion and Emotion Disorders, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Sicong Chen
- grid.412465.0Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009 China
| | - Daxiao Cheng
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XResearch Units for Emotion and Emotion Disorders, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Cunjin Wu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XResearch Units for Emotion and Emotion Disorders, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Xingyue Wang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XResearch Units for Emotion and Emotion Disorders, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Duo Duan
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XResearch Units for Emotion and Emotion Disorders, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Liya Zhu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XResearch Units for Emotion and Emotion Disorders, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Huifang Lou
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XResearch Units for Emotion and Emotion Disorders, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Zhefeng Gong
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XResearch Units for Emotion and Emotion Disorders, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XResearch Units for Emotion and Emotion Disorders, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016 China
| | - Margaret S. Ho
- grid.440637.20000 0004 4657 8879School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210 China
| | - Shumin Duan
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XResearch Units for Emotion and Emotion Disorders, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
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Santagostino SF, Assenmacher CA, Tarrant JC, Adedeji AO, Radaelli E. Mechanisms of Regulated Cell Death: Current Perspectives. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:596-623. [PMID: 34039100 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211005537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Balancing cell survival and cell death is fundamental to development and homeostasis. Cell death is regulated by multiple interconnected signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms. Regulated cell death (RCD) is implicated in fundamental processes such as organogenesis and tissue remodeling, removal of unnecessary structures or cells, and regulation of cell numbers. RCD can also be triggered by exogenous perturbations of the intracellular or extracellular microenvironment when the adaptive processes that respond to stress fail. During the past few years, many novel forms of non-apoptotic RCD have been identified, and the characterization of RCD mechanisms at a molecular level has deepened our understanding of diseases encountered in human and veterinary medicine. Given the complexity of these processes, it has become clear that the identification of RCD cannot be based simply on morphologic characteristics and that descriptive and diagnostic terms presently used by pathologists-such as individual cell apoptosis or necrosis-appear inadequate and possibly misleading. In this review, the current understanding of the molecular machinery of each type of non-apoptotic RCD mechanisms is outlined. Due to the continuous discovery of new mechanisms or nuances of previously described processes, the limitations of the terms apoptosis and necrosis to indicate microscopic findings are also reported. In addition, the need for a standard panel of biomarkers and functional tests to adequately characterize the underlying RCD and its role as a mechanism of disease is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles-Antoine Assenmacher
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 6572University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James C Tarrant
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 6572University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Enrico Radaelli
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 6572University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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31
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Valiate BVS, Queiroz-Junior CM, Levi-Schaffer F, Galvão I, Teixeira MM. CD300a contributes to the resolution of articular inflammation triggered by MSU crystals by controlling neutrophil apoptosis. Immunology 2021; 164:305-317. [PMID: 34002852 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gout is an inflammatory disease triggered by deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in the joints, resulting in high neutrophil influx and pain. Here, we studied the role of the inhibitory receptor CD300a in the resolution process in a murine model of gout. We found increased CD300a expression on neutrophils emigrated to the joint. When compared to WT mice, CD300a-/- mice had persistent neutrophil influx till 24 hr after MSU injection. This was associated with increased concentration of IL-1β and greater tissue damage in the joints of CD300a-/- mice. There was an increase in the percentage of apoptotic neutrophils in the synovial lavage of WT mice, as compared to CD300a-/- mice. This difference was reflected in the decline of efferocytic events in the synovial cavity of CD300a-/- mice 24 hr after MSU injection. A CD300a agonistic antibody was shown, for the first time, to increase apoptosis of human neutrophils, and this was associated with cleavage of caspase-8. In conclusion, our results reveal an important role of CD300a in the control of leucocyte infiltration, IL-1β production and caspase-8 cleavage in neutrophils, contributing to the resolution of inflammation triggered by MSU injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno V S Valiate
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Celso M Queiroz-Junior
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Izabela Galvão
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Efthimiou I, Kalamaras G, Papavasileiou K, Anastasi-Papathanasi N, Georgiou Y, Dailianis S, Deligiannakis Y, Vlastos D. ZnO, Ag and ZnO-Ag nanoparticles exhibit differential modes of toxic and oxidative action in hemocytes of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:144699. [PMID: 33636791 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the cytotoxic and oxidative effects of custom-made nanoparticles (NPs) on hemocytes of Mytilus galloprovincialis, utilizing hemolymph serum (HS) as exposure medium. Specifically, hemocyte lysosomal membrane destabilization (in terms of neutral red retention time assay/NRRT), superoxide anion (O2-), nitric oxide (NO, in terms of nitrites) and lipid peroxidation content (in terms of malondialdehyde/MDA equivalents) were determined in cells treated for 1 h with different concentrations (0.1-50 μg mL-1) of ZnO NPs, Ag NPs and ZnO-Ag NPs, as well as AgNO3 and/or ZnCl2 (bulk ions, respectively). According to the results, Ag NPs were more cytotoxic than ZnO-Ag NPs and/or ZnO NPs, while NRRT values observed in AgNO3 treated cells were lower than those of ZnCl2. Furthermore, high levels of both O2- and MDA were detected in cells treated with Ag NPs, ZnO-Ag NPs, and AgNO3 at concentrations lower than 5 μg mL-1, while high NO generation was observed only in cells treated with 5-25 μg mL-1 of ZnO NPs or ZnCl2. Despite the absence of data, regarding the formation of NP-serum protein corona complexes that could mediate NP surface energy and uptake efficiency, the current study firstly revealed that ZnO NPs, probably via their surface charge, particle agglomeration, and NP Zn+ release could promote an immune-related generation of O2- and NO via the respiratory burst stimulation, a process that is questioned in the case of Ag NPs and/or ZnO-Ag NPs. Moreover, ZnO-Ag NP interaction with biological membranes and their oxidative mode of action seemed to be regulated by the release and the antagonistic/synergistic response of its ionic counterparts (ZnO+ and Ag+), but further studies are needed to elucidate the oxidative mode of action of NP metal ions in complex NP mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Efthimiou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, GR-30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Yiannis Georgiou
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | | | - Dimitris Vlastos
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, GR-30100 Agrinio, Greece.
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Bchir S, Boumiza S, Ben Nasr H, Garrouch A, Kallel I, Tabka Z, Chahed K. Impact of cathepsin D activity and C224T polymorphism (rs17571) on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: correlations with oxidative and inflammatory markers. Clin Exp Med 2021; 21:457-465. [PMID: 33611777 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-021-00692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin D (CTSD) is an aspartyl proteinase that plays an important role in protein degradation, antigen processing and apoptosis. It has been associated with several pathologies such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease and inflammatory disorders. Its function in lung diseases remains, however, controversial. In the current study, we determined CTSD activity in serum of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and evaluated the correlations between this proteinase and inflammatory and oxidative parameters. We also investigated the impact of a CTSD C224T polymorphism on enzyme activity and clinicopathological parameters. METHODS Our population included 211 healthy controls and 138 patients with COPD. CTSD activity, MMPs (-1/-7/-12), cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide and peroxynitrite levels were measured in patients and controls using standard methods. Genotyping of CTSD C224T polymorphism was determined using PCR-RFLP. RESULTS Our results showed an increased CTSD activity in COPD patients compared to healthy controls (4.87 [3.99-6.07] vs. 3.94 [2.91-5.84], respectively, p < 0.001). COPD smokers presented also a higher CTSD activity when compared to nonsmokers (4.91[3.98-6.18] vs. 4.65[4.16-5.82], respectively, p = 0.01), while no differences were found when subjects were compared according to their GOLD stages. The activity of this proteinase was not dependent on the C224T polymorphism because we did not found any influence of this SNP on proteinase activity among patients and controls. Furthermore, our data provide the first evidence of the interrelationships between CTSD activity and both MMPs and TNF-α levels (MMP-1[r = - 0.4; p = 0.02], MMP-7[r = 0.37; p = 0.04], MMP-12[r = 0.43; p = 0.02], TNF-α [r = 0.89, p = 0.001]) in COPD smokers. There were no correlations, however, between CTSD activity and oxidative stress parameters in controls and patients. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that CTSD could be a relevant marker for COPD disease. Alteration of CTSD activity may be related to increased MMPs and TNF-α levels, particularly in COPD smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Bchir
- Laboratoire de Recherche LR19ES09, Physiologie de L'Exercice Et Physiopathologie : de L'Intégré Au Moléculaire Biologie, Médecine Et Santé, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Soumaya Boumiza
- Laboratoire de Recherche LR19ES09, Physiologie de L'Exercice Et Physiopathologie : de L'Intégré Au Moléculaire Biologie, Médecine Et Santé, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Hela Ben Nasr
- Laboratoire de Recherche LR19ES09, Physiologie de L'Exercice Et Physiopathologie : de L'Intégré Au Moléculaire Biologie, Médecine Et Santé, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Institut Des Sciences Infirmières, Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | - Imen Kallel
- Laboratoire de Recherche Toxicologie Microbiologie Environnementale Et Santé LR17ES06, Faculté Des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Zouhair Tabka
- Laboratoire de Recherche LR19ES09, Physiologie de L'Exercice Et Physiopathologie : de L'Intégré Au Moléculaire Biologie, Médecine Et Santé, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Karim Chahed
- Laboratoire de Recherche LR19ES09, Physiologie de L'Exercice Et Physiopathologie : de L'Intégré Au Moléculaire Biologie, Médecine Et Santé, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculté Des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Wang X, Avsec D, Obreza A, Yousefi S, Mlinarič-Raščan I, Simon HU. A Putative Serine Protease is Required to Initiate the RIPK3-MLKL-Mediated Necroptotic Death Pathway in Neutrophils. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:614928. [PMID: 33551816 PMCID: PMC7860068 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.614928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion receptors, such as CD44, have been shown to activate receptor interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3)—mixed lineage kinase-like (MLKL) signaling, leading to a non-apoptotic cell death in human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) – primed neutrophils. The signaling events of this necroptotic pathway, however, remain to be investigated. In the present study, we report the design, synthesis, and characterization of a series of novel serine protease inhibitors. Two of these inhibitors, compounds 1 and 3, were able to block CD44-triggered necroptosis in GM-CSF-primed neutrophils. Both inhibitors prevented the activation of MLKL, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3’—kinase (PI3K), hence blocking the increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) required for cell death. Although compounds one and three partially inhibited isolated human neutrophil elastase (HNE) activity, we obtained no pharmacological evidence that HNE is involved in the initiation of this death pathway within a cellular context. Interestingly, neither serine protease inhibitor had any effect on FAS receptor-mediated apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest that a serine protease is involved in non-apoptotic CD44-triggered RIPK3-MLKL-dependent neutrophil cell death, but not FAS receptor-mediated caspase-dependent apoptosis. Thus, a pharmacological block on serine proteases might be beneficial for preventing exacerbation of disease in neutrophilic inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Damjan Avsec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Obreza
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
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Khoma V, Gnatyshyna L, Martinyuk V, Mackiv T, Mishchenko L, Manusadžianas L, Stoliar O. Common and particular biochemical responses of Unio tumidus to herbicide, pharmaceuticals and their combined exposure with heating. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111695. [PMID: 33396026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The priority list of freshwater pollutants is increasingly amended by pharmaceuticals. Their impact on the aquatic biota can be modulated by the presence of typical pollutants, like pesticides, and/or abnormal heating. The aim of this study was to elucidate potentially hazardous impact of combined environmental factors on the freshwater mussels by analyzing various sets of biochemical markers. We treated the bivalve molluscs of Unio tumidus with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (Dc, 2 nM), calcium antagonist and antihypertensive drug nifedipine (Nf, 2 nM) or organophosphonate glyphosate-based herbicide Roundup MAX (Rn, 79 nM of glyphosate) at 18 °C as well as with the mixture of these substances at 18 °C (Mix) or 25 °C (MixT) during 14 days. The concentrations used were correspondent to the environmentally relevant levels. The biomarkers of stress and toxicity were evaluated in digestive gland, except the lysosomal membrane stability measured in hemocytes. Exposures caused an oxidative stress due to the decreased SOD and GST activities and GSH/GSSG ratio, increased levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and protein carbonyls (with some exceptions). Dc increased cathepsin D activity in lysosomes. Nf increased lysosomal membrane stability and caspase-3 activity. Rn caused a dramatic distortion of metallo-thiolome due to increased levels of GSH and metallothionein-related thiols (MTSH) as well as depletion of Zn, Cu and Cd in the composition of metallothioneins, and decreased Zn/Cu molar ratio in the tissue. The particular toxicity of Rn was also attested by decreased lysosomal membrane stability and cholinesterase activity. Canonical discriminant analysis separated Rn-, Mix- and MixT-groups from the joint set of C-, Dc- and Nf-groups. Generally, compound-specific effects were expressed in U. tumidus responses to the mixtures, but in MixT-group some effects were particular or extremely strong. Multi-marker approach and integrative analysis proved to be a useful tool for understanding possible future risks to freshwater mussels under a combination of xenobiotics and warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vira Khoma
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str., 2, Ternopil, 46027, Ukraine.
| | - Lesya Gnatyshyna
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str., 2, Ternopil, 46027, Ukraine; I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Maidan Voli, 1, Ternopil, 46001, Ukraine.
| | - Viktoria Martinyuk
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str., 2, Ternopil, 46027, Ukraine.
| | - Tetyana Mackiv
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str., 2, Ternopil, 46027, Ukraine; I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Maidan Voli, 1, Ternopil, 46001, Ukraine.
| | - Lidiya Mishchenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska St, 60, Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine.
| | | | - Oksana Stoliar
- Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str., 2, Ternopil, 46027, Ukraine.
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Wang X, Zou Y, Chen Z, Li Y, Pan L, Wang Y, Liu M, Yin C, Wu J, Yang C, Zhang L, Li C, Huang Z, Wang D, Qian J, Ge J, Zou Y, Gong H. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 regulates cardiomyocyte-derived paracrine signaling to ameliorate cardiac fibrosis. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1249-1268. [PMID: 33391533 PMCID: PMC7738902 DOI: 10.7150/thno.48787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Maladaptive cardiac remodeling is a critical step in the progression of heart failure. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), a co-receptor of Wnt, has been implicated in cardiac protection. We aimed to study the role of cardiomyocyte-expressed LRP6 in cardiac remodeling under chronic pressure overload. Methods: Cardiac parameters were analyzed in inducible cardiac-specific LRP6 overexpressing and control mice subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Results: Cardiac LRP6 was increased at an early phase after TAC. Cardiomyocyte-specific LRP6 overexpression improved cardiac function and inhibited cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis four weeks after TAC. The overexpression significantly inhibited β-catenin activation, likely contributing to the inhibitory effect on cardiac hypertrophy after TAC. LRP6 overexpression reduced the expression and secretion of Wnt5a and Wnt11 by cardiomyocytes, and knockdown of Wnt5a and Wnt11 greatly inhibited cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction under pressure overload in vitro and in vivo. Cardiomyocyte-expressed LRP6 interacted with cathepsin D (CTSD, a protease) and promoted the degradation of Wnt5a and Wnt11, inhibiting cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction induced by TAC. The protease inhibitor leupeptin attenuated the interaction between LRP6 and CTSD, enhanced the expression of Wnt5a and Wnt11, and deteriorated cardiac function and fibrosis in cardiomyocyte-specific LRP6-overexpressing mice under pressure overload. Mutants from human patients, P1427Q of LRP6 and G316R of CTSD significantly inhibited the interaction between LRP6 and CTSD and increased Wnt5a and Wnt11 expression. Conclusion: Cardiomyocyte-expressed LRP6 promoted the degradation of Wnt5a and Wnt11 by regulating CTSD and inhibited cardiac fibrosis under pressure overload. Our study demonstrated a novel role of LRP6 as an anti-fibrosis regulator.
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Li Y, Zheng N, Ding X. Mitophagy Disequilibrium, a Prominent Pathological Mechanism in Metabolic Heart Diseases. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:4631-4640. [PMID: 34858041 PMCID: PMC8629916 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s336882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With overall food intake among the general population as high as ever, metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become a global epidemic and is responsible for many serious life-threatening diseases, especially heart failure. In multiple metabolic disorders, maintaining a dynamic balance of mitochondrial number and function is necessary to prevent the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which has been proved to be one of the important mechanisms of cardiomyocyte injury due to the mismatching of oxygen consumption and mitochondrial population and finally to heart failure. Mitophagy is a process that eliminates damaged or redundant mitochondria. It is mediated by a series of signaling molecules, including PINK, parkin, BINP3, FUNDC1, CTSD, Drp1, Rab9 and mTOR. Meanwhile, increasing evidence also showed that the interaction between ferroptosis and mitophagy interfered with mitochondrial homeostasis. This review will focus on these essential molecules and pathways of mitophagy and cell homeostasis affected by hypoxia and other stimuli in metabolic heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Li
- The First Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ningning Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xudong Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xudong Ding Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +8618940257698 Email
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Gigon L, Yousefi S, Karaulov A, Simon HU. Mechanisms of toxicity mediated by neutrophil and eosinophil granule proteins. Allergol Int 2021; 70:30-38. [PMID: 33277190 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils and eosinophils are granulocytes which are characterized by the presence of granules in the cytoplasm. Granules provide a safe storage site for granule proteins that play important roles in the immune function of granulocytes. Upon granulocytes activation, diverse proteins are released from the granules into the extracellular space and contribute to the fight against infections. In this article, we describe granule proteins of both neutrophils and eosinophils able to kill pathogens and review their anticipated mechanism of antimicrobial toxicity. It should be noted that an excess of granules protein release can lead to tissue damage of the host resulting in chronic inflammation and organ dysfunction.
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Deciphering the secretome of leukocyte-platelet rich fibrin: towards a better understanding of its wound healing properties. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14571. [PMID: 32884030 PMCID: PMC7471699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte-platelet rich fibrin (L-PRF) is extensively used in the dentistry field and other clinical scenarios due to its regeneration properties. The goal of the present study was to depict the L-PRF secretome and how it changes over time. We obtained L-PRF membranes and cultured them in DMEM. The secretome was collected at days 3, 7 and 21. The secretome at day 3 was analysed by LC–MS/MS and differences over time were analysed by Sequential Window Acquisition of all Theoretical Mass Spectra (SWATH). Overall, 705 proteins were identified in the secretome of L-PRF membranes after 3 days of culture, including growth factors (EGF, PDGFA) and proteins related to platelet and neutrophil degranulation. A total of 202 differentially secreted proteins were quantified by SWATH when comparing secretomes at days 3, 7 and 21. Most of them were enriched at day 3 such as MMP9, TSP1 and CO3. On the contrary, fibrinogen and CATS were found down-regulated at day 3. Growth factor and western blotting analysis corroborated the proteomic results. This is the most detailed proteome analysis of the L-PRF secretome to date. Proteins and growth factors identified, and their kinetics, provide novel information to further understand the wound healing properties of L-PRF.
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Nagakannan P, Tabeshmehr P, Eftekharpour E. Oxidative damage of lysosomes in regulated cell death systems: Pathophysiology and pharmacologic interventions. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 157:94-127. [PMID: 32259579 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are small specialized organelles containing a variety of different hydrolase enzymes that are responsible for degradation of all macromolecules, entering the cells through the endosomal system or originated from the internal sources. This allows for transport and recycling of nutrients and internalization of surface proteins for antigen presentation as well as maintaining cellular homeostasis. Lysosomes are also important storage compartments for metal ions and nutrients. The integrity of lysosomal membrane is central to maintaining their normal function, but like other cellular membranes, lysosomal membrane is subject to damage mediated by reactive oxygen species. This results in spillage of lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasm, leading to proteolytic damage to cellular systems and organelles. Several forms of lysosomal dependent cell death have been identified in diseases. Examination of these events are important for finding treatment strategies relevant to cancer or neurodegenerative diseases as well as autoimmune deficiencies. In this review, we have examined the current literature on involvement of lysosomes in induction of programed cell death and have provided an extensive list of therapeutic approaches that can modulate cell death. Exploitation of these mechanisms can lead to novel therapies for cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandian Nagakannan
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Parisa Tabeshmehr
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Eftekhar Eftekharpour
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Spinal Cord Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Yadati T, Houben T, Bitorina A, Shiri-Sverdlov R. The Ins and Outs of Cathepsins: Physiological Function and Role in Disease Management. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071679. [PMID: 32668602 PMCID: PMC7407943 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins are the most abundant lysosomal proteases that are mainly found in acidic endo/lysosomal compartments where they play a vital role in intracellular protein degradation, energy metabolism, and immune responses among a host of other functions. The discovery that cathepsins are secreted and remain functionally active outside of the lysosome has caused a paradigm shift. Contemporary research has unraveled many versatile functions of cathepsins in extralysosomal locations including cytosol and extracellular space. Nevertheless, extracellular cathepsins are majorly upregulated in pathological states and are implicated in a wide range of diseases including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Taking advantage of the differential expression of the cathepsins during pathological conditions, much research is focused on using cathepsins as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. A tailored therapeutic approach using selective cathepsin inhibitors is constantly emerging to be safe and efficient. Moreover, recent development of proteomic-based approaches for the identification of novel physiological substrates offers a major opportunity to understand the mechanism of cathepsin action. In this review, we summarize the available evidence regarding the role of cathepsins in health and disease, discuss their potential as biomarkers of disease progression, and shed light on the potential of extracellular cathepsin inhibitors as safe therapeutic tools.
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Liu H, He Z, Germič N, Ademi H, Frangež Ž, Felser A, Peng S, Riether C, Djonov V, Nuoffer JM, Bovet C, Mlinarič-Raščan I, Zlobec I, Fiedler M, Perren A, Simon HU. ATG12 deficiency leads to tumor cell oncosis owing to diminished mitochondrial biogenesis and reduced cellular bioenergetics. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:1965-1980. [PMID: 31844253 PMCID: PMC7244572 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0476-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the "Warburg effect" or aerobic glycolysis earlier generalized as a phenomenon in cancer cells, more and more recent evidence indicates that functional mitochondria are pivotal for ensuring the energy supply of cancer cells. Here, we report that cancer cells with reduced autophagy-related protein 12 (ATG12) expression undergo an oncotic cell death, a phenotype distinct from that seen in ATG5-deficient cells described before. In addition, using untargeted metabolomics with ATG12-deficient cancer cells, we observed a global reduction in cellular bioenergetic pathways, such as β-oxidation (FAO), glycolysis, and tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, as well as a decrease in mitochondrial respiration as monitored with Seahorse experiments. Analyzing the biogenesis of mitochondria by quantifying mitochondrial DNA content together with several mitochondrion-localizing proteins indicated a reduction in mitochondrial biogenesis in ATG12-deficient cancer cells, which also showed reduced hexokinase II expression and the upregulation of uncoupling protein 2. ATG12, which we observed in normal cells to be partially localized in mitochondria, is upregulated in multiple types of solid tumors in comparison with normal tissues. Strikingly, mouse xenografts of ATG12-deficient cells grew significantly slower as compared with vector control cells. Collectively, our work has revealed a previously unreported role for ATG12 in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular energy metabolism and points up an essential role for mitochondria as a failsafe mechanism in the growth and survival of glycolysis-dependent cancer cells. Inducing oncosis by imposing an ATG12 deficiency in solid tumors might represent an anticancer therapy preferable to conventional caspase-dependent apoptosis that often leads to undesirable consequences, such as incomplete cancer cell killing and a silencing of the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Liu
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zhaoyue He
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nina Germič
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hyrijie Ademi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Živa Frangež
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Felser
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shuang Peng
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Riether
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Djonov
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Nuoffer
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Bovet
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Inti Zlobec
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Fiedler
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aurel Perren
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
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Salivary proteome signatures in the early and middle stages of human pregnancy with term birth outcome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8022. [PMID: 32415095 PMCID: PMC7229191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in humans proceed through a continuous change of biochemical and biophysical processes. It requires a constant interaction between the fetus and the maternal system. The present prospective study aims to elucidate changes in salivary proteome from the early to middle stages of term pregnancy, and establishing an expressional trajectory for modulated proteins. To date, a comprehensive characterization of the longitudinal salivary proteome in pregnancy has not been performed and it is our immediate interest. In the discovery phase, maternal saliva (N = 20) at 6–13, 18–21, and 26–29 weeks of gestation was analyzed using level-free proteomics (SWATH-MS) approach. The expression levels of 65 proteins were found to change significantly with gestational age and distributed into two distinct clusters with a unique expression trajectory. The results revealed that altered proteins are involved in maternal immune modulation, metabolism, and host defense mechanism. Further, verification of 12 proteins was employed using targeted mass spectrometry (MRM-MS) in a separate subset of saliva (N = 14). The MRM results of 12 selected proteins confirmed a similar expression pattern as in SWATH-MS analysis. Overall, the results not only demonstrate the longitudinal maternal saliva proteome for the first time but also set the groundwork for comparative analysis between term birth and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Boon L, Ugarte-Berzal E, Vandooren J, Opdenakker G. Protease propeptide structures, mechanisms of activation, and functions. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:111-165. [PMID: 32290726 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1742090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are a diverse group of hydrolytic enzymes, ranging from single-domain catalytic molecules to sophisticated multi-functional macromolecules. Human proteases are divided into five mechanistic classes: aspartate, cysteine, metallo, serine and threonine proteases, based on the catalytic mechanism of hydrolysis. As a protective mechanism against uncontrolled proteolysis, proteases are often produced and secreted as inactive precursors, called zymogens, containing inhibitory N-terminal propeptides. Protease propeptide structures vary considerably in length, ranging from dipeptides and propeptides of about 10 amino acids to complex multifunctional prodomains with hundreds of residues. Interestingly, sequence analysis of the different protease domains has demonstrated that propeptide sequences present higher heterogeneity compared with their catalytic domains. Therefore, we suggest that protease inhibition targeting propeptides might be more specific and have less off-target effects than classical inhibitors. The roles of propeptides, besides keeping protease latency, include correct folding of proteases, compartmentalization, liganding, and functional modulation. Changes in the propeptide sequence, thus, have a tremendous impact on the cognate enzymes. Small modifications of the propeptide sequences modulate the activity of the enzymes, which may be useful as a therapeutic strategy. This review provides an overview of known human proteases, with a focus on the role of their propeptides. We review propeptide functions, activation mechanisms, and possible therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Boon
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Estefania Ugarte-Berzal
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Vandooren
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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45
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Lysosomal peptidases in innate immune cells: implications for cancer immunity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 69:275-283. [PMID: 31813053 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins are lysosomal peptidases involved in intracellular protein catabolism as well as in various other physiological and pathological processes. Several members of the family, most notably cathepsins B, S, K and L, are frequently overexpressed in cancer and have been associated with remodeling of the proteins of the extracellular matrix, a process leading to tumor cell migration, invasion and metastasis. In addition, lysosomal cathepsins play a role in innate and adaptive immunity, regulation of antigen presentation, Toll-like receptor signaling, cytokine secretion, apoptosis, autophagy, differentiation, migration and cytotoxicity. In cancer, the cells of innate immunity, such as myeloid cells, are often subverted to the regulatory immunosuppressive phenotype. Most studies indicate that lysosomal cathepsins reinforce the pro-tumoral activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and tumor-associated macrophages as well as of neutrophils. On the other hand, in cytotoxic natural killer cells, tumor cells suppress lysosomal peptidases in their activation of perforin and granzymes, thus diminishing their killing ability. With multifaceted actions, lysosomal peptidases constitute an important regulatory mechanism for fine-tuning the anti-tumor immune response.
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46
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Rungelrath V, Kobayashi SD, DeLeo FR. Neutrophils in innate immunity and systems biology-level approaches. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 12:e1458. [PMID: 31218817 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of host defense against invading microorganisms. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs or neutrophils) are the most abundant leukocyte in humans and essential to the innate immune response against invading pathogens. Compared to the acquired immune response, which requires time to develop and is dependent on previous interaction with specific microbes, the ability of neutrophils to kill microorganisms is immediate, nonspecific, and not dependent on previous exposure to microorganisms. Historically, studies of PMN-pathogen interaction focused on the events leading to killing of microorganisms, such as recruitment/chemotaxis, transmigration, phagocytosis, and activation, whereas postphagocytosis sequelae were infrequently considered. In addition, it was widely accepted that human neutrophils possessed limited capacity for new gene transcription and thus, relatively little biosynthetic capacity. This notion has changed dramatically within the past 20 years. Further, there is now more effort directed to understand the events occurring in PMNs after killing of microbes. Herein, we give an updated review of the systems biology-level approaches that have been used to gain an enhanced view of the role of neutrophils during host-pathogen interaction and neutrophil-mediated diseases. We anticipate that these and future systems-level studies will continue to provide information important for understanding, treatment, and control of diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms. This article is categorized under: Physiology > Organismal Responses to Environment Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease Biological Mechanisms > Cell Fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Rungelrath
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Scott D Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Frank R DeLeo
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
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Profiling of local disease-sparing responses to bovine respiratory syncytial virus in intranasally vaccinated and challenged calves. J Proteomics 2019; 204:103397. [PMID: 31146050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bovine and human respiratory syncytial viruses (BRSV, HRSV) are primary causes of pneumonia in calves and children respectively, with vaccination offering protection via antibody and cellular immune responses. However, with no vaccines currently licensed for human use, evaluation of local responses to BRSV vaccination may provide insights to aid the design of effective safe HRSV vaccines. Calves received intranasal single component BRSV vaccine or "3-Way" vaccine (BRSV, Bovine Herpes Virus-1 (BHV-1), Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type-3 (BPIV-3)), and were BRSV-challenged 42 days post-vaccination. All vaccinates exhibited reduced pulmonary lesioning with elevated anti-BRSV serum IgG, and higher nasal anti-BRSV IgA in 3-Way vaccinates. Thirty-nine proteins associated with homeostatic and immune processes were altered in vaccinates, with enhanced 3-Way vaccinate group proteins associated with Th1/Th2 balance and immunoglobulin class switching. Proteins altered in the pharyngeal tonsil of animals euthanized early related to anti-inflammatory responses and lymphoid tissue remodeling. These findings indicate that multivalent vaccines distinctly modulate local immune responses, with clear correlation between the pharyngeal tonsil proteome profile and resulting immune protection and disease-sparing. This suggests that the efficacy of low-antigenic subunit vaccine components for problematic pathogens such as HRSV could be enhanced by use in combination with existing safe live vaccines. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that vaccine valency can alter post-challenge proteome responses within the pharyngeal tonsil, a sentinel site of primary immune responses, with the magnitude of response dependent on antigen formulation. Observed differential responses can be attributed to antigenic material and viral nucleic acid from multivalent formulations providing additional T-cell epitopes and PAMPS. These findings indicate that incorporation of subunits proteins within multivalent formulations containing live virus has the potential to induce/skew a favorable immune response, utilising the natural adjuvanting effects of safe proven live vaccines.
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48
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Orchestration of Adaptive T Cell Responses by Neutrophil Granule Contents. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:8968943. [PMID: 30983883 PMCID: PMC6431490 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8968943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in peripheral blood and respond rapidly to danger, infiltrating tissues within minutes of infectious or sterile injury. Neutrophils were long thought of as simple killers, but now we recognise them as responsive cells able to adapt to inflammation and orchestrate subsequent events with some sophistication. Here, we discuss how these rapid responders release mediators which influence later adaptive T cell immunity through influences on DC priming and directly on the T cells themselves. We consider how the release of granule contents by neutrophils—through NETosis or degranulation—is one way in which the innate immune system directs the phenotype of the adaptive immune response.
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49
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Differential antibacterial control by neutrophil subsets. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1344-1355. [PMID: 29895625 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017015578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils comprise a heterogeneous population of cells essential for bacterial eradication, and defects in neutrophil function are associated with increased susceptibility to infection. In this study, neutrophils from healthy controls were shown to prevent bacterial proliferation for at least 48 hours when cocultured with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in tissue-like scaffolds by establishing a bacteriostatic environment inside their phagolysosome. This intracellular bacterial containment is independent of reactive oxygen species because neutrophils that lack a functional nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase complex displayed no defect in intracellular bacterial containment, whereas killing of the pathogen was impaired. During acute inflammation, a subset of CD16bright/CD62Ldim hypersegmented neutrophils displayed normal phagocytosis associated with a remarkably poor capacity to contain bacteria intracellularly. Conversely, CD16dim-banded neutrophils were the only neutrophil subset that adequately contained MRSA. These findings demonstrate a clear neutrophil heterogeneity in their antimicrobial capacity and the appearance of neutrophil subsets with a clear differentiation in functionality during acute inflammation. Furthermore, this study provides an evolutionary basis for the rapid release of banded neutrophils into the circulation during acute inflammation.
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50
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Jacometo C, Alharthi A, Zhou Z, Luchini D, Loor J. Maternal supply of methionine during late pregnancy is associated with changes in immune function and abundance of microRNA and mRNA in Holstein calf polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8146-8158. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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