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Characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from stool specimens of diarrhea patients in Nantong, Jiangsu, China during 2018–2020. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273700. [PMID: 36018831 PMCID: PMC9416985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of acute seafood-associated gastroenteritis worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of virulence genes, biofilm formation, motor capacities and antimicrobial resistance profile of V. parahaemolyticus isolates isolated from clinical samples in Nantong during 2018–2020. Sixty-six V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from stool specimens of diarrheal patients were examined. The PCR results showed that there were two tdh+trh+ isolates, four tdh-trh- isolates and sixty tdh+trh- isolates, accounting for 3.0%, 6.1% and 90.9%, respectively. All the tdh carrying isolates manifested the positive reactions for the Kanagawa phenomenon (KP) test. Most of the isolates harbored at least one of the specific DNA markers of ‘pandemic group’ strains, suggesting that the dominant isolates of V. parahaemolyticus in Nantong might belong to the new O3: K6 or its serovariants. All tdh+ isolates possessed the Vp-PAI genes, but no tdh-trh- isolates carried the T3SS2 genes. All isolates were biofilm producers and had relatively strong motor capacities. In addition, the V. parahaemolyticus isolates were resistant to ampicillin (98.5%), cefuroxime (75.6%), cefepime (66.7%), piperacillin (59.1%) and ampicillin/sulbactam (50.0%), but sensitive to ciprofloxacin (100.0%), levofloxacin (100.0%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (98.5%), gentamicin (98.5%), amikacin (97%), meropenem (71.2%), and ceftazidime (56.1%). Multidrug-resistant isolates in clinical might be related to the inappropriate use of antimicrobials in aquaculture.
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2
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Recovery of Pasteurization-Resistant Vibrio parahaemolyticus from Seafoods Using a Modified, Two-Step Enrichment. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050764. [PMID: 35267397 PMCID: PMC8909376 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent Vibrio-parahaemolyticus-associated vibriosis cases, attributed, in part, to the inefficient techniques for detecting viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) Vibrio pathogens and the ingestion of undercooked seafood, is the leading cause of bacterial seafood-borne outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in the United States. The effect of extreme heat processing on Vibrio biology and its potential food safety implication has been underexplored. In the present work, environmental samples from the wet market, lagoon, and estuarine environments were analyzed for V. parahaemolyticus recovery using a modified, temperature-dependent, two-step enrichment method followed by culture-based isolation, phenotype, and genotype characterizations. The work recovered novel strains (30% of 12 isolates) of V. parahaemolyticus from prolonged-heat-processing conditions (80 °C, 20 min), as confirmed by 16S rDNA bacterial identification. Select strains, VHT1 and VHT2, were determined to be hemolysis- and urease-positive pathogens. PCR analyses of chromosomal DNA implicated the tdh-independent, tlh-associated hemolysis in these strains. Both strains exhibited significant, diverse antibiotic profiles (p < 0.05). Turbidimetric and viable count assays revealed the pasteurization-resistant V. parahaemolyticus VHT1/VHT2 (62 °C, 8 h). These findings disclose the efficiency of Vibrio extremist recovery by the modified, two-step enrichment technique and improve knowledge of Vibrio biology essential to food safety reformation.
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3
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Bauer J, Teitge F, Neffe L, Adamek M, Jung A, Peppler C, Steinhagen D, Jung-Schroers V. Impact of a reduced water salinity on the composition of Vibrio spp. in recirculating aquaculture systems for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and its possible risks for shrimp health and food safety. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:89-105. [PMID: 32971569 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tropical shrimp, like Litopenaeus vannamei, in land-based recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are often kept at low water salinities to reduce costs for artificial sea salt and the amount of salty wastewater. Although these shrimp are tolerant against low salinities, innate immunity suppression and changes in the microbial composition in the water can occur. As especially Vibrio spp. are relevant for shrimp health, alterations in the species composition of the Vibrio community were analysed in water from six RAS, run at 15‰ or 30‰. Additionally, pathogenicity factors including pirA/B, VPI, toxR, toxS, vhh, vfh, tdh, trh, flagellin genes and T6SS1/2 of V. parahaemolyticus were analysed. The Vibrio composition differed significantly depending on water salinity. In RAS at 15‰, higher numbers of the potentially pathogenic species V. parahaemolyticus, V. owensii and V. campbellii were detected, and especially in V. parahaemolyticus, various pathogenicity factors were present. A reduced salinity may therefore pose a higher risk of disease outbreaks in shrimp RAS. Because some of the detected pathogenicity factors are relevant for human health, this might also affect food safety. In order to produce healthy shrimp as a safe food for human consumption, maintaining high water salinities seems to be recommendable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bauer
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Teitge
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa Neffe
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arne Jung
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Jung-Schroers
- Fish Disease Research Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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4
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Chonsin K, Supha N, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y, Suthienkul O. Characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from clinically asymptomatic seafood workers. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 368:6035238. [PMID: 33320939 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) is a major cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in Thailand and other countries due to the consumption of contaminated and undercooked seafood. However, there have been few reports of the molecular epidemiology of VP isolates from asymptomatic seafood handlers. Here, we report the phenotypic and genetic characterization of 61 VP isolates obtained from asymptomatic workers in two seafood-processing plants. We found 24 O:K serotypes, of which O11:KUT, O1:KUT and O3:KUT were the dominant serotypes. Analysis by PCR showed that 12 isolates harbored either tdh or trh genes with the potential to be pathogenic VP strains. The presence of T3SS2α and T3SS2β genes was correlated with the presence of tdh and trh, respectively. Four tdh+ isolates were positive for pandemic marker. In this study, VP isolates were commonly resistant to ampicillin, cephazolin, fosfomycin and novobiocin. Phylogenetic analysis of VP1680 loci in 35 isolates from 17 asymptomatic workers, 6 gastroenteritis patients, 7 environmental samples and 5 genomes from a database showed 22 different alleles. Gene VP1680 was conserved in tdh+ isolates and pandemic strains, while that of trh + isolates was diverse. Asymptomatic workers carrying VP were the most likely source of contamination, which raises concerns over food safety in seafood-processing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaknokrat Chonsin
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Suratthani Rajabhat University, Surat Thani 84100, Thailand
| | - Neunghatai Supha
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0808, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0808, Japan
| | - Orasa Suthienkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Hossain MMM, Uddin MI, Islam H, Fardoush J, Rupom MAH, Hossain MM, Farjana N, Afroz R, Roy HS, Shehab MAS, Rahman MA. Diagnosis, genetic variations, virulence, and toxicity of AHPND-positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Penaeus monodon. AQUACULTURE INTERNATIONAL : JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN AQUACULTURE SOCIETY 2020; 28:2531-2546. [PMID: 33013009 PMCID: PMC7520379 DOI: 10.1007/s10499-020-00607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is an emerging shrimp (Penaeus monodon) disease caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) since 2013 in Bangladesh. The aim of this work was to evaluate a PCR and RT-PCR techniques as rapid methods for detecting V. parahaemolyticus AHPND-positive P. monodon using genetic markers. Healthy and diseased shrimp (P. monodon) samples were collected from three monitoring stations. The samples were enriched in TCBS plates and DNA extraction from the cultured bacteria. DNA quantifications, PCR amplification, RT-PCR, and gene sequencing were done for the detection of V. parahaemolyticus AHPND-positive P. monodon. The sequence of PCR amplicons showed 100% identity and significant alignment with V. parahaemolyticus. The primers used provided high specificity for V. parahaemolyticus in PCR detection compared with another Vibrio species. In the PCR, amplification resulted positive amplicons, whereas, non-AHPND isolates showed no amplicons. Neighbor-joining methods indicated that all genes evolved from a common ancestor and clades have different traits with very low genetic distance and low variability. The pairwise alignment scores of atpA, tox, blaCARB, 16S rRNA, and pirA genes were 100.0, 98.90, 98.89, 95.53, and 41.42, respectively. The RT-qPCR exposed variable expression levels for all genes in the AHPND-positive strain. Homology analysis and distance matrix exhibited all genes to have the lowest similarity and most divergence, offering the highest specificity. In this study, the expression and variability of target genes confirmed the presence of V. parahaemolyticus in all sampling sites. The results suggested that PCR amplification, RT-qPCR, and gene sequencing can be used for the rapid detection of V. parahaemolyticus in AHPND-positive P. monodon that may lead to subsequent prevention and treatment research in the future for managing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md. Imtiaz Uddin
- Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Habiba Islam
- Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Nawshin Farjana
- Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Rukaiya Afroz
- Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
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Lei S, Gu X, Xue W, Rong Z, Wang Z, Chen S, Zhong Q. A 4-plex Droplet Digital PCR Method for Simultaneous Quantification and Differentiation of Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus Based on Single Intact Cells. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1727. [PMID: 32903334 PMCID: PMC7434843 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a significant seafood-borne pathogen, leading to serious acute gastrointestinal diseases worldwide. In this study, a reliable 4-plex droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was successfully established and evaluated for the simultaneous detection of V. parahaemolyticus based on tlh, tdh, ureR, and orf8 in food samples using single intact cells. The targets tlh and ureR were labeled with 6-Carboxyfluorescein (FAM), and the targets tdh and orf8 were labeled with 5’-Hexachlorofluorescein (HEX). Due to reasonable proration of primers and probes corresponding into the two fluorescence channels of the ddPCR detecting platforms, the clearly separated 16 (24) clusters based on fluorescence amplitude were obtained. For better results, the sample hot lysis time and the cycle number were optimized. The results showed that the minimum number of “rain” and maximum fluorescence amplification were presented for precise detection in the condition of 25 min of the sample hot lysis time and 55 cycles. The sensitivity of this 4-plex ddPCR assay was 39 CFU/mL, which was in accordance with that of the conventional plate counting and was 10-fold sensitive than that of qPCR. In conclusion, the 4-plex ddPCR assay presented in this paper was a rapid, specific, sensitive, and accurate tool for the detection of V. parahaemolyticus including pandemic group strains and could be applied in the differentiation of V. parahaemolyticus in a wide variety of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaokui Gu
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Shunde Innovative Design Institute, Foshan, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhangquan Rong
- Guangdong Shunde Innovative Design Institute, Foshan, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Guangdong Shunde Innovative Design Institute, Foshan, China
| | - Song Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Lei S, Gu X, Zhong Q, Duan L, Zhou A. Absolute quantification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by multiplex droplet digital PCR for simultaneous detection of tlh, tdh and ureR based on single intact cell. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Kongrueng J, Srinitiwarawong K, Nishibuchi M, Mittraparp-Arthorn P, Vuddhakul V. Characterization and CRISPR-based genotyping of clinical trh-positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Gut Pathog 2018; 10:48. [PMID: 30459849 PMCID: PMC6233571 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-018-0275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a causative agent of gastroenteritis. Most of the clinical isolates carry either tdh and/or trh genes which are considered as the major virulence genes of this pathogen. In this study, the clinical isolates of V. parahaemolyticus carrying trh gene (n = 73) obtained from 1886 to 2012 from various countries were investigated for the urease production, haemolytic activity, and biofilm formation. In addition, the potential of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based genotyping among these isolates was investigated. Results In this study, no significant differences were observed in the urease production between tdh + trh1+ and tdh + trh2+ isolates (p = 0.063) and between the tdh - trh1+ and tdh - trh2+ isolates (p = 0.788). The isolates carrying only the trh gene showed variation in their haemolytic activity. The ratio of urease production and haemolytic activity between the trh1+ and trh2+ isolates and biofilm formation of trh + V. parahaemolyticus isolates were not significantly different. Sixteen of thirty-four tested isolates (47.0%) of trh + V. parahaemolyticus were positive for CRISPR detection. The discriminatory power index (DI) of CRISPR-virulence typing was higher than the DI obtained by CRISPR typing alone. Conclusion The tdh and trh genes were not involved in urease production in the trh + V. parahaemolyticus, and variation of haemolytic activity detected in V. parahaemolyticus carrying only the trh gene might be correlated to the sequence variation within trh1 and trh2 genes. Additionally, biofilm production of V. parahaemolyticus was not associated with harboring of virulence genes. For genotyping, CRISPR sequences combined with virulence genes can be used as genetic markers to differentiate trh + V. parahaemolyticus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jetnapang Kongrueng
- 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Kanchana Srinitiwarawong
- 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | | | | | - Varaporn Vuddhakul
- 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
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9
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Niu B, Hong B, Zhang Z, Mu L, Malakar PK, Liu H, Pan Y, Zhao Y. A Novel qPCR Method for Simultaneous Detection and Quantification of Viable Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus ( tlh+ , tdh+ , and ureR + ). Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1747. [PMID: 30116230 PMCID: PMC6083054 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic and non-pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains were simultaneously detected and quantified using a novel viable multiplex real-time PCR (novel qPCR). We used a new PCR primer and probe, ureR, as a surrogate for detection of the toxin trh gene as the primer was better at identifying variant V. parahaemolyticus trh strains. The specificity of all primers and probes used in this study were validated on three standard strains of V. parahaemolyticus, 42 clinical strains, 12 wild strains, 4 strains of Vibrio spp., and 4 strains of other bacteria. Then, propidium monoazide (PMA) was applied to inhibit DNA of dead cell, and the results of PMA optimized treatments were 15 μM concentration, 5 min incubation periods, 15 min light exposure periods and 30 RPM rotational speed, which resulted in time and cost savings. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains were quantified using a two-reaction tube method where the tlh, tdh, and ureR genes were amplified. Additionally, standard curves with a 7-log dynamic range were generated for quantifying viable V. parahaemolyticus and the amplification efficiencies were 108.68, 105.17, and 115.61% for tlh+, tdh+, and ureR+. This novel qPCR accurately monitored V. parahaemolyticus contamination rates in shrimps (Penaeus vannamei) and clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) sampled from retail stores located in a major district in Shanghai. In conclusion, our assay can prioritize the detection and quantification of viable pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus and can prove to be a more effective tool for reducing infection risks from consumption of seafood in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Niu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Hong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaohuan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Mu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pradeep K Malakar
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiquan Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Food Thermal-processing Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
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10
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Ghenem L, Elhadi N. Isolation, molecular characterization, and antibiotic resistance patterns of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from coastal water in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2018; 16:57-69. [PMID: 29424719 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative halophilic marine microbe that causes gastroenteritis, wound infections, and septicemia in humans. Since the emergence of the pandemic clone O3:K6, V. parahaemolyticus has become a globally well-known pathogen. In this study, 375 seawater samples collected from the Eastern coast of Saudi Arabia were tested for the presence of V. parahaemolyticus. Three hundred and forty samples were determined positive for V. parahaemolyticus using traditional microbiological techniques. The genes toxR and tlh were detected via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 41 isolates from 23 samples (6%). Thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin (tdh) are the most common virulence genes associated with V. parahaemolyticus. As such, four isolates were tdh+ (1%) and another four were trh+ (1%). No evidence of pandemic clones was detected using group-specific PCR (GS-PCR). Samples were tested for antibiotic susceptibility against 28 agents. The vast majority of samples exhibited high resistance to carbenicillin (98%), ampicillin (88%), and cephalothin (76%). The multiple antibiotics resistance index was >0.2 for 35% of the isolates. The results of this study confirm the presence of V. parahaemolyticus in the Eastern coast of Saudi Arabia. This is the first report of tdh+ and trh+ isolates from this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Ghenem
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 2435, Dammam 31441, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia E-mail:
| | - Nasreldin Elhadi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 2435, Dammam 31441, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia E-mail:
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11
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Tan CW, Malcolm TTH, Kuan CH, Thung TY, Chang WS, Loo YY, Premarathne JMKJK, Ramzi OB, Norshafawatie MFS, Yusralimuna N, Rukayadi Y, Nakaguchi Y, Nishibuchi M, Radu S. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Short Mackerels ( Rastrelliger brachysoma) in Malaysia. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1087. [PMID: 28659901 PMCID: PMC5468395 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous prevalence studies and outbreaks of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection have been extensively reported in shellfish and crustaceans. Information on the quantitative detection of V. parahaemolyticus in finfish species is limited. In this study, short mackerels (Rastrelliger brachysoma) obtained from different retail marketplaces were monitored with the presence of total and pathogenic strains of V. parahaemolyticus. Out of 130 short mackerel samples, 116 (89.2%) were detected with the presence of total V. parahaemolyticus and microbial loads of total V. parahaemolyticus ranging from <3 to >105 MPN/g. Prevalence of total V. parahaemolyticus was found highest in wet markets (95.2%) followed by minimarkets (89.1%) and hypermarkets (83.3%). Pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus strains (tdh+ and/or trh+) were detected in 16.2% (21 of 130) of short mackerel samples. The density of tdh+ V. parahaemolyticus strains were examined ranging from 3.6 to >105 MPN/g and microbial loads of V. parahaemolyticus strains positive for both tdh and trh were found ranging from 300 to 740 MPN/g. On the other hand, antibiotic susceptibility profiles of V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from short mackerels were determined through disc diffusion method in this study. Assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility profile of V. parahaemolyticus revealed majority of the isolates were highly susceptible to ampicillin sulbactam, meropenem, ceftazidime, and imipenem, but resistant to penicillin G and ampicillin. Two isolates (2.99%) exhibited the highest multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index value of 0.41 which shown resistance to 7 antibiotics. Results of the present study demonstrated that the occurrence of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus strains in short mackerels and multidrug resistance of V. parahaemolyticus isolates could be a potential public health concerns to the consumer. Furthermore, prevalence data attained from the current study can be further used to develop a microbial risk assessment model to estimate health risks associated with the consumption of short mackerels contaminated with pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia W Tan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSelangor, Malaysia
| | - Tan T H Malcolm
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSelangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee H Kuan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSelangor, Malaysia
| | - Tze Y Thung
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSelangor, Malaysia
| | - Wei S Chang
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSelangor, Malaysia
| | - Yuet Y Loo
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSelangor, Malaysia
| | - Jayasekara M K J K Premarathne
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSelangor, Malaysia.,Department of Livestock and Avian Science, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries and Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri LankaMakandura, Sri Lanka
| | - Othman B Ramzi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSelangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd F S Norshafawatie
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSelangor, Malaysia
| | - Nordin Yusralimuna
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSelangor, Malaysia
| | - Yaya Rukayadi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSelangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Mitsuaki Nishibuchi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSelangor, Malaysia
| | - Son Radu
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSelangor, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra MalaysiaSelangor, Malaysia
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12
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Terzi Gulel G, Martinez-Urtaza J. Molecular characterizations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus
in seafood from the Black Sea, Turkey. Lett Appl Microbiol 2016; 62:494-500. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Terzi Gulel
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ondokuz Mayis University; Samsun Turkey
| | - J. Martinez-Urtaza
- The Milner Center for Evolution; Department of Biology and Biochemistry; University of Bath; Bath UK
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13
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Nilsson WB, Turner JW. The thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin (trh) gene of Vibrio parahaemolyticus: Sequence variation and implications for detection and function. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 126:1-7. [PMID: 27094247 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading cause of bacterial food-related illness associated with the consumption of undercooked seafood. Only a small subset of strains is pathogenic. Most clinical strains encode for the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and/or the TDH-related hemolysin (TRH). In this work, we amplify and sequence the trh gene from over 80 trh+strains of this bacterium and identify thirteen genetically distinct alleles, most of which have not been deposited in GenBank previously. Sequence data was used to design new primers for more reliable detection of trh by endpoint PCR. We also designed a new quantitative PCR assay to target a more conserved gene that is genetically-linked to trh. This gene, ureR, encodes the transcriptional regulator for the urease gene cluster immediately upstream of trh. We propose that this ureR assay can be a useful screening tool as a surrogate for direct detection of trh that circumvents challenges associated with trh sequence variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Nilsson
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
| | - Jeffrey W Turner
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
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Chonsin K, Matsuda S, Theethakaew C, Kodama T, Junjhon J, Suzuki Y, Suthienkul O, Iida T. Genetic diversity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from farmed Pacific white shrimp and ambient pond water affected by acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease outbreak in Thailand. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 363:fnv222. [PMID: 26590959 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is an emerging shrimp disease that causes massive die-offs in farmed shrimps. Recent outbreaks of AHPND in Asia have been causing great losses for shrimp culture and have become a serious socioeconomic problem. The causative agent of AHPND is Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which is typically known to cause food-borne gastroenteritis in humans. However, there have been few reports of the epidemiology of V. parahaemolyticus AHPND strains, and the genetic relationship among AHPND strains is unclear. Here, we report the genetic characterization of V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from AHPND outbreaks in Thailand. We found eight isolates from AHPND-suspected shrimps and pond water that were positive for AHPND markers AP1 and AP2. PCR analysis confirmed that none of these eight AP-positive AHPND strains possesses the genes for the conventional virulence factors affecting to humans, such as thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH), TDH-related hemolysin (TRH) and type III secretion system 2. Phylogenetic analysis by multilocus sequence typing showed that the AHPND strains are genetically diverse, suggesting that AHPND strains were not derived from a single genetic lineage. Our study represents the first report of molecular epidemiology of AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus strains using multilocus sequence typing, and provides an insight into their evolutionary mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaknokrat Chonsin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Shigeaki Matsuda
- Department of Bacterial Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chonchanok Theethakaew
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Toshio Kodama
- Department of Bacterial Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jiraphan Junjhon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Orasa Suthienkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand Center of Ecohealth Education and Research, Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Rangsit Center, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
| | - Tetsuya Iida
- Department of Bacterial Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Alaboudi AR, Ababneh M, Osaili TM, Shloul KA. Detection, Identification, and Prevalence of PathogenicVibrio parahaemolyticusin Fish and Coastal Environment in Jordan. J Food Sci 2015; 81:M130-4. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akram R. Alaboudi
- Dept. of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Jordan Univ. of Science and Technology; P.O. Box (3030) Irbid 22110 Jordan
| | - Mustafa Ababneh
- Dept. of Basic Medical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan Univ. of Science and Technology; P.O. Box (3030) Irbid 22110 Jordan
| | - Tareq M. Osaili
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Technology; Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan Univ. of Science and Technology; P.O. Box (3030) Irbid 22110 Jordan
| | - Khalaf Al Shloul
- Dept. of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Jordan Univ. of Science and Technology; P.O. Box (3030) Irbid 22110 Jordan
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Phylogenetic and in silico functional analyses of thermostable-direct hemolysin and tdh-related encoding genes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus and other Gram-negative bacteria. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:576528. [PMID: 25114910 PMCID: PMC4119642 DOI: 10.1155/2014/576528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Emergence and spread of pandemic strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus have drawn attention to make detailed study on their genomes. The pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus has been associated with thermostable-direct hemolysin (TDH) and/or TDH-related hemolysin (TRH). The present study evaluated characteristics of tdh and trh genes, considering the phylogenetic and in silico functional features of V. parahaemolyticus and other bacteria. Fifty-two tdh and trh genes submitted to the GenBank were analyzed for sequence similarity. The promoter sequences of these genes were also analyzed from transcription start point to -35 regions and correlated with amino acid substitution within the coding regions. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that tdh and trh are highly distinct and also differ within the V. parahaemolyticus strains that were isolated from different geographical regions. Promoter sequence analysis revealed nucleotide substitutions and deletions at -18 and -19 positions among the pandemic, prepandemic, and nonpandemic tdh sequences. Many amino acid substitutions were also found within the signal peptide and also in the matured protein region of several TDH proteins as compared to TDH-S protein of pandemic V. parahaemolyticus. Experimental evidences are needed to recognize the importance of substitutions and deletions in the tdh and trh genes.
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Ramos RJ, Miotto LA, Miotto M, Silveira Junior N, Cirolini A, Silva HSD, Rodrigues DDP, Vieira CRW. Occurrence of potentially pathogenic Vibrio in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and waters from bivalve mollusk cultivations in the South Bay of Santa Catarina. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 47:327-33. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0069-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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18
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Haley BJ, Kokashvili T, Tskshvediani A, Janelidze N, Mitaishvili N, Grim CJ, Constantin de Magny G, Chen AJ, Taviani E, Eliashvili T, Tediashvili M, Whitehouse CA, Colwell RR, Huq A. Molecular diversity and predictability of Vibrio parahaemolyticus along the Georgian coastal zone of the Black Sea. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:45. [PMID: 24575085 PMCID: PMC3918589 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading cause of seafood-related gastroenteritis and is also an autochthonous member of marine and estuarine environments worldwide. One-hundred seventy strains of V. parahaemolyticus were isolated from water and plankton samples collected along the Georgian coast of the Black Sea during 28 months of sample collection. All isolated strains were tested for presence of tlh, trh, and tdh. A subset of strains were serotyped and tested for additional factors and markers of pandemicity. Twenty-six serotypes, five of which are clinically relevant, were identified. Although all 170 isolates were negative for tdh, trh, and the Kanagawa Phenomenon, 7 possessed the GS-PCR sequence and 27 the 850 bp sequence of V. parahaemolyticus pandemic strains. The V. parahaemolyticus population in the Black Sea was estimated to be genomically heterogeneous by rep-PCR and the serodiversity observed did not correlate with rep-PCR genomic diversity. Statistical modeling was used to predict presence of V. parahaemolyticus as a function of water temperature, with strongest concordance observed for Green Cape site samples (Percent of total variance = 70, P < 0.001). Results demonstrate a diverse population of V. parahaemolyticus in the Black Sea, some of which carry pandemic markers, with increased water temperature correlated to an increase in abundance of V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradd J Haley
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tamar Kokashvili
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ana Tskshvediani
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nino Janelidze
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nino Mitaishvili
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Christopher J Grim
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA ; University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Sciences, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Arlene J Chen
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
| | - Elisa Taviani
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tamar Eliashvili
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Marina Tediashvili
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Chris A Whitehouse
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Rita R Colwell
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA ; University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Sciences, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA ; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA ; CosmosID™ College Park, MD, USA
| | - Anwar Huq
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA ; School of Public Health, Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
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Prompamorn P, Longyant S, Pengsuk C, Sithigorngul P, Chaivisuthangkura P. Rapid identification and differentiation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from Vibrio spp. in seafood samples using developed monoclonal antibodies. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 29:721-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Genetic diversity of clinical and environmental Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from the Pacific Northwest. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:8631-8. [PMID: 23042162 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01531-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1997, cases of Vibrio parahaemolyticus-related gastroenteritis from the consumption of raw oysters harvested in Washington State have been higher than historical levels. These cases have shown little or no correlation with concentrations of potentially pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus (positive for the thermostable direct hemolysin gene, tdh) in oysters, although significant concentrations of tdh(+) V. parahaemolyticus strains were isolated from shellfish-growing areas in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). We compared clinical and environmental strains isolated from the PNW to those from other geographic regions within the United States and Asia for the presence of virulence-associated genes, including the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh), the thermostable-related hemolysin (trh), urease (ureR), the pandemic group specific markers orf8 and toxRS, and genes encoding both type 3 secretion systems (T3SS1 and T3SS2). The majority of clinical strains from the PNW were positive for tdh, trh, and ureR genes, while a significant proportion of environmental isolates were tdh(+) but trh negative. Hierarchical clustering grouped the majority of these clinical isolates into a cluster distinct from that including the pandemic strain RIMD2210633, clinical isolates from other geographical regions, and tdh(+), trh-negative environmental isolates from the PNW. We detected T3SS2-related genes (T3SS2β) in environmental strains that were tdh and trh negative. The presence of significant concentrations of tdh(+), trh-negative environmental strains in the PNW that have not been responsible for illness and T3SS2β in tdh- and trh-negative strains emphasizes the diversity in this species and the need to identify additional virulence markers for this bacterium to improve risk assessment tools for the detection of this pathogen.
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Rosec JP, Causse V, Cruz B, Rauzier J, Carnat L. The international standard ISO/TS 21872-1 to study the occurence of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae in seafood: ITS improvement by use of a chromogenic medium and PCR. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 157:189-94. [PMID: 22682545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During two surveys conducted in 2008 and 2009, the culture method described in the international standard ISO/TS 21872-1 was applied to the detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae in 112 living bivalve mollusc samples, with a chromogenic medium used in addition to the TCBS agar, as second selective isolation medium and for enumeration of V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae by surface inoculation. A PCR method for detection of these 2 Vibrio species and the hemolysin genes tdh and trh, was applied in parallel. In 2009, the survey was extended to finfish fillets and crustaceans. PCR was also used for species confirmation of characteristic colonies. The identity of the PCR products, specifically targeting V. parahaemolyticus, was checked by sequencing. Occurrence of V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae isolates in living bivalve molluscs ranged from 30.4% to 32.6% and from 1.4% to 4.7% respectively. In frozen crustaceans (2009 survey) V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae isolates were respectively found in 45% and 10% of the samples. No V. parahaemolyticus or V. cholerae was detected in frozen fish fillets, neither by the ISO method nor by PCR. In 2009, enteropathogenic V. parahaemolyticus (trh+) was isolated from 4 out of 43 oyster samples while the trh gene was present in V. alginolyticus strains and in samples where V. parahaemolyticus was not detected (9 over 112 samples). The ISO method failed to isolate V. parahaemolyticus in 44% to 53% of the living bivalve molluscs where PCR detected the toxR gene specific of V. parahaemolyticus (Vp-toxR). Our results highlighted the need for a revision of the ISO/TS 21872-1 standard, at least, for analysis of living bivalve molluscs, and confirmed the increasing concern of enteropathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in French bivalve molluscs. Enrichment at 41.5°C was questioned and some reliable solutions for the improvement of the ISO/TS 21872-1 method, such as the PCR method for screening of positive samples and confirmation of colonies, were pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Rosec
- Service Commun des Laboratoires-Laboratoire de Montpellier-Unité Biologie, Montpellier, France.
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Biochemical, serological, and virulence characterization of clinical and oyster Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:2343-52. [PMID: 22535979 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00196-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 77 clinical and 67 oyster Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from North America were examined for biochemical profiles, serotype, and the presence of potential virulence factors (tdh, trh, and type III secretion system [T3SS] genes). All isolates were positive for oxidase, indole, and glucose fermentation, consistent with previous reports. The isolates represented 35 different serotypes, 9 of which were shared by clinical and oyster isolates. Serotypes associated with pandemic strains (O1:KUT, O1:K25, O3:K6, and O4:K68) were observed for clinical isolates, and 7 (9%) oyster isolates belonged to serotype O1:KUT. Of the clinical isolates, 27% were negative for tdh and trh, while 45% contained both genes. Oyster isolates were preferentially selected for the presence of tdh and/or trh; 34% contained both genes, 42% had trh but not tdh, and 3% had tdh but not trh. All but 1 isolate (143/144) had at least three of the four T3SS1 genes examined. The isolates lacking both tdh and trh contained no T3SS2α or T3SS2β genes. All clinical isolates positive for tdh and negative for trh possessed all T3SS2α genes, and all isolates negative for tdh and positive for trh possessed all T3SS2β genes. The two oyster isolates containing tdh but not trh possessed all but the vopB2 gene of T3SS2α, as reported previously. In contrast to the findings of previous studies, all strains examined that were positive for both tdh and trh also carried T3SS2β genes. This report identifies the serotype as the most distinguishing feature between clinical and oyster isolates. Our findings raise concerns about the reliability of the tdh, trh, and T3SS genes as virulence markers and highlight the need for more-detailed pathogenicity investigations of V. parahaemolyticus.
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Vieira RHSF, Costa RA, Menezes FGR, Silva GC, Theophilo GND, Rodrigues DP, Maggioni R. Kanagawa-Negative, tdh- and trh-Positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Fresh Oysters Marketed in Fortaleza, Brazil. Curr Microbiol 2011; 63:126-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-9945-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Prompamorn P, Sithigorngul P, Rukpratanporn S, Longyant S, Sridulyakul P, Chaivisuthangkura P. The development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with lateral flow dipstick for detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 52:344-51. [PMID: 21244453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The current study was aimed to develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) combined with amplicon detection by chromatographic lateral flow dipstick (LFD) assay for rapid and specific detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. METHODS AND RESULTS Biotinylated LAMP amplicons were produced by a set of four designed primers that recognized specifically the V. parahaemolyticus thermolabile haemolysin (tlh) gene followed by hybridization with an FITC-labelled probe and LFD detection. The optimized time and temperature conditions for the LAMP assay were 90 min at 65 °C. The LAMP-LFD method accurately identified 28 isolates of V. parahaemolyticus but did not detect 24 non-parahaemolyticus Vibrio isolates and 35 non-Vibrio bacterial isolates. The sensitivity of LAMP-LFD for V. parahaemolyticus detection in pure cultures was 120 CFU ml⁻¹. In the case of spiked shrimp samples without enrichment, the detection limit for V. parahaemolyticus was 1·8 x 10³ CFU g⁻¹ or equivalent to 3 CFU per reaction while that of conventional PCR was 30 CFU per reaction. CONCLUSIONS The established LAMP-LFD assay targeting tlh gene was specific, rapid and sensitive for identification of V. parahaemolyticus. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The developed LAMP-LFD assay provided a valuable tool for detection of V. parahaemolyticus and can be used effectively for identification of V. parahaemolyticus in contaminated food sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Prompamorn
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
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25
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Raghunath P, Maiti B, Shekar M, Karunasagar I, Karunasagar I. Clinical isolates of Aeromonas veronii biovar veronii harbor a nonfunctional gene similar to the thermostable direct hemolysin-related hemolysin (trh) gene of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 307:151-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.01974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Serogroup, virulence, and genetic traits of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the estuarine ecosystem of Bangladesh. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:6268-74. [PMID: 19684167 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00266-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-two strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were isolated from Bay of Bengal estuaries and, with two clinical strains, analyzed for virulence, phenotypic, and molecular traits. Serological analysis indicated O8, O3, O1, and K21 to be the major O and K serogroups, respectively, and O8:K21, O1:KUT, and O3:KUT to be predominant. The K antigen(s) was untypeable, and pandemic serogroup O3:K6 was not detected. The presence of genes toxR and tlh were confirmed by PCR in all but two strains, which also lacked toxR. A total of 18 (41%) strains possessed the virulence gene encoding thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH), and one had the TDH-related hemolysin (trh) gene, but not tdh. Ten (23%) strains exhibited Kanagawa phenomenon that surrogates virulence, of which six, including the two clinical strains, possessed tdh. Of the 18 tdh-positive strains, 17 (94%), including the two clinical strains, had the seromarker O8:K21, one was O9:KUT, and the single trh-positive strain was O1:KUT. None had the group-specific or ORF8 pandemic marker gene. DNA fingerprinting employing pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of SfiI-digested DNA and cluster analysis showed divergence among the strains. Dendrograms constructed using PFGE (SfiI) images from a soft database, including those of pandemic and nonpandemic strains of diverse geographic origin, however, showed that local strains formed a cluster, i.e., "clonal cluster," as did pandemic strains of diverse origin. The demonstrated prevalence of tdh-positive and diarrheagenic serogroup O8:K21 strains in coastal villages of Bangladesh indicates a significant human health risk for inhabitants.
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27
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Chakraborty RD, Surendran PK. Incidence and Molecular Typing ofVibrio parahaemolyticusfrom Tiger Shrimp Culture Environments along the Southwest Coast of India. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08905430903107108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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28
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Rosec JP, Simon M, Causse V, Boudjemaa M. Detection of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellfish: Comparison of PCR protocols using pR72H or toxR targets with a culture method. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 129:136-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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30
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Vongxay K, Pan Z, Zhang X, Wang S, Cheng S, Mei L, Xu C, Fang W. Occurrence of Pandemic Clones ofVibrio parahaemolyticusIsolates from Seafood and Clinical Samples in a Chinese Coastal Province. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2008; 5:127-34. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2007.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Khamphouth Vongxay
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Luang Prabang Agriculture and Forestry College, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Zijiang Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Zhejiang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of the People's Republic of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuna Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Suyun Cheng
- Microbiology Laboratory, Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingling Mei
- Microbiology Laboratory, Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Comparative genomic analysis using microarray demonstrates a strong correlation between the presence of the 80-kilobase pathogenicity island and pathogenicity in Kanagawa phenomenon-positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains. Infect Immun 2008; 76:1016-23. [PMID: 18195030 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01535-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative marine bacterium. A limited population of the organisms causes acute gastroenteritis in humans. Almost all of the clinical V. parahaemolyticus isolates exhibit beta-type hemolysis on Wagatsuma agar, known as the Kanagawa phenomenon (KP). KP is induced by the thermostable direct hemolysin produced by the organism and has been considered a crucial marker to distinguish pathogenic strains from nonpathogenic ones. Since 1996, so-called "pandemic clones," the majority of which belong to serotype O3:K6, have caused worldwide outbreaks of gastroenteritis. In this study, we used a DNA microarray constructed based on the genome sequence of a pandemic V. parahaemolyticus strain, RIMD2210633, to examine the genomic composition of 22 strains of V. parahaemolyticus, including both pathogenic (pandemic and nonpandemic) and nonpathogenic strains. More than 86% of the RIMD2210633 genes were conserved in all of the strains tested. Many variably present genes formed gene clusters on the genome of RIMD2210633 and were probably acquired through lateral gene transfer. At least 65 genes over 11 loci were specifically present in the pandemic strains compared with any of the nonpandemic strains, suggesting that the difference between pandemic and nonpandemic strains is not due to a simple genetic event. Only the genes in the 80-kb pathogenicity island (Vp-PAI) on chromosome II, including two tdh genes and a set of genes for the type III secretion system, were detected only in the KP-positive pathogenic strains. These results strongly suggest that acquisition of this Vp-PAI was crucial for the emergence of V. parahaemolyticus strains that are pathogenic for humans.
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Masini L, De Grandis G, Principi F, Mengarelli C, Ottaviani D. Research and characterization of pathogenic vibrios from bathing water along the Conero Riviera (Central Italy). WATER RESEARCH 2007; 41:4031-40. [PMID: 17619048 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and pathogenicity of vibrios in bathing water were investigated along the Conero Riviera (Adriatic Sea, Central Italy). Vibrio spp. enumeration was performed on thiosulfate-citrate-bile-salts-sucrose-agar by the membrane filter method, and identification was done through a biochemical protocol. All isolates were tested for the presence of cytotoxicity, protease, lipase, elastase, gelatinase, urease, haemolytic activity, ctx, tdh and trh genes by conventional methods. In all, 200 vibrios were isolated from 132 samples that were analysed. Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio alginolyticus were the species most frequently recovered. All strains were cytotoxic and some of them showed protease, gelatinase, lipase, elastase, urease and haemolytic activity. One isolate of V. alginolyticus and one of V. harveyi had the trh gene, while another strain of V. harveyi and one of Vibrio parahaemolyticus had the ctx gene. These results demonstrate the presence of potentially pathogenic vibrios in the Conero Riviera and the risk of infection due to bathing water exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Masini
- Italian Reference Center for Microbiological and Chemical Control on Shellfish--State Veterinary Institute for Umbria and the Marches (IZSUM), Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
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Raghunath P, Pradeep B, Karunasagar I, Karunasagar I. Rapid detection and enumeration of trh-carrying Vibrio parahaemolyticus with the alkaline phosphatase-labelled oligonucleotide probe. Environ Microbiol 2007; 9:266-70. [PMID: 17227431 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An alkaline phosphatase (AP)-labelled oligonucleotide probe was developed to detect and enumerate trh(+)Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood. The probe was evaluated using 40 isolates of V. parahaemolyticus, 45 isolates of other vibrios and 55 non-vibrio isolates. The probe reacted specifically with V. parahaemolyticus possessing either the trh1 or trh2 variant of the trh gene and was found to be 100% specific for trh(+)V. parahaemolyticus. Using the trh probe, V. parahaemolyticus carrying trh gene was targeted in 34 seafood samples by direct plating and colony hybridization procedure. The trh(+)V. parahaemolyticus could be detected in five of 34 (14.7%) samples and the levels ranged from 5.0 x 10(2) to 3.4 x 10(3) cfu g(-1). Colonies of trh(+)V.parahaemolyticus were isolated from the five positive samples. Forty seafood samples were analysed for trh(+)V. parahaemolyticus by colony hybridization following enrichment in alkaline peptone water. 16 samples (40%) were positive for trh gene and trh(+)V. parahaemolyticus was isolated from 15 samples (37.5%). To assess the sensitivity of the trh probe, seafood homogenates spiked with known concentrations of trh-positive V. parahaemolyticus were plated and hybridized. Counts obtained using the probe were similar to those of inocula. The results suggest that the AP-labelled trh probe is useful for the detection and enumeration of trh(+)V. parahaemolyticus in seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pendru Raghunath
- Department of Fishery Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, College of Fisheries, Mangalore-575 002, India
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Serichantalergs O, Bhuiyan NA, Nair GB, Chivaratanond O, Srijan A, Bodhidatta L, Anuras S, Mason CJ. The dominance of pandemic serovars of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in expatriates and sporadic cases of diarrhoea in Thailand, and a new emergent serovar (O3 : K46) with pandemic traits. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:608-613. [PMID: 17446282 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. A total of 95 V. parahaemolyticus isolates belonging to 23 different serovars were identified in a case–control study of expatriates and Thai adults from 2001 to 2002 in Thailand. Fifty-two per cent of isolates (49/95) were resistant to ampicillin and sulfisoxazole, but all isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, two antibiotics commonly used to treat traveller’s diarrhoea. All isolates were positive for the species-specific toxR gene, and 91 and 5 were positive for the thermostable direct haemolysin (tdh) gene and the tdh-related (trh) gene, respectively. Sixty-five isolates were assigned to the pandemic group of V. parahaemolyticus by a group-specific PCR and the presence of the orf8 gene. The pandemic isolates belonged to three recognized serovars (O3 : K6, O1 : K25, O1 : KUT) and a new serovar, O3 : K46. This new serovar harboured pandemic traits. PFGE analysis revealed that all pandemic isolates including serovar O3 : K46 were closely related and clearly distinct from the non-pandemic isolates. In summary, three well-known serovars of pandemic V. parahaemolyticus isolates were identified as a major cause of diarrhoea in Thailand and a new V. parahaemolyticus isolate, serovar O3 : K46, with pandemic traits was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nurul Amin Bhuiyan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (ICDDR,B), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | - Orapan Chivaratanond
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Apichai Srijan
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Ladaporn Bodhidatta
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sinn Anuras
- Bumrungrad Hospital, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Carl J Mason
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Fuenzalida L, Armijo L, Zabala B, Hernández C, Rioseco ML, Riquelme C, Espejo RT. Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated during investigation of the summer 2006 seafood related diarrhea outbreaks in two regions of Chile. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 117:270-5. [PMID: 17521760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nine hundred cases of seafood related diarrhea were reported in the region of Puerto Montt, Chile during the austral summer of 2006. This is the continuation of the large outbreaks associated with the consumption of seafood containing the Vibrio parahaemolyticus serovar O3:K6 pandemic clonal group that arose last decade in Chile. The initial outbreaks occurred during the summer of 1998 in Antofagasta (23 degrees 39'S 70 degrees 24'W). Subsequently, outbreaks there were rare, but since 2004 outbreaks have been frequent farther south in Puerto Montt (41 degrees 29'S 72 degrees 24'W). The large outbreaks in Puerto Montt and their rarity in Antofagasta is atypical because the seawater temperature at Puerto Montt is 5 degrees C lower than at Antofagasta and the presence of V. parahaemolyticus in seafood has been associated with higher water temperatures. To better understand the role of seafood in outbreak occurrences in these regions, we analyzed the V. parahaemolyticus populations in clinical cases and shellfish from Puerto Montt during diarrhea outbreaks in 2006 and in shellfish from Antofagasta, where no cases were observed. Enrichment culture from shellfish yielded no V. parahaemolyticus from samples from the north, but its presence was detected in 80% of the samples from the south. Grouping of the V. parahaemolyticus isolates by the fragment restriction pattern of their DNA showed that all pathogenic (tdh+) isolates obtained from Puerto Montt shellfish corresponded to the serovar O3:K6 South East Asian pandemic clone, while the non-pathogenic (tdh-) isolates corresponded to at least six discrete groups. The possible causes for the disappearance of the pandemic strain from the north and its persistence in the south are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Fuenzalida
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago 6903625, Chile
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36
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Chiu TH, Duan J, Su YC. Characteristics of virulent vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from Oregon and Washington. J Food Prot 2007; 70:1011-6. [PMID: 17477276 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.4.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-four virulent strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus containing tdh and/or trh genes isolated from Oregon and Washington coastal water were analyzed for O-group antigens and urease activity, and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Six O serotypes (O1, O3, O4, O5, O10, and O11) were identified among the isolates, with the O5 group (19 isolates) being the most prevalent, followed by the 01 group (9 isolates). Nearly all (33 of 34) isolates were capable of producing urease, which reaffirmed the correlation between urease production and virulence factors of V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from the Pacific Northwest. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis with NotI and SfiI digestions of the 34 V. parahaemolyticus isolates plus five clinical strains revealed 22 patterns (NlS1 to N20S22), with NIS1 (25.6%) being the most common, followed by N2S2 (10.3%). Nine Oregon isolates were grouped with a 1997 Oregon outbreak strain (027-1C1) with the same serotype (O5), virulence factors (tdh+ and trh+), and genotype (N S 1). Three Washington isolates were found to share the same serotype (O1), virulence factors (tdh' and trh'), and genotype (N2S2) with a 1997 Washington outbreak strain (10293). The repetitive isolation of virulent strains of V. parahaemolyticus identical to clinical strains involved in previous outbreaks indicates potential hazards associated with oyster consumption. These data may be useful in risk assessment of V. parahaemolyticus infections associated with raw oyster consumption in Oregon and Washington.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Hsin Chiu
- Department of Food Science, National PengHu University, No. 300, Liu-Ho Road, Makung City, PengHu County, Taiwan, Republic of China
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37
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Hong SW, Moon JY, Lee BK, Kim YB. Genetic Characteristics and Virulence Factors of Pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated in South Korea and Japan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2007.17.3.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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38
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Cabanillas-Beltrán H, LLausás-Magaña E, Romero R, Espinoza A, García-Gasca A, Nishibuchi M, Ishibashi M, Gomez-Gil B. Outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by the pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3â:âK6 in Mexico. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 265:76-80. [PMID: 17107421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2003 and during late September of 2004, more than 1230 cases of gastroenteritis were reported in the south of Sinaloa State, north-western Mexico. All cases were attributed to the consumption of raw or undercooked shrimp collected at the Huizache-Caimanero lagunary system. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was identified by standard biochemical methods, and many strains were positive for PCR amplifications of the tlh and tdh genes and negative for the trh gene. A representative strain belonged to the O3:K6 serogroup. This is the first outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by the pandemic strains of O3:K6 V. parahaemolyticus in México.
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Vuddhakul V, Soboon S, Sunghiran W, Kaewpiboon S, Chowdhury A, Ishibashi M, Nakaguchi Y, Nishibuchi M. Distribution of virulent and pandemic strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in three molluscan shellfish species (Meretrix meretrix, Perna viridis, and Anadara granosa) and their association with foodborne disease in southern Thailand. J Food Prot 2006; 69:2615-20. [PMID: 17133804 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.11.2615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Distribution of pandemic strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood, particularly in molluscan shellfish, and their serological and molecular relationships to clinical strains were examined from Hat Yai City in southern Thailand. During 2000 to 2002, virulent strains (tdh+ or trh+) were isolated from 13 of 230 molluscan shellfish samples using alkaline peptone water enrichment followed by immunomagnetic separation. The isolates included 12 pandemic strains (tdh+, trh-, group-specific PCR positive) from five Oriental hard clam samples, five green mussel samples, and one bloody clam sample. Among the pandemic strains, eight belonged to serogroup O3:K6, three belonged to O1:K25, and one was O1:K untypeable. One hundred eighty-seven strains of V. parahaemolyticus were isolated from clinical specimens obtained from a hospital in this city during 2000 to 2001. The pandemic strains comprised 64 and 68% of the isolates in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Among the serotypes of the pandemic strains, O3:K6 was dominant at 73% in 2000 and 76% in 2001 followed by O1:K25 at 20% in 2000 and 13% in 2001. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles of the pandemic strains from molluscan shellfish were indistinguishable or very similar to those of patient isolates. Similarity of the serotype distribution and DNA fingerprints occurring between the molluscan shellfish strains and clinical strains suggests that molluscan shellfish may be an important source of pandemic V. parahaemolyticus infection in southern Thailand. For public health, proper cooking of molluscan shellfish in this area is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varaporn Vuddhakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand
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40
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Fuenzalida L, Hernández C, Toro J, Rioseco ML, Romero J, Espejo RT. Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellfish and clinical samples during two large epidemics of diarrhoea in southern Chile. Environ Microbiol 2006; 8:675-83. [PMID: 16584479 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Large epidemics of diarrhoea associated with seafood consumption and Vibrio parahaemolyticus occurred during the austral summers of 2004 and 2005 in the environs of Puerto Montt, Chile (41 degrees 29'S 72 degrees 24'W). There are no reports of V. parahaemolyticus infections before 2004 in this region, their absence being explained by the low ocean temperatures which seldom reach 16 degrees C. We analysed V. parahaemolyticus obtained from shellfish and clinical samples during epidemics. Isolates were examined using conventional protocols and an improved method for restriction enzyme analysis using total bacterial DNA which permits direct genome restriction enzyme analysis by conventional gel electrophoresis (DGREA) with a similar discrimination index as restriction fragment length polymorphism-pulsed field gel electrophoresis (RFLP-PFGE). Analysis of clinical samples showed that the epidemics were caused by the V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 pandemic clonal group. On the other hand, analysis of shellfish samples during both epidemics showed that 53% contained V. parahaemolyticus (3-93 g(-1)). Detailed analysis of 50 positive shellfish samples showed that only three contained detectable levels of the pandemic clone. Most V. parahaemolyticus isolates obtained from shellfish corresponded to non-pandemic clones differentiated into 14 groups by DGREA. In summary, the causative agent during epidemics was only a minor component of a small but diverse population of V. parahaemolyticus in shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Fuenzalida
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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41
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Levin RE. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a Notably Lethal Human Pathogen Derived From Seafood: A Review of its Pathogenicity, Characteristics, Subspecies Characterization, and Molecular Methods of Detection. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/08905430500524275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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42
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Ottaviani D, Santarelli S, Bacchiocchi S, Masini L, Ghittino C, Bacchiocchi I. Presence of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains in mussels from the Adriatic Sea, Italy. Food Microbiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2005.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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43
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Yeung PSM, Boor KJ. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention of foodborne Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2005; 1:74-88. [PMID: 15992266 DOI: 10.1089/153531404323143594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery about 50 years ago, Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been implicated as a major cause of foodborne illness around the globe. V. parahaemolyticus is a natural inhabitant of marine waters. Human infections are most commonly associated with the consumption of raw, undercooked or contaminated shellfish. A few individual V. parahaemolyticus virulence factors, including the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related hemolysin (TRH), have been investigated in depth, yet a comprehensive understanding of this organism's ability to cause disease remains unclear. Since 1996, serotype O3:K6 strains have been associated with an increased incidence of gastroenteritis in India and in Southeast Asia, and with large-scale foodborne outbreaks in the United States (US). In light of the emerging status of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus, the US Food and Drug Administration conducted a microbial risk assessment to characterize the risk of contracting V. parahaemolyticus infections from consuming raw oysters. This review summarizes epidemiological findings, discusses recognized and putative V. parahaemolyticus virulence factors and pathogenicity mechanisms, and describes strategies for preventing V. parahaemolyticus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Marie Yeung
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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44
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Gopal S, Otta SK, Kumar S, Karunasagar I, Nishibuchi M, Karunasagar I. The occurrence of Vibrio species in tropical shrimp culture environments; implications for food safety. Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 102:151-9. [PMID: 15992615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Revised: 10/16/2004] [Accepted: 12/29/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of various Vibrio species in water, sediment and shrimp samples from multiple shrimp farm environments from the east and west coast of India was studied. The relative abundance was higher in west coast farms (ca. 10(4) cfu/ml water) when compared to the east coast (ca. 10(2) cfu/ml water). Vibrio alginolyticus (3-19%), V. parahaemolyticus (2-13%), V. harveyi (1-7%) and V. vulnificus (1-4%) were the predominant Vibrio species identified by standard biochemical testing. In some cases, V. cholerae could be found, but all isolates were negative for the cholera toxin (ctx) gene that is associated with choleragenic strains. The biochemical identification of V. parahaemolyticus, the other human pathogen among the species mentioned above, was confirmed by PCR targeting the toxR gene and a 387 bp chromosomal locus specific for this species. Furthermore, the presence of the virulence-associated tdh (thermostable direct haemolysin) and trh (TDH-related haemolysin) genes in the V. parahaemolyticus isolates was also detected by PCR. Only 2 out of 47 isolates were tdh positive and one contained the trh gene. However, since V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus species are recognized as a major cause of seafood-borne illness, it is important to pay attention to post-harvest handling and adequate cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubha Gopal
- Department of Fishery Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, College of Fisheries, Mangalore-575 002, India
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45
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González-Escalona N, Cachicas V, Acevedo C, Rioseco ML, Vergara JA, Cabello F, Romero J, Espejo RT. Vibrio parahaemolyticus diarrhea, Chile, 1998 and 2004. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11:129-31. [PMID: 15705337 PMCID: PMC3294363 DOI: 10.3201/eid1101.040762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of clinical isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from outbreaks in Chile in the cities of Puerto Montt in 2004 and in Antofagasta in 1998 indicated that 23 of 24 isolates from Puerto Montt and 19 of 20 from Antofagasta belonged to the pandemic clonal complex that emerged in Southeast Asia in 1996.
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46
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Martinez-Urtaza J, Lozano-Leon A, DePaola A, Ishibashi M, Shimada K, Nishibuchi M, Liebana E. Characterization of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from clinical sources in Spain and comparison with Asian and North American pandemic isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4672-8. [PMID: 15472326 PMCID: PMC522348 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.10.4672-4678.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the potential risk involved with contamination of seafood with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, there is a lack of information on the occurrence of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in Europe. This organism was isolated in 1999 from a large outbreak (64 cases admitted to a single hospital) associated with raw oyster consumption in Galicia, Spain, one of the most important regions in shellfish production worldwide. Two V. parahaemolyticus isolates from the 1999 Galicia outbreak, three additional clinical isolates obtained in the same period from hospitals in Spain, two reference strains from clinical sources, and five Spanish environmental isolates were examined. Seventeen isolates belonging to the pandemic clone isolated in Asia and North America were included in the study for comparison. All isolates were characterized by serotyping, PCR for virulence-related genes, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and plasmid analysis. Four of the five clinical isolates from hospitals in Spain belonged to serotype O4:K11; the remaining isolate was O4:K untypeable (KUT). All five isolates were positive for V. parahaemolyticus toxR and tlh (species-specific genes) and tdh and negative for trh and group-specific PCR (a PCR method for detection of the pandemic clone). PFGE analysis with NotI and SfiI discriminated the European isolates in two closely related PFGE types included in a homogeneous cluster, clearly differentiated from the Asian and North American isolates. The five environmental isolates belonged to serotypes O2:K28, O2:KUT, O3:K53, O4:KUT, and O8:K22 and were negative for all virulence genes. The five isolates were discriminated into five different PFGE types unrelated to any other isolate included in the study. While the virulence characteristics (tdh positive, trh negative) of the Spanish clinical isolates matched those of the O3:K6 clone from Asia and North America, they were clearly excluded from this clone by group-specific PCR, PFGE, and serotyping. The results of this study suggest that a unique and specific clone could be related to the V. parahaemolyticus infections in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Martinez-Urtaza
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Nakaguchi Y, Ishizuka T, Ohnaka S, Hayashi T, Yasukawa K, Ishiguro T, Nishibuchi M. Rapid and specific detection of tdh, trh1, and trh2 mRNA of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by transcription-reverse transcription concerted reaction with an automated system. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4284-92. [PMID: 15365024 PMCID: PMC516370 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.9.4284-4292.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains carrying the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) tdh gene, the TDH-related hemolysin (trh) gene, or both genes are considered virulent strains. We previously demonstrated that the transcription-reverse transcription concerted (TRC) method could be used to quantify the amount of mRNA transcribed from the tdh gene by using an automated detection system. In this study, we devised two TRC-based assays to quantify the mRNAs transcribed from the trh1 and trh2 genes, the two representative trh genes. The TRC-based detection assays for the tdh, trh1, and trh2 transcripts could specifically and quantitatively detect 10(3) to 10(7) copies of the corresponding calibrator RNAs. We examined by the three TRC assays the total RNA preparations extracted from 103 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus carrying the tdh, trh1, or trh2 gene in various combinations. The tdh, trh1, and trh2 mRNAs in the total RNA preparations were specifically quantified, and the time needed for detection ranged from 9 to 19 min, from 14 to 18 min, and from 9 to 12 min, respectively. The results showed that this automated TRC assays could detect the tdh, trh1, and trh2 mRNAs specifically, quantitatively, and rapidly. The relative levels of TDH determined by the immunological method and that of tdh mRNA determined by the TRC assays for most tdh-positive strains correlated. Interestingly, the levels of TDH produced from the strains carrying both tdh and trh genes were lower than those carrying only the tdh gene, whereas the levels of mRNA did not significantly differ between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitsugu Nakaguchi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, 46 Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Abstract
Vibrios are ubiquitous and abundant in the aquatic environment. A high abundance of vibrios is also detected in tissues and/or organs of various marine algae and animals, e.g., abalones, bivalves, corals, fish, shrimp, sponges, squid, and zooplankton. Vibrios harbour a wealth of diverse genomes as revealed by different genomic techniques including amplified fragment length polymorphism, multilocus sequence typing, repetetive extragenic palindrome PCR, ribotyping, and whole-genome sequencing. The 74 species of this group are distributed among four different families, i.e., Enterovibrionaceae, Photobacteriaceae, Salinivibrionaceae, and Vibrionaceae. Two new genera, i.e., Enterovibrio norvegicus and Grimontia hollisae, and 20 novel species, i.e., Enterovibrio coralii, Photobacterium eurosenbergii, V. brasiliensis, V. chagasii, V. coralliillyticus, V. crassostreae, V. fortis, V. gallicus, V. hepatarius, V. hispanicus, V. kanaloaei, V. neonatus, V. neptunius, V. pomeroyi, V. pacinii, V. rotiferianus, V. superstes, V. tasmaniensis, V. ezurae, and V. xuii, have been described in the last few years. Comparative genome analyses have already revealed a variety of genomic events, including mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, loss of genes by decay or deletion, and gene acquisitions through duplication or horizontal transfer (e.g., in the acquisition of bacteriophages, pathogenicity islands, and super-integrons), that are probably important driving forces in the evolution and speciation of vibrios. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics through the application of, e.g., microarrays will facilitate the investigation of the gene repertoire at the species level. Based on such new genomic information, the taxonomy and the species concept for vibrios will be reviewed in the next years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano L Thompson
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
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Chowdhury A, Ishibashi M, Thiem VD, Tuyet DTN, Tung TV, Chien BT, Seidlein Lv LV, Canh DG, Clemens J, Trach DD, Nishibuchi M. Emergence and serovar transition of Vibrio parahaemolyticus pandemic strains isolated during a diarrhea outbreak in Vietnam between 1997 and 1999. Microbiol Immunol 2004; 48:319-27. [PMID: 15107543 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We characterized 523 Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated during a survey of diarrhea patients in Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam between 1997 and 1999. Forty-nine percent of the strains were judged to belong to the pandemic strains that emerged around 1996 and spread to many countries. These strains were positive in the GS-PCR assay and carried the tdh gene. The ORF8 of the f237 phage genome, a possible marker of the pandemic clone, was absent in 10% of these strains. Eleven O: K serovars were detected among the pandemic strains and the strains representing all 11 serovars of pandemic strains were shown to be closely related regardless of the ORF8 genotype using arbitrarily primed PCR and pulsed field gel electrophoresis analyses. It was clear that a transition of major serovars occurred among the pandemic strains represented by the emergence of O3: K6 in 1997, O4: K68 in 1998, and O1: K25 in 1998 and 1999.
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Nakaguchi Y, Okuda J, Iida T, Nishibuchi M. The urease gene cluster of Vibrio parahaemolyticus does not influence the expression of the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) gene or the TDH-related hemolysin gene. Microbiol Immunol 2003; 47:233-9. [PMID: 12725294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2003.tb03392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate why the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and the TDH-related hemolysin (TRH) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus are produced at low levels from urease-positive strains, the effect of the functional urease gene cluster of V. parahaemolyticus on the expression of the tdh and trh genes was examined. Transcriptional lacZ fusions with the tdh1, tdh2, trh1 and trh2 genes representing variants of the tdh and trh genes were integrated into the chromosome of an Escherichia coli strain and a urease-negative V. parahaemolyticus strain. The plasmid-borne urease gene cluster introduced and expressed in these constructs did not affect expression of any of the fusion genes. The amount of TDH produced from a Kanagawa phenomenon-positive V. parahaemolyticus did not change by introduction of the urease gene cluster either. It was concluded therefore that the urease gene cluster is not involved in the regulation of tdh and trh expression.
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