Failure-to-Rescue

Effect of glucose-insulin-potassium on lactate levels at the end of surgery in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

INTRODUCTION

Cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) has been established as an effective treatment for peritoneal cancer (PC). However, this kind of combination therapy is associated with a high lactate level. Moreover, studies have suggested that the rate of complications early after surgery directly increased with elevated lactate levels. Glucose-insulin-potassium (GIP), a potent cardioprotective intervention, has been demonstrated to adjust blood glucose (BG) levels and reduce lactate levels. However, the insulin-glucose ratio should be adjusted according to the surgery performed. Here, we aimed to evaluate the advantages of using modified GIP during CRS/HIPEC to reduce the lactate level at the end of surgery and further reduce the incidence of early postoperative complications.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

The modified GIP versus conventional management during surgery study is a single-center, randomized, single-blinded outcome assessment clinical trial of 80 patients with PC who are between 18 and 64 years old and undergoing CRS/HIPEC. Participants will be randomly allocated to receive modified GIP or conventional treatment (1:1). The primary outcome will be the plasma lactate level at the end of surgery. The secondary outcomes will include the highest levels and fluctuation ranges of lactate and BG during surgery, extubation time, APACHE-II score 24 h after surgery, postoperative defecation and exhaust time, postoperative lactate clearance time, postoperative liver and kidney function, incidence of complications within 7 days after surgery, length of intensive care unit stay (LIS), length of hospital stay (LHS), and total cost of hospitalization.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The trial protocol was approved by the Scientific Research Ethics Committee of Beijing Shijitan Hospital Affiliated with Capital Medical University, approval number sjtky11-1x-2022(118). The results will be published in international peer-reviewed journals.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ChiCTR2200057258. Registered on March 5, 2022.

Failure to Rescue in Geriatric Ground-Level Falls: The Role of Frailty on Not-So-Minor Injuries

INTRODUCTION

The measure of mortality following a major complication (failure to rescue [FTR]) provides a quantifiable assessment of the level of care provided by trauma centers. However, there is a lack of data on the effects of patient-related factors on FTR incidence. The aim of this study was to identify the role of frailty on FTR incidence among geriatric trauma patients with ground-level falls (GLFs).

METHODS

This is a retrospective analysis of the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program database (2017-2020). All geriatric (aged ≥ 65 ys) trauma patients with GLFs admitted to a level I trauma center were included. Transferred patients, those with severe head injuries (head abbreviated injury scale ≥ 3), and those who died within 24 h of admission or whose length of stay was ≤1 d were excluded. FTR was defined as death following a major complication (cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unplanned intubation, acute renal failure, cerebrovascular accident, ventilator-associated pneumonia, or pulmonary embolism). Patients were stratified into frail (F) and nonfrail (NF) based on the 11-Factor Modified Frailty Index. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to identify the independent effect of frailty on the incidence of FTR.

RESULTS

Over 4 ys, 34,100 geriatric patients with GLFs were identified, of whom 9140 (26.8%) were F. The mean (standard deviation) age was 78 (7) years and 65% were female. The median injury severity score was 9 (5-10) with no difference among F and NF groups (P = 0.266). Overall, F patients were more likely to develop major complications (F: 3.6% versus NF: 2%, P < 0.001) and experience FTR (F: 1.8%% versus NF: 0.6%, P < 0.001). Moreover, among patients with major complications, F patients were more likely to die (F: 47% versus NF: 27%, P < 0.001). On multivariable regression analysis, frailty was identified as an independent predictor of major complications (adjusted odds ratio: 1.98, 95% confidence interval [1.70-2.29], P < 0.001) and FTR (adjusted odds ratio: 2.26, 95% confidence interval [1.68-3.05], P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Among geriatric trauma patients with GLFs, frailty increases the risk-adjusted odds of FTR by more than two times. One in every two F patients with a major complication does not survive to discharge. Future efforts should concentrate on improving patient-related and hospital-related factors to decrease the risk of FTR among these vulnerable populations.

Clinical Outcomes, Costs, and Value of Surgery Among Older Patients with Colon Cancer at US News and World Report Ranked Versus Unranked Hospitals

BACKGROUND

US News and World Report (USNWR) hospital rankings influence patient choice of hospital, but their association with surgical outcomes remains ill-defined. We sought to characterize clinical outcomes and costs of surgery for colon cancer among USNWR top ranked and unranked hospitals.

METHODS

Using Medicare Standard Analytic Files, patients aged ≥65 years undergoing surgery for colon cancer were identified. Hospitals were categorized as 'ranked' or 'unranked' based on USNWR cancer hospital rankings. One-to-one matching was performed between patients treated at ranked and unranked hospitals, and clinical outcomes and costs of surgery were compared.

RESULTS

Among 50 ranked and 2522 unranked hospitals, 13,650 patient pairs were compared. Overall, 30-day mortality was 2.13% in ranked hospitals versus 3.68% in unranked hospitals (p < 0.0001), and the overall paired cost difference was $8159 (p < 0.0001). As patient risk increased, 30-day mortality differences became larger, with the ranked hospitals having 30-day mortality of 7.59% versus 11.84% for unranked hospitals among the highest-risk patients (p < 0.0001). Overall paired cost differences also increased with increasing patient risk, with cost of care being $72,229 for ranked hospitals versus $56,512 for unranked hospitals among the highest-risk patients (difference = $14,394; p = 0.02). The difference in cost per 1% reduction in 30-day mortality was $9009 (95% confidence interval [CI] $6422-$11,597) for lowest-risk patients, which dropped to $3387 (95% CI $2656-$4119) for highest-risk patients (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

Treatment at USNWR-ranked hospitals, particularly for higher-risk patients, was associated with better outcomes but higher-cost care. The benefit of being treated at highly ranked USNWR hospitals was most pronounced among high-risk patients.

Failure to rescue following emergency general surgery: A national analysis

Background

Failure to rescue (FTR) is increasingly recognized as a quality metric but remains understudied in emergency general surgery (EGS). We sought to identify patient and operative factors associated with FTR to better inform standardized metrics to mitigate this potentially preventable event.

Methods

All adult (≥18 years) non-elective hospitalizations for large bowel resection, small bowel resection, repair of perforated ulcer, laparotomy and lysis of adhesions were identified in the 2016-2020 National Readmissions Database. Patients undergoing trauma-related operations or procedures ≤2 days of admission were excluded. FTR was defined as in-hospital death following acute kidney injury requiring dialysis (AKI), myocardial infarction, pneumonia, respiratory failure, sepsis, stroke, or thromboembolism. Multilevel mixed-effect models were developed to assess factors linked with FTR.

Results

Among 826,548 EGS operations satisfying inclusion criteria, 298,062 (36.1 %) developed at least one MAE. Of those experiencing MAE, 43,477 (14.6 %) ultimately did not survive to discharge (FTR). Following adjustment for fixed hospital level effects, only 3.5 % of the variance in FTR was attributable to center-level differences. Relative to private insurance and the highest income quartile, Medicaid insurance (AOR 1.33; 95%CI, 1.23-1.43) and the lowest income quartile (AOR 1.22; 95%CI, 1.17-1.29) were linked with increased odds of FTR.A subset analysis stratified complication-specific rates of FTR by insurance status. Relative to private insurance, Medicaid coverage and uninsured status were linked with greater odds of FTR following perioperative sepsis, pneumonia, and AKI.

Conclusion

Our findings underscore the need for increased screening and vigilance following perioperative complications to mitigate disparities in patient outcomes following high-risk EGS.

Variation in Hospital Performance for General Surgery in Younger and Older Adults: A Retrospective Cohort Study

OBJECTIVE

To compare hospital surgical performance in older and younger patients.

BACKGROUND

In-hospital mortality after surgical procedures varies widely among hospitals. Prior studies suggest that failure-to-rescue rates drive this variation for older adults, but the generalizability of these findings to younger patients remains unknown.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients ≥18 years undergoing one of 10 common and complex general surgery operations in 16 states using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Projects State Inpatient Databases (2016-2018). Patients were split into 2 populations: patients with Medicare ≥65 (older adult) and non-Medicare <65 (younger adult). Hospitals were sorted into quintiles using risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality rates for each age population. Correlations between hospitals in each mortality quintile across age populations were calculated. Complication and failure-to-rescue rates were compared across the highest and lowest mortality quintiles in each age population.

RESULTS

We identified 579,582 patients treated in 732 hospitals. The mortality rate was 3.6% among older adults and 0.7% among younger adults. Among older adults, high- relative to low-mortality hospitals had similar complication rates (32.0% vs 29.8%; P = 0.059) and significantly higher failure-to-rescue rates (16.0% vs 4.0%; P < 0.001). Among younger adults, high-relative to low-mortality hospitals had higher complications (15.4% vs 12.1%; P < 0.001) and failure-to-rescue rates (8.3% vs 0.7%; P < 0.001). The correlation between observed-to-expected mortality ratios in each age group was 0.385 ( P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

High surgical mortality rates in younger patients may be driven by both complication and failure-to-rescue rates. There is little overlap between low-mortality hospitals in the older and younger adult populations. Future work must delve into the root causes of this age-based difference in hospital-level surgical outcomes.

The burden of major complications on failure to rescue after surgery for acute type A aortic dissection: Analysis of more than 19,000 patients

BACKGROUND

The relationship between the number and type of postoperative complications and mortality in the setting for surgery for acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) remains underexplored despite its critical role in the failure-to-rescue (FTR) metric.

METHODS

This retrospective study used data from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgical Database on ATAAD surgeries performed between January 2018 and December 2022. Patients were categorized based on their number of major complications. The primary outcome was FTR. We used multilevel regression and classification and regression tree models.

RESULTS

We included 19,243 patients (33% females), with a median age of 61 years. Regarding complications, 47.7% of patients had 0, 20.2% had 1, 12.7% had 2, and 19.4% experienced 3 or more. The most frequently reported complications were prolonged mechanical ventilation (30.3%), unplanned reoperation (19.5%), and renal failure (17.2%). Cardiac arrest occurred in 7.1% of cases. FTR increased from 13% in patients with 1 complication to >30% in those with 4 or more complications. Cardiac arrest (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 10.9) and renal failure (aOR, 5.3) had the highest odds for mortality, followed by limb ischemia (aOR, 2.7), stroke (aOR, 2.6), and gastrointestinal complications (aOR, 2.4). Hospitals in the top performance quartile consistently showed lower FTR rates across all levels of complication.

CONCLUSIONS

The study validates a dose-response association between postoperative complications and mortality in patients undergoing surgery for ATAAD. Top-performing hospitals consistently show lower FTR rates independent of the number of complications. Future research should focus on the timing of complications and interventions to reduce the burden of complications.

Risk factors for failure to rescue after hepatectomy in a high-volume UK tertiary referral center

BACKGROUND

Mortality after severe complications after hepatectomy (failure to rescue) is strongly linked to center volume. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors for failure to rescue after hepatectomy in a high-volume center.

METHODS

Retrospective study of 1,826 consecutive patients who underwent hepatectomy from 2011 to 2018. The primary outcome was a 90-day failure to rescue, defined as death within 90 days posthepatectomy after a severe (Clavien-Dindo grade 3+) complication. Risk factors for 90-day failure to rescue were evaluated using a multivariable binary logistic regression model.

RESULTS

The cohort had a median age of 65.3 years, and 56.6% of patients were male. The commonest indication for hepatectomy was colorectal metastasis (58.9%), and 46.9% of patients underwent major or extra-major hepatectomy. Severe complications developed in 209 patients (11.4%), for whom the 30- and 90-day failure to rescue rates were 17.0% and 35.4%, respectively. On multivariable analysis, increasing age (P = .006) and modified Frailty Index (P = .044), complication type (medical or combined medical/surgical versus surgical; P < .001), and body mass index (P = .018) were found to be significant independent predictors of 90-day failure to rescue.

CONCLUSION

Older and frail patients who experience medical complications are particularly at risk of failure to rescue after hepatectomy. These results may inform preoperative counseling and may help to identify candidates for prehabilitation. Further study is needed to assess whether failure to rescue rates could be reduced by perioperative interventions.

Impact of Hospital Affiliation With a Flagship Hospital System on Surgical Outcomes

OBJECTIVE

To compare general surgery outcomes at flagship systems, flagship hospitals, and flagship hospital affiliates versus matched controls.

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA

It is unknown whether flagship hospitals perform better than flagship hospital affiliates for surgical patients.

METHODS

Using Medicare claims for 2018 to 2019, we matched patients undergoing inpatient general surgery in flagship system hospitals to controls who underwent the same procedure at hospitals outside the system but within the same region. We defined a "flagship hospital" within each region as the major teaching hospital with the highest patient volume that is also part of a hospital system; its system was labeled a "flagship system." We performed 4 main comparisons: patients treated at any flagship system hospital versus hospitals outside the flagship system; flagship hospitals versus hospitals outside the flagship system; flagship hospital affiliates versus hospitals outside the flagship system; and flagship hospitals versus affiliate hospitals. Our primary outcome was 30-day mortality.

RESULTS

We formed 32,228 closely matched pairs across 35 regions. Patients at flagship system hospitals (32,228 pairs) had lower 30-day mortality than matched control patients [3.79% vs. 4.36%, difference=-0.57% (-0.86%, -0.28%), P<0.001]. Similarly, patients at flagship hospitals (15,571/32,228 pairs) had lower mortality than control patients. However, patients at flagship hospital affiliates (16,657/32,228 pairs) had similar mortality to matched controls. Flagship hospitals had lower mortality than affiliate hospitals [difference-in-differences=-1.05% (-1.62%, -0.47%), P<0.001].

CONCLUSIONS

Patients treated at flagship hospitals had significantly lower mortality rates than those treated at flagship hospital affiliates. Hence, flagship system affiliation does not alone imply better surgical outcomes.

Variation in the definition of 'failure to rescue' from postoperative complications: a systematic review and recommendations for outcome reporting

BACKGROUND

Failure to rescue is the rate of death amongst patients with postoperative complications and has been proposed as a perioperative quality indicator. However, variation in its definition has limited comparisons between studies. We systematically reviewed all surgical literature reporting failure to rescue rates and examined variations in the definition of the 'numerator,' 'denominator,' and timing of failure to rescue measurement.

METHODS

Databases were searched from inception to 31 December 2022. All studies reporting postoperative failure to rescue rates as a primary or secondary outcome were included. We examined the complications included in the failure to rescue denominator, the percentage of deaths captured by the failure to rescue numerator, and the timing of measurement for complications and mortality.

RESULTS

A total of 359 studies, including 212,048,069 patients, were analyzed. The complications included in the failure to rescue denominator were reported in 295 studies (82%), with 131 different complications used. The median number of included complications per study was 10 (interquartile range 8-15). Studies that included a higher number of complications in the failure-to-rescue denominator reported lower failure-to-rescue rates. Death was included as a complication in the failure to rescue the denominator in 65 studies (18%). The median percentage of deaths captured by the failure to rescue calculation when deaths were not included in the denominator was 79%. Complications (52%) and mortality (40%) were mostly measured in-hospital, followed by 30-days after surgery.

CONCLUSION

Failure to rescue is an important concept in the study of postoperative outcomes, although its definition is highly variable and poorly reported. Researchers should be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to defining failure to rescue.

Failure to rescue following postoperative pneumonia in pediatrics: Is there a racial disparity?

INTRODUCTION

Racial disparities in measures of health and healthcare processes are well described. Limited work exists on disparities in failure to rescue - hospital mortality following a major adverse event. Postoperative pneumonia is a serious, potentially preventable adverse event that often leads to death, i.e., failure to rescue. This study examined the association of racial grouping with failure to rescue following postoperative pneumonia.

METHODS

We utilized the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program-Pediatrics Participant Use Data File to assemble a cohort of children <18 years who underwent inpatient surgery from 2012 to 2022. We included Black and White patients who developed pneumonia following an index surgery. The primary outcome was failure to rescue, defined as mortality following postoperative pneumonia. We used logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals of failure to rescue, comparing Black and White children.

RESULTS

The study cohort included 3139 children <18 years who developed pneumonia following inpatient surgery. Of those, 2333 (74.3%) were White and 806 (25.7%) were Black. Failure to rescue occurred in 117 of the children (3.7%); 82 were White (3.5%) and 35 were Black (4.3%). After adjusting for gender, age, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification, emergent/urgent vs. elective case status, year of operation, and pre-existing comorbidities, the odds of failure to rescue for Black children with postoperative pneumonia did not differ from White children (adjusted-Odds Ratio: 1.00; 95% Confidence Interval 0.62-1.61; p-value = .992).

CONCLUSION

We found no significant difference in the odds of failure to rescue following postoperative pneumonia between Black or White children. To improve postoperative care for all children and to narrow the racial gap in postoperative mortality, future studies should continue to investigate the association of race with failure to rescue following other postoperative complications.

Safer and more efficient vital signs monitoring protocols to identify the deteriorating patients in the general hospital ward: an observational study

Background

The frequency at which patients should have their vital signs (e.g. blood pressure, pulse, oxygen saturation) measured on hospital wards is currently unknown. Current National Health Service monitoring protocols are based on expert opinion but supported by little empirical evidence. The challenge is finding the balance between insufficient monitoring (risking missing early signs of deterioration and delays in treatment) and over-observation of stable patients (wasting resources needed in other aspects of care).

Objective

Provide an evidence-based approach to creating monitoring protocols based on a patient's risk of deterioration and link these to nursing workload and economic impact.

Design

Our study consisted of two parts: (1) an observational study of nursing staff to ascertain the time to perform vital sign observations; and (2) a retrospective study of historic data on patient admissions exploring the relationships between National Early Warning Score and risk of outcome over time. These were underpinned by opinions and experiences from stakeholders.

Setting and participants

Observational study: observed nursing staff on 16 randomly selected adult general wards at four acute National Health Service hospitals. Retrospective study: extracted, linked and analysed routinely collected data from two large National Health Service acute trusts; data from over 400,000 patient admissions and 9,000,000 vital sign observations.

Results

Observational study found a variety of practices, with two hospitals having registered nurses take the majority of vital sign observations and two favouring healthcare assistants or student nurses. However, whoever took the observations spent roughly the same length of time. The average was 5:01 minutes per observation over a 'round', including time to locate and prepare the equipment and travel to the patient area. Retrospective study created survival models predicting the risk of outcomes over time since the patient was last observed. For low-risk patients, there was little difference in risk between 4 hours and 24 hours post observation.

Conclusions

We explored several different scenarios with our stakeholders (clinicians and patients), based on how 'risk' could be managed in different ways. Vital sign observations are often done more frequently than necessary from a bald assessment of the patient's risk, and we show that a maximum threshold of risk could theoretically be achieved with less resource. Existing resources could therefore be redeployed within a changed protocol to achieve better outcomes for some patients without compromising the safety of the rest. Our work supports the approach of the current monitoring protocol, whereby patients' National Early Warning Score 2 guides observation frequency. Existing practice is to observe higher-risk patients more frequently and our findings have shown that this is objectively justified. It is worth noting that important nurse-patient interactions take place during vital sign monitoring and should not be eliminated under new monitoring processes. Our study contributes to the existing evidence on how vital sign observations should be scheduled. However, ultimately, it is for the relevant professionals to decide how our work should be used.

Study registration

This study is registered as ISRCTN10863045.

Funding

This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme (NIHR award ref: 17/05/03) and is published in full in Health and Social Care Delivery Research; Vol. 12, No. 6. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.

Evaluating potential disparities in geospatial access to American College of Surgeons/American Association for the Surgery of Trauma-verified emergency general surgery centers

BACKGROUND

The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma and the American College of Surgeons have recently introduced emergency general surgery (EGS) center verification, which could enhance patient outcomes. Distance and resource availability may affect access to these centers, which has been linked to higher mortality. Although many patients can receive adequate care at community centers, those with critical conditions may require specialized treatment at EGS-verified centers. We aimed to evaluate geospatial access to potential EGS-verified centers and identify disparities across different scenarios of EGS verification program uptake in the United States.

METHODS

We used hospital capabilities and verified pilot centers to estimate potential patterns of which centers would become EGS verified under four scenarios (EGS centers, high-volume EGS centers, high-volume EGS plus level 1 trauma centers, and quaternary referral centers). We calculated the spatial accessibility index using an enhanced two-step floating catchment technique to determine geospatial access for each scenario. We also evaluated social determinants of health across geospatial access using the Area Deprivation Index (ADI).

RESULTS

A total of 1,932 hospitals were categorized as EGS centers, 307 as high-volume EGS centers, 401 as high-volume EGS plus level 1trauma centers, and 146 as quaternary centers. Spatial accessibility index decreased as the stringency of EGS verification increased in each scenario (226.6 [111.7-330.7], 51.8 [0-126.1], 71.52 [3.34-164.56], 6.2 [0-62.2]; p < 0.001). Within each scenario, spatial accessibility index also declined as the ADI quartile increased ( p < 0.001). The high-volume EGS plus level 1trauma center scenario had the most significant disparity in access between the first and fourth ADI quartiles (-54.68).

CONCLUSION

Access to EGS-verified centers may vary considerably based on the program's implementation. Disadvantaged communities may be disproportionately affected by limited access. Further work to study regional needs can allow a strategic implementation of the EGS verification program to optimize outcomes while minimizing disparities.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level IV.

A multi-facetted patient safety resource-A qualitative interview study on hospital managers' perception of the nurse-led Rapid Response Team

AIM

To explore hospital managers' perceptions of the Rapid Response Team.

DESIGN

An explorative qualitative study using semi-structured individual interviews.

METHODS

In September 2019, a qualitative interview study including nineteen hospital managers at three managerial levels in acute care hospitals was conducted. Interview transcripts were analysed with an inductive content analysis approach, involving researcher triangulation in data collection and analysis processes.

FINDINGS

One theme, 'A resource with untapped potential, enhancing patient safety, high-quality nursing, and organisational cohesion' was identified and underpinned by six categories and 30 sub-categories.

CONCLUSION

The Rapid Response Team has an influence on the organization that goes beyond the team's original purpose. It strengthens the organization's dynamic cohesion by providing clinical support to nurses and facilitating learning, communication and collaboration across the hospital. Managers lack engagement in the team, including local key data to guide future quality improvement processes.

IMPLICATIONS

For organizations, nursing, and patients to benefit from the team to its full potential, managerial engagement seems crucial.

IMPACT

This study addressed possible challenges to using the Rapid Response Team optimally and found that hospital managers perceived this complex healthcare intervention as beneficial to patient safety and nursing quality, but lacked factual insight into the team's deliverances. The research impacts patient safety pointing at the need to re-organize managerial involvement in the function and development of the Rapid Response Team and System.

REPORTING METHOD

We have adhered to the COREQ checklist when reporting this study. "No Patient or Public Contribution".

Racial Disparities in Failure to Rescue after Pediatric Heart Surgeries in the US

OBJECTIVE

To identify the trend in failure to rescue (FTR) and risk factors contributing to racial disparities in FTR after pediatric heart surgery using contemporary nationwide data.

STUDY DESIGN

We identified 85 267 congenital heart surgeries in patients <18 years of age from 2009 to 2019 using the Kid's Inpatient Database. The primary outcome was FTR. A mixed-effect logistic regression model with hospital random intercept was used to identify independent predictors of FTR.

RESULTS

Among 36 753 surgeries with postoperative complications, the FTR was 7.3%. The FTR decreased from 7.4% in 2009 to 6.3% in 2019 (P = .02). FTR was higher among Black than White children for all years. The FTR was higher among girls (7.2%) vs boys (6.6%), children aged <1 (9.6%) vs 12-17 years (2.4%), and those of Black (8.5%) vs White race (5.9%) (all P < .05). Black race was associated with a higher FTR odds (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.20-1.65) after adjusting for demographics, medical complexity, nonelective admission, and hospital surgical volume. Higher hospital volume was associated with a lower odds of FTR for all racial groups, but fewer Black (19.7%) vs White (31%) children underwent surgery at high surgical volume hospitals (P < .001). If Black children were operated on in the same hospitals as White children, the racial differences in FTR would decrease by 47.3%.

CONCLUSIONS

Racial disparities exist in FTR after pediatric heart surgery in the US. The racial differences in the location of care may account for almost half the disparities in FTR.

Racial Disparities in Pediatric Mortality Following Transfusion Within 72 Hours of Operation

BACKGROUND

Postoperative bleeding and transfusion are correlated with mortality risk. Furthermore, postoperative bleeding may often initiate the cascade of complications that leads to death. Given that minority children have increased risk of surgical complications, this study aimed to investigate the association of race with pediatric surgical mortality following postoperative transfusion.

METHODS

We used the NSQIP-P PUF to assemble a retrospective cohort of children <18 who underwent inpatient surgery during 2012-2021. We included White, Black, Hispanic, and 'Other' children who received a transfusion within 72 h of surgery. The primary outcome was defined as all-cause mortality within 30 days following the primary surgical procedure. Using logistic regression models, we estimated the risk-adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of mortality, comparing each racial/ethnic cohort to White children.

RESULTS

A total of 466,230 children <18 years of age underwent inpatient surgical procedures from 2012 to 2021. Of these, 46,200 required transfusion and were included in our analysis. The majority of patients were non-Hispanic White (64.6%, n = 29,850), while 18.9% (n = 8752) were non-Hispanic Black, 11.7% (n = 5387) were Hispanic, and 4.8% (n = 2211) were 'Other' race. The overall rate of mortality following transfusion was 2.5%. White children had the lowest incidence of mortality (2.0%), compared to children of 'Other' race (2.5%), Hispanic children (3.1%), and Black children (3.6%). After adjusting for sex, age, comorbidities, case status, preoperative transfusion within 48 h, and year of operation, we found that Black children experienced 1.24 times the odds of mortality following a postoperative transfusion compared to a White child (aOR: 1.24; 95%CI, 1.03-1.51; P = 0.025). Hispanic children were also significantly more likely to die following a postoperative transfusion than White children (aOR: 1.19; 95%CI, 1.02-1.39; P = 0.027).

CONCLUSION

We found that minority children who required a postoperative transfusion had a higher odds of death than White children. Future studies should explore adverse events following postoperative transfusion and the differences in their management by race that may contribute to the higher mortality rate for minority children.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level II.

CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER AND REGISTRY

Not applicable.

Center-Level Variation in Failure to Rescue After Elective Adult Cardiac Surgery

BACKGROUND

There has been increasing emphasis on evaluation of failure to rescue (FTR) after major inpatient operations. The present study characterized center-level variation in FTR within a national cohort of patients undergoing elective cardiac operations.

METHODS

All adults undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting and/or valve operations were identified in the 2016-2019 Nationwide Readmissions Database. FTR was defined as in-hospital death after prolonged mechanical ventilation, stroke, reoperation, acute kidney injury requiring dialysis, sepsis, cardiac arrest or pulmonary embolism. Multi-level, mixed-effects regressions were used to model mortality, complications, and FTR. Centers with high hospital-specific rates of FTR (≥95th percentile) were identified and compared to others.

RESULTS

Of an estimated 454,506 patients included for analysis, 32,537 (7.2%) developed at least 1 complication, and 7669 (1.7%) died before discharge. Overall, 5370 (16.5%) patients experienced FTR. Compared with those who developed ≥1 complication but survived to discharge, FTR patients were significantly older, more commonly female, and had a greater burden of comorbidities as measured by the Elixhauser Comorbidity Index. Risk-adjusted, hospital-specific rates of mortality and FTR were moderately correlated (r = 0.64), mortality and complications were weakly associated (r = 0.16), and complications and FTR exhibited a very weak relationship (r = -0.02). Relative to others, centers with high rates of FTR had lower annual cardiac surgical volume (median 61 [interquartile range 33-133] vs 80 [interquartile range 43-149] cases/y, P = .019).

CONCLUSIONS

The present findings affirm prior work demonstrating a close link between variation in FTR and mortality, but not complications. Further study is necessary to delineate modifiable care pathways that mitigate FTR.

Hospital variations in failure to rescue after abdominal surgery: a nationwide, retrospective observational study

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to determine hospital variation and intensive care unit characteristics associated with failure to rescue after abdominal surgery in Norway.

DESIGN

A nationwide retrospective observational study.

SETTING

All 52 hospitals in Norway performing elective and acute abdominal surgery.

PARTICIPANTS

All 598 736 patients undergoing emergency and elective abdominal surgery from 2011 to 2021.

PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE

Primary outcome was failure to rescue within 30 days (FTR30), defined as in-hospital or out-of-hospital death within 30 days of a surgical patient who developed at least one complication within 30 days of the surgery (FTR30). Other outcome variables were surgical complications and hospital FTR30 variation. Statistical analysis was conducted separately for general surgery and abdominal surgery.

RESULTS

The 30-day postoperative complication rate was 30.7 (183 560 of 598 736 surgeries). Of general surgical complications (n=25 775), circulatory collapse (n=6127, 23%), cardiac arrhythmia (n=5646, 21%) and surgical infections (n=4334, 16 %) were most common and 1507 (5.8 %) patients were reoperated within 30 days. One thousand seven hundred and forty patients had FTR30 (6.7 %). The severity of complications was strongly associated with FTR30. In multivariate analysis of general surgery, adjusted for patient characteristics, only the year of surgery was associated with FTR30, with an estimated linear trend of -0.31 percentage units per year (95% CI (-0.48 to -0.15)). The driving distance from local hospitals to the nearest referral intensive care unit was not associated with FTR30. Over the last decade, FTR30 rates have varied significantly among similar hospitals.

CONCLUSIONS

Hospital factors cannot explain Norwegian hospitals' significant FTR variance when adjusting for patient characteristics. The national FTR30 measure has dropped around 30% without a corresponding fall in surgical complications. No association was seen between rural hospital location and FTR30. Policy-makers must address microsystem issues causing high FTR30 in hospitals.

Complications and failure-to-rescue after pancreatectomy and hospital participation in the targeted American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program registry

BACKGROUND

More than 700 hospitals participate in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, but most pancreatectomies are performed in 165 centers participating in the pancreas procedure-targeted registry. We hypothesized that these hospitals ("targeted hospitals") might provide more specialized care than those not participating ("standard hospitals").

METHODS

The 2014 to 2019 pancreas-targeted and standard American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program registry were reviewed regarding patient demographics, comorbidities, and perioperative outcomes using standard univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Primary outcomes included 30-day mortality and serious morbidity.

RESULTS

The registry included 30,357 pancreatoduodenectomies (80% in targeted hospitals) and 14,800 distal pancreatectomies (76% in targeted hospitals). Preoperative and intraoperative characteristics of patients treated at targeted versus standard hospitals were comparable. On multivariable analysis, pancreatoduodenectomies performed at targeted hospitals were associated with a 39% decrease in 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.50-0.75), 17% decrease in serious morbidity (odds ratio, 0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.77-0.89), and 41% decrease in failure-to-rescue (odds ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.47-0.74). These differences did not apply to distal pancreatectomies. Participation in the targeted registry was associated with higher rates of optimal surgery for both pancreatoduodenectomy (odds ratio, 1.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.25-1.41) and distal pancreatectomy (odds ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.30).

CONCLUSION

Mortality and failure-to-rescue rates after pancreatoduodenectomy in targeted hospitals were nearly half of rates in standard American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program hospitals. Further research should delineate factors underlying this effect and highlight opportunities for improvement.

Failure to rescue among octogenarians undergoing cardiac surgery in the United States

BACKGROUND

A rapidly growing population, octogenarians are considered at high-risk for mortality and complications after cardiac surgery. Given the recent addition of failure to rescue as a Society of Thoracic Surgeons quality metric, a better understanding of patient and operative factors predictive of failure to rescue in this cohort is warranted.

METHODS

The 2010-2020 Nationwide Readmissions Database was used to identify all patients ≥80 years undergoing first-time, elective coronary artery bypass grafting or concomitant valve operations. Patients experiencing failure to rescue, defined as mortality after a major or minor complication, were classified as Failure to Rescue (others: Non-Failure to Rescue). Multivariable regression models were developed to ascertain significant perioperative factors associated with failure to rescue.

RESULTS

Of ∼562,794 octogenarian patients, 76,473 (13.6%) developed complications. Of these, 7,055 (9.2%) experienced failure to rescue. The incidence of failure to rescue decreased across the study time course (9.7% in 2010 to 7.6% in 2019, P = .001). After risk adjustment, age (adjusted odds ratio, 1.05/year; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.07), female sex (adjusted odds ratio, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.27-1.53), congestive heart failure (adjusted odds ratio, 1.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.38-1.71), late-stage kidney disease (adjusted odds ratio, 2.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.79-3.17), liver disease (adjusted odds ratio, 9.59; 95% confidence interval, 8.17-11.26), and cerebrovascular disease (adjusted odds ratio, 2.42; 95% confidence interval, 2.12-2.76) were associated with failure to rescue. Relative to isolated coronary artery bypass grafting, combined coronary artery bypass grafting-valve (adjusted odds ratio, 1.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.43-1.95) and multi-valve procedures (adjusted odds ratio, 2.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.75-2.85) were linked with greater odds of failure to rescue. There was no association between failure to rescue and hospital volume.

CONCLUSION

Despite improvements in perioperative management, failure to rescue occurs in ∼9% of octogenarians undergoing elective cardiac operations. Although incidence has declined over the past decade, the continued prevalence of failure to rescue underscores the need for novel risk assessments and targeted interventions.

Simplifying Hospital Quality Comparisons for Vascular Surgery Using Center-Level Frailty Burden Rather Than Comorbidities

BACKGROUND

Failure to rescue (FtR), or inpatient death following complication, is a publicly reported hospital quality measure. Previous work has demonstrated significant variation in the proportion of frail patients across hospitals. However, frailty is not incorporated into risk-adjustment algorithms for hospital quality comparisons and risk adjustment is made by comorbidity scores. Our aim was to assess the impact of frailty on FtR quality measurement and as a means of risk adjustment.

METHODS

Patients undergoing open or endovascular aneurysm repair or lower extremity bypass in the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) at centers performing ≥ 25 vascular procedures annually (2003-2019) were included. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated in-hospital death using scaled hierarchical modeling clustering at the center level. Center FtR observed/expected ratios were compared with expected values adjusted for either standard comorbidity profiles or frailty as measured by the VQI Risk Analysis Index. Centers were divided into quartiles using VQI-linked American Hospital Association data to describe the hospital characteristics of centers whose ranks changed.

RESULTS

A total of 63,143 patients (213 centers) were included; 1,630 patients (2.58%) were classified as FtR. After accounting for center-level variability, frailty was associated with FtR [scaled odds ratio 1.9 (1.8-2.0), P < 0.001]. The comorbidity-centric and frailty-based models performed similarly in predicting FtR with C-statistics of 0.85 (0.84-0.86) and 0.82 (0.82-0.84), respectively. Overall changes in ranking based on observed/expected ratios were not statistically significant (P = 0.48). High and low performing centers had similar ranking using comorbidity-centric and frailty-based methods; however, centers in the middle of the performance spectrum saw more variability in ranking alterations. Forty nine (23%) of hospitals improved their ranking by five or more positions when using frailty versus comorbidity risk adjustment. The centers in Quartile 4, those who performed the highest number of vascular procedures annually, experience on average a significant improvement in hospital ranking when frailty was used for risk adjustment, whereas centers performing the fewest number of vascular procedures and the lowest proportion of vascular surgery cases annually (Quartile 1) saw a significant worsening of ranking position (all P < 0.05). However, total number of surgical procedures annually, total hospital beds, for-profit status, and teaching hospital status were not significantly associated with changes in rank.

CONCLUSIONS

A simple frailty-adjusted model has similar predictive abilities as a comorbidity-focused model for predicting a common quality metric that influences reimbursement. In addition to distilling the risk-adjustment algorithm to a few variables, frailty can be assessed preoperatively to develop quality improvement efforts for rescuing frail patients. Centers treating a greater proportion of frail patients and those who perform higher volumes of vascular surgery benefit from a risk adjustment strategy based on frailty.

Volume-failure-to-rescue relationship in acute type A aortic dissections: An analysis of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database

OBJECTIVE

To determine the relationship between volume of cases and failure-to-rescue (FTR) rate after surgery for acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) across the United States.

METHODS

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons adult cardiac surgery database was used to review outcomes of surgery after ATAAD between June 2017 and December 2021. Mixed-effect models and restricted cubic splines were used to determine the risk-adjusted relationships between ATAAD average volume and FTR rate. FTR calculation was based on deaths associated with the following complications: venous thromboembolism/deep venous thrombosis, stroke, renal failure, mechanical ventilation >48 hours, sepsis, gastrointestinal complications, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and unplanned reoperation.

RESULTS

In total, 18,192 patients underwent surgery for ATAAD in 832 centers. The included hospitals' median volume was 2.2 cases/year (interquartile range [IQR], 0.9-5.8). Quartiles' distribution was 615 centers in the first (1.3 cases/year, IQR, 0.4-2.9); 123 centers in the second (8 cases/year, IQR, 6.7-10.2); 66 centers in the third (15.6 cases/year, IQR, 14.2-18); and 28 centers in the fourth quartile (29.3 cases/year, IQR, 28.8-46.0). Fourth-quartile hospitals performed more extensive procedures. Overall complication, mortality, and FTR rates were 52.6%, 14.2%, and 21.7%, respectively. Risk-adjusted analysis demonstrated increased odds of FTR when the average volume was fewer than 10 cases per year.

CONCLUSIONS

Although high-volume centers performed more complex procedures than low-volume centers, their operative mortality was lower, perhaps reflecting their ability to rescue patients and mitigate complications. An average of fewer than 10 cases per year at an institution is associated with increased odds of failure to rescue patients after ATAAD repair.

"Failure to Rescue" following Colorectal Cancer Resection: Variation and Improvements in a National Study of Postoperative Mortality

OBJECTIVE

To examine variation in "failure to rescue" (FTR) as a driver of differences in mortality between centres and over time for patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND

Wide variation exists in postoperative mortality following colorectal cancer surgery. FTR has been identified as an important determinant of variation in postoperative outcomes. We hypothesized that differences in mortality both between hospitals and over time are driven by variation in FTR.

METHODS

A national population-based study of patients undergoing colorectal cancer resection from 2010 to 2019 in Aotearoa New Zealand was conducted. Rates of 90-day FTR, mortality, and complications were calculated overall, and for surgical and nonoperative complications. Twenty District Health Boards (DHBs) were ranked into quartiles using risk- and reliability-adjusted 90-day mortality rates. Variation between DHBs and trends over the 10-year period were examined.

RESULTS

Overall, 15,686 patients undergoing resection for colorectal adenocarcinoma were included. Increased postoperative mortality at high-mortality centers (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.8-3.3) was driven by higher rates of FTR (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.5-2.8), and postoperative complications (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.3-1.6). These trends were consistent across operative and nonoperative complications. Over the 2010 to 2019 period, postoperative mortality halved (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.4-0.6), associated with a greater improvement in FTR (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.4-0.7) than complications (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.8-0.9). Differences between centers and over time remained when only analyzing patients undergoing elective surgery.

CONCLUSION

Mortality following colorectal cancer resection has halved over the past decade, predominantly driven by improvements in "rescue" from complications. Differences in FTR also drive hospital-level variation in mortality, highlighting the central importance of "rescue" as a target for surgical quality improvement.

Changes in failure to rescue after gastrectomy at a large-volume center with a 16-year experience in Korea

Failure to rescue (FTR), the mortality rate among patients with complications, is gaining attention as a hospital quality indicator. However, comprehensive investigation into FTR has rarely been conducted after radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer patients. This study aimed to assess FTR after radical gastrectomy and investigate the associations between FTR and clinicopathologic factors, operative features, and complication types. From 2006 to 2021, 16,851 gastric cancer patients who underwent gastrectomy were retrospectively analyzed. The incidence and risk factors were analyzed for complications, mortality, and FTR. Seventy-six patients had postoperative mortality among 15,984 patients after exclusion. The overall morbidity rate was 10.49% (1676/15,984 = 10.49%), and the FTR rate was 4.53% (76/1676). Risk factor analysis revealed that older age (reference: < 60; vs. 60-79, adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-3.79, P = 0.019; vs. ≥ 80, OR 3.74, 95% CI 1.57-8.91, P = 0.003), high ASA score (vs. 1 or 2, OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.59-4.91, P < 0.001), and serosa exposure in pathologic T stage (vs. T1, OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.51-4.97, P < 0.001) were associated with FTR. Moreover, patients who underwent gastrectomy during 2016-2021 were less likely to die when complications occurred than patients who received the surgery in 2006-2010 (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.18-0.68, P = 0.002). This investigation of FTR after gastrectomy demonstrated that the risk factors for FTR were old age, high ASA score, serosa exposure, and operation period. FTR varied according to the complication types and the period, even in the same institution.

Characteristics Associated With Failure to Rescue After Open Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair

INTRODUCTION

Failure to Rescue (FTR), defined as mortality following a complication of care, is an important indicator of hospital care quality. Understanding risk factors associated with FTR in the elective Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) population may help surgeons prevent operative mortality.

METHODS

Elective open AAA repairs (2008-2018) were identified from Cerner's HealthFacts database using ICD-9 and ICD-10 diagnosis and procedure codes. Patient, hospital, and encounter characteristics were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression models determined the relative contribution of patient and encounter characteristics leading to FTR.

RESULTS

For 1761 patients who underwent open repair for nonruptured AAA, overall mortality was 6.1%. Of patients with one or more complications (40%), mortality was 9.6%, increasing to 21.5% for patients with ≥4 major complications. Complications of care most associated with death were myocardial infarction (MI), gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, and pulmonary failure. After multivariable adjustment, FTR was associated with advanced age (odds ratio [OR] 1.19 for 5 y, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.34); female sex (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.12-2.70); congestive heart failure (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.00-2.73); peptic ulcer disease (OR 3.99, 95% CI 1.18-13.5); diabetes (OR 4.90, 95% CI 1.90-12.6), and the number of complications of care.

CONCLUSIONS

Complications of care were common following open elective AAA repair. The complications with the highest mortality included MI, GI bleeding, and respiratory failure. FTR was associated with female sex, comorbidities, and increasing numbers of complications of care. Often, the lowest occurring complications had the highest FTR. Adopting gender-specific assessment tools, a protocol-driven approach for perioperative GI prophylaxis, and preoperative MI risk mitigation may lead to reduced FTR.

Rescue Improvement Conference: A Novel Tool for Addressing Failure to Rescue

OBJECTIVE

To understand the effectiveness of Rescue Improvement Conference, a forum that addresses FTR.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

Every year over 150,000 patients die after elective surgery in the United States. FTR is the phenomenon whereby delayed recognition and/or response to serious surgical complications leads to a progressive cascade of adverse events culminating in death. Rescue Improvement Conference is an adapted version of the Ottawa-style morbidity and mortality conference, designed to address common contributors to FTR: ineffective communication and inadequate problem solving.

METHODS

Mixed methods data were used to evaluate Rescue Improvement Conference, a bi-monthly forum that was first introduced in our academic medical center in 2018. Conference effectiveness data were collected via survey and open-text responses after 5 conferences between September 2018 and February 2020. We focused on 5 indicators of effectiveness: educational value, conference takeaways, discussion time, changes to surgical practice, and actionable opportunities for improvement. Twelve surgical faculty and house staff also provided feedback during semi-structured interviews. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis.

RESULTS

Conference attendees (N = 140) felt that Rescue Improvement Conference was effective-all 5 indicators had mean scores above 5 on Likert scales. The qualitative data supports the quantitative findings, and 3 additional themes emerged: Rescue Improvement Conference enables the representation of diverse voices, promotes interdisciplinary collaboration, and encourages multilevel problem solving.

CONCLUSIONS

Rescue Improvement Conference has the potential to support other surgical departments in developing system-level strategies to recognize and manage postoperative complications by providing stakeholders a forum to identify and discuss factors that contribute to FTR.

Validation of prolonged length of stay as a reliable measure of failure to rescue in colorectal surgery

BACKGROUND

Failure-to-rescue measures a hospital's response capacity to avoid the death of a patient after a complication. The aim of this study was to validate the use of prolonged length of stay to calculate failure-to-rescue rates as a substitute for traditional coding of complications in colorectal cancer surgery.

METHOD

We performed a cross-sectional between-instruments agreement study. Our study population was comprised of 204 colorectal cancer surgical patients from a public academic hospital during 2017 and 2018. We obtained two failure-to-rescue indicators from administrative data: an indicator using International Classification of Diseases, tenth edition, (ICD-10) codes; and another one using a cut-off point of prolonged length of stay as a predictor of patients with complications. Then, they were compared with a reference indicator from clinical records.

RESULTS

Failure-to-rescue rates were between 10 and 13.64 for the study site depending on which indicator was used. A hospital stay ≥10 days had the maximum Youden's index (0.6) and an area under the ROC curve of 0.87. This was used in the failure-to-rescue indicator using prolonged length, which obtained the highest agreement (any coefficient >0.75).

CONCLUSION

ICD-10 codes identified complications poorly. Prolonged length of stay could be a valid replacement of ICD-10 codes when measuring failure-to-rescue in administrative databases for colorectal surgical patients.

Sex Disparities in Failure to Rescue After Cardiac Surgery in California and New York

BACKGROUND

Women have a higher risk of mortality than men after cardiac surgery independent of other risk factors. The reason for this may not be limited to patient-specific variables. Failure to rescue (FTR) patients from death after a postoperative complication is a nationally endorsed quality care metric. We aimed to identify whether sex disparities exist in the quality of care after cardiac surgery using FTR rates.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of 30 973 men (70.4%) and 13 033 women (29.6%) aged over 18 years undergoing coronary artery bypass graft or valve surgery in New York (2016-2019) and California (2016-2018) who experienced at least one serious postoperative complication. The primary outcome was the FTR. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of death after complication. Propensity matching was used to adjust for baseline differences between sexes and yielded 12 657 pairs.

RESULTS

Female patients that experienced complications were older (mean age 67.8 versus 66.7, P<0.001), more frail (median frailty score 0.1 versus 0.07, P<0.001), and had more comorbidities (median Charlson score 2.5 versus 2.3, P<0.001) than male patients. The overall FTR rate was 5.7% (2524), men were less likely to die after a complication than women (4.8% versus 8%, P<0.001). Independent predictors of FTR included female sex (relative risk [RR]: 1.46 [CI, 1.30-1.62]), area-level poverty rate >20% (RR, 1.21 [CI, 1.01-1.59]), higher frailty (RR, 2.83 [CI, 1.35-5.93]), undergoing concomitant coronary artery bypass graft and valve surgeries (RR, 1.69 [CI, 1.49-1.9]), and higher number of postoperative complications (RR, 16.28 [CI, 14-18.89]). In the propensity-matched cohorts, the FTR rate remained significantly lower among men than women (6.0% versus 8.0%, P<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Women are less likely to be rescued from death following postoperative complications, independent of socioeconomic and clinical characteristics. Further research is warranted to investigate the clinical practices contributing to this disparity in quality of care following cardiac surgery.

A Pragmatic Method for Measuring Inpatient Complications and Complication-Specific Mortality

OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of this study was to develop hospital-level metrics of major complications associated with mortality that allows for the identification of opportunities for improvement. The secondary objective is to improve upon current metrics for failure to rescue (i.e., death from serious but treatable complications.).

METHODS

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality metrics served as the basis for identifying specific complications related to major organ system morbidity associated with death. Complication-specific occurrence rates, observed mortality, and risk-adjusted mortality indices were calculated for the study institution and 182 peer organizations using component International Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision codes. Data were included for adults over a 4-year period, with exclusion of hospice patients and complications present on admission. Temporal visualizations of each metric were used to compare past and recent performance at the study hospital and in comparison to peers.

RESULTS

The complication-specific method showed statistically significant differences in the study hospital occurrence rates and associated mortality rates compared with peer institutions. The monthly control-chart presentation of these metrics provides assessment of hospital-level interventions to prevent complications and/or reduce failure to rescue deaths.

CONCLUSIONS

The method described supplements existing metrics of serious complications that occur during the course of acute hospitalization allowing for enhanced visualization of opportunities to improve care delivery systems. This method leverages existing measure components to minimize reporting burden. Monthly time-series data allow interventions to prevent and/or rescue patients to be rapidly assessed for impact.

Hospital nursing factors associated with decreased odds of mortality in older adult medicare surgical patients with depression

Background

Depression is common, costly, and has deleterious effects in older adult surgical patients. Little research exists examining older adult surgical patient outcomes and depression and the potential for nursing factors to affect these outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between hospital nursing resources, 30-day mortality; and the impact of depression on this relationship.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study employing a national nurse survey, hospital data, and Medicare claims data from 2006–2007. The sample included: 296,561 older adult patients, aged 65–90, who had general, orthopedic, or vascular surgery in acute care general hospitals from 2006–2007, 533 hospitals and 24,837 nurses. Random effects models were used to analyze the association between depression, hospital nursing resources, and mortality.

Results

Every added patient per nurse was associated with a 4% increase in the risk-adjusted odds of mortality in patients with depression (p < 0.05). Among all patients, every 10% increase in the proportion of bachelor’s prepared nurses was associated with a 4% decrease in the odds of mortality (p < 0.001) and a one standard deviation increase in the work environment was associated with a 5% decrease in the odds of mortality (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

For older adult patients hospitalized for surgery, the risk of mortality is associated with higher patient to nurse ratio, lower proportion of BSN prepared nurses in the hospital, and worse hospital work environment. Addressing the mental health care needs of older adults in the general care hospital setting is critical to ensuring positive outcomes after surgery. Hospital protocols to lower the risk of surgical mortality in older adults with and without depression could include improving nurse resources.

The Perioperative Quality Improvement Programme (PQIP patient study): protocol for a UK multicentre, prospective cohort study to measure quality of care and outcomes after major surgery

Introduction

Major surgery accounts for a substantial proportion of health service activity, due not only to the primary procedure, but the longer-term health implications of poor short-term outcome. Data from small studies or from outside the UK indicate that rates of complications and failure to rescue vary between hospitals, as does compliance with best practice processes. Within the UK, there is currently no system for monitoring postoperative complications (other than short-term mortality) in major non-cardiac surgery. Further, there is variation between national audit programmes, in the emphasis placed on quality assurance versus quality improvement, and therefore the principles of measurement and reporting which are used to design such programmes.

Methods and analysis

The PQIP patient study is a multi-centre prospective cohort study which recruits patients undergoing major surgery. Patient provide informed consent and contribute baseline and outcome data from their perspective using a suite of patient-reported outcome tools. Research and clinical staff complete data on patient risk factors and outcomes in-hospital, including two measures of complications. Longer-term outcome data are collected through patient feedback and linkage to national administrative datasets (mortality and readmissions). As well as providing a uniquely granular dataset for research, PQIP provides feedback to participating sites on their compliance with evidence-based processes and their patients’ outcomes, with the aim of supporting local quality improvement.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval has been granted by the Health Research Authority in the UK. Dissemination of interim findings (non-inferential) will form a part of the improvement methodology and will be provided to participating centres at regular intervals, including near-real time feedback of key process measures. Inferential analyses will be published in the peer-reviewed literature, supported by a comprehensive multi-modal communications strategy including to patients, policy makers and academic audiences as well as clinicians.

Association between nurse aide staffing and patient mortality after major cancer surgeries in acute care settings: A retrospective cohort study

This study examined the association between adding nurse aides and patient mortality in acute care settings. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using a national healthcare administrative claims database. We identified patients who underwent planned surgery for six types of cancer from 2010 to 2017. Multivariable logistic analyses were used to examine the association between the nurse aide staffing level and patient outcomes. The primary outcomes were failure to rescue and 30-day hospital mortality. We examined 330 666 in-hospital patients. The median number of nurse aides per 100 occupied beds was 6.60 (interquartile range, 4.61-8.43). In the multivariable analysis, nurse aide staffing level was not significantly associated with failure to rescue or 30-day hospital mortality. The Japanese government provides economic incentives to hospitals that hire more nurse aides, expecting that a higher nurse aide staffing level will help licensed nurses concentrate on the tasks that need their specialties. However, our findings suggest that adding nurse aides may not be associated with lower rates of failure to rescue or 30-day hospital mortality in acute care settings.

Timing and Severity of Postoperative Complications and Associated 30-Day Mortality Following Hepatic Resection: a National Surgical Quality Improvement Project Study

BACKGROUND

The effect of varying severity and timing of complications after hepatic resection on 30-day mortality has not been thoroughly examined.

METHODS

National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Patient User Files (NSQIP-PUF) were used to identify patients who underwent elective hepatic resection between 2014 and 2019. The impact of number, timing, and severity of complications on 30-day mortality was examined.

RESULTS

Among 25,084 patients who underwent hepatic resection, 7436 (29.9%) patients developed at least one NSQIP complication, while 2688 (10.7%) had multiple (≥2) complications. Overall, 30-day mortality was 1.7% (n=424), among whom 81.4% (n=345) patients had ≥2 complications. The 30-day mortality was highest among patients with three consecutive severe complications (47.8%), as well as patients with one non-severe and two subsequent severe complications (47.6%). The adjusted probability of 30-day mortality was 35.5% (95%CI: 29.5-41.4%) when multiple severe complications occurred within the first postoperative week and 16.2% (95%CI: 7.2-25.1%) when the second severe complication occurred at least one week apart. The adjusted risk of 30-day mortality after even two non-severe complications was as high as 5.3% (95%CI: 3.7-6.9%) when the second complication occurred within a week postoperatively.

CONCLUSION

Approximately 1 in 10 patients developed multiple complications following hepatectomy. Timing and severity of complications were independently associated with 30-day mortality.

Aligning Patient Acuity With Resource Intensity After Major Surgery: A Scoping Review

OBJECTIVE

Develop unifying definitions and paradigms for data-driven methods to augment postoperative resource intensity decisions.

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA

Postoperative level-of-care assignments and frequency of vital sign and laboratory measurements (ie, resource intensity) should align with patient acuity. Effective, data-driven decision-support platforms could improve value of care for millions of patients annually, but their development is hindered by the lack of salient definitions and paradigms.

METHODS

Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched for articles describing patient acuity and resource intensity after inpatient surgery. Study quality was assessed using validated tools. Thirty-five studies were included and assimilated according to PRISMA guidelines.

RESULTS

Perioperative patient acuity is accurately represented by combinations of demographic, physiologic, and hospital-system variables as input features in models that capture complex, non-linear relationships. Intraoperative physiologic data enriche these representations. Triaging high-acuity patients to low-intensity care is associated with increased risk for mortality; triaging low-acuity patients to intensive care units (ICUs) has low value and imparts harm when other, valid requests for ICU admission are denied due to resource limitations, increasing their risk for unrecognized decompensation and failure-to-rescue. Providing high-intensity care for low-acuity patients may also confer harm through unnecessary testing and subsequent treatment of incidental findings, but there is insufficient evidence to evaluate this hypothesis. Compared with data-driven models, clinicians exhibit volatile performance in predicting complications and making postoperative resource intensity decisions.

CONCLUSION

To optimize value, postoperative resource intensity decisions should align with precise, data-driven patient acuity assessments augmented by models that accurately represent complex, non-linear relationships among risk factors.

The association between hospital nursing resource profiles and nurse and patient outcomes

AIMS

To identify and describe profiles of nursing resources and compare nurse and patient outcomes among the identified nursing resource profiles.

BACKGROUND

Research linking nurse education, staffing, and the work environment treats these nursing resources as separate variables. Individual hospitals exhibit distinct profiles of these resources.

METHODS

This cross-sectional secondary analysis used 2006 data from 692 hospitals in four states. Latent class mixture modeling was used to identify resource profiles. Regression models estimated the associations among the profiles and outcomes.

RESULTS

Three profiles were identified (better, mixed, and poor) according to their nursing resource levels. Hospitals with poor profiles were disproportionately mid-sized, not-for-profit, non-teaching, urban, and had lower technology capability. Nurse job outcomes, patient mortality and care experiences were significantly improved in hospitals with better resource profiles.

CONCLUSIONS

Hospitals exhibit distinct profiles of nursing resources that reflect investments into nursing. Nurse and patient outcomes and patients' experiences are improved in hospitals with better nursing resource profiles. This finding is consistent with the literature that has examined these resources independently.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT

Nurse managers can identify their nursing resource profile and the associated outcomes. Our results show the advantages of improving one's hospital nursing resource profile, motivating managers to make an informed decision regarding investments in nursing resources.

Failure to rescue following emergency surgery: A FRAM analysis of the management of the deteriorating patient

BACKGROUND

Failure to rescue (FTR) denotes mortality from post-operative complications after surgery with curative intent. High-volume, low-mortality units have similar complication rates to others, but have lower FTR rates. Effective response to the deteriorating post-operative patient is therefore critical to reducing surgical mortality. Resilience Engineering might afford a useful perspective for studying how the management of deterioration usually succeeds and how resilience can be strengthened.

METHODS

We studied the response to the deteriorating patient following emergency abdominal surgery in a large surgical emergency unit, using the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM). FRAM focuses on the conflicts and trade-offs inherent in the process of response, and how staff adapt to them, rather than on identifying and eliminating error. 31 semi-structured interviews and two workshops were used to construct a model of the response system from which conclusions could be drawn about possible ways to strengthen system resilience.

RESULTS

The model identified 23 functions, grouped into five clusters, and their respective variability. The FRAM analysis highlighted trade-offs and conflicts which affected decisions over timing, as well as strategies used by staff to cope with these underlying tensions. Suggestions for improving system resilience centred on improving team communication, organisational learning and relationships, rather than identifying and fixing specific system faults.

CONCLUSION

FRAM can be used for analysing surgical work systems in order to identify recommendations focused on strengthening organisational resilience. Its potential value should be explored by empirical evaluation of its use in systems improvement.

Failure to Rescue Deteriorating Patients: A Systematic Review of Root Causes and Improvement Strategies

OBJECTIVES

"Failure to rescue" (FTR) is the failure to prevent a death resulting from a complication of medical care or from a complication of underlying illness or surgery. There is a growing body of evidence that identifies causes and interventions that may improve institutional FTR rates. Why do patients "fail to rescue" after complications in hospital? What clinically relevant interventions have been shown to improve organizational fail to rescue rates? Can successful rescue methods be classified into a simple strategy?

METHODS

A systematic review was performed and the following electronic databases searched between January 1, 2006, to February 12, 2018: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and BNI databases. All studies that explored an intervention to improve failure to rescue in the adult population were considered.

RESULTS

The search returned 1486 articles. Eight hundred forty-two abstracts were reviewed leaving 52 articles for full assessment. Articles were classified into 3 strategic arms (recognize, relay, and react) incorporating 6 areas of intervention with specific recommendations.

CONCLUSIONS

Complications occur consistently within healthcare organizations. They represent a huge burden on patients, clinicians, and healthcare systems. Organizations vary in their ability to manage such events. Failure to rescue is a measure of institutional competence in this context. We propose "The 3 Rs of Failure to Rescue" of recognize, relay, and react and hope that this serves as a valuable framework for understanding the phases where failure of patient salvage may occur. Future efforts at mitigating the differences in outcome from complication management between units may benefit from incorporating this proposed framework into institutional quality improvement.

Significant Variation in Blood Transfusion Practice Persists Following Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgery

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective case control study.

OBJECTIVE

To review current transfusion practise following Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) surgery and assess risks of complication from transfusion in this cohort.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

No study to date has investigated variation in blood transfusion practices across surgeons and hospitals following AIS surgery.

METHODS

Data were extracted from the Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System. Using International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9) all patients with (ICD-9) code for AIS (737.30) ("idiopathic scoliosis") and underwent spinal fusion between 2000 and 2015 were included. Bivariate and mixed-effects logistic regression analyses were performed to assess patient, surgeon, and hospital factors associated with perioperative allogeneic red blood cell transfusion. Additional multivariable analyses examined the association between transfusion and infectious complications.

RESULTS

Of the 7689 patients who underwent AIS surgery, 21.1% received a perioperative blood transfusion. After controlling for patient factors, wide variation in risk-adjusted transfusion rates was present with a 10-fold difference in transfusion rates observed across surgeons (4.4%-46.1%) and hospitals (5.1%-50%). Patient factors did not explain any of the surgeon or hospital variation. Use of autologous blood transfusion, higher surgeon procedure volume, and greater surgeon years in practice were independently associated with lower odds of allogeneic blood transfusion (P < 0.001), and surgeon and hospital characteristics explained 45% of surgeon variation but only 2.4% of hospital variation. Allogeneic blood transfusion was independently associated with postoperative wound infection (OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.20-2.93), pneumonia (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.26-2.44), and sepsis (OR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.11-5.83).

CONCLUSION

Significant variation exists across both surgeons and hospitals in perioperative blood transfusion utilization following AIS surgery. Use of autologous blood transfusion and implementing institutional transfusion protocols may reduce unwarranted variation and potentially decrease infectious complication rates.Level of Evidence: 3.

Dose-response association between nurse staffing and patient outcomes following major cancer surgeries using a nationwide inpatient database in Japan

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To examine the non-linear dose-response associations between nurse staffing levels and patient outcomes using a nationwide inpatient database in Japan.

BACKGROUND

Previous studies showed that higher nurse staffing levels were associated with better patient outcomes. However, it remains unclear whether there are thresholds for the associations between higher nurse staffing levels and improved patient outcomes.

DESIGNS

Retrospective observational study design following the STROBE guideline.

METHODS

We identified all patients aged ≥20 years who underwent one of six major cancer surgeries between July 2010 and March 2018 using data from the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, a nationwide database for acute-care inpatients in Japan. Restricted cubic spline regression analyses, the statistical method that allows non-linear functional form, were performed with several scenarios of cut-off points to examine the dose-response associations between patient-to-nurse ratio per shift and failure to rescue, 30-day in-hospital mortality and postoperative complications.

RESULTS

Among 645,687 patients, restricted cubic spline regression analyses showed insignificant associations of patient-to-nurse ratio with failure to rescue and 30-day in-hospital mortality with no threshold, but a reverse J-shaped association with postoperative complications with a threshold of patient-to-nurse ratio per shift of 5.4.

CONCLUSIONS

In terms of postoperative complications, additional registered nurses were associated with decreased postoperative complications. However, this incremental benefit of additional registered nurses may disappear if hospitals allocate five to six number of registered nurses in general wards.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

This study suggested that additional registered nurses over one per five to six patients may not bring the incremental benefit to decrease postoperative complications.

Association of hospital nursing and postsurgical sepsis

Despite concerted research and clinical efforts, sepsis remains a common, costly, and often fatal occurrence. Little evidence exists for the relationship between institutional nursing resources and the incidence and outcomes of sepsis after surgery. The objective of this study was to examine whether hospital nursing resource quality is associated with postsurgical sepsis incidence and survival. This cross-sectional, secondary data analysis used registered nurses' reports on hospital nursing resources-staffing, education, and work environment-and multivariate logistic regressions to model their association with risk-adjusted postsurgical sepsis and mortality in 568 hospitals across four states. Better work environment quality was associated with lower odds of sepsis. While the likelihood of death among septic patients was nearly seven times that of non-septic patients, better nursing resources were associated with reduced mortality for all patients. Whereas the preponderance of sepsis research has focused on clinical interventions to prevent and treat sepsis, this study describes organizational characteristics hospital administrators may modify through organizational change targeting nurse staffing, education, and work environments to improve patient outcomes.

Failure to Rescue: A New Society of Thoracic Surgeons Quality Metric for Cardiac Surgery

BACKGROUND

Failure to rescue (FTR) focuses on the ability to prevent death among patients who experience postoperative complications. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Quality Measurement Task Force has developed a new, risk- adjusted FTR quality metric for adult cardiac surgery.

METHODS

The study population was taken from 1118 STS Adult Cardiac Surgery Database participants including patients who underwent isolated CABG, aortic valve replacement +/- CABG, or mitral valve repair/replacement, +/- CABG between January, 2015 and June, 2019. The FTR analysis was derived from patients who experienced ≥ 1 of the following complications: prolonged ventilation, stroke, reoperation, and renal failure. Data were randomly split into 70% training (n=89,059) and 30% validation samples (n=38,242),Risk variables included STS predicted risk of mortality, operative procedures, and intraoperative variables (cardiopulmonary bypass and cross-clamp times, unplanned procedures, need for circulatory support, and massive transfusion).

RESULTS

Overall mortality for the for patients undergoing any of the index operations during the study period was 2.6% (27,045/1,058,138), with mortality of 0.9% (8,316/930,837), 8.0% (7,618/94,918), 30.6% (8,247/26,934), 51.9%(2,661/5,123), and 62.3% (203/326) among patients suffering none, one, two, three or four complications. FTR risk model calibration was excellent, as were model discrimination (c-statistic 0.806) and the Brier score (0.102). Using 95% Bayesian credible intervals, 62 (5.6%) participants performed worse and 53 (4.7%) participants performed better than expected.

CONCLUSIONS

A new risk-adjusted FTR metric has been developed which complements existing STS performance measures. The metric specifically assesses institutional effectiveness of postoperative care, allowing hospitals to target quality improvement efforts.

Improving outcomes after low-risk coronary artery bypass grafting: understanding phase of care mortality analysis, failure to rescue and recent perioperative recommendations

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Avoidable adverse events are responsible for up to 50% of deaths after low-risk coronary artery bypass grafting. This article reviews recent quality improvement efforts to improve outcomes after cardiac surgery.

RECENT FINDINGS

Systematic quality improvement methodology in cardiac surgery has improved significantly over the past decade. Contemporary efforts with phase of care mortality analysis (POCMA) focus on identifying and addressing root causes for mortality. Each patient's perioperative course is an interconnected sequence of clinical events, decisions, interventions, and treatment responses occurring across five perioperative phases. A single seminal event within a specific phase of care has been found to often trigger the eventual death of a patient. Several groups have made significant improvements to perioperative outcomes by addressing these avoidable mortality trigger events. Failing that, failure to rescue (FTR) metrics can be used to identify institutional factors responsible for poor perioperative outcomes. This ongoing focus on quality improvement serves to further improve outcomes after low-risk cardiac surgery.

SUMMARY

Modern quality improvement methodology, including POCMA and FTR analysis, has the potential to significantly improve outcomes after cardiac surgery. Larger future studies with multiinstitutional data sharing will be key to facilitate ongoing quality improvement and knowledge translation in this field.

Complications After Complex Gastrointestinal Cancer Surgery: Benefits and Costs Associated with Inter-hospital Transfer Among Medicare Beneficiaries

BACKGROUND

Inter-hospital transfer (IHT) may help reduce failure-to-rescue (FTR) by transferring patients to centers with a higher level of expertise than the index hospital. We sought to identify factors associated with an IHT and examine if IHT was associated with improved outcomes after complex gastrointestinal cancer surgery.

METHODS

Medicare Inpatient Standard Analytic Files were utilized to identify patients with >1 postoperative complication following resection for esophageal, pancreatic, liver, or colorectal cancer between 2013 and 2017. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association of different factors with the chance of IHT, as well as the impact of IHT on failure-to-rescue (FTR) and expenditures.

RESULTS

Among 39,973 patients with >1 postoperative complications, 3090 (7.7%) patients were transferred to a secondary hospital. The median LOS at the index hospital prior to IHT was 10 days (IQR, 6-17 days). Patients who underwent IHT more often had experienced multiple complications at the index hospital compared with non-IHT patients (57.7% vs. 38.9%) (p<0.001). Transferred patients more commonly had undergone surgery at a low-volume index hospital (n=218, 60.2%) compared with non-IHT (n=10,351, 25.9%) patients (p<0.001). On multivariate analysis, hospital volume remained strongly associated with transfer to an acute care hospital (ACH) (OR 5.53; 95% CI 3.91-7.84; p<0.001), as did multiple complications (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.56-2.57). The incidence of FTR was much higher among IHT-ACH patients (20.2%) versus non-IHT patients (11.5%) (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.11-2.05) (p<0.001). Medicare expenditures were higher among patients who had IHT-ACH ($72.1k USD; IQR, $48.1k-$116.7k) versus non-IHT ($38.5k USD; IQR, $28.1k-$59.2k USD) (p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

Approximately 1 in 13 patients had an IHT after complex gastrointestinal cancer surgery. IHT was associated with high rates of FTR, which was more pronounced among patients who underwent surgery at an index low-volume hospital. IHT was associated with higher overall CMS expenditures.

Timing of Complication and Failure to Rescue after Hepatectomy: Single-Institution Analysis of 28 Years of Hepatic Surgery

BACKGROUND

Morbidity after hepatectomy remains a significant, potentially preventable, outcome. Understanding the pattern of complications and rescue pathways is critical for the development of targeted initiatives intended to salvage patients after operative morbidity.

STUDY DESIGN

Patients undergoing liver resection from 1991 to 2018 at a single institution were analyzed. Failure to rescue (FTR) was defined as percentage of deaths in patients with a complication within 30 days. Generalized estimating equations with log-link function assessed associations between clinical characteristics and major complications and between complications at fewer than 30 days and 30 to 90 days. Logistic regression assessed associations between complications and FTR.

RESULTS

A total of 6,191 patients and 6,668 operations were identified, of which 55.6% were performed for management of metastatic colorectal cancer. Major complications (grade ≥3) occurred in 20.2% of operations (1,346 of 6,668). Ninety-day mortality was 2.2%. The most common complication was intra-abdominal abscess at 9.0% (95% CI, 8.3% to 9.7%). Ten percent of patients with a complication at 30 days had another complication between 30 and 90 days compared with 2% without an early complication (odds ratio [OR] 5.09; 95% CI, 3.97 to 6.54; p < 0.001). FTR for liver failure, cardiac arrest, abscess, and hemorrhage was 36%, 56%, 3%, and 6%, respectively. Risk of 90-day mortality was higher in patients with liver failure (53% vs 2%; OR 61.42; 95% CI, 37.47 to 100.67; p < 0.001), cardiac arrest (69% vs 2%; OR 96.95; 95% CI, 33.23 to 283.80; p < 0.001), hemorrhage (11% vs 2%; OR 5.51; 95% CI, 2.59 to 11.73; p < 0.001), and abscess (7% vs 2%; OR 4.05; 95% CI, 2.76 to 5.94; p < 0.001) compared with those without these complications.

CONCLUSIONS

Morbidity after hepatectomy is frequent despite low mortality. This study identifies targets for improvement in morbidity and failure to rescue after hepatectomy. Efforts to improve recognition and intervention for infections and early complications are needed to improve outcomes.

Racial Disparities in Failure to Rescue Following Unplanned Reoperation in Pediatric Surgery

BACKGROUND

Failure to rescue (FTR) and unplanned reoperation following an index surgical procedure are key indicators of the quality of surgical care. Given that differences in unplanned reoperation and FTR rates among racial groups may contribute to persistent disparities in postsurgical outcomes, we sought to determine whether racial differences exist in the risk of FTR among children who required unplanned reoperation following inpatient surgical procedures.

METHODS

We used the National Surgical Quality Improvement database (2012-2017) to assemble a cohort of children (<18 years), who underwent inpatient surgery and subsequently returned to the operating room within 30 days of the index surgery. We used logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of FTR, comparing African American (AA) to White children. We estimated the risk-adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for FTR by controlling the analyses for demographic characteristics, surgical profile, and preoperative comorbidities. We further evaluated the racial differences in FTR by stratifying the analyses by the timing of unplanned reoperation.

RESULTS

Of 276,917 children who underwent various inpatient surgical procedures, 10,425 (3.8%) required an unplanned reoperation, of whom 2016 (19.3%) were AA and 8409 (80.7%) were White. Being AA relative to being White was associated with a 2-fold increase in the odds of FTR (aOR: 2.03; 95% CI, 1.5-2.74; P < .001). Among children requiring early unplanned reoperation, AAs were 2.38 times more likely to die compared to their White peers (8.9% vs 3.4%; aOR: 2.38; 95% CI, 1.54-3.66; P < .001). In children with intermediate timing of return to the operating room, the risk of FTR was 80% greater for AA children compared to their White peers (2.2% vs 1.1%; aOR: 1.80; 95% CI, 1.07-3.02; P = .026). Typically, AA children die within 5 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 1-16) of reoperation while their White counterparts die within 9 days following reoperation (IQR: 2-26).

CONCLUSIONS

Among children requiring unplanned reoperation, AA patients were more likely to die than their White peers. This racial difference in FTR rate was most noticeable among children requiring early unplanned reoperation. Time to mortality following unplanned reoperation was shorter for AA than for White children. Race appears to be an important determinant of FTR following unplanned reoperation in children and it should be considered when designing interventions to optimize unplanned reoperation outcomes.

Accuracy of identifying hospital acquired venous thromboembolism by administrative coding: implications for big data and machine learning research

Big data analytics research using heterogeneous electronic health record (EHR) data requires accurate identification of disease phenotype cases and controls. Overreliance on ground truth determination based on administrative data can lead to biased and inaccurate findings. Hospital-acquired venous thromboembolism (HA-VTE) is challenging to identify due to its temporal evolution and variable EHR documentation. To establish ground truth for machine learning modeling, we compared accuracy of HA-VTE diagnoses made by administrative coding to manual review of gold standard diagnostic test results. We performed retrospective analysis of EHR data on 3680 adult stepdown unit patients identifying HA-VTE. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9-CM) codes for VTE were identified. 4544 radiology reports associated with VTE diagnostic tests were screened using terminology extraction and then manually reviewed by a clinical expert to confirm diagnosis. Of 415 cases with ICD-9-CM codes for VTE, 219 were identified with acute onset type codes. Test report review identified 158 new-onset HA-VTE cases. Only 40% of ICD-9-CM coded cases (n = 87) were confirmed by a positive diagnostic test report, leaving the majority of administratively coded cases unsubstantiated by confirmatory diagnostic test. Additionally, 45% of diagnostic test confirmed HA-VTE cases lacked corresponding ICD codes. ICD-9-CM coding missed diagnostic test-confirmed HA-VTE cases and inaccurately assigned cases without confirmed VTE, suggesting dependence on administrative coding leads to inaccurate HA-VTE phenotyping. Alternative methods to develop more sensitive and specific VTE phenotype solutions portable across EHR vendor data are needed to support case-finding in big-data analytics.

Prognostic profiling of children with serious post-operative complications: A novel probability model for failure to rescue

BACKGROUND

Failure to rescue (FTR), mortality after a major postoperative complication, is a superior surgical quality metric compared to surgical mortality or complications rates alone. Our objective was to develop and validate a novel pediatric profiling to identify high-risk subjects among the subset of children who develop serious post-operative complications.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective study of children who developed one or more serious postoperative complications following inpatient surgery across NSQIP-Pediatric hospitals (2012-2017). We evaluated the rate of FTR according to pre-operative comorbidity burden.

RESULTS

We identified 45,504 surgical cases with major post-operative complications (FTR rates: 2.4%). Surgical cases with greater than six pre-operative comorbidities (n = 12,148;28%) accounted for 80% of FTR events. The expected probability of FTR was 0.1%(95%CI:0.1%-0.2%) among low-risk cases, 3.3%(95%CI:3.0%-3.5%) among intermediate-risk cases, and 22.6%(95%CI:20.9%-24.3%) among high-risk cases. About half of surgical cases in the high-risk profile group died within 48 h of surgery. Comparatively, cases in the intermediate-risk group had a much longer time to mortality (10 days).

CONCLUSION

We propose a prognostic index to accurately identify children at risk for FTR. The use of such an index may provide surgeons with a window of opportunity to implement aggressive monitoring and therapeutic strategies to reduce mortality.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

IV.

Failure to rescue patients after emergency laparotomy for large bowel perforation: analysis of the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit (NELA)

BACKGROUND

Past studies have highlighted variation in in-hospital mortality rates among hospitals performing emergency laparotomy for large bowel perforation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether failure to rescue (FTR) contributes to this variability.

METHODS

Patients aged 18 years or over requiring surgery for large bowel perforation between 2013 and 2016 were extracted from the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit (NELA) database. Information on complications were identified using linked Hospital Episode Statistics data and in-hospital deaths from the Office for National Statistics. The FTR rate was defined as the proportion of patients dying in hospital with a recorded complication, and was examined in hospitals grouped as having low, medium or high overall postoperative mortality.

RESULTS

Overall, 6413 patients were included with 1029 (16.0 per cent) in-hospital deaths. Some 3533 patients (55.1 per cent) had at least one complication: 1023 surgical (16.0 per cent) and 3332 medical (52.0 per cent) complications. There were 22 in-hospital deaths following a surgical complication alone, 685 deaths following a medical complication alone, 150 deaths following both a surgical and medical complication, and 172 deaths with no recorded complication. The risk of in-hospital death was high among patients who suffered either type of complication (857 deaths in 3533 patients; FTR rate 24.3 per cent): 172 deaths followed a surgical complication (FTR-surgical rate 16.8 per cent) and 835 deaths followed a medical complication (FTR-medical rate of 25.1 per cent). After adjustment for patient characteristics and hospital factors, hospitals grouped as having low, medium or high overall postoperative mortality did not have different FTR rates (P = 0.770).

CONCLUSION

Among patients having emergency laparotomy for large bowel perforation, efforts to reduce the risk of in-hospital death should focus on reducing avoidable complications. There was no evidence of variation in FTR rates across National Health Service hospitals in England.