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Millerwise S, Lund MC, Schimidlin K, Kraberger S, Pinter-Wollman N, Varsani A. Coding complete genomes of an iridovirus and two parvoviruses identified in lab-reared social spiders ( Stegodyphus dumicola). Microbiol Resour Announc 2024:e0073924. [PMID: 39400149 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00739-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Coding complete genomes of an iridovirus (194,403 nts) and two parvoviruses (4,689, 3,764 nts) were identified in social spiders (Stegodyphus dumicola). The iridovirus and one of the parvovirus are most closely related to those from house crickets (Acheta domesticus), whereas the other is most closely related to one from a social spider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Millerwise
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael C Lund
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Kara Schimidlin
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Noa Pinter-Wollman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
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2
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Altun B, Zengin K, Yayli Dabag S, Yesilyurt A, Nalcacioglu R, Demirbag Z. Characterization of an envelope protein 118L in invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV6). Virus Genes 2024; 60:549-558. [PMID: 38922563 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-024-02082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV6) is a nucleocytoplasmic insect virus and a member of the family Iridoviridae. The IIV6 genome consists of 212,482 bp of linear dsDNA with 215 non-overlapping and putative protein-encoding ORFs. The IIV6 118L ORF is conserved in all sequenced members of the Iridoviridae and encodes a 515 amino acid protein with three predicted transmembrane domains and several N-glycosylation/N-myristoylation sites. In this study, we characterized the 118L ORF by both deleting it from the viral genome and silencing its expression with dsRNA in infected insect cells. The homologous recombination method was used to replace 118L ORF with the green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene. Virus mutants in which the 118L gene sequence had been replaced with gfp were identified by fluorescence microscopy but could not be propagated separately from the wild-type virus in insect cells. Unsuccessful attempts to isolate the mutant virus with the 118L gene deletion suggested that the protein is essential for virus replication. To support this result, we used dsRNA to target the 118L gene and showed that treatment resulted in a 99% reduction in virus titer. Subsequently, we demonstrated that 118L-specific antibodies produced against the 118L protein expressed in the baculovirus vector system were able to neutralize the virus infection. All these results indicate that 118L is a viral envelope protein that is required for the initiation of virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Altun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Kubra Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Sevde Yayli Dabag
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Aydin Yesilyurt
- Tonya Vocational School, Trabzon University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Remziye Nalcacioglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Zihni Demirbag
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
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3
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Aktürk Dizman Y. Exploring Codon Usage Patterns and Influencing Factors in Ranavirus DNA Polymerase Genes. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2400289. [PMID: 39099168 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Ranaviruses, members of the genus Ranavirus within the family Iridoviridae, have become a significant concern for amphibian populations globally, along with other cold-blooded vertebrates, due to their emergence as a significant threat. We employed bioinformatics tools to examine the codon usage patterns in 61 DNA pol genes from Ranavirus, Lymphocystivirus, Megalocytivirus, and two unclassified ranaviruses, as no prior studies had been conducted on this topic. The results showed a slight or low level of codon usage bias (CUB) in the DNA pol genes of Ranavirus. Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis indicated that the predominant codons favored in Ranavirus DNA pol genes terminate with C or G. Correlation analysis examining nucleotide content, third codon position, effective number of codons (ENC), correspondence analysis (COA), Aroma values, and GRAVY values indicated that the CUB across DNA pol genes could be influenced by both mutation pressure and natural selection. The neutrality plot indicated that natural selection is the primary factor driving codon usage. Furthermore, the analysis of the codon adaptation index (CAI) illustrated the robust adaptability of Ranavirus DNA pol genes to their hosts. Analysis of the relative codon deoptimization index (RCDI) suggested that Ranavirus DNA pol genes underwent greater selection pressure from their hosts. These findings will aid in comprehending the factors influencing the evolution and adaptation of Ranavirus to its hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeşim Aktürk Dizman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Türkiye
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4
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Jiang Y, Zhu Z, Chen J, Qin Q, Wei S. Epinephelus coioides NLRP3 inhibits SGIV infection by upregulating Capspase-1 activity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 153:109837. [PMID: 39147179 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
NLRP3 has an important role in the immune response and viral infection as an essential inflammasome component. However, it is unclear whether the grouper immune system is regulated by NLRP3 inflammasome. In this study, we cloned the NLRP3 gene from Epinephelus coioides. Ec-NLRP3 encodes 893 amino acids and contains two major structural domains, the NACHT domain (69-234aa) and the LRR domain (477-893aa). Tissue distribution analysis showed that Ec-NLRP3 was expressed in all tissues tested, with the spleen exhibiting the highest expression. Additionally, after being infected with SGIV, the expression of the Ec-NLRP3 gene was significantly increased. The results of subcellular localization revealed that Ec-NLRP3 was distributed throughout GS cells. In addition, Ec-NLRP3 co-localized with Ec-ASC and was observed as a cytosolic speck. Ec-NLRP3 overexpression significantly inhibited SGIV infection, which was further inhibited by co-overexpression of Ec-NLRP3 and Ec-ASC. Further studies revealed that overexpression of Ec-NLRP3 significantly upregulated caspase-1 activity, and co-overexpression of Ec-NLRP3 and Ec-ASC further upregulated caspase-1 activity. In addition, inhibition of Caspase-1 activity with VX-765 significantly increased the infection of SGIV. Furthermore, the NLRP3 inflammasome activator Nigericin was able to inhibit the infection of SGIV significantly. The above findings suggest that Ec-NLRP3 inhibits SGIV infection by upregulating caspase-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Jiang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiatao Chen
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511457, China.
| | - Shina Wei
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511457, China.
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5
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Logan SR, Vilaça ST, Bienentreu JF, Schock DM, Lesbarrères D, Brunetti CR. Isolation and Characterization of a Frog Virus 3 Strain from a Wood Frog ( Rana sylvatica) in Wood Buffalo National Park. Viruses 2024; 16:1411. [PMID: 39339887 PMCID: PMC11436234 DOI: 10.3390/v16091411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Members of the Iridoviridae family, genus Ranavirus, represent a group of globally emerging pathogens of ecological and economic importance. In 2017, an amphibian die-off of wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) and boreal chorus frogs (Pseudacris maculata) was reported in Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada. Isolation and complete genomic sequencing of the tissues of a wood frog revealed the presence of a frog virus 3 (FV3)-like isolate, Rana sylvatica ranavirus (RSR), with a genome size of 105,895 base pairs, 97 predicted open reading frames (ORFs) bearing sequence similarity to FV3 (99.98%) and a FV3-like isolate from a spotted salamander in Maine (SSME; 99.64%). Despite high sequence similarity, RSR had a unique genomic composition containing ORFs specific to either FV3 or SSME. In addition, RSR had a unique 13 amino acid insertion in ORF 49/50L. No differences were found in the in vitro growth kinetics of FV3, SSME, and RSR; however, genomic differences between these isolates were in non-core genes, implicated in nucleic acid metabolism and immune evasion. This study highlights the importance of viral isolation and complete genomic analysis as these not only provide information on ranavirus spatial distribution but may elucidate genomic factors contributing to host tropism and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Logan
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Sibelle Torres Vilaça
- Environmental Genomics, Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva, 955, Belém 66055-090, PA, Brazil
| | - Joe-Felix Bienentreu
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | | | - David Lesbarrères
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Craig R Brunetti
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
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Rácz R, Gellért Á, Papp T, Doszpoly A. Exploring the Effectiveness of Acyclovir against Ranaviral Thymidine Kinases: Molecular Docking and Experimental Validation in a Fish Cell Line. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:1050. [PMID: 39337837 PMCID: PMC11433535 DOI: 10.3390/life14091050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of acyclovir, a selective anti-herpesvirus agent, was tested both in silico and in vitro against two ranaviruses, namely the European catfish virus (ECV) and Frog virus 3 (FV3). ECV can cause significant losses in catfish aquaculture, while FV3 poses a risk to vulnerable amphibian populations. The genome of ranaviruses encodes thymidine kinases (TKs) similar to those of herpesviruses. Molecular docking simulations demonstrated that the acyclovir molecule can bind to the active sites of both investigated viral TKs in an orientation conducive to phosphorylation. Subsequently, the antiviral effect of acyclovir was tested in vitro in Epithelioma Papulosum Cyprini (EPC) cells with endpoint titration and qPCR. Acyclovir was used at a concentration of 800 µM, which significantly reduced the viral loads and titers of the ranaviruses. A similar reduction rate was observed with Ictalurid herpesvirus 2, which was used as a positive control virus. These promising results indicate that acyclovir might have a wider range of uses; besides its effectiveness against herpesviruses, it could also be used against ranavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andor Doszpoly
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (R.R.); (Á.G.); (T.P.)
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7
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Leiva-Rebollo R, Labella AM, Gémez-Mata J, Castro D, Borrego JJ. Fish Iridoviridae: infection, vaccination and immune response. Vet Res 2024; 55:88. [PMID: 39010235 PMCID: PMC11247874 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Each year, due to climate change, an increasing number of new pathogens are being discovered and studied, leading to an increase in the number of known diseases affecting various fish species in different regions of the world. Viruses from the family Iridoviridae, which consist of the genera Megalocytivirus, Lymphocystivirus, and Ranavirus, cause epizootic outbreaks in farmed and wild, marine, and freshwater fish species (including ornamental fish). Diseases caused by fish viruses of the family Iridoviridae have a significant economic impact, especially in the aquaculture sector. Consequently, vaccines have been developed in recent decades, and their administration methods have improved. To date, various types of vaccines are available to control and prevent Iridoviridae infections in fish populations. Notably, two vaccines, specifically targeting Red Sea bream iridoviral disease and iridoviruses (formalin-killed vaccine and AQUAVAC® IridoV, respectively), are commercially available. In addition to exploring these themes, this review examines the immune responses in fish following viral infections or vaccination procedures. In general, the evasion mechanisms observed in iridovirus infections are characterised by a systemic absence of inflammatory responses and a reduction in the expression of genes associated with the adaptive immune response. Finally, this review also explores prophylactic procedure trends in fish vaccination strategies, focusing on future advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Leiva-Rebollo
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Juan Gémez-Mata
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Dolores Castro
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan J Borrego
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
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8
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Kalita E, Panda M, Rao A, Pandey RK, Prajapati VK. Viral mimicry and endocrine system: Divulging the importance in host-microbial crosstalk. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 142:421-436. [PMID: 39059993 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions are complex associations which evolve over long co-evolutionary histories. Pathogens exhibit different mechanisms to gain advantage over their host. Mimicry of host factors is an influential tool in subverting host mechanisms to ensure pathogenesis. This chapter discusses such molecular mimicry exhibited during viral infections. Understanding the evolutionary relationships, shared identity and functional impact of the virus encoded mimics is critical. With a particular emphasis on viral mimics and their association with cancer and autoimmune diseases, this chapter highlights the importance of molecular mimicry in virus biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elora Kalita
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Mamta Panda
- Department of Neurology, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Martinistraße, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Abhishek Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajan Kumar Pandey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India.
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9
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Wang Y, Liu S, Wang W, Liu L, Zhao Y, Qin Q, Huang X, Huang Y. SGIV VP82 inhibits the interferon response by degradation of IRF3 and IRF7. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:109611. [PMID: 38734119 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
During virus-host co-evolution, viruses have developed multiple strategies to dampen IFN response and prevent its antiviral activity in host cells. To date, the interactions between host IFN response and the immune evasion strategies exploited by fish iridoviruses still remain largely uncertain. Here, a potential immune evasion protein candidate of Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), VP82 (encoded by SGIV ORF82) was screened and its roles during viral replication were investigated in detail. Firstly, VP82 overexpression dramatically decreased IFN or ISRE promoter activity and the transcription levels of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) stimulated by grouper cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (EccGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (EcSTING), TANK-binding kinase 1 (EcTBK1), IFN regulatory factor 3 (EcIRF3)and EcIRF7. Secondly, Co-IP assays indicated that VP82 interacted with EcIRF3 and EcIRF7, but not EcSTING and EcTBK1, which was consistent with the co-localization between VP82 and EcIRF3 or EcIRF7. Furthermore, VP82 promoted the degradation of EcIRF3 and EcIRF7 in a dose-dependent manner via the autophagy pathway. Finally, VP82 overexpression accelerated SGIV replication, evidenced by the increased transcriptions of viral core genes and viral production. Moreover, the antiviral action of EcIRF3 or EcIRF7 was significantly depressed in VP82 overexpressed cells. Together, VP82 was speculated to exert crucial roles for SGIV replication by inhibiting the IFN response via the degradation of IRF3 and IRF7. Our findings provided new insights into understanding the immune evasion strategies utilized by fish iridovirus through IFN regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shanxing Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenji Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yin Zhao
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China.
| | - Youhua Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou, 511464, China.
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10
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Costa VA, Holmes EC. Diversity, evolution, and emergence of fish viruses. J Virol 2024; 98:e0011824. [PMID: 38785422 PMCID: PMC11237817 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00118-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The production of aquatic animals has more than doubled over the last 50 years and is anticipated to continually increase. While fish are recognized as a valuable and sustainable source of nutrition, particularly in the context of human population growth and climate change, the rapid expansion of aquaculture coincides with the emergence of highly pathogenic viruses that often spread globally through aquacultural practices. Here, we provide an overview of the fish virome and its relevance for disease emergence, with a focus on the insights gained through metagenomic sequencing, noting potential areas for future study. In particular, we describe the diversity and evolution of fish viruses, for which the majority have no known disease associations, and demonstrate how viruses emerge in fish populations, most notably at an expanding domestic-wild interface. We also show how wild fish are a powerful and tractable model system to study virus ecology and evolution more broadly and can be used to identify the major factors that shape vertebrate viromes. Central to this is a process of virus-host co-divergence that proceeds over many millions of years, combined with ongoing cross-species virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo A. Costa
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Guang M, Zhang Q, Chen R, Li H, Xu M, Wu X, Yang R, Wei H, Ren L, Lei L, Zhang F. Rapid and facile detection of largemouth bass ranavirus with CRISPR/Cas13a. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 148:109517. [PMID: 38513916 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Largemouth bass ranavirus (LMBV) is an epidemic disease that seriously jeopardizes the culture of largemouth bass(Micropterus salmoides), and it has a very high incidence in largemouth bass. Once an outbreak occurs, it may directly lead to the failure of the culture, resulting in substantial economic losses, but there is no effective vaccine or special effective drug yet. Consequently, it is important to establish an accurate, sensitive, convenient and specific detection approach for preventing LMBV infection. The recombinant enzyme-assisted amplification (RAA) technology was used in combination with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and associated protein 13a (CRISPR/Cas13a) to detect LMBV. We designed RAA primers and CRISPR RNA (crRNA) that targeted the conserved region in the LMBV main capsid protein (MCP) gene, amplified sample nucleic acids using the RAA technology, performed CRISPR/Cas13a fluorescence detection and evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the established method with qPCR as a control method. This technique was able to determine the results by collecting fluorescence signals, visualizing fluorescence by UV excitation and combining with lateral flow strips (LFS). The sensitivity and specificity of the established method were consistent with the qPCR method. Besides, it was performed at a constant temperature of 37 °C and the sensitivity of the reaction system was 3.1 × 101 copies/μL, with no cross-reactivity with other common aquatic pathogens. Further, the positive detection rate of the proposed method in 32 clinical samples was consistent with that of qPCR. In conclusion, our established RAA-CRISPR/Cas13 method for detecting LMBV is sensitive, simple and specific, which is applicable in the rapid on-site detection and epidemiological monitoring of LMBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China
| | - Ruige Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China
| | - Huaming Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China
| | - Mengran Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China
| | - HongBo Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China
| | - Linzhu Ren
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Liancheng Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China; State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Fuxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China.
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12
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Quail H, Viadanna PHO, Vann JA, Hsu HM, Pohly A, Smith W, Hansen S, Nietlisbach N, Godard D, Waltzek TB, Subramaniam K. Phylogenomic Characterization of Ranavirus Isolated from Wild Smallmouth Bass ( Micropterus dolomieu). Viruses 2024; 16:715. [PMID: 38793597 PMCID: PMC11126109 DOI: 10.3390/v16050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In September 2021, 14 smallmouth bass (SMB; Micropterus dolomieu) with skin lesions were collected from Green Bay waters of Lake Michigan and submitted for diagnostic evaluation. All the skin samples tested positive for largemouth bass virus (LMBV) by conventional PCR. The complete genome of the LMBV (99,328 bp) isolated from a homogenized skin sample was determined using an Illumina MiSeq sequencer. A maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis based on the 21 core iridovirus genes supported the LMBV isolated from SMB (LMBV-WVL21117) as a member of the species Santee-Cooper ranavirus. Pairwise nucleotide comparison of the major capsid protein (MCP) gene showed that LMBV-WVL21117 is identical to other LMBV reported from the United States and nearly identical to doctor fish virus and guppy virus 6 (99.2%) from Southeast Asia, as well as LMBV isolates from China and Thailand (99.1%). In addition, ML phylogenetic analysis based on the MCP gene suggests three genotypes of LMBV separated by region: genotype one from the United States, genotype two from Southeast Asia, and genotype three from China and Thailand. Additional research is needed to understand the prevalence and genetic diversity of LMBV strains circulating in wild and managed fish populations from different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Quail
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (H.Q.); (P.H.O.V.); (J.A.V.); (T.B.W.)
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Pedro H. O. Viadanna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (H.Q.); (P.H.O.V.); (J.A.V.); (T.B.W.)
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jordan A. Vann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (H.Q.); (P.H.O.V.); (J.A.V.); (T.B.W.)
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Hui-Min Hsu
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (H.-M.H.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Pohly
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (H.-M.H.); (A.P.)
| | - Willow Smith
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Fisheries Management, 2801 Progress Road, Madison, WI 53716, USA; (W.S.); (S.H.); (N.N.); (D.G.)
| | - Scott Hansen
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Fisheries Management, 2801 Progress Road, Madison, WI 53716, USA; (W.S.); (S.H.); (N.N.); (D.G.)
| | - Nicole Nietlisbach
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Fisheries Management, 2801 Progress Road, Madison, WI 53716, USA; (W.S.); (S.H.); (N.N.); (D.G.)
| | - Danielle Godard
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Fisheries Management, 2801 Progress Road, Madison, WI 53716, USA; (W.S.); (S.H.); (N.N.); (D.G.)
| | - Thomas B. Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (H.Q.); (P.H.O.V.); (J.A.V.); (T.B.W.)
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (H.Q.); (P.H.O.V.); (J.A.V.); (T.B.W.)
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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13
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Kawato Y, Mizuno K, Harakawa S, Takada Y, Yoshihara Y, Kawakami H, Ito T. Risk assessment of wild fish as environmental sources of red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) outbreaks in aquaculture. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2024; 158:65-74. [PMID: 38661138 DOI: 10.3354/dao03788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) causes substantial economic damage to aquaculture. In the present study, RSIV in wild fish near aquaculture installations was surveyed to evaluate the risk of wild fish being an infection source for RSIV outbreaks in cultured fish. In total, 1102 wild fish, consisting of 44 species, were captured from 2 aquaculture areas in western Japan using fishing, gill nets, and fishing baskets between 2019 and 2022. Eleven fish from 7 species were confirmed to harbor the RSIV genome using a probe-based real-time PCR assay. The mean viral load of the RSIV-positive wild fish was 101.1 ± 0.4 copies mg-1 DNA, which was significantly lower than that of seemingly healthy red sea bream Pagrus major in a net pen during an RSIV outbreak (103.3 ± 1.5 copies mg-1 DNA) that occurred in 2021. Sequencing analysis of a partial region of the major capsid protein gene demonstrated that the RSIV genome detected in the wild fish was identical to that of the diseased fish in a fish farm located in the same area in which the wild fish were captured. Based on the diagnostic records of RSIV in the sampled area, the RSIV-infected wild fish appeared during or after the RSIV outbreak in cultured fish, suggesting that RSIV detected in wild fish was derived from the RSIV outbreak in cultured fish. Therefore, wild fish populations near aquaculture installations may not be a significant risk factor for RSIV outbreaks in cultured fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Kawato
- Pathology Division, Nansei Field Station, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Mie 519-0193, Japan
| | - Kaori Mizuno
- Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime 798-0087, Japan
| | | | - Yuzo Takada
- Pathology Division, Nansei Field Station, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Mie 519-0193, Japan
| | | | | | - Takafumi Ito
- Pathology Division, Nansei Field Station, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Mie 519-0193, Japan
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14
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Zhao Z, Meng Q, Sun TZ, Zhu B. Mannose modified targeted immersion vaccine delivery system improves protective immunity against Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus in mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi). Vaccine 2024; 42:2886-2894. [PMID: 38519342 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination is an effective method to prevent viral diseases. However, the biological barrier prevents the immersion vaccine from achieving the best effect without adding adjuvants and carriers. Researches on the targeted presentation technology of vaccines with nanocarriers are helpful to develop immersion vaccines for fish that can break through biological barriers and play an effective role in fish defense. In our study, functionally modified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were used as carriers to construct a targeted immersion vaccine (SWCNTs-M-MCP) with mannose modified major capsid protein (MCP) to target antigen-presenting cells (APCs), against iridovirus diseases. After bath immunization, our results showed that SWCNTs-M-MCP induced the presentation process and uptake of APCs, triggering a powerful immune response. Moreover, the highest relative percent survival (RPS) was 81.3% in SWCNTs-M-MCP group, which was only 41.5% in SWCNTs-MCP group. Altogether, this study indicates that the SWCNTs-based targeted immersion vaccine induces strong immune response and provided an effective protection against iridovirus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Qiang Meng
- Shenzhen Vaccine Biotechnology Co., Ltd, B618, Virtual University Experimental Platform Building, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
| | - Tian-Zi Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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15
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Liang M, Pan W, You Y, Qin X, Su H, Zhan Z, Weng S, Guo C, He J. Hypermethylated genome of a fish vertebrate iridovirus ISKNV plays important roles in viral infection. Commun Biol 2024; 7:237. [PMID: 38413759 PMCID: PMC10899263 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Iridoviruses are nucleocytoplasmic large dsDNA viruses that infect invertebrates and ectothermic vertebrates. The hypermethylated genome of vertebrate iridoviruses is unique among animal viruses. However, the map and function of iridovirus genomic methylation remain unknown. Herein, the methylated genome of Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV, a fish iridovirus), and its role in viral infection, are investigated. The methylation level of ISKNV is 23.44%. The hypermethylated genome is essential for ISKNV amplification, but there is no correlation between hypermethylation and viral gene expression. The hypomethylated ISKNV (obtained via 5-Azacytidine) activates a strong immunoreaction in vitro and reduces its pathogenicity in vivo. The unmethylated viral DNA can induce a stronger immunoreaction in vitro, whereas inactivated hypomethylated ISKNV can induce a stronger immunoreaction in vivo, suggesting ISKNV may evade from immune system by increasing its genome methylation level. Our work provides new insights into the role of genome methylation in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mincong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiqiang Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanlin You
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaowei Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hualong Su
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhan
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Changjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Marine Ranching of the Lingdingyang Bay, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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16
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França e Silva TM, de Queiróz GA, Leal CAG. Experimental Infection and the Effects of Temperature on the Pathogenicity of the Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus in Juvenile Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:452. [PMID: 38338096 PMCID: PMC10854590 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is one of the most important emerging viral pathogens for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farming. While prevalent worldwide, it has recently been detected in Brazil. However, despite the importance of the virus and the affected fish species, there are no scientific data on the effects of water temperature on disease pathogenesis in Nile tilapia. In the present study, we conducted two trials using juvenile Nile tilapia over a 15-day period. In trial 1, an experimental infection model was developed based on the intraperitoneal inoculation of active viral homogenates (4.3 × 104 virus fish-1), while control fish were similarly inoculated with inactivated viral homogenates. In trial 2, the fish were maintained at different water temperatures (26, 28, 30, 32, and 34 °C) and then infected with ISKNV. For virus detection, kidney and spleen samples were collected and analyzed by qPCR. Our results show that the disease was successfully reproduced in experimental conditions with active homogenates, with the first signs of the disease appearing on the third day after infection. In addition, a significant reduction in mortality was observed in the groups maintained at higher temperatures (>30 °C). This suggests that a treatment of the disease with non-lethal hyperthermia can be used to control the symptoms and mortality of ISKNV-infected Nile tilapia juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos Augusto Gomes Leal
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (T.M.F.e.S.); (G.A.d.Q.)
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17
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Wang L, Li Q, Wen X, Zhang X, Wang S, Qin Q. Dissecting the early and late endosomal pathways of Singapore grouper iridovirus by single-particle tracking in living cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128336. [PMID: 38013078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Iridoviruses are large DNA viruses that infect a wide range of invertebrates and lower vertebrates, causing serious threats to ecological security and aquaculture industry worldwide. However, the mechanisms underlying intracellular transport of iridovirus remain unknown. In this study, the transport of Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) in early endosomes (EEs) and late endosomes (LEs) was explored by single-particle tracking technology. SGIV employs EEs to move rapidly from the cell membrane to the nucleus, and this long-range transport is divided into "slow-fast-slow" stages. SGIV within LEs mainly underwent oscillatory movements near the nucleus. Furthermore, SGIV entered newly formed EEs and LEs, respectively, possibly based on the interaction between the viral major capsid protein and Rab5/Rab7. Importantly, interruption of EEs and LEs by the dominant negative mutants of Rab5 and Rab7 significantly inhibited the movement of SGIV, suggesting the important roles of Rab5 and Rab7 in virus transport. In addition, it seems that SGIV needs to enter clathrin-coated vesicles to move from actin to microtubules before EEs carry the virus moving along microtubules. Together, our results for the first time provide a model whereby iridovirus transport depending on EEs and LEs, helping to clarify the mechanism underlying iridovirus infection, and provide a convenient tactic to investigate the dynamic infection of large DNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Oceanology and meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Xiaozhi Wen
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaowen Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou 511464, China.
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute, Guangzhou 511464, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China.
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18
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Muttis E, Micieli MV, García JJ. Pathology of an iridescent virus in immature Culex pipiens L. (Diptera, Culicidae). AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20200558. [PMID: 38055608 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320200558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Iridovirus in Culex pipiens was reported for the first time in 2012. Later studies of horizontal transmission were performed, in which an interaction with the parasite Strelkovimermis spiculatus acting as viral vector was recognized. In the present study, we observed aspects of the pathology produced by an invertebrate iridescent virus in laboratory infected immature Cx. pipiens as well as in infected immature Cx. pipiens in the field. In the laboratory infected larvae, the infection and mortality were asynchronous. Signs of infection in larvae exposed to the virus were observed between the second and the fourth days post-exposure in 99% of the cases, while the highest daily record of visible infected larvae (52%) was observed on the third day post exposure. Moreover, 79% of confirmed virus infected larvae died in the first 10 days after exposure. The Median Lethal Time was eight days. Several tissues were found to be infected and the common sites of replication were the fat body, epidermis and epithelial derivatives, such as the imaginal discs and the tracheal epithelium. Moreover, infection in the salivary glands, gastric ceca and posterior gut have not been previously documented on other mosquito iridescent viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelina Muttis
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y Vectores (CEPAVE) (CONICET, CCT-La Plata, UNLP), Boulevard 120 S/N, PC 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Micieli
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y Vectores (CEPAVE) (CONICET, CCT-La Plata, UNLP), Boulevard 120 S/N, PC 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan José García
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y Vectores (CEPAVE) (CONICET, CCT-La Plata, UNLP), Boulevard 120 S/N, PC 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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Li C, Jiang K, Qiu L, Zhang Q, Yang B. Establishment of two visual interpretation methods of DIV1 LAMP amplification products. J Virol Methods 2023; 322:114806. [PMID: 37689373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Viral diseases have become a significant impediment to the sustainable development of the global shrimp aquaculture industry. Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) is an emerging shrimp virus that has affected shrimp in China recent years. Rapid detection of DIV1 could improve enhance the effectiveness of prevention, control and treatment in the absence of good prevention and control measures. This study established loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) along with two visual interpretation methods, LAMP-dye and LAMP-LFD, to detect DIV1. The newly developed method would not cause cross-reactions with other shrimp pathogens such as white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), and Vibrio parahaemolyticus acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (VpAHPND). The detection limit of DIV1 LAMP was as low as 103 copies of DIV1 per reaction, with a reaction time of less than 40 min. The diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity of this method were determined to be 88% and 100%, respectively, when compared with the conventional PCR. Both of the LAMP-dye and LAMP-LFD methods are cost-effective and do not require expensive amplification equipment. They can be combined with LAMP and other temperature amplification methods for rapid on-site detection, effectively prevent aerosol contamination, and which are convenient and suitable for field testing or preliminary infection rish prediction experiments to predict the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Kaiting Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Liang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qingli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China.
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20
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He JH, Shen W, Han D, Yan M, Luo M, Deng H, Weng S, He J, Xu X. Molecular mechanism of the interaction between Megalocytivirus-induced virus-mock basement membrane (VMBM) and lymphatic endothelial cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0048023. [PMID: 37877715 PMCID: PMC10688346 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00480-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Viruses are able to mimic the physiological or pathological mechanism of the host to favor their infection and replication. Virus-mock basement membrane (VMBM) is a Megalocytivirus-induced extracellular structure formed on the surface of infected cells and structurally and functionally mimics the basement membrane of the host. VMBM provides specific support for lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) rather than blood endothelial cells to adhere to the surface of infected cells, which constitutes a unique phenomenon of Megalocytivirus infection. Here, the structure of VMBM and the interactions between VMBM components and LECs have been analyzed at the molecular level. The regulatory effect of VMBM components on the proliferation and migration of LECs has also been explored. This study helps to understand the mechanism of LEC-specific attachment to VMBM and to address the issue of where the LECs come from in the context of Megalocytivirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-hui He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deyu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hengwei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Guo XM, Xing JY, Qiu L, Huang J. Effects of chemical factors on the infectivity of Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1). J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 201:108023. [PMID: 37995901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The effects of chemical factors on the infectivity of DIV1 have not been fully accessed yet. In order to investigate the stability of DIV1 to strong brine, pH, and other chemical conditions, we conducted a bioassay using clinically healthy Penaeus vannamei individuals. DIV1 inoculum was exposed to various chemical conditions, and the infectivity of DIV1 was determined through intramuscular injection. The results showed that DIV1 lost its infectivity when exposed to strong brine, specifically in a 3 mol/L NaCl solution for a duration of 1 h. Moreover, DIV1 was found to be inactivated within 1 h when subjected to pH levels below 3.1 or above 9.6. Additionally, both Triton X-100 and 1 % formaldehyde demonstrated the ability to inactivate DIV1. These results provide valuable insights into the tolerance of DIV1 towards certain chemical factors, serving as a reference for the establishment of biosecurity measures against DIV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Meng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jing-Yi Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Aquaculture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Liang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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22
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Xu T, Tan R, Zhu Y, Ye J. Establishment of a SYBR Green I-based real-time PCR for the detection of decapod iridescent virus 1. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 201:107998. [PMID: 37802421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) is an emerging pathogen that mainly threatens decapod crustaceans, causing high mortalities and leading to huge economic losses. In this study, a pair of specific primers were designed for the major capsid protein (MCP) gene of DIV1, and a SYBR Green I-based real-time PCR method was developed. The method displayed good linearity (R2 = 1.000) and good repeatability in detecting standards of DIV1 MCP fragments ranging from 6.2 × 101 to 6.2 × 108 DNA copies/μl. Specificity analysis revealed that the real-time PCR was specific for DIV1 and did not react with other common shrimp pathogens or healthy shrimp DNA. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the real-time PCR could efficiently detect DIV1 DNA as low as 62 copies/μl within 35 cycles. In summary, the established real-time PCR provides an efficient, sensitive, and reliable detection method for DIV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China.
| | - Rongxiang Tan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Yutao Zhu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Jian Ye
- Hangzhou Centre for Agricultural Technology Extension, Hangzhou 310017, China.
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23
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Ke F, Zhang QY. Advances on genomes studies of large DNA viruses in aquaculture: A minireview. Genomics 2023; 115:110720. [PMID: 37757975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Genomic studies of viral diseases in aquaculture have received more and more attention with the growth of the aquaculture industry, especially the emerging and re-emerging viruses whose genome could contain recombination, mutation, insertion, and so on, and may lead to more severe diseases and more widespread infections in aquaculture animals. The present review is focused on aquaculture viruses, which is belonged to two clades, Varidnaviria and Duplodnaviria, and one class Naldaviricetes, and respectively three families: Iridoviridae (ranaviruses), Alloherpesviridae (fish herpesviruses), and Nimaviridae (whispoviruses). The viruses possessed DNA genomes nearly or larger than 100 kbp with gene numbers more than 100 and were considered large DNA viruses. Genome analysis and experimental investigation have identified several genes involved in genome replication, transcription, and virus-host interactions. In addition, some genes involved in virus genetic variation or specificity were also discussed. A summary of these advances would provide reference to future discovery and research on emerging or re-emerging aquaculture viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ke
- Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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24
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Aktürk Dizman Y. Codon usage bias analysis of the gene encoding NAD +-dependent DNA ligase protein of Invertebrate iridescent virus 6. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:352. [PMID: 37812231 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The genome of Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV6) contains a sequence that shows similarity to eubacterial NAD+-dependent DNA ligases. The 615-amino acid open reading frame (ORF 205R) consists of several domains, including an N-terminal domain Ia, followed by an adenylation domain, an OB-fold domain, a helix-hairpin-helix (HhH) domain, and a BRCT domain. Notably, the zinc finger domain, typically present in NAD+-dependent DNA ligases, is absent in ORF 205R. Since the protein encoded by ORF 205R (IIV6 DNA ligase gene) is involved in critical functions such as DNA replication, modification, and repair, it is crucial to comprehend the codon usage associated with this gene. In this paper, the codon usage bias (CUB) in DNA ligase gene of IIV6 and 11 reference iridoviruses was analyzed by comparing the nucleotide contents, relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), effective number of codons (ENC), codon adaptation index (CAI), relative abundance of dinucleotides and other indices. Both the base content and the RCSU analysis indicated that the A- and T-ending codons were mostly favored in the DNA ligase gene of IIV6. The ENC value of 35.64 implied a high CUB in the IIV6 DNA ligase gene. The ENC plot, neutrality plot, parity rule 2 plot, correspondence analysis revealed that mutation pressure and natural selection had an impact on the CUB of the IIVs DNA ligase genes. Additionally, the analysis of codon adaptation index demonstrated that the IIV6 DNA ligase gene is strongly adapted to its host. These findings will improve our comprehension of the CUB of IIV6 DNA ligase and reference genes, which may provide the required information for a fundamental evolutionary analysis of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeşim Aktürk Dizman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey.
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25
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Kawato Y, Takada Y, Mizuno K, Harakawa S, Yoshihara Y, Nakagawa Y, Kurobe T, Kawakami H, Ito T. Assessing the transmission risk of red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) in environmental water: insights from fish farms and experimental settings. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0156723. [PMID: 37737592 PMCID: PMC10580957 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01567-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquatic animal viruses are considered to be transmitted via environmental water between fish farms. This study aimed to understand the actual transmission risk of red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) through environmental water among fish farms. An environmental DNA (eDNA) method using iron-based flocculation coupled with large-pore filtration was used to monitor RSIV DNA copies in seawater from fish farms and from an experimental infection model. RSIV dispersion in seawater from a net pen where the disease outbreak occurred was visualized by the inverse distance weighting method using multiple-sampling data sets from a fish farm. The analysis demonstrated that the center of the net pen had a high viral load, and RSIV seemed to be quickly diluted by the tidal current. To evaluate the transmission risk of RSIV in environmental water, the red sea bream Pagrus major (approximately 10 g) was exposed to RSIV-contained seawater (103, 104, 105, 106, and 107 copies/L) for 3 days, which mimicked field exposure. A probit analysis of the challenge test indicated that the inferred infection rates of seawater containing 105.9 copies/L and 103.1 copies/L of RSIV were 50% and 0.0001%, respectively. In the surveillance for 3 years at 10 fixed points (n = 306), there were only seven samples in which the viral load exceeded 104 copies/L in seawater. These results suggest that the transmission of RSIV among fish farms via seawater is highly associated with the distance between the net pens, and the environmental water is not always an infection source for the transmission of RSIV between fish farms. IMPORTANCE Our surveillance of viral loads for red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) by monitoring environmental DNA in fish farms suggested that the viral loads in the seawater were low, except for the net pens where RSIV outbreaks occurred. Furthermore, our experimental infection model indicated that the infection risk of RSIV-contained seawater with less than 103 copies/L was extremely low. The limited risk of environmental water for transmission of RSIV gives an insight that RSIV could be partly transmitted between fish farms due to the movement of equipment and/or humans from the fish farm where the disease outbreaks. Since our data suggest that seawater can function as a potential wall to reduce the transmission of RSIV, biosecurity management, such as disinfection of equipment associated with fish farms could be effective, even in the semi-open system aquaculture that the environmental water can be freely transferred, to reduce the risk of RSIV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Kawato
- Pathology Division, Nansei Field Station, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Mie, Japan
| | - Yuzo Takada
- Pathology Division, Nansei Field Station, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Mie, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yukihiro Nakagawa
- Pathology Division, Tamaki Field Station, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Mie, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Kurobe
- Pathology Division, Nansei Field Station, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Mie, Japan
| | | | - Takafumi Ito
- Pathology Division, Nansei Field Station, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Mie, Japan
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26
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Jiang Q, Meng X, Yu X, Zhang Q, Ke F. Fusing a TurboID tag with the Andrias davidianus ranavirus 2L reduced virus adsorption efficiency. Microb Pathog 2023; 182:106220. [PMID: 37423497 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Andrias davidianus ranavirus (ADRV) is a member of the genus ranavirus (family Iridoviridae). ADRV 2L is an envelope protein that could be essential in viral infection. In the present study, the function of ADRV 2L was investigated by fusion with the biotin ligase TurboID tag. A recombinant ADRV with a V5-TurboID tag fused in the N-terminal of 2L (ADRVT-2L) and a recombinant ADRV expressing V5-TurboID (ADRVT) were constructed, respectively. Infection of the recombinant viruses and wild-type ADRV (ADRVWT) in the Chinese giant salamander thymus cell line (GSTC) showed that ADRVT-2L had reduced cytopathic effect and lower virus titers than the other two viruses, indicating the fusion of a big tag affected ADRV infection. Analysis of the temporal expression profile showed that the expression of V5-TurboID-2L was delayed than wild-type 2L. However, electron microscopy found that the virion morphogenesis was not affected in ADRVT-2L-infected cells. Furthermore, the virus binding assay revealed that the adsorption efficiency of ADRVT-2L was considerably decreased compared to the other two viruses. Therefore, these data showed that linking the TurboID tag to ADRV 2L affected virus adsorption to the cell membrane, which suggested an important role of 2L in virus entry into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Jiang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianyu Meng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuedong Yu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiya Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Ke
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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27
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Doszpoly A, Shaalan M, El-Matbouli M. Silver Nanoparticles Proved to Be Efficient Antivirals In Vitro against Three Highly Pathogenic Fish Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:1689. [PMID: 37632031 PMCID: PMC10459171 DOI: 10.3390/v15081689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was tested in vitro against three different fish viruses, causing significant economic damage in aquaculture. These viruses were the spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV), European catfish virus (ECV), and Ictalurid herpesvirus 2 (IcHV-2). The safe concentration of AgNPs that did not cause cytotoxic effects in EPC cells proved to be 25 ng/mL. This dose of AgNPs decreased significantly (5-330×) the viral load of all three viruses in three different types of treatments (virus pre-treatment, cell pre-treatment, and cell post-treatment with the AgNPs). In a higher concentration, the AgNPs proved to be efficient against ECV and IcHV-2 even in a delayed post-cell-treatment experiment (AgNP treatment was applied 24 h after the virus inoculation). These first in vitro results against three devastating fish viruses are encouraging to continue the study of the applicability of AgNPs in aquaculture in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andor Doszpoly
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 21 Hungária krt., H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mohamed Shaalan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Division of Fish Health, Clinic for Avian and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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28
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Fu W, Li Y, Fu Y, Zhang W, Luo P, Sun Q, Yu F, Weng S, Li W, He J, Dong C. The Inactivated ISKNV-I Vaccine Confers Highly Effective Cross-Protection against Epidemic RSIV-I and RSIV-II from Cultured Spotted Sea Bass Lateolabrax maculatus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0449522. [PMID: 37222626 PMCID: PMC10269448 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04495-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Megalocytivirus of the family Iridoviridae is composed of two distinct species, namely, infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) and scale drop disease virus (SDDV), and both are important causative agents in a variety of bony fish worldwide. Of them, the ISKNV species is subdivided into three genotypes, namely, red seabream iridovirus (RSIV), ISKNV, and turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV), and a further six subgenotypes, RSIV-I, RSIV-II, ISKNV-I, ISKNV-II, TRBIV-I, and TRBIV-II. Commercial vaccines derived from RSIV-I , RSIV-II and ISKNV-I have been available to several fish species. However, studies regarding the cross-protection effect among different genotype or subgenotype isolates have not been fully elucidated. In this study, RSIV-I and RSIV-II were demonstrated as the causative agents in cultured spotted seabass, Lateolabrax maculatus, through serial robust evidence, including cell culture-based viral isolation, whole-genome determination and phylogeny analysis, artificial challenge, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence as well as transmission electron microscope observation. Thereafter, a formalin-killed cell (FKC) vaccine generated from an ISKNV-I isolate was prepared to evaluate the protective effects against two spotted seabass original RSIV-I and RSIV-II. The result showed that the ISKNV-I-based FKC vaccine conferred almost complete cross-protection against RSIV-I and RSIV-II as well as ISKNV-I itself. No serotype difference was observed among RSIV-I, RSIV-II, and ISKNV-I. Additionally, the mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi is proposed as an ideal infection and vaccination fish species for the study of various megalocytiviral isolates. IMPORTANCE Red seabream iridovirus (RSIV) infects a wide mariculture bony fish and has resulted in significant annual economic loss worldwide. Previous studies showed that the phenotypic diversity of infectious RSIV isolates would lead to different virulence characteristics, viral antigenicity, and vaccine efficacy as well as host range. Importantly, it is still doubted whether a universal vaccine could confer the same highly protective effect against various genotypic isolates. Our study here presented enough experimental evidence that a water in oil (w/o) formation of inactivated ISKNV-I vaccine could confer almost complete protection against RSIV-I and RSIV-II as well as ISKNV-I itself. Our study provides valuable data for better understanding the differential infection and immunity among different genotypes of ISKNV and RSIV isolates in the genus Megalocytivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Li
- Zhuhai Modern Agriculture Development Center, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yuting Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Panpan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangzhao Yu
- Zhuhai Modern Agriculture Development Center, Zhuhai, China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wangdong Li
- Zhuhai Modern Agriculture Development Center, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuanfu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol (Guangzhou, SYSU)/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai, SMST-GDL), School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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29
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Yu XD, Ke F, Zhang QY, Gui JF. Genome Characteristics of Two Ranavirus Isolates from Mandarin Fish and Largemouth Bass. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050730. [PMID: 37242400 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ranaviruses are promiscuous pathogens that threaten lower vertebrates globally. In the present study, two ranaviruses (SCRaV and MSRaV) were isolated from two fishes of the order Perciformes: mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The two ranaviruses both induced cytopathic effects in cultured cells from fish and amphibians and have the typical morphologic characteristics of ranaviruses. Complete genomes of the two ranaviruses were then sequenced and analyzed. Genomes of SCRaV and MSRaV have a length of 99, 405, and 99, 171 bp, respectively, and both contain 105 predicted open reading frames (ORFs). Eleven of the predicted proteins have differences between SCRaV and MSRaV, in which only one (79L) possessed a relatively large difference. A comparison of the sequenced six ranaviruses from the two fish species worldwide revealed that sequence identities of the six proteins (11R, 19R, 34L, 68L, 77L, and 103R) were related to the place where the virus was isolated. However, there were obvious differences in protein sequence identities between the two viruses and iridoviruses from other hosts, with more than half lower than 55%. Especially, 12 proteins of the two isolates had no homologs in viruses from other hosts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ranaviruses from the two fishes clustered in one clade. Further genome alignment showed five groups of genome arrangements of ranaviruses based on the locally collinear blocks, in which the ranaviruses, including SCRaV and MSRaV, constitute the fifth group. These results provide new information on the ranaviruses infecting fishes of Perciformes and also are useful for further research of functional genomics of the type of ranaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Dong Yu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fei Ke
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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30
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Koda SA, Subramaniam K, Groff JM, Yanong RP, Pouder DB, Pedersen M, Pelton C, Garner MM, Phelps NBD, Armien AG, Hyatt MW, Hick PM, Becker JA, Stidworthy MF, Waltzek TB. Genetic characterization of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus in Banggai cardinalfish Pterapogon kauderni identified from eight separate cases between 2000 and 2017. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023. [PMID: 37057714 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Koda
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Joseph M Groff
- Retired, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Roy P Yanong
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ruskin, Florida, USA
| | - Deborah B Pouder
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Ruskin, Florida, USA
| | - Matt Pedersen
- Reef to Rainforest Media, LLC, Shelburne, Vermont, USA
- MiniWaters LLC, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Craig Pelton
- Sea Life Aquarium, Orlando, Florida, USA
- OdySea Aquarium, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Nicholas B D Phelps
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anibal G Armien
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Paul M Hick
- The University of Sydney, School of Veterinary Science, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joy A Becker
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Thomas B Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Sea Life Aquarium, Orlando, Florida, USA
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31
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Zhao Z, Huang Y, Liu C, Zhu D, Gao S, Liu S, Peng R, Zhang Y, Huang X, Qi J, Wong CCL, Zhang X, Wang P, Qin Q, Gao GF. Near-atomic architecture of Singapore grouper iridovirus and implications for giant virus assembly. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2050. [PMID: 37041173 PMCID: PMC10090177 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37681-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), one of the nucleocytoviricota viruses (NCVs), is a highly pathogenic iridovirid. SGIV infection results in massive economic losses to the aquaculture industry and significantly threatens global biodiversity. In recent years, high morbidity and mortality in aquatic animals have been caused by iridovirid infections worldwide. Effective control and prevention strategies are urgently needed. Here, we present a near-atomic architecture of the SGIV capsid and identify eight types of capsid proteins. The viral inner membrane-integrated anchor protein colocalizes with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), supporting the hypothesis that the biogenesis of the inner membrane is associated with the ER. Additionally, immunofluorescence assays indicate minor capsid proteins (mCPs) could form various building blocks with major capsid proteins (MCPs) before the formation of a viral factory (VF). These results expand our understanding of the capsid assembly of NCVs and provide more targets for vaccine and drug design to fight iridovirid infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhennan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Youhua Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Congcong Liu
- Cryo-EM Center, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Dongjie Zhu
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuaixin Gao
- Clinical Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- Department of Human Sciences & James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, USA
| | - Sheng Liu
- Cryo-EM Center, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ruchao Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | - Ya Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, 102209, China.
| | - Catherine C L Wong
- Clinical Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Xinzheng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Peiyi Wang
- Cryo-EM Center, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Fusianto CK, Becker JA, Subramaniam K, Whittington RJ, Koda SA, Waltzek TB, Murwantoko, Hick PM. Genotypic Characterization of Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus (ISKNV) in Southeast Asian Aquaculture. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/6643006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is a species within the genus Megalocytivirus (family Iridoviridae), which causes high mortality disease in many freshwater and marine fish species. ISKNV was first reported in Asia and is an emerging threat to aquaculture with increasing global distribution, in part due to its presence in ornamental fish with clinical and subclinical infections. The species ISKNV includes three genotypes: red seabream iridovirus (RSIV), turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV), and ISKNV. There is an increasing overlap in the recognized range of susceptible fish hosts and the geographic distribution of these distinct genotypes. To better understand the disease caused by ISKNV, a nucleic acid hybridization capture enrichment was used prior to sequencing to characterize whole genomes from archived clinical specimens of aquaculture and ornamental fish from Southeast Asia (n = 16). The method was suitable for tissue samples containing 2.50 × 104–4.58 × 109 ISKNV genome copies mg−1. Genome sequences determined using the hybridization capture method were identical to those obtained directly from tissues when there was sufficient viral DNA to sequence without enrichment (n = 2). ISKNV genomes from diverse locations, environments, and hosts had very high similarity and matched established genotype classifications (14 ISKNV genotype Clade 1 genomes with >98.81% nucleotide similarity). Conversely, two different genotypes were obtained at the same time and location (RSIV and ISKNV from grouper, Indonesia with 92.44% nucleotide similarity). Gene-by-gene analysis with representative ISKNV genomes identified 59 core genes within the species (>95% amino acid identity). The 14 Clade 1 ISKNV genomes in this study had 100% aa identity for 92–105 of 122 predicted genes. Despite high overall sequence similarity, phylogenetic analyses using single nucleotide polymorphisms differentiated isolates from different host species, country of origin, and time of collection. Whole genome studies of ISKNV and other megalocytiviruses enable genomic epidemiology and will provide information to enhance disease control in aquaculture.
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Kuz CA, Ozsahin E, Nalcacioglu R, Demirbag Z. Transcriptional Analysis of the Gene Encoding the Putative Myristoylated Membrane Protein (ORF458R) of Invertebrate Iridescent Virus 6 (IIV6). Mol Biol 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893323030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Gencer D, Yesilyurt A, Ozsahin E, Muratoglu H, Acar Yazici Z, Demirbag Z, Nalcacioglu R. Identification of the potential matrix protein of invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV6). J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 197:107885. [PMID: 36640993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV6) is a nucleocytoplasmic virus with a ∼212 kb linear dsDNA genome that encodes 215 putative open reading frames (ORFs). Proteomic analysis has revealed that the IIV6 virion consists of 54 virally encoded proteins. Interactions among the structural proteins were investigated using the yeast two-hybrid system, revealing that the protein of 415R ORF interacts reciprocally with the potential envelope protein 118L and the major capsid protein 274L. This result suggests that 415R might be a matrix protein that plays a role as a bridge between the capsid and the envelope proteins. To elucidate the function of 415R protein, we determined the localization of 415R in IIV6 structure and analyzed the properties of 415R-silenced IIV6. Specific antibodies produced against 415R protein were used to determine the location of the 415R protein in the virion structure. Both western blot hybridization and immunogold electron microscopy analyses showed that the 415R protein was found in virions treated with Triton X-100, which degrades the viral envelope. The 415R gene was silenced by the RNA interference (RNAi) technique. We used gene-specific dsRNA's to target 415R and showed that this treatment resulted in a significant drop in virus titer. Silencing 415R with dsRNA also reduced the transcription levels of other viral genes. These results provide important data on the role and location of IIV6 415R protein in the virion structure. Additionally, these results may also shed light on the identification of the homologs of 415R among the vertebrate iridoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donus Gencer
- Department of Property Protection and Security, Trabzon University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Aydın Yesilyurt
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Trabzon University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Emine Ozsahin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hacer Muratoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Zihni Acar Yazici
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Zihni Demirbag
- Department of Biology, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Zhang W, Deng H, Fu Y, Fu W, Weng S, He J, Dong C. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against mandarinfish ranavirus and first identification of pyloric caecum as the major target tissue. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:189-199. [PMID: 36441809 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mandarinfish ranavirus (MRV), also known as a variant of largemouth bass virus (LMBV), is an emerging pathogen in mandarinfish aquaculture. In this study, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against MRV were produced and characterized, and 7 mAbs were obtained through Western blotting screening and all 7 mAbs specifically recognized MRV/LMBV but not several piscine iridoviruses as ISKNV, GIV and TFV. By LC MS/MS analysis, the recognized viral proteins by seven mAbs were identified as MRV-pORF47L, MRV-pORF55R, MRV-pORF57L, MRV-pORF77L and MRV-pORF78L, respectively, and all five viral proteins are late expression structural proteins by Western blotting. Based on mAb 1C4, immuno-histochemistry and immuno-histo-fluorescence were performed to re-assess the tissue tropism of MRV. The result showed that abundant reactive signals were observed in infected spleen, kidney as well as intestine and pyloric caecum. Real-time quantitative PCR also demonstrated that spleen as well as pyloric caecum and intestines are the major target tissue upon MRV infection. In infected intestines and pyloric caecum, numerous enlarged, multinucleated cells with intracytoplasmic inclusions were identified as the target cells of MRV, suggesting that MRV serves as a digestive tract pathogen to mandarinfish, which may explain why acute infection of MRV can cause the typical clinicopathology featured by severe ascites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (SMST-GDL), Zhuhai, P.R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hengwei Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (SMST-GDL), Zhuhai, P.R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (SMST-GDL), Zhuhai, P.R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, P.R. China
| | - Weixuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (SMST-GDL), Zhuhai, P.R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (SMST-GDL), Zhuhai, P.R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (SMST-GDL), Zhuhai, P.R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, P.R. China
| | - Chuanfu Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (SMST-GDL), Zhuhai, P.R. China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Koda SA, Subramaniam K, Hick PM, Hall E, Waltzek TB, Becker JA. Partial validation of a TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the detection of the three genotypes of Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281292. [PMID: 36735738 PMCID: PMC9897559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Megalocytiviruses (MCVs) are double-stranded DNA viruses known to infect important freshwater and marine fish species in the aquaculture, food, and ornamental fish industries worldwide. Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is the type species within the genus Megalocytivirus that causes red seabream iridoviral disease (RSIVD) which is a reportable disease to the World Animal Health Organization (WOAH). To better control the transboundary spread of this virus and support WOAH reporting requirements, we developed and partially validated a TaqMan real-time qPCR assay (ISKNV104R) to detect all three genotypes of ISKNV, including the two genotypes that cause RSIVD. Parameters averaged across 48 experiments used a 10-fold dilution series of linearized plasmid DNA (107-101 copies), carrying a fragment of the three-spot gourami iridovirus (TSGIV) hypothetical protein revealed that the assay was linear over 7 orders of magnitude (107-101), a mean efficiency of 99.97 ± 2.92%, a mean correlation coefficient of 1.000 ± 0.001, and a limit of detection (analytical sensitivity) of ≤10 copies of TSGIV DNA. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the ISKNV104R qPCR assay was evaluated and compared to other published assays using a panel of 397 samples from 21 source populations with different prevalence of ISKNV infection (0-100%). The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the ISKNV104R qPCR assay was 91.99% (87.28-95.6; 95% CI) and 89.8% (83.53-94.84). The latent class analysis showed that the ISKNV104R qPCR assay had similar diagnostic sensitivities and specificities with overlapping confidence limits compared to a second TaqMan qPCR assay and a SYBR green assay. This newly developed TaqMan assay represents a partially validated qPCR assay for the detection of the three genotypes of the species ISKNV. The ISKNV104R qPCR assay once fully validated, will serve as an improved diagnostic tool that can be used for ISKNV surveillance efforts and diagnosis in subclinical fish to prevent further spread of MCVs throughout the aquaculture and ornamental fish industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A. Koda
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Hick
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Evelyn Hall
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas B. Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JAB); (TBW)
| | - Joy A. Becker
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (JAB); (TBW)
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Qin P, Wang G, Luan Y, Xie J, He J, Shi H, Xu W. Complete genome sequence and characterization of four Decapod iridescent virus 1 isolates from crab and shrimp. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 196:107852. [PMID: 36384189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) is an emerging viral pathogen that infects diverse freshwater and marine crustacean species and causes considerable economic losses that seriously threaten crustacean farming and has caused enormous financial losses in recent years. In this study, we detected DIV1 from diseased crabs, with clinical symptoms such as loss of vitality and white gill filaments with edema, in a Marsupenaeus japonicus and Portunus trituberculatus polyculture pond. Four DIV1 isolates from crab samples (two isolates) and shrimp samples (two isolates) were sequenced and assembled successfully. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the four DIV1 isolates were conducted. The DIV1 isolates from crab samples have a close genetic relationship with shrimp DIV1s, indicating the viruses share the same ancestor with those from shrimps. Our study provides valuable insights into disease prevention and control of the shrimp-crab polyculture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Gengshen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316100, China; Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Yingjia Luan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jianjun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316100, China; Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Jie He
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316100, China; Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316100, China; Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China.
| | - Wenjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316100, China; Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China.
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Chen C, Yan Q, Yao X, Li S, Lv Q, Wang G, Zhong Q, Tang F, Liu Z, Huang Y, An Y, Zhou J, Zhang Q, Zhang A, Ullah H, Zhang Y, Liu C, Zhu D, Li H, Sun W, Ma W. Alterations of the gut virome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1050895. [PMID: 36713446 PMCID: PMC9874095 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1050895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that has been linked to the dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and virome. However, the potential characterization of the gut virome in SLE patients needs to be explored more extensively. Methods Herein, we analyzed the gut viral community of 16 SLE patients and 31 healthy controls using both bulk and virus-like particle (VLP)-based metagenomic sequencing of their fecal samples. A total of 15,999 non-redundant viral operational taxonomic units (vOTUs) were identified from the metagenomic assembled contigs and used for gut virome profiling. Results SLE patients exhibited a significant decrease in gut viral diversity in the bulk metagenome dataset, but this change was not significant in the VLP metagenome dataset. Also, considerable alterations of the overall gut virome composition and remarkable changes in the viral family compositions were observed in SLE patients compared with healthy controls, as observed in both two technologies. We identified 408 vOTUs (177 SLE-enriched and 231 control-enriched) with significantly different relative abundances between patients and controls in the bulk virome, and 18 vOTUs (17 SLE-enriched in 1 control-enriched) in the VLP virome. The SLE-enriched vOTUs included numerous Siphoviridae, Microviridae, and crAss-like viruses and were frequently predicted to infect Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, and Ruminococcus_E, while the control-enriched contained numerous members of Siphoviridae and Myoviridae and were predicted to infect Prevotella and Lachnospirales_CAG-274. We explored the correlations between gut viruses and bacteria and found that some Lachnospirales_CAG-274 and Hungatella_A phages may play key roles in the virus-bacterium network. Furthermore, we explored the gut viral signatures for disease discrimination and achieved an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) of above 0.95, suggesting the potential of the gut virome in the prediction of SLE. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated the alterations in viral diversity and taxonomic composition of the gut virome of SLE patients. Further research into the etiology of SLE and the gut viral community will open up new avenues for treating and preventing SLE and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changming Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiulong Yan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xueming Yao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | | | - Qingbo Lv
- Puensum Genetech Institute, Wuhan, China,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Guangyang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qin Zhong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Fang Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhengqi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yang An
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiongyu Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | | | - Hayan Ullah
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Puensum Genetech Institute, Wuhan, China
| | - Can Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Hufan Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Wen Sun, ; Wukai Ma,
| | - Wukai Ma
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China,*Correspondence: Wen Sun, ; Wukai Ma,
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Zhang Y, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Sun W, Zhang X, Liu X. Analysis of the transcriptomic profiles of Mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) infected with red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV). Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105921. [PMID: 36470347 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) belongs to the family Iridoviridae, genus Megalocytivirus, which could widely infect marine fish, causing diseases and huge economic losses. Now it has been reported that RSIV was also detected in diseased mandarin fish. Transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry showed that spleen was the main target organ in mandarin fish infected with RSIV. To investigate the immune response mechanism of mandarin fish to RSIV infection, transcriptomics of RSIV-infected mandarin fish was analyzed. A total of 53,040 unigenes were obtained, and there were 21,576 and 17,904 unigenes had significant hit the Nr and SwissProt databases, respectively. In RSIV-infected and non-infected spleen tissues, there were 309 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 100 up-regulated genes and 209 down-regulated genes. Gene Ontology database (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis were performed to reveal the function information and give a better understanding of the signal transduction pathways of DEGs. Further analysis of the cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions pathway exhibited that the expression of cytokines was widely activated after viral infection. In addition, ten DEGs were randomly selected and verified by quantitative real-time PCR, which revealed a similar expression tendency as the high-throughput sequencing data. These findings present valuable information that will benefit for better understanding of RSIV infection in mandarin fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Chunjie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zheling Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Liu Z, Xie D, He X, Zhou T, Li W. DNAJA4 Promotes the Replication of the Chinese Giant Salamander Iridovirus. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:58. [PMID: 36672799 PMCID: PMC9858487 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNAJ family, a class of chaperone proteins involved in protein folding, assembly, and transport, plays an essential role in viral infections. However, the role of DNAJA4 (DnaJ Heat Shock Protein Family (Hsp40) Member A4) in the ranavirus infection has not been reported. This study demonstrates the function of the epithelial papilloma of carp (EPC) DNAJA4 in Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) iridovirus (CGSIV) replication. DNAJA4 consists of 1479 base pairs and encodes a 492 amino acid polypeptide. Sequence analysis has shown that EPC DNAJA4 contains a conserved J domain and shares 84% homology with Danio rerio DNAJA4 and 68% homology with Homo sapiens DNAJA4. EPC DNAJA4 was localized in the cytoplasm, and its expression was significantly upregulated after CGSIV infection. Overexpression of EPC DNAJA4 promotes CGSIV replication and CGSIV DNA replication. siRNA knockdown of DNAJA4 expression attenuates CGSIV replication and viral DNA replication. Overexpression and interference experiments have proved that EPC DNAJA4 is a pro-viral factor. Co-IP, GST-pulldown, and immunofluorescence confirmed the interaction between EPC DNAJA4 and CGSIV proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Our results demonstrate for the first time that EPC DNAJA4 is involved in viral infection by promoting viral DNA replication and interacting with proteins associated with viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Daofa Xie
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xianhui He
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tianhong Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangzhou 510632, China
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Moreau F, Kirk NS, Zhang F, Gelfanov V, List EO, Chrudinová M, Venugopal H, Lawrence MC, Jimenez V, Bosch F, Kopchick JJ, DiMarchi RD, Altindis E, Kahn CR. Interaction of a viral insulin-like peptide with the IGF-1 receptor produces a natural antagonist. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6700. [PMID: 36335114 PMCID: PMC9637144 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocystis disease virus-1 (LCDV-1) and several other Iridoviridae encode viral insulin/IGF-1 like peptides (VILPs) with high homology to human insulin and IGFs. Here we show that while single-chain (sc) and double-chain (dc) LCDV1-VILPs have very low affinity for the insulin receptor, scLCDV1-VILP has high affinity for IGF1R where it can antagonize human IGF-1 signaling, without altering insulin signaling. Consequently, scLCDV1-VILP inhibits IGF-1 induced cell proliferation and growth hormone/IGF-1 induced growth of mice in vivo. Cryo-electron microscopy reveals that scLCDV1-VILP engages IGF1R in a unique manner, inducing changes in IGF1R conformation that led to separation, rather than juxtaposition, of the transmembrane segments and hence inactivation of the receptor. Thus, scLCDV1-VILP is a natural peptide with specific antagonist properties on IGF1R signaling and may provide a new tool to guide development of hormonal analogues to treat cancers or metabolic disorders sensitive to IGF-1 without affecting glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Moreau
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas S Kirk
- WEHI, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Fa Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Vasily Gelfanov
- Novo Nordisk, Indianapolis Research Center, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | - Hari Venugopal
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael C Lawrence
- WEHI, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Veronica Jimenez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fatima Bosch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | - Emrah Altindis
- Boston College Biology Department, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Arulmoorthy MP, Vijayan R, Sinduja K, Suresh E, Vasudevan S. Infection with Decapod iridescent virus 1: an emerging disease in shrimp culture. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:685. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03289-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Scholz F, Vendramin N, Olesen NJ, Cuenca A, Moesgaard Iburg T, Mirimin L, O'Connor I, Ruane NM, Rodger HD, MacCarthy E. Experimental infection trials with European North Atlantic ranavirus (Iridoviridae) isolated from lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus, L.). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:1745-1756. [PMID: 35989490 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
European North Atlantic ranavirus (ENARV, Iridoviridae), is a ranavirus species recently isolated from lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus, L.), which are used as cleaner fish in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming in Northern Europe. This study aimed to investigate (1) the virulence of ENARV isolates from Ireland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands to lumpfish; (2) horizontal transmission between lumpfish; and (3) virulence to Atlantic salmon parr. Lumpfish were challenged in a cohabitation model using intraperitoneally (IP) injected shedders, and naïve cohabitants. IP challenge with isolates from Iceland (1.9 × 107 TCID50 ml-1 ) and the Faroe Islands (5.9 × 107 TCID50 ml-1 ) reduced survival in lumpfish, associated with consistent pathological changes. IP challenge with the Irish strain (8.6 × 105 TCID50 ml-1 ) did not significantly reduce survival in lumpfish, but the lower challenge titre complicated interpretation. Horizontal transmission occurred in all strains tested, but no clinical impact was demonstrated in cohabitants. Salmon parr were challenged by IP injection with the Irish isolate, no virulence or virus replication were demonstrated. A ranavirus qPCR assay, previously validated for fish ranaviruses, was first used to detect ENARV in tissues of both in lumpfish and Atlantic salmon. This study provides the first data on the assessment of virulence of ENARV isolates to lumpfish and salmon, guidelines for the diagnosis of ENARV infection, and poses a basis for further investigations into virulence markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Scholz
- PHARMAQ Analytiq, Oranmore, Ireland
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - Niccolò Vendramin
- DTU Aqua, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Argelia Cuenca
- DTU Aqua, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Luca Mirimin
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ian O'Connor
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | - Eugene MacCarthy
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
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44
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Evolutionary Analysis of Placental Orthologues Reveals Two Ancient DNA Virus Integrations. J Virol 2022; 96:e0093322. [DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00933-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomes of vertebrates preserve a large diversity of endogenous viral elements (remnants of ancient viruses that accumulate in host genomes over evolutionary time). Although retroviruses account for the vast majority of these elements, diverse DNA viruses have also been found and novel lineages are being described.
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45
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Singapore Grouper Iridovirus VP131 Drives Degradation of STING-TBK1 Pathway Proteins and Negatively Regulates Antiviral Innate Immunity. J Virol 2022; 96:e0068222. [PMID: 36190239 PMCID: PMC9599571 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00682-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Iridoviruses are large DNA viruses which cause great economic losses to the aquaculture industry and serious threats to ecological diversity worldwide. Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), a novel member of the genus Ranavirus, causes high mortality in grouper aquaculture. Previous work on genome annotation demonstrated that SGIV contained numerous uncharacterized or hypothetical open reading frames (ORFs), whose functions remained largely unknown. Here, we reported that the protein encoded by SGIV ORF131R (VP131) was localized predominantly within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Ectopic expression of GFP-VP131 significantly enhanced SGIV replication, while VP131 knockdown decreased viral infection in vitro, suggesting that VP131 functioned as a proviral factor during SGIV infection. Overexpression of GFP-VP131 inhibited the interferon (IFN)-1 promoter activity and mRNA level of IFN-related genes induced by poly(I:C), Epinephelus coioides cyclic GMP/AMP synthase (EccGAS)/stimulator of IFN genes (EcSTING), TANK-binding kinase 1 (EcTBK1), or melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (EcMDA5), whereas such activation induced by mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (EcMAVS) was not affected. Moreover, VP131 interacted with EcSTING and degraded EcSTING through both the autophagy-lysosome pathway and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, and targeted for the K63-linked ubiquitination. Of note, we also found that EcSTING significantly accelerated the formation of GFP-VP131 aggregates in co-transfected cells. Finally, GFP-VP131 inhibited EcSTING- or EcTBK1-induced antiviral activity upon red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) infection. Together, our results demonstrated that the SGIV VP131 negatively regulated the IFN response by inhibiting EcSTING-EcTBK1 signaling for viral evasion. IMPORTANCE STING has been identified as a critical factor participating in the innate immune response which recruits and phosphorylates TBK1 and IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) to induce IFN production and defend against viral infection. However, viruses also distort the STING-TBK1 pathway to negatively regulate the IFN response and facilitate viral replication. Here, we reported that SGIV VP131 interacted with EcSTING within the ER and degraded EcSTING, leading to the suppression of IFN production and the promotion of SGIV infection. These results for the first time demonstrated that fish iridovirus evaded the host antiviral response via abrogating the STING-TBK1 signaling pathway.
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46
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Meng XY, Wang ZH, Yu XD, Zhang QY, Ke F. Development and characterization of a skin cell line from Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi) and its application in aquatic animal viruses. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:1439-1449. [PMID: 35762824 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi), an important fish for the aquaculture industry of China, is often affected by viral diseases. A stable and sensitive cell line can play an important role in virus identification and isolation, functional gene identification, virus pathogenic mechanism and antiviral immunity study. In the present study, a new cell line (S. chuatsi skin cell, SCSC) derived from the skin of S. chuatsi was established. The SCSC mainly consisted of fibroblastic-like cells, which grew well in M199 medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum at 25°C. Chromosome analysis revealed that the SCSC (44%) has a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 48. The SCSC can be transfected and expressed exogenous gene efficiently. It also showed high sensitivity to several aquatic animal viruses from different families including Rhabdoviridae, Iridoviridae and Reoviridae. In addition, RT-PCR showed that S. chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV) started genome replication as early as 3 h post infection in the cells, which also induced the up-regulation of a variety of immune-related genes including these related to interleukin family, pattern recognition receptors, JAK-STAT pathway and interferon regulatory factors. In summary, current study provided a new tool in research of fish viruses and its interaction with host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yu Meng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Hao Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Modern Agriculture Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Dong Yu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Ke
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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47
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Jin Y, Bergmann SM, Mai Q, Yang Y, Liu W, Sun D, Chen Y, Yu Y, Liu Y, Cai W, Dong H, Li H, Yu H, Wu Y, Lai M, Zeng W. Simultaneous Isolation and Identification of Largemouth Bass Virus and Rhabdovirus from Moribund Largemouth Bass ( Micropterus salmoides). Viruses 2022; 14:v14081643. [PMID: 36016264 PMCID: PMC9415833 DOI: 10.3390/v14081643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Largemouth bass is an important commercially farmed fish in China, but the rapid expansion of its breeding has resulted in increased incidence of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses and parasites. In this study, moribund largemouth bass containing ulcer foci on body surfaces indicated the most likely pathogens were iridovirus and rhabdovirus members and this was confirmed using a combination of immunohistochemistry, cell culture, electron microscopy and conserved gene sequence analysis. We identified that these fish had been co-infected with these viruses. We observed bullet-shaped virions (100−140 nm long and 50−100 nm in diameter) along with hexagonal virions with 140 nm diameters in cell culture inoculated with tissue homogenates. The viruses were plaque purified and a comparison of the highly conserved regions of the genome of these viruses indicated that they are most similar to largemouth bass virus (LMBV) and hybrid snakehead rhabdovirus (HSHRV), respectively. Regression infection experiments indicated fish mortalities for LMBV-FS2021 and HSHRV-MS2021 were 86.7 and 11.1%, respectively. While co-infection resulted in 93.3% mortality that was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the single infections even though the viral loads differed by >100-fold. Overall, we simultaneously isolated and identified LMBV and a HSHRV-like virus from diseased largemouth bass, and our results can provide novel ideas for the prevention and treatment of combined virus infection especially in largemouth bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Sven M. Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-InselRiems, Germany;
| | - Qianyi Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Ying Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Weiqiang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Dongli Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yanfeng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yingying Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Wenlong Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Hanxu Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hui Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yali Wu
- Foshan Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong, Foshan 528145, China; (Y.W.); (M.L.)
| | - Mingjian Lai
- Foshan Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong, Foshan 528145, China; (Y.W.); (M.L.)
| | - Weiwei Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Y.J.); (Q.M.); (Y.Y.); (W.L.); (D.S.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.D.); (H.L.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(0757)-83962672
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48
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Canuti M, Large G, Verhoeven JTP, Dufour SC. A Novel Iridovirus Discovered in Deep-Sea Carnivorous Sponges. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081595. [PMID: 35893660 PMCID: PMC9330688 DOI: 10.3390/v14081595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnivorous sponges (family Cladorhizidae) use small invertebrates as their main source of nutrients. We discovered a novel iridovirus (carnivorous sponge-associated iridovirus, CaSpA-IV) in Chondrocladia grandis and Cladorhiza oxeata specimens collected in the Arctic and Atlantic oceans at depths of 537–852 m. The sequenced viral genome (~190,000 bp) comprised 185 predicted ORFs, including those encoding 26 iridoviral core proteins, and phylogenetic analyses showed that CaSpA-IV is a close relative to members of the genus Decapodiridovirus and highly identical to a partially sequenced virus pathogenic to decapod shrimps. CaSpA-IV was found in various anatomical regions of six C. grandis (sphere, stem, root) from the Gulf of Maine and Baffin Bay and of two C. oxeata (sphere, secondary axis) from Baffin Bay. Partial MCP sequencing revealed a divergent virus (CaSpA-IV-2) in one C. oxeata. The analysis of a 10 nt long tandem repeat showed a number of repeats consistent across sub-sections of the same sponges but different between animals, suggesting the presence of different strains. As the genetic material of crustaceans, particularly from the zooplanktonic copepod order Calanoida, was identified in the investigated samples, further studies are required to elucidate whether CaSpA-IV infects the carnivorous sponges, their crustacean prey, or both.
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49
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Zhao R, Gu C, Zou X, Zhao M, Xiao W, He M, He L, Yang Q, Geng Y, Yu Z. Comparative genomic analysis reveals new evidence of genus boundary for family Iridoviridae and explores qualified hallmark genes. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:3493-3502. [PMID: 35860404 PMCID: PMC9284377 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the family Iridoviridae (iridovirids) are globally distributed and trigger adverse economic and ecological impacts on aquaculture and wildlife. Iridovirids taxonomy has previously been studied based on a limited number of genomes, but this is not suitable for the current and future virological studies as more iridovirids are emerging. In our study, 57 representative iridovirids genomes were selected from a total of 179 whole genomes available on NCBI. Then 18 core genes were screened out for members of the family Iridoviridae. Average amino acid sequence identity (AAI) analysis indicated that a cut-off value of 70% is more suitable for the current iridovirids genome database than ICTV-defined 50% threshold to better clarify viral genus boundaries. In addition, more subgroups were divided at genus level with the AAI threshold of 70%. This observation was further confirmed by genomic synteny analysis, codon usage preference analysis, genome GC content and length analysis, and phylogenic analysis. According to the pairwise comparison analysis of core genes, 9 hallmark genes were screened out to conduct preliminary identification and investigation at the genus level of iridovirids in a more convenient and economical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxuan Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Congwei Gu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Human Disease Research, PR China
| | | | - Mingde Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Human Disease Research, PR China
| | - Wudian Xiao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Human Disease Research, PR China
| | - Manli He
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Human Disease Research, PR China
| | - Lvqin He
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Human Disease Research, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Human Disease Research, PR China
| | - Yi Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zehui Yu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory for Model Animal and Human Disease Research, PR China.,Scholl of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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50
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Yang J, Xu W, Wang W, Pan Z, Qin Q, Huang X, Huang Y. Largemouth Bass Virus Infection Induced Non-Apoptotic Cell Death in MsF Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071568. [PMID: 35891548 PMCID: PMC9321053 DOI: 10.3390/v14071568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Largemouth bass virus (LMBV), belonging to the genus Ranavirus, causes high mortality and heavy economic losses in largemouth bass aquaculture. In the present study, a novel cell line, designated as MsF, was established from the fin of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), and applied to investigate the characteristics of cell death induced by LMBV. MsF cells showed susceptibility to LMBV, evidenced by the occurrence of a cytopathic effect (CPE), increased viral gene transcription, protein synthesis, and viral titers. In LMBV-infected MsF cells, two or more virus assembly sites were observed around the nucleus. Notably, no apoptotic bodies occurred in LMBV-infected MsF cells after nucleus staining, suggesting that cell death induced by LMBV in host cells was distinct from apoptosis. Consistently, DNA fragmentation was not detected in LMBV-infected MsF cells. Furthermore, only caspase-8 and caspase-3 were significantly activated in LMBV-infected MsF cells, suggesting that caspases were involved in non-apoptotic cell death induced by LMBV in host cells. In addition, the disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were detected in both LMBV-infected MsF cells and fathead minnow (FHM) cells. Combined with our previous study, we propose that cell death induced by LMBV infection was cell type dependent. Although LMBV-infected MsF cells showed the characteristics of non-apoptotic cell death, the signal pathways might crosstalk and interconnect between apoptosis and other PCD during LMBV infection. Together, our results not only established the in vitro LMBV infection model for the study of the interaction between LMBV and host cells but also shed new insights into the mechanisms of ranavirus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yang
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Weihua Xu
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Wenji Wang
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Zanbin Pan
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (Y.H.)
| | - Youhua Huang
- Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.Y.); (W.X.); (W.W.); (Z.P.); (Q.Q.)
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (Y.H.)
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