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Ostuni A, Albarella S, Tassoni L, Pugliano M, D'Anza E, Crudele MA, Ciotola F, Beato MS, Iovane V, Cecchini Gualandi S, Frontoso R, De Vendel J, Peretti V, Bavoso A. Circulation of small ruminant lentivirus in endangered goat and sheep breeds of Southern Italy. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33906. [PMID: 39027592 PMCID: PMC11255564 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
According to the Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS) of the FAO, Italy has one of the largest numbers of local small ruminant breeds among European countries. In Southern Italy, namely the Campania Region, Bagnolese and Laticauda sheep breeds and Cilentana goat breeds are considered endangered according to the DAD-IS. Conservation of endangered animal breeds is a goal of the European Union (EU). However, the role of infectious diseases as risk factors for endangered breeds has rarely been considered. Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) infect sheep and goats, causing slow-progressive, persistent, and debilitating diseases that can lead to animal death and productivity loss. In this study, we investigated the presence of SRLV in Bagnolese, Laticauda, and Cilentana breeds using a commercial ELISA in parallel with an in-house ELISA. The results of the two tests were in good agreement (Cohen Kappa 0.84, 95 % CI = 0.76-0.93). Discrepancies between the two tests were resolved using western blotting. In total, 430 samples were tested (248 Bagnolese, 125 Laticauda, and 57 Cilentana). The apparent prevalence rates were 12.5 %, 6.4 %, and 1.7 % in Bagnolese, Laticauda, and Cilentana, respectively. In the molecular analysis of 11 proviral partial sequences, subtypes B2 and A24 were identified in two Bagnolese herds. Owing to the beneficial role of sheep and goat breeding in marginal areas, it is important to screen the entire population and implement control/eradication of SRLV infections in conjunction with each conservation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ostuni
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’ Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Sara Albarella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luca Tassoni
- National Reference Laboratory for Ruminant retroviruses, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126, Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Mariagiulia Pugliano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137, Napoli, Italy
| | - Emanuele D'Anza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Crudele
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’ Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Francesca Ciotola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Beato
- National Reference Laboratory for Ruminant retroviruses, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126, Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Valentina Iovane
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Frontoso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, 2, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
- OneHEco APS, 84047, Capaccio Paestum, SA, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Peretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alfonso Bavoso
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’ Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
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Olech M, Kuźmak J. Comparison of serological and molecular methods for differentiation between genotype A and genotype B strains of small ruminant lentiviruses. J Vet Res 2024; 68:181-188. [PMID: 38947158 PMCID: PMC11210356 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2024-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause multisystemic, degenerative and chronic disease in sheep and goats. There are five genotypes (A, B, C, D and E), of which A and B are the most widespread. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the serotyping efficiency of the Eradikit SRLV Genotyping ELISA and the molecular typing efficiency of a newly developed nested real-time PCR targeting the long terminal repeat-gag (LTR-gag) region using samples from animals infected with subtypes of SRLV known to circulate in Poland. Material and Methods A total of 97 sera samples taken from 34 sheep and 63 goats were immunoassayed, and 86 DNA samples from 31 sheep and 55 goats were tested with the PCR. All ruminants were infected with known SRLV strains of the A1, A5, A12, A13, A16, A17, A18, A23, A24, A27, B1 and B2 subtypes. Results A total of 69 (80.2%, 95% confidence interval 71.6%-88.8%) out of 86 tested samples gave positive results in the PCR. In 17 out of the 86 (19.8%) samples, no proviral DNA of SRLV was detected. The differentiation between MVV (genotype A) and CAEV (genotype B) by PCR matched the predating phylogenetic analysis invariably. No cross-reactivity was observed. On the other hand, the proportion of samples genotyped the same by the older phylogenetic analysis and the Eradikit SRLV Genotyping ELISA was 42.3%. The test was unable to classify 40.2% of samples, and 17.5% of sera were incorrectly classified. Conclusion Our results showed that the Eradikit SRLV genotyping kit is not a reliable method for predicting SRLV genotype, while the nested real-time PCR based on the LTR-gag region did prove to be, at least for genotypes A and B.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Pulawy, Poland
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Davaasuren N, Molaee V, Erdene-Ochir TO, Nyamdavaa G, Ganzorig S, Mazzei M, Sakoda Y, Lühken G, Tumenjargal S. Phylogenetic analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses in Mongolian sheep supports an ancient east-west split for the genotype A. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1955-1962. [PMID: 38530579 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10361-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The ovine maedi-visna virus (MVV) and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) are small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) with striking genetic and structural similarities. The presence of SRLV in Mongolian sheep and goats was serologically demonstrated more than a decade ago; however, the viral genotype remains unknown. In total, 329 blood samples were collected from two sheep breeds (i.e., Khalkha and Sumber) in Tov, Govisumber, Arkhangay, Dornogovi, Zavkhan, and Sukhbaatar provinces, Mongolia. Serological and phylogenetic analyses were performed regardless of any apparent clinical signs, although most of the animals appeared healthy. All sheep in three of the six provinces were seronegative, whereas the seroprevalence in the Tov, Govisumber, and Zavkhan provinces averaged 7.9%. Genomic DNA from seropositive animals was tested using hemi-nested polymerase chain reaction, and sub-genomic SRLV sequences were determined from nine samples. Mongolian SRLV sequences clustered within the divergent subtype A22, which was previously found only in Fertile Crescent regions, including Lebanon, Jordan, and Iran, where the first sheep-domestication (Ovis aries) occurred. According to the phylogenetic analysis, genotype A has two ancestors from the ancient Fertile Crescent: (1) Turkish strains and (2) Iranian, Jordanian, and Lebanese strains. The first ancestor spread westward, whereas the second spread eastward, ultimately reaching Mongolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nergui Davaasuren
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar, 17024, Mongolia
| | - Vahid Molaee
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Ludwigstrasse 21, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tseren-Ochir Erdene-Ochir
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar, 17024, Mongolia
| | - Guugandaa Nyamdavaa
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar, 17024, Mongolia
| | - Sumiya Ganzorig
- Department of Biology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 14021, Mongolia
| | - Maurizio Mazzei
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 20159, Pisa, Italy
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Gesine Lühken
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Ludwigstrasse 21, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sharav Tumenjargal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar, 17024, Mongolia.
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Borge AJ, Colitti B, Rosati S, Nordstoga AB, Gjerset B, Udjus K, Nogarol C, Chellappa S, Samdal IA, Lybeck K. Development of a Bead-Based Multiplex Fluorescent Immunoassay to Detect Antibodies against Maedi-Visna Virus in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1442. [PMID: 38791660 PMCID: PMC11117221 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The Maedi-visna virus (MVV) causes a persistent infection in small ruminants, and its high genetic heterogeneity affects the performance of diagnostic tests when used in different populations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a bead-based multiplex immunoassay tailored to detect antibodies against a Norwegian MVV strain. We used tissue samples from 14 PCR-positive sheep from a recent MVV outbreak in Norway to sequence the viral strain and produced recombinant antigens based on sequences from one animal. The assay included commercial TM-A and recombinant Norwegian p25, p16-25 and SU5 antigens. Cut-off values for each antigen were determined using receiver operating characteristic curves on 40 ELISA-negative and 67 ELISA-positive samples from the outbreak. The intraplate and interplate repeatability were investigated by testing a quadruplicate of five samples over three days, while the analytical sensitivity (aSe) and specificity (aSp) were measured in comparison to a commercial ELISA. The repeatability showed a coefficient of variation below 15% for most positive samples. The aSe was equal or higher for the multiplex assay than the ELISA, and the aSp of each antigen was 91.7, 93.3, 95.0 and 93.3% for p25, p16-25, SU5 and TM-A, respectively. The assay shows promising results; however, further evaluations of diagnostic characteristics are necessary before implementation in the Norwegian surveillance programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniken Jerre Borge
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (A.B.N.); (B.G.); (K.U.); (S.C.); (I.A.S.); (K.L.)
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (B.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (B.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Anne B. Nordstoga
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (A.B.N.); (B.G.); (K.U.); (S.C.); (I.A.S.); (K.L.)
| | - Britt Gjerset
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (A.B.N.); (B.G.); (K.U.); (S.C.); (I.A.S.); (K.L.)
| | - Kristin Udjus
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (A.B.N.); (B.G.); (K.U.); (S.C.); (I.A.S.); (K.L.)
| | - Chiara Nogarol
- In3diagnostic s.r.l., Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Stalin Chellappa
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (A.B.N.); (B.G.); (K.U.); (S.C.); (I.A.S.); (K.L.)
| | - Ingunn Anita Samdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (A.B.N.); (B.G.); (K.U.); (S.C.); (I.A.S.); (K.L.)
| | - Kari Lybeck
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; (A.B.N.); (B.G.); (K.U.); (S.C.); (I.A.S.); (K.L.)
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Bouzalas I, Apostolidi ED, Scalas D, Davidopoulou E, Chassalevris T, Rosati S, Colitti B. A Combined Approach for the Characterization of Small Ruminant Lentivirus Strains Circulating in the Islands and Mainland of Greece. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1119. [PMID: 38612358 PMCID: PMC11010947 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses are a group of viruses infecting goat and sheep worldwide. These viruses exhibit an extraordinary degree of genetic and antigenic variability that severely influence in vivo and in vitro features, as well as diagnostic test results. Small ruminant farming is the most important animal farming business in Greece, with a high impact on the Greek primary economy. Although SRLV infection and its impact on animal production are well established in the country, little is known about the circulating SRLV strains and their prevalence. The aim of this study was to characterize SRLVs circulating in Greece with a combined serological and molecular approach, using the bulk milk matrix collected from 60 farms in different municipalities. This study allowed us to estimate a seroprevalence of around 52% at the herd level. The B1, B2 and A3 subtypes and a novel A viral cluster were identified. Moreover, the amplicon sequencing method allowed us to identify more than one viral subtype in a sample. These results again confirm the high variability of these viruses and highlight the importance of the constant monitoring of viral evolution, in particular in antigens of diagnostic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Bouzalas
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.B.); (E.D.A.); (T.C.)
| | - Evangelia D. Apostolidi
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.B.); (E.D.A.); (T.C.)
| | - Daniela Scalas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, L. Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy; (D.S.); (S.R.)
| | | | - Taxiarchis Chassalevris
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.B.); (E.D.A.); (T.C.)
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, L. Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy; (D.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, L. Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy; (D.S.); (S.R.)
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Kalogianni AI, Bouzalas I, Marka S, Zografaki ME, Mavrikou S, Gelasakis AI. Genetic Characterization of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses Isolated from Dairy Sheep in Greece. Viruses 2024; 16:547. [PMID: 38675890 PMCID: PMC11053789 DOI: 10.3390/v16040547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The high genetic heterogeneity of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) renders the genetic characterization of the circulating strains crucial for the epidemiological investigation and the designation of effective diagnostic tools. In Greece, research data regarding the genetic diversity of the circulating SRLV strains is scarce, hindering the implementation of efficient surveillance and control programs. The objective of the study was to genetically characterize SRLV strains isolated from intensive dairy sheep farms in Greece and evaluate the variability of the immunodominant regions of the capsid protein. For this reason, a total of 12 SRLV-infected animals from four intensive dairy sheep farms with purebred Chios and Lacaune ewes were used for the amplification and sequencing of an 800 bp gag-pol fragment. The phylogenetic analyses revealed a breed-related circulation of strains; Chios ewes were infected with strains belonging exclusively to a separate group of genotype A, whereas strains belonging to subtype B2 were isolated from Lacaune ewes. Immunodominant epitopes of capsid protein were quite conserved among the strains of the same genotype, except for the Major Homology Region which showed some unique mutations with potential effects on viral evolution. The present study contributes to the extension of the current knowledge regarding the genetic diversity of SRLV strains circulating in sheep in Greece. However, broader genetic characterization studies are warranted for the exploration of possible recombinant events and the more comprehensive classification of the circulating strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphrodite I. Kalogianni
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Ilias Bouzalas
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Sofia Marka
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), EU-CONEXUS European University, 11855 Athens, Greece; (S.M.); (M.-E.Z.); (S.M.)
| | - Maria-Eleftheria Zografaki
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), EU-CONEXUS European University, 11855 Athens, Greece; (S.M.); (M.-E.Z.); (S.M.)
| | - Sofia Mavrikou
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), EU-CONEXUS European University, 11855 Athens, Greece; (S.M.); (M.-E.Z.); (S.M.)
| | - Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece;
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Colitti B, Daif S, Choukri I, Scalas D, Jerre A, El Berbri I, Fassi Fihri O, Rosati S. Serological and Molecular Characterization of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Morocco. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:550. [PMID: 38396519 PMCID: PMC10886309 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies that investigated the origins of SRLV strains offered new insights into their distribution among domestic ruminants. The aim of the study was to investigate SRLV circulation in Morocco. A total of 51 farms were selected in different geographical locations and tested by screening and genotyping ELISA. Whole blood was used for DNA extraction and nested gag PCR. The sample size allowed for an estimation of prevalence lower than 20% (CI 95%). Surprisingly, a large proportion of screening-positive samples were not correctly serotyped. Sanger and NGS amplicon sequencing approaches allowed us to obtain new sequences even from difficult-to-amplify samples. The serological data support the evidence of an intrinsic difficulty of SRLV to spread, likely due to management practices. The low rate of success by genotyping ELISA led us to suppose that divergent strains might have escaped from diagnostic tools, as partially confirmed by the evidence of an A subtype carrying a mismatch in serotyping epitope. The sequence analysis revealed the circulation of novel B and recombinant A/B subtypes. This study highlights the importance of monitoring viral sequences and their evolution to develop specific diagnostic tests, particularly in countries where control measures are in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (D.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Soukaina Daif
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP: 6202, Rabat-Institutes, Rabat 10101, Morocco; (S.D.); (I.C.); (I.E.B.); (O.F.F.)
| | - Imane Choukri
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP: 6202, Rabat-Institutes, Rabat 10101, Morocco; (S.D.); (I.C.); (I.E.B.); (O.F.F.)
| | - Daniela Scalas
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (D.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Anniken Jerre
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway;
| | - Ikhlass El Berbri
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP: 6202, Rabat-Institutes, Rabat 10101, Morocco; (S.D.); (I.C.); (I.E.B.); (O.F.F.)
| | - Ouafaa Fassi Fihri
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP: 6202, Rabat-Institutes, Rabat 10101, Morocco; (S.D.); (I.C.); (I.E.B.); (O.F.F.)
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; (D.S.); (S.R.)
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Olech M. The genetic variability of small-ruminant lentiviruses and its impact on tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control programmes. J Vet Res 2023; 67:479-502. [PMID: 38130459 PMCID: PMC10730557 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Maedi-visna virus and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus are two closely related lentiviruses which cause multisystemic, progressive and persistent infection in goats and sheep. Because these viruses frequently cross the species barrier, they are considered to be one genetic group called small-ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV). They have in vivo tropism mainly for monocytes and macrophages and organ tropism with unknown mechanisms. Typical clinical signs are pneumonia in sheep, arthritis in goats, and mastitis in both species. Infection with SRLV cannot currently be treated or prevented, and control programmes are the only approaches to avoiding its spread. These programmes rely mainly on annual serological testing and elimination of positive animals. However, the high genetic and antigenic variability of SRLV complicate their early and definitive diagnosis. The objective of this review is to summarise the current knowledge of SRLV genetic variation and its implications for tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control and eradication programmes. Material and Methods Subject literature was selected from the PubMed and the Google Scholar databases. Results The high genetic diversity of SRLV affects the performance of diagnostic tools and therefore control programmes. For the early and definitive diagnosis of SRLV infection, a combination of serological and molecular tests is suggested. Testing by PCR can also be considered for sub-yearling animals. There are still significant gaps in our knowledge of the epidemiology, immunology and biology of SRLV and their impact on animal production and welfare. Conclusion This information may aid selection of the most effective SRLV spread reduction measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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Olech M, Hodor D, Toma C, Negoescu A, Taulescu M. First Molecular Characterization of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses Detected in Romania. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3718. [PMID: 38067069 PMCID: PMC10705781 DOI: 10.3390/ani13233718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are a group of retroviruses that cause multisystem chronic diseases in goats and sheep and lead to production losses in these animals, negatively affecting animal health and welfare. Although molecular characterization of SRLV field isolates has been performed in many countries, there is currently no information on SRLV genotypes circulating in sheep and goats in Romania. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to conduct a molecular and phylogenetic analysis of SRLVs from Romania and determine the degree of genetic relatedness of the obtained sequences to other known SRLV reference strains. A total of 81 sheep lung tissue samples and 41 sheep lung lymph node samples were tested using nested real-time PCR, and samples positive for real-time PCR were used to amplify an 800 bp gag-pol fragment and an overlapping 625 bp fragment of the gag gene. Pairwise DNA distance and phylogenetic analysis showed that the Romanian SRLV strains were closely related to the A2 and A3 strains based on gag-pol sequences and to the A3 and A17 subtypes based on gag sequences. No recombination events were found. Our results revealed that the Romanian sequences have similar epitope patterns to other existing subtypes, although E/K and R/K mutations in epitope 3 were found only in the Romanian sequences, which may have potential value in serological diagnosis. This study is the first report on the genetic characterization of SRLV strains circulating in Romania and provides new information on SRLV heterogeneity. Further detailed studies should be conducted to better understand the divergence of SRLV Romanian strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Dragoş Hodor
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.H.); (C.T.); (A.N.); (M.T.)
| | - Corina Toma
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.H.); (C.T.); (A.N.); (M.T.)
| | - Andrada Negoescu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.H.); (C.T.); (A.N.); (M.T.)
| | - Marian Taulescu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.H.); (C.T.); (A.N.); (M.T.)
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Pavone S, Crotti S, D'Avino N, Gobbi P, Scoccia E, Pesca C, Gobbi M, Cambiotti V, Lepri E, Cruciani D. The role of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Mycoplasma arginini in the respiratory mycoplasmosis of sheep and goats in Italy: Correlation of molecular data with histopathological features. Res Vet Sci 2023; 163:104983. [PMID: 37639802 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma infections are commonly found in the respiratory system of small ruminants; the species most commonly detected are Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Mycoplasma arginini, associated with the so-called "atypical non-progressive pneumonia". The pathogenic role of M. ovipneumoniae in pneumonia has been demonstrated in sheep but still needs to be verified in goats; on the other hand, the role of M. arginini in sheep is not well understood, while in goats seems to be of low pathogenic value. The present study aims to investigate the aetiology of pneumonia in sheep and goats that died from respiratory disease using anatomopathological, histopathological, and molecular investigations and to clarify the role of respiratory mycoplasmas by the association of molecular data with histopathological features. First, to better understand which histological changes are actually suggestive of atypical pneumonia in sheep and goats, the study identified the histological lesions significantly associated with Mycoplasma spp. infection. Then, the histological score of lesions considered suggestive of atypical pneumonia was used to estimate the pathogenicity of each mycoplasma detected. The results showed that M. ovipneumoniae and M. arginini (alone or in mixed infections) are pathogenic both in sheep, as well as in goats with similar histology and severity of lesions. Moreover, young animals were statistically more susceptible to M.ovipneumoniae and M. arginini infection than adults. Animals appeared more at risk to the development of M. ovipneumoniae and M. arginini infection in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pavone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - Silvia Crotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta D'Avino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - Paola Gobbi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Scoccia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - Cristina Pesca
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale 1, Via XIV Settembre 79, Parco S. Margherita, Perugia 06121, Italy.
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | | | - Elvio Lepri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, Perugia 06126, Italy.
| | - Deborah Cruciani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, Perugia 06126, Italy.
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11
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Olech M, Kuźmak J. Genetic Diversity of the LTR Region of Polish SRLVs and Its Impact on the Transcriptional Activity of Viral Promoters. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020302. [PMID: 36851518 PMCID: PMC9967159 DOI: 10.3390/v15020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A long terminal repeat (LTR) plays an indispensable role in small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) gene expression. In this study, we present the LTR sequence of Polish SRLVs representing different subtypes, and analyzed their impact on SRLV promoter activity, as measured in transient transfection assays. Although certain nucleotide motifs (AML(vis), TATA box and the polyadenylation site (AATAAA)) were conserved across sequences, numerous mutations within the LTR sequences have been identified. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in both regulatory (AP-1, AP-4, Stat and Gas) and non-regulatory sequences, and subtype-specific genetic diversity in the LTR region of Polish SRLVs was observed. In vitro assays demonstrated subtype-specific functional differences between the LTR regions of distinct SRLV subtypes. Our results revealed that the promoter activity of Polish strains was lower (1.64-10.8-fold) than that noted for the K1514 reference strain; however, the differences in most cases were not statistically significant. The lowest promoter activity was observed for strains representing subtype A5 (mean 69.067) while the highest promoter activity was observed for strain K1514 representing subtype A1 (mean 373.48). The mean LTR activities of strains representing subtypes A12, A17, A23, A18 and A24 were 91.22, 137.21, 178.41, 187.05 and 236.836, respectively. The results of the inter-subtype difference analysis showed that the promoter activity of strains belonging to subtype A5 was significantly lower than that for subtype A12 strains (1.32-fold; p < 0.00). The promoter activities of the A5 strain were 1.98-fold and 2.58-fold less active than that of the A17 and A23 strains, and the promoter activities of A12 strains were 1.955 and 1.5 times lower than the promoter activity of A23 and A17 strains, respectively. Furthermore, the promoter activity of A17 strains was 1.3 lower than the promoter activity of A23 strains. Our findings suggest that subtype-specific genetic diversity, mainly in the transcription factor's binding sites, has an impact on their transcriptional activity, producing a distinct activity pattern for the subtypes. This study provides new information that is important for better understanding the function of the SRLV LTR. However, further research including more strains and subtypes as well as other cell lines is needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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12
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Genetic Characterization of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLVs) Circulating in Naturally Infected Sheep in Central Italy. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040686. [PMID: 35458416 PMCID: PMC9032261 DOI: 10.3390/v14040686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) represent a very heterogeneous group of ss-RNA viruses that infect sheep and goats worldwide. They cause important, deleterious effects on animal production and limit the animal trade. SRLVs show a high genetic variability due to high mutation rate and frequent recombination events. Indeed, five genotypes (A–E) and several subtypes have been detected. The aim of this work was to genetically characterize SRLVs circulating in central Italy. On this basis, a phylogenetic study on the gag-pol genetic region of 133 sheep, collected from 19 naturally infected flocks, was conducted. In addition, to evaluate the frequency of mutation and the selective pressure on this region, a WebLogo 3 analysis was performed, and the dN/dS ratio was computed. The results showed that 26 samples out of 133 were clustered in genotype A and 106 samples belonged to genotype B, as follows: A9 (n = 8), A11 (n = 10), A24 (n = 7), B1 (n = 2), B2 (n = 59), and B3 (n = 45). No recombination events were found. Mutations were localized mainly in the VR-2 region, and the dN/dS ratio of 0.028 indicated the existence of purifying selection. Since the genetic diversity of SRLVs could make serological identification difficult, it is important to perform molecular characterization to ensure a more reliable diagnosis, to maintain flock health status, and for the application of local and national control programs.
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13
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Olech M, Kuźmak J. Molecular Characterization of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Polish Mixed Flocks Supports Evidence of Cross Species Transmission, Dual Infection, a Recombination Event, and Reveals the Existence of New Subtypes within Group A. Viruses 2021; 13:2529. [PMID: 34960798 PMCID: PMC8708130 DOI: 10.3390/v13122529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are a group of highly divergent viruses responsible for global infection in sheep and goats. In a previous study we showed that SRLV strains found in mixed flocks in Poland belonged to subtype A13 and A18, but this study was restricted only to the few flocks from Małopolska region. The present work aimed at extending earlier findings with the analysis of SRLVs in mixed flocks including larger numbers of animals and flocks from different part of Poland. On the basis of gag and env sequences, Polish SRLVs were assigned to the subtypes B2, A5, A12, and A17. Furthermore, the existence of a new subtypes, tentatively designed as A23 and A24, were described for the first time. Subtypes A5 and A17 were only found in goats, subtype A24 has been detected only in sheep while subtypes A12, A23, and B2 have been found in both sheep and goats. Co-infection with strains belonging to different subtypes was evidenced in three sheep and two goats originating from two flocks. Furthermore, three putative recombination events were identified within gag and env SRLVs sequences derived from three sheep. Amino acid (aa) sequences of immunodominant epitopes in CA protein were well conserved while Major Homology Region (MHR) had more alteration showing unique mutations in sequences of subtypes A5 and A17. In contrast, aa sequences of surface glycoprotein exhibited higher variability confirming type-specific variation in the SU5 epitope. The number of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS) ranged from 3 to 6 in respective sequences and were located in different positions. The analysis of LTR sequences revealed that sequences corresponding to the TATA box, AP-4, AML-vis, and polyadenylation signal (poly A) were quite conserved, while considerable alteration was observed in AP-1 sites. Interestingly, our results revealed that all sequences belonging to subtype A17 had unique substitution T to A in the fifth position of TATA box and did not have a 11 nt deletion in the R region which was noted in other sequences from Poland. These data revealed a complex picture of SRLVs population with ovine and caprine strains belonging to group A and B. We present strong and multiple evidence of dually infected sheep and goats in mixed flocks and present evidence that these viruses can recombine in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
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14
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Bazzucchi M, Pierini I, Gobbi P, Pirani S, Torresi C, Iscaro C, Feliziani F, Giammarioli M. Genomic Epidemiology and Heterogeneity of SRLV in Italy from 1998 to 2019. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122338. [PMID: 34960606 PMCID: PMC8706641 DOI: 10.3390/v13122338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are viruses that retro-transcribe RNA to DNA and show high rates of genetic variability. SRLV affect animals with strains specific for each host species (sheep or goats), resulting in a series of clinical manifestations depending on the virulence of the strain, the host’s genetic background and farm production system. The aim of this work was to present an up-to-date overview of the genomic epidemiology and genetic diversity of SRLV in Italy over time (1998–2019). In this study, we investigated 219 SRLV samples collected from 17 different Italian regions in 178 geographically distinct herds by CEREL. Our genetic study was based on partial sequencing of the gag-pol gene (800 bp) and phylogenetic analysis. We identified new subtypes with high heterogeneity, new clusters and recombinant forms. The genetic diversity of Italian SRLV strains may have diagnostic and immunological implications that affect the performance of diagnostic tools. Therefore, it is extremely important to increase the control of genomic variants to improve the control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira Bazzucchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbrita-Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.B.); (I.P.); (P.G.); (S.P.); (C.T.); (C.I.); (F.F.)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pierini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbrita-Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.B.); (I.P.); (P.G.); (S.P.); (C.T.); (C.I.); (F.F.)
| | - Paola Gobbi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbrita-Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.B.); (I.P.); (P.G.); (S.P.); (C.T.); (C.I.); (F.F.)
| | - Silvia Pirani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbrita-Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.B.); (I.P.); (P.G.); (S.P.); (C.T.); (C.I.); (F.F.)
| | - Claudia Torresi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbrita-Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.B.); (I.P.); (P.G.); (S.P.); (C.T.); (C.I.); (F.F.)
| | - Carmen Iscaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbrita-Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.B.); (I.P.); (P.G.); (S.P.); (C.T.); (C.I.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbrita-Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.B.); (I.P.); (P.G.); (S.P.); (C.T.); (C.I.); (F.F.)
| | - Monica Giammarioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbrita-Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.B.); (I.P.); (P.G.); (S.P.); (C.T.); (C.I.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Aalberts M, Peterson K, Moll L, Vellema P, van Maanen C. Evaluation of five SRLV ELISAs for fitness for purpose in sheep and goat accreditation schemes in the Netherlands. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Ostuni A, Monné M, Crudele MA, Cristinziano PL, Cecchini S, Amati M, De Vendel J, Raimondi P, Chassalevris T, Dovas CI, Bavoso A. Design and structural bioinformatic analysis of polypeptide antigens useful for the SRLV serodiagnosis. J Virol Methods 2021; 297:114266. [PMID: 34454989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic genetic, structural and phenotypic variability the Lentiviruses, and specifically small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV), are considered viral quasispecies with a population structure that consists of extremely large numbers of variant genomes, termed mutant spectra or mutant cloud. Immunoenzymatic tests for SRLVs are available but the dynamic heterogeneity of the virus makes the development of a diagnostic "golden standard" extremely difficult. The ELISA reported in the literature have been obtained using proteins derived from a single strain or they are multi-strain based assay that may increase the sensitivity of the serological diagnosis. Hundreds of SRLV protein sequences derived from different viral strains are deposited in GenBank. The aim of this study is to verify if the database can be exploited with the help of bioinformatics in order to have a more systematic approach in the design of a set of representative protein antigens useful in the SRLV serodiagnosis. Clustering, molecular modelling, molecular dynamics, epitope predictions and aggregative/solubility predictions were the main bioinformatic tools used. This approach led to the design of SRLV antigenic proteins that were expressed by recombinant DNA technology using synthetic genes, analyzed by CD spectroscopy, tested by ELISA and preliminarily compared to currently commercially available detection kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ostuni
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, viale Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Magnus Monné
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, viale Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Pier Luigi Cristinziano
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, viale Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Stefano Cecchini
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, viale Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Mario Amati
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, viale Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | | | | | - Taxiarchis Chassalevris
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysostomos I Dovas
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alfonso Bavoso
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, viale Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
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17
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Ramírez H, Echeverría I, Benito AA, Glaria I, Benavides J, Pérez V, de Andrés D, Reina R. Accurate Diagnosis of Small Ruminant Lentivirus Infection Is Needed for Selection of Resistant Sheep through TMEM154 E35K Genotyping. Pathogens 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause an incurable multiorganic disease widely spread in sheep and goats that disturbs animal welfare and production. In the absence of a vaccine, control measures have been traditionally based on early diagnosis and breeding with virus-inactivated colostrum with segregation of seropositive animals. However, antigenic heterogeneity, poor antibody production due to low viral load, and single strain design of most available ELISA, pose a threat to SRLV diagnosis. Genome-wide association studies have described TMEM154 E35K polymorphism as a good genetic marker for selection of resistant animals in some American and European breeds. In this study, a multitargeted serological and virological screening of more than 500 animals from four different breeds (latxa, raza Navarra, assaf, and churra) attending to SRLV infection status was performed. Then, animals were genotyped to characterize TMEM154 E35K polymorphism. ELISA procedures, individually considered, only identified a proportion of the seropositive animals, and PCR detected a fraction of seronegative animals, globally offering different animal classifications according to SRLV infection status. TMEM154 allele frequency differed substantially among breeds and a positive association between seroprevalence and TMEM154 genotype was found only in one breed. Selection based on TMEM154 may be suitable for specific ovine breeds or SRLV strains, however generalization to the whole SRLV genetic spectrum, ovine breeds, or epidemiological situation may need further validation.
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18
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Ramírez H, Echeverría I, Benito AA, Glaria I, Benavides J, Pérez V, de Andrés D, Reina R. Accurate Diagnosis of Small Ruminant Lentivirus Infection Is Needed for Selection of Resistant Sheep through TMEM154 E35K Genotyping. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10010083. [PMID: 33478070 PMCID: PMC7835874 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause an incurable multiorganic disease widely spread in sheep and goats that disturbs animal welfare and production. In the absence of a vaccine, control measures have been traditionally based on early diagnosis and breeding with virus-inactivated colostrum with segregation of seropositive animals. However, antigenic heterogeneity, poor antibody production due to low viral load, and single strain design of most available ELISA, pose a threat to SRLV diagnosis. Genome-wide association studies have described TMEM154 E35K polymorphism as a good genetic marker for selection of resistant animals in some American and European breeds. In this study, a multitargeted serological and virological screening of more than 500 animals from four different breeds (latxa, raza Navarra, assaf, and churra) attending to SRLV infection status was performed. Then, animals were genotyped to characterize TMEM154 E35K polymorphism. ELISA procedures, individually considered, only identified a proportion of the seropositive animals, and PCR detected a fraction of seronegative animals, globally offering different animal classifications according to SRLV infection status. TMEM154 allele frequency differed substantially among breeds and a positive association between seroprevalence and TMEM154 genotype was found only in one breed. Selection based on TMEM154 may be suitable for specific ovine breeds or SRLV strains, however generalization to the whole SRLV genetic spectrum, ovine breeds, or epidemiological situation may need further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Ramírez
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlan, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km. 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México C.P. 54714, Mexico;
| | - Irache Echeverría
- Animal Health Department, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (IdAB), CSIC-Government of Navarra, 31192 Navarra, Spain; (I.E.); (I.G.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Alfredo A. Benito
- Molecular and Cell Biology Department, EXOPOL SL, 50840 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Idoia Glaria
- Animal Health Department, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (IdAB), CSIC-Government of Navarra, 31192 Navarra, Spain; (I.E.); (I.G.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Julio Benavides
- Mountain Livestock Institute (IGM), CSIC-University of León, 24346 León, Spain;
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, University of León, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Animal Health Department, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (IdAB), CSIC-Government of Navarra, 31192 Navarra, Spain; (I.E.); (I.G.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Animal Health Department, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (IdAB), CSIC-Government of Navarra, 31192 Navarra, Spain; (I.E.); (I.G.); (D.d.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-948-168022
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19
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Pazzola M, Puggioni G, Ponti MN, Scivoli R, Dettori ML, Cecchinato A, Vacca GM. Test positivity for Maedi-Visna virus and Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in Sarda ewes: Effects on milk composition and coagulation traits and heritability estimates for susceptibility. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9213-9223. [PMID: 32828507 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Maedi-Visna virus (MVV) and Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) are two pathogens that cause chronic, production-limiting diseases in dairy sheep. Although they are present worldwide, there are no detailed reports on their actual effects on milk traits in the literature. This study was designed to investigate the effects of test positivity to MVV and MAP on ovine milk yield, composition and coagulation properties, and curd-firming over time (CFt) variables in clinically healthy animals at the field level. The additive genetic variation and heritabilities of MVV and MAP positivity were also estimated. Milk samples were collected from 1,079 Sarda sheep kept on 23 farms, and pedigree information was obtained from the flock book. Milk yield was also recorded on the sampling date. Positivity for MVV and MAP was determined from milk samples using indirect ELISA test kits. Milk composition traits were measured by spectroscopy, milk coagulation properties were measured with a Formagraph (Foss Italia, Padua, Italy), and CFt traits were calculated using the data from the Formagraph diagram. The effects of MVV and MAP positivity on milk traits were determined through a set of mixed linear models, which took into account various sources of variation, such as days in milk, parity, and flock effects, and included the effects (positive or negative) of the 2 pathogens. A Bayesian threshold sire model with sire relationship was used to estimate genetic variation and heritability. The overall animal prevalence of MVV-positive ewes was 43.6%; on only 1 farm of the 23 tested were all sampled ewes negative. An overall animal prevalence of 10.6% was recorded for MAP, with 4 farms at 0%. Positivity for MVV significantly affected the logarithmic score of the bacterial count, curd firmness after 30 min and 45 min, and the curd-firming instant rate constant. We found significant effects of MAP infection on milk composition, pH, and rennet coagulation time. The mean of the posterior distributions of heritability estimates on the liability scale was 0.15 for MAP and 0.07 for MVV. Our results demonstrate that only a few traits are negatively affected by MVV and MAP positivity, and that there is exploitable genetic variation in MVV and MAP susceptibility in dairy sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Pazzola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Giantonella Puggioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi," Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria N Ponti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi," Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Rosario Scivoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi," Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria L Dettori
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessio Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giuseppe M Vacca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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20
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Michiels R, Adjadj NR, De Regge N. Phylogenetic Analysis of Belgian Small Ruminant Lentiviruses Supports Cross Species Virus Transmission and Identifies New Subtype B5 Strains. Pathogens 2020; 9:E183. [PMID: 32138297 PMCID: PMC7157725 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are a group of highly divergent viruses responsible for global and fatal infections in sheep and goats. Since the current phylogenetic classification of these viruses was proposed in 2004, it nowadays consists out of 5 genotypes and 28 subtypes. In support of our national SRLV control program, we performed the genetic characterization of SRLV strains circulating in the Belgian sheep and goat population. Fourteen sheep and 9 goat strains were sequenced in the gag-pol and pol regions using the method described by Shah. Most SRLV strains from sheep and goats belonged to prototype A1 and B1 subtypes, respectively. We, however, also found indications for cross-species transmission of SRLV strains between sheep and goats and vice versa, and identified a new subtype designated as B5. An in-depth analysis of the current SRLV phylogeny revealed that many subtypes have been defined over the years based on limited sequence information. To keep phylogeny as a useful tool, we advocate to apply more rigorous sequencing standards to ensure the correct classification of current and new emerging strains. The genetic characterization of Belgian SRLV strains will help in the development of appropriate diagnostic tools to assist the national control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Michiels
- Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (N.R.A.); (N.D.R.)
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21
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Molaee V, Bazzucchi M, De Mia GM, Otarod V, Abdollahi D, Rosati S, Lühken G. Phylogenetic analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses in Germany and Iran suggests their expansion with domestic sheep. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2243. [PMID: 32042070 PMCID: PMC7010740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are found in sheep in Germany and Iran. SRLVs have been classified into four genotypes: A-C and E. Genotype A has been subdivided into 20 subtypes. Previous studies suggested that, first, the ancestors of genotype A are those SRLVs found in Turkey, second, the evolution of SRLVs is related to the domestication process, and, third, SRLV infection was first observed in sheep in Iceland and the source of that infection was a flock imported from Germany. This study generated, for the first time, partial SRLV sequence data from German and Iranian sheep, enhancing our knowledge of the genetic and evolutionary relationships of SRLVs, and their associations with the domestication process. Based on 54 SRLV sequences from German and Iranian sheep, our results reveal: (1) SRLV subtypes A4, A5, A11, A16 and A21 (new) are found in German sheep and A22 (new) in Iranian sheep. (2) Genotype A has potentially an additional ancestor (A22), found in Iran, Lebanon and Jordan. (3) Subtype A22 is likely an old version of SRLVs. (4) The transmission routes of some SRLVs are compatible with domestication pathways. (5) This study found no evidence of Icelandic subtype A1 in German sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Molaee
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University Giessen (JLU), Ludwigstraße 21, 35390, Gießen, Germany.
| | - Moira Bazzucchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche Togo Rosati (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gian Mario De Mia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche Togo Rosati (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vahid Otarod
- Quarantine and Biosafety Directorate General, Iran Veterinary Organization (IVO), Vali Asr Avenue, Seyed Jamaledin Asad Abadi Street, 6349, Tehran, Iran
| | - Darab Abdollahi
- Bureau of Animal Health and Disease Management, Iran Veterinary Organization (IVO), Vali Asr Avenue, Seyed Jamaledin Asad Abadi Street, 6349, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin (UNITO), Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Gesine Lühken
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University Giessen (JLU), Ludwigstraße 21, 35390, Gießen, Germany
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Nogarol C, Bertolotti L, Klevar S, Profiti M, Gjerset B, Rosati S. Serological characterization of small ruminant lentiviruses: A complete tool for serotyping lentivirus infection in goat. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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An effective management strategy for the control of two lentiviruses in goat breedings. J Theor Biol 2019; 469:96-106. [PMID: 30817924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis is an endemic disease in goat breedings, caused by viral strains belonging to the Small Ruminant Lentivirus group and characterized by a progressive chronic course. Its clinical signs are not immediately recognizable and can only be detected via costly serological tests. No vaccine is available. Two main strategies for fighting it are in common use. The "test-and-slaughter" approach, that selects infected goats and directly slaughters them, is expensive, time consuming and often leads to endemic low level persistence of the infection. Alternatively, newborns are removed from their mothers to be raised by healthy goats. After weaning they would rejoin their breeds, but then they could still be subject to horizontal contagion. In this study a mathematical model that considers the cocirculation of two different SRLV viral genotypes (B and E) is devised and analyzed, based on the key assumption of perfect cross-protection between the two genotypes' infections. Two strategic measures arise from its analysis, that are strongly recommended and whose implementation is encouraged: in the presence of both genotypes, the farmer should not isolate the newborns from their mothers but rather raise them with all the other animals. In the case of genotype-B-only affected farm, serological testing and mother-offspring separation should still be considered the best strategy for CAEV control. These strategies completely reverse the current removal policy and, in due conditions, would lead to disease eradication. These represent very reasonable and cheap measures for the eventual control of the epidemics.
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Colitti B, Coradduzza E, Puggioni G, Capucchio MT, Reina R, Bertolotti L, Rosati S. A new approach for Small Ruminant Lentivirus full genome characterization revealed the circulation of divergent strains. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212585. [PMID: 30789950 PMCID: PMC6383919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) include at least 4 viral highly divergent genotypes. Genotypes A and B are widely distributed and genotypes C and E have been recognized in restricted geographic areas. New phylogroups have been identified targeting conserved regions. However, this approach suffers from the potential risk to misamplify highly divergent strains. Pathogenic strains are easily adapted to fibroblastic cells, but non-pathogenic strains isolation may require a different approach. We developed a fast and effective method for SRLV full genome characterization after cell culture isolation. Spleen samples were collected during regular slaughter from sheep and goats in northwestern Italy. Spleen-derived macrophage cultures were monitored for reverse transcriptase activity and RNA was extracted from the supernatant of positive cultures. Using Illumina MiSeq platform 22 new full genome sequences were obtained. The success of this approach is based on the following features: spleen is one of the main target for SRLV persistence; red pulp is a reserve of resident macrophages, the main target for SRLV replication in vivo; RTA is a sensitive assay for any replicating retrovirus; de novo sequencing do not require genetic knowledge in advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Colitti
- University of Turin, Dept. Veterinary Science, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ramsés Reina
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-UPNA-Government of Navarra), Navarra, Spain
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- University of Turin, Dept. Veterinary Science, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Sergio Rosati
- University of Turin, Dept. Veterinary Science, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
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Michiels R, Van Mael E, Quinet C, Adjadj NR, Cay AB, De Regge N. Comparative Analysis of Different Serological and Molecular Tests for the Detection of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLVs) in Belgian Sheep and Goats. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120696. [PMID: 30544780 PMCID: PMC6316478 DOI: 10.3390/v10120696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Countries rely on good diagnostic tests and appropriate testing schemes to fight against economically important small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections. We undertook an extensive comparative analysis of seven commercially available serological tests and one in-house real-time PCR (qPCR) detecting genotype A and B strains using a large panel of representative Belgian field samples and samples from experimentally infected sheep and goats. ELISAs generally performed well and detected seroconversion within three weeks post experimental infection. Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) (Elitest and IDscreen® kits) showed the highest sensitivities (>96%) and specificities (>95%) in both species, and their combined use allowed to correctly identify the infection status of all animals. Individual agar gel immunodiffusion (AGIDs) kits lacked sensitivity, but interestingly, the combined use of both kits had a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. qPCRs detected SRLV infection before seroconversion at two weeks post infection and showed a specificity of 100%. Sensitivity however remained suboptimal at 85%. These results allow to propose a faster and cheaper diagnostic testing strategy for Belgium by combining a first ELISA screening, followed by confirmation of positive samples in AGID and/or a second ELISA. Since genotypes A and B strains are predominant in many countries, these results are interesting for other countries implementing SRLV control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Michiels
- Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Eva Van Mael
- Dierengezondheidszorg Vlaanderen (DGZ), Industrielaan 29, 8820 Torhout, Belgium.
| | - Christian Quinet
- Association Régionale de Santé et d'Identification Animales (ARSIA), Allée des Artisans 2, 5590 Ciney, Belgium.
| | - Nadjah Radia Adjadj
- Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ann Brigitte Cay
- Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nick De Regge
- Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
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26
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Souza TSD, Pinheiro RR, Lima CCVD, Brito RLLD, Azevedo DAAD, Dias RP, Santos VWSD, Andrioli A, Costa JN. Sheep infection by caprine lentivirus. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402018000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY The objective of this study was to demonstrate iatrogenic transmission of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) from goats to sheep and horizontal transmission between sheep. The study was conducted on a farm with separate goat and sheep rearing, and animals were monitored for lentivirus occurrence by clinical examination and testing by immunoblotting (IB), agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), and nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). Positive results had not been observed in the sheep flock until this study. Conversely, virus positive dairy goats were known. For this reason, the farm performed the caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) control program. The study was designed with a sheep group that presented positive animals for SRLV by nPCR. It was verified that three newborn animals in this group were rejected by their mothers and consequently received milk from the goat herd. These three animals remained with another 20 sheep of the same age, totaling 23 animals. After one year, during monitoring, 11 of the 23 animals in the group presented positive results in the nPCR and three demonstrated seroconversion by IB. Of the animals that had received goat milk, two had positive results in the nPCR and IB. The 11 animals positive in the nPCR were followed and it was verified that five animals did not present further positive results in the nPCR, nor seroconversion; two continued presenting positive results in the nPCR but were negative in the IB and AGID and four were positive in the nPCR, IB, and AGID. Thus, it was possible to demonstrate iatrogenic interspecific infection and the occurrence of horizontal caprine lentivirus transmission among sheep.
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27
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Gayo E, Cuteri V, Polledo L, Rossi G, García Marín JF, Preziuso S. Genetic Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses Detected in Spanish Assaf Sheep with Different Mammary Lesions. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060315. [PMID: 29890760 PMCID: PMC6024768 DOI: 10.3390/v10060315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLVs) are widespread in many countries and cause economically relevant, slow, and persistent diseases in sheep and goats. Monitoring the genetic diversity of SRLVs is useful to improve the diagnostic tools used in the eradication programs. In this study, SRLVs detected in Spanish Assaf sheep with different grades of lymphoproliferative mastitis were sequenced. Genetic characterization showed that most samples belonged to type A and were closer to Spanish SRLV isolates previously classified as A2/A3. Four samples belonged to subtype B2 and showed higher homology with Italian B2 strains than with Spanish B2 isolates. Amino acid sequences of immuno-dominant epitopes in the gag region were very conserved while more alterations were found in the LTR sequences. No significant correlations were found between grades of mastitis and alterations in the sequences although samples with similar histological features were phylogenetically closer to each other. Broader genetic characterization surveys in samples with different grades of SRLV-lesions are required for evaluating potential correlations between SRLV sequences and the severity of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gayo
- Pathological Anatomy Section, Animal Health Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leon, via Profesor Pedro Carmenes s/n Campus de Vegazana, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - Vincenzo Cuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica (MC), Italy.
| | - Laura Polledo
- Micros Veterinaria, INDEGSAL, via Profesor Pedro Carmenes s/n Campus de Vegazana, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica (MC), Italy.
| | - Juan F García Marín
- Pathological Anatomy Section, Animal Health Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leon, via Profesor Pedro Carmenes s/n Campus de Vegazana, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - Silvia Preziuso
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica (MC), Italy.
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Molaee V, Eltanany M, Lühken G. First survey on association of TMEM154 and CCR5 variants with serological maedi-visna status of sheep in German flocks. Vet Res 2018; 49:36. [PMID: 29673399 PMCID: PMC5909245 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0533-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Maedi-visna, a disease caused by small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), is present in sheep from many countries, also including Germany. An amino acid substitution (E/K) at position 35 of the transmembrane protein 154 (TMEM154) as well as a deletion in the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor type 5 gene (CCR5) were reported to be associated with the serological MV status and/or the SRLV provirus concentration in North American sheep populations. The aim of this study was to test if those two gene variants might be useful markers for MV susceptibility in Germany. For this purpose, more than 500 sheep from 17 serologically MV positive German sheep flocks with different breed backgrounds were genotyped applying PCR-based methods. Both, crosstab and non-parametric analyses showed significant associations of the amino acid substitution at position 35 of TMEM154 with the serological MV status (cut-off-based classification) and the median MV ELISA S/P value in all samples and in two of the four analyzed breed subsets. The deletion in the CCR5 promoter did not show a consistent association with serological MV status or median ELISA S/P value. It can be concluded that the amino acid substitution at position 35 of TMEM154 is a promising marker for breeding towards a lower number of serologically MV positive sheep in German flocks, at least in flocks of the Texel breed, while this remains questionable for the deletion in the CCR5 promoter. The findings of this study still need to be verified in additional sheep breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Molaee
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Ludwigstrasse 21, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marwa Eltanany
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Ludwigstrasse 21, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gesine Lühken
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Ludwigstrasse 21, 35390, Giessen, Germany.
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29
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Genetic characterisation of small ruminant lentiviruses in sheep and goats from the Czech Republic. ACTA VET BRNO 2018. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201887010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections on sheep and goat farms which are exempt from state monitoring and carry molecular characterisation of strains circulating amongst these farms without SRLV eradication. A total number of 3,410 blood samples of sheep and goats from 21 herds were collected for the purpose of the project. The detected serological prevalence of maedi visna in sheep was 19.9% (556/2801) and the seroprevalence of caprine arthritis and encephalitis in goats was 14.1% (86/609). All positive animals were tested by the nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) method for the presence of provirus in the buffy-coats from EDTA-blood samples. Phylogenetic analysis of 93 SRLV strains identified the genotype in 77 sequences, where 60 of them were genotype A and 17 belonged to genotype B. Whereas all of the genotype B sequences were classified in subtype B2, the genotype A group of isolates showed higher variability and were related to subgenotypes A2 and A3. This study represents the first report of genetic characterisation of SRLV strains circulating in the territory of the Czech Republic.
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Olech M, Valas S, Kuźmak J. Epidemiological survey in single-species flocks from Poland reveals expanded genetic and antigenic diversity of small ruminant lentiviruses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193892. [PMID: 29505612 PMCID: PMC5837103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections are widespread in Poland and circulation of subtypes A1, A12, A13, B1 and B2 was detected. The present work aimed at extending previous study based on the analysis of a larger number of animals from single-species flocks. Animals were selected for genetic analysis based on serological reactivity towards a range of recombinant antigens derived from Gag and Env viral proteins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the existence of subtypes B2 and A12 in both goats and sheep and subtypes A1 and B1 in goats only. In addition, two novel subtypes, A16 and A17, were found in goats. Co-infections with strains belonging to different subtypes within A and B groups were detected in 1 sheep and 4 goats originating from four flocks. Although the reactivity of serum samples towards the recombinant antigens confirmed immunological relatedness between Gag epitopes of different subtypes and the cross-reactive nature of Gag antibodies, eleven serum samples failed to react with antigens representing all subtypes detected up-to-date in Poland, highlighting the limitations of the serological diagnosis. These data showed the complex nature of SRLV subtypes circulating in sheep and goats in Poland and the need for improving SRLV-related diagnostic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
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31
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Azevedo DAAD, Santos VWSD, Sousa ALMD, Peixoto RM, Pinheiro RR, Andrioli A, Teixeira MFDS. Small ruminant lentiviruses: economic and productive losses, consequences of the disease. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000552016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Small ruminant lentiviruses, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, and Maedi-Visna virus cause diseases that result in significant productive losses, mostly in dairy animals. These viruses belong to the Retroviridae family, Lentivirus genus, and constitute a heterogeneous group, which may generate implications for the diagnosis and control of small ruminant lentiviruses. Losses caused by them are associated with reproductive failure, short productive life, and decreased milk production by the infected animals. In addition, these viruses may reduce milk quality, affecting the production of dairy products such as cheese. Small ruminant lentiviruses lead to indirect losses, decreasing herd value and forcing the development of epidemiological trade barriers for animal germplasm. Control of small ruminant lentiviruses is important to promote optimal milk production and to reduce costs with medicine and technical assistance. This control may vary in caprine and ovine populations of each country, according to seroprevalence, variety of breeds, and peculiarities of the practiced management.
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Grego E, Reina R, Lanfredini S, Tursi M, Favole A, Profiti M, Lungu MM, Perona G, Gay L, Stella MC, DeMeneghi D. Viral load, tissue distribution and histopathological lesions in goats naturally and experimentally infected with the Small Ruminant Lentivirus Genotype E (subtype E1 Roccaverano strain). Res Vet Sci 2018; 118:107-114. [PMID: 29421479 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Small Ruminant Lentivirus (SRLV) subtype E1, also known as Roccaverano strain, is considered a low pathogenic virus on the basis of natural genetic deletions, in vitro properties and on-farm observations. In order to gain more knowledge on this atypical lentivirus we investigated the in vivo tropism of Roccaverano strain in both, experimentally and naturally infected goats. Antibody responses were monitored as well as tissue distribution and viral load, evaluated by real time PCR on single spliced (gag/env) and multiple spliced (rev) RNA targets respectively, that were compared to histopathological lesions. Lymph nodes, spleen, alveolar macrophages and mammary gland turned out to be the main tissue reservoirs of genotype E1-provirus. Moreover, mammary gland and/or mammary lymph nodes acted as active replication sites in dairy goats, supporting the lactogenic transmission of this virus. Notably, a direct association between viral load and concomitant infection or inflammatory processes was evident within organs such as spleen, lung and testis. Our results validate the low pathogenicity designation of SRLV genotype E1 in vivo, and confirm the monocyte-macrophage cell lineage as the main virus reservoir of this genotype. Accordingly, SRLV genotype E displays a tropism towards all tissues characterized by an abundant presence of these cells, either for their own anatomical structure or for an occasional infectious/inflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Grego
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
| | - R Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-UPNA, Gobierno de Navarra, Mutilva, Navarra 31192, Spain
| | - S Lanfredini
- European Cancer Stem Cell, Research Institute Hadyn Ellis, Building Maindy Road Cathays, CF24 4HQ Cardiff, UK
| | - M Tursi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - A Favole
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - M Profiti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - M M Lungu
- Universitatea "Stefan cel Mare" dinSuceava, Departamentul de sanatate si dezvoltare umana, Str. Universitatii, 13, Suceava 720229, Romania
| | - G Perona
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - L Gay
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - M C Stella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - D DeMeneghi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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33
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Spuria L, Biasibetti E, Bisanzio D, Biasato I, De Meneghi D, Nebbia P, Robino P, Bianco P, Lamberti M, Caruso C, Di Blasio A, Peletto S, Masoero L, Dondo A, Capucchio MT. Microbial agents in macroscopically healthy mammary gland tissues of small ruminants. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3994. [PMID: 29152416 PMCID: PMC5689019 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health of mammary glands is fundamental for milk and dairy products hygiene and quality, with huge impacts on consumers welfare. Methods This study aims to investigate the microbial agents (bacteria, fungi and lentiviruses) isolated from 89 macroscopically healthy udders of regularly slaughtered small ruminants (41 sheep, 48 goats), also correlating their presence with the histological findings. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to evaluate the association between lesions and positivity for different microbial isolates, animal age and bacteria. Results Twenty-five samples were microbiologically negative; 138 different bacteria were isolated in 64 positive udders. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most prevalent bacteria isolated (46.42%), followed by environmental opportunists (34.76%), others (10.14%) and pathogens (8.68%). Most mammary glands showed coinfections (75%). Lentiviruses were detected in 39.3% of samples. Histologically, chronic non-suppurative mastitis was observed in 45/89 glands, followed by chronic mixed mastitis (12/89) and acute suppurative mastitis (4/89). Only 28 udders were normal. Histological lesions were significantly associated with the animal species and lentiviruses and coagulase-negative staphylococci infections. Goats had significantly higher risk to show chronic mixed mastitis compared to sheep. Goats showed a significantly lower risk (OR = 0.26; 95% CI [0.06-0.71]) of being infected by environmental opportunists compared to sheep, but higher risk (OR = 10.87; 95% CI [3.69-37.77]) of being infected with lentiviruses. Discussion The results of the present study suggest that macroscopically healthy glands of small ruminants could act as a reservoir of microbial agents for susceptible animals, representing a potential risk factor for the widespread of acute or chronic infection in the flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Spuria
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Elena Biasibetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Donal Bisanzio
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, c/o Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Daniele De Meneghi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Patrizia Nebbia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Patrizia Robino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudio Caruso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Blasio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Peletto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Loretta Masoero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dondo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
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Pinczowski P, Sanjosé L, Gimeno M, Crespo H, Glaria I, Amorena B, de Andrés D, Pérez M, Reina R, Luján L. Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Sheep: Pathology and Tropism of 2 Strains Using the Bone Marrow Route. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:413-424. [PMID: 28113037 DOI: 10.1177/0300985816688742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to comparatively study the tissue tropism and the associated pathology of 2 autochthonous small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) field strains using an experimental infection in sheep through the bone marrow. Fifteen male, SRLV-free lambs of the Rasa Aragonesa breed were inoculated with strain 697 (nervous tissue origin, animals A1-A6), with strain 496 (articular origin, animals B1-B6), or with uninfected culture medium (C1-C3). Clinical, serologic, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) evaluations were performed periodically. Two lambs from each infected group and a control animal were euthanized at 134, 273, and 319 days postinfection. Tissues were analyzed by gross and histopathologic evaluation; immunohistochemistry for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD68, and FoxP3 cell markers; lung morphometric evaluation; and tissue proviral quantification by PCR. All infected animals became positive either by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and/or PCR, with group B lambs showing the highest serologic values and more consistently positive PCR reactions. Group A lambs showed representative lung lesions but only mild histopathologic changes in the central nervous system (CNS) or in carpal joints. Contrarily, group B lambs demonstrated intense carpal arthritis and interstitial pneumonia but an absence of lesions in the CNS. Proviral copies in tissues were detected only in group B lambs. Experimental infection with these SRLV strains indicates that strain 496 is more virulent than strain 697 and more prone to induce arthritis, whereas strain 697 is more likely to reproduce encephalitis in Rasa Aragonesa lambs. Host factors as well as viral factors are responsible for the final clinicopathologic picture during SRLV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pinczowski
- 1 Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - L Sanjosé
- 2 Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - M Gimeno
- 1 Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - H Crespo
- 2 Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - I Glaria
- 2 Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - B Amorena
- 2 Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - D de Andrés
- 2 Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - M Pérez
- 3 Department of Animal Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - R Reina
- 2 Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - L Luján
- 1 Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain
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Crespo H, Bertolotti L, Proffiti M, Cascio P, Cerruti F, Acutis PL, de Andrés D, Reina R, Rosati S. Low proviral small ruminant lentivirus load as biomarker of natural restriction in goats. Vet Microbiol 2016; 192:152-162. [PMID: 27527777 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) globally affect welfare and production of sheep and goats and are mainly controlled through elimination of infected animals, independently of the viral kinetics within the single animal. Control programs are based on highly sensitive serological tests, however the existence of low antibody responders leads to the permanent presence of seronegative infected animals in the flock, thus perpetuating the infection. On the other hand, long-term non-progressors show a detectable antibody response not indicative of a shedding animal, suggesting immune contention of infection. In this study, we analyse two goat populations within the same herd, harbouring low or high proviral SRLV loads respectively, both showing a robust antibody response. In vivo findings were confirmed in vitro since fibroblastic cell lines obtained from one high and one low proviral load representative goats, showed respectively a high and a faint production of virus upon infection with reference and field circulating SRLV strains. Differences in virus production were relieved when strain CAEV-Co was used for experimental infection. We analysed LTR promoter activity, proviral load, entry step and production of virus and viral proteins. Intriguingly, proteasomal activity was higher in fibroblasts from low proviral load animals and proteasome inhibition increased viral production in both cell lines, suggesting the implication of active proteasome-dependent restriction factors. Among them, we analysed relative expression and sequences of TRIM5α, APOBEC3 (Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z2-Z3) and BST-2 (Tetherin) and found a global antiviral status in low proviral carriers that may confer protection against viral shedding and disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Crespo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, UPNA-CSIC-Gob, de Navarra, Avda. Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, L.go P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Margherita Proffiti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, L.go P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Paolo Cascio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, L.go P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Fulvia Cerruti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, L.go P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, UPNA-CSIC-Gob, de Navarra, Avda. Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, UPNA-CSIC-Gob, de Navarra, Avda. Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain.
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, L.go P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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Blatti-Cardinaux L, Sanjosé L, Zahno ML, Zanoni R, Reina R, Bertoni G. Detailed analysis of the promoter activity of an attenuated lentivirus. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1699-1708. [PMID: 27114068 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of an eradication campaign that eliminated clinical cases of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus-induced arthritis in the Swiss goat population, seroconversions are still observed. In the affected flocks, viruses belonging mainly to the small ruminant lentivirus A4 subtype are regularly isolated. These viruses are considered attenuated, except in the mammary gland, where high viral loads and histopathological lesions have been observed. We previously characterized and sequenced such field isolates, detecting several potentially attenuating mutations in their LTR. Here we present a detailed analysis of the promoter activity of these genetic elements, which was comparable to those of virulent isolates. An AP-1 binding site was shown to be crucial for promoter activity in reporter gene assays and also in the context of a replicating molecular clone. Other sites, such as AML(vis) and a conserved E-box, appeared to be less crucial. Analysis of a unique AP-4 site showed a clear discrepancy between results obtained with reporter gene assays and those with mutated viruses. Within the limits of this in vitro study, we did not find evidence pointing to the LTR as the genetic correlate of attenuation for these viruses. Finally, the limited replication of SRLV A4 in mammary cell culture could not explain the suggested mammary tropism. In contrast, and in view of the abundance of macrophages in the mammary gland, it is the striking replication capacity of SRLV A4 in these cells, unaffected by all LTR mutations tested, which may explain the apparent mammary tropism of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Blatti-Cardinaux
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Leticia Sanjosé
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra) Avda, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marie-Luise Zahno
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reto Zanoni
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ramses Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra) Avda, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Bertoni
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Thompson J, Ma F, Quinn M, Xiang SH. Genome-Wide Search for Host Association Factors during Ovine Progressive Pneumonia Virus Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150344. [PMID: 26950733 PMCID: PMC4780736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovine progressive pneumonia virus (OPPV) is an important virus that causes serious diseases in sheep and goats with a prevalence of 36% in the USA. Although OPPV was discovered more than half of a century ago, little is known about the infection and pathogenesis of this virus. In this report, we used RNA-seq technology to conduct a genome-wide probe for cellular factors that are associated with OPPV infection. A total of approximately 22,000 goat host genes were detected of which 657 were found to have been significantly up-regulated and 889 down-regulated at 12 hours post-infection. In addition to previously known restriction factors from other viral infections, a number of factors which may be specific for OPPV infection were uncovered. The data from this RNA-seq study will be helpful in our understanding of OPPV infection, and also for further study in the prevention and intervention of this viral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Thompson
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Fangrui Ma
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Meghan Quinn
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Shi-Hua Xiang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sanjosé L, Crespo H, Blatti-Cardinaux L, Glaria I, Martínez-Carrasco C, Berriatua E, Amorena B, De Andrés D, Bertoni G, Reina R. Post-entry blockade of small ruminant lentiviruses by wild ruminants. Vet Res 2016; 47:1. [PMID: 26738942 PMCID: PMC4702310 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection causes losses in the small ruminant industry due to reduced animal production and increased replacement rates. Infection of wild ruminants in close contact with infected domestic animals has been proposed to play a role in SRLV epidemiology, but studies are limited and mostly involve hybrids between wild and domestic animals. In this study, SRLV seropositive red deer, roe deer and mouflon were detected through modified ELISA tests, but virus was not successfully amplified using a set of different PCRs. Apparent restriction of SRLV infection in cervids was not related to the presence of neutralizing antibodies. In vitro cultured skin fibroblastic cells from red deer and fallow deer were permissive to the SRLV entry and integration, but produced low quantities of virus. SRLV got rapidly adapted in vitro to blood-derived macrophages and skin fibroblastic cells from red deer but not from fallow deer. Thus, although direct detection of virus was not successfully achieved in vivo, these findings show the potential susceptibility of wild ruminants to SRLV infection in the case of red deer and, on the other hand, an in vivo SRLV restriction in fallow deer. Altogether these results may highlight the importance of surveilling and controlling SRLV infection in domestic as well as in wild ruminants sharing pasture areas, and may provide new natural tools to control SRLV spread in sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Sanjosé
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
| | - Helena Crespo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
| | | | - Idoia Glaria
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
| | - Carlos Martínez-Carrasco
- Animal Health Department, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Berriatua
- Animal Health Department, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Amorena
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
| | - Damián De Andrés
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
| | | | - Ramses Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra), Avda, Pamplona, 123, 31192, Mutilva-Navarra, Spain.
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Minguijón E, Reina R, Pérez M, Polledo L, Villoria M, Ramírez H, Leginagoikoa I, Badiola JJ, García-Marín JF, de Andrés D, Luján L, Amorena B, Juste RA. Small ruminant lentivirus infections and diseases. Vet Microbiol 2015; 181:75-89. [PMID: 26371852 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses include viruses with diverse genotypes that frequently cross the species barrier between sheep and goats and that display a great genetic variability. These characteristics stress the need to consider the whole host range and to perform local surveillance of the viruses to opt for optimum diagnostic tests, in order to establish control programmes. In the absence of effective vaccines, a comprehensive knowledge of the epidemiology of these infections is of major importance to limit their spread. This article intends to cover these aspects and to summarise information related to characteristics of the viruses, pathogenesis of the infection and description of the various syndromes produced, as well as the diagnostic tools available, the mechanisms involved in transmission of the pathogens and, finally, the control strategies that have been designed until now, with remarks on the drawbacks and the advantages of each one. We conclude that there are many variables influencing the expected cost and benefits of control programs that must be evaluated, in order to put into practice measures that might lead to control of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Minguijón
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Berreaga 1, 48160 Derio, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - R Reina
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-UPNA-Government of Navarra), Avenida de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - M Pérez
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics. University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - L Polledo
- Pathological Anatomy Section, Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, University of León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - M Villoria
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Berreaga 1, 48160 Derio, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - H Ramírez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán. UNAM. Laboratorio de Virología, Genética y Biología Molecular, Campo 4. Veterinaria.Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, Km 2.5. San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli, CP.54714 Mexico
| | - I Leginagoikoa
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Berreaga 1, 48160 Derio, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - J J Badiola
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J F García-Marín
- Pathological Anatomy Section, Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, University of León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - D de Andrés
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-UPNA-Government of Navarra), Avenida de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - L Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - B Amorena
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-UPNA-Government of Navarra), Avenida de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - R A Juste
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Berreaga 1, 48160 Derio, Vizcaya, Spain.
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Sanjosé L, Pinczowski P, Crespo H, Pérez M, Glaria I, Gimeno M, de Andrés D, Amorena B, Luján L, Reina R. Diagnosing infection with small ruminant lentiviruses of genotypes A and B by combining synthetic peptides in ELISA. Vet J 2015; 204:88-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Clawson ML, Redden R, Schuller G, Heaton MP, Workman A, Chitko-McKown CG, Smith TPL, Leymaster KA. Genetic subgroup of small ruminant lentiviruses that infects sheep homozygous for TMEM154 frameshift deletion mutation A4Δ53. Vet Res 2015; 46:22. [PMID: 25756342 PMCID: PMC4349320 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections of sheep are influenced by genetics on both the host and pathogen sides. Genetic variation in the ovine transmembrane 154 (TMEM154) gene associates with infection susceptibility, and distinct SRLV genetic subgroups infect sheep in association with their TMEM154 diplotypes. In this study, a novel SRLV subgroup was identified that naturally infected sheep with various TMEM154 diplotypes, including those homozygous for a rare frameshift mutation (A4 delta53), which is predicted to abolish TMEM154 protein function. Thus, these SRLVs may infect sheep that lack functional TMEM154, and may not be restricted by TMEM154 diplotypes in establishing infections.
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Identification and characterization of an emerging small ruminant lentivirus circulating recombinant form (CRF). Virology 2014; 475:159-71. [PMID: 25462356 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular epidemiology of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) is constantly changing due to animal movements, cross species transmission and because of their rapid evolutionary rate. This study reports a comprehensive genetic and phylogenetic analysis based on consensus gag and pol sequences covering 3kb of the SRLV genome from small ruminants in Québec, Canada. A group of strains obtained from goats originating from different flocks, segregated in a unique clade distinct from currently known SRLV groups. Genetic dissection of the gag gene from these strains revealed that it originated as a result of a recombination event between parental strains currently circulating in small ruminants of the country. Following HIV nomenclature, we propose to call this group of strains, circulating recombinant form 1 SRLV, or CRF01_AB SRLV. In addition, the study confirms the existence of genetically distinct and homogeneous populations of SRLVs infecting sheep and goats housed in single species flocks.
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Development, validation and evaluation of added diagnostic value of a q(RT)-PCR for the detection of genotype A strains of small ruminant lentiviruses. J Virol Methods 2013; 194:250-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Crespo H, Bertolotti L, Juganaru M, Glaria I, de Andrés D, Amorena B, Rosati S, Reina R. Small ruminant macrophage polarization may play a pivotal role on lentiviral infection. Vet Res 2013; 44:83. [PMID: 24070317 PMCID: PMC3850683 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) infect the monocyte/macrophage lineage inducing a long-lasting infection affecting body condition, production and welfare of sheep and goats all over the world. Macrophages play a pivotal role on the host’s innate and adaptative immune responses against parasites by becoming differentially activated. Macrophage heterogeneity can tentatively be classified into classically differentiated macrophages (M1) through stimulation with IFN-γ displaying an inflammatory profile, or can be alternatively differentiated by stimulation with IL-4/IL-13 into M2 macrophages with homeostatic functions. Since infection by SRLV can modulate macrophage functions we explored here whether ovine and caprine macrophages can be segregated into M1 and M2 populations and whether this differential polarization represents differential susceptibility to SRLV infection. We found that like in human and mouse systems, ovine and caprine macrophages can be differentiated with particular stimuli into M1/M2 subpopulations displaying specific markers. In addition, small ruminant macrophages are plastic since M1 differentiated macrophages can express M2 markers when the stimulus changes from IFN-γ to IL-4. SRLV replication was restricted in M1 macrophages and increased in M2 differentiated macrophages respectively according to viral production. Identification of the infection pathways in macrophage populations may provide new targets for eliciting appropriate immune responses against SRLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Crespo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra, Mutilva Baja, Navarra, Spain.
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Kuhar U, Barlič-Maganja D, Grom J. Development and validation of TaqMan probe based real time PCR assays for the specific detection of genotype A and B small ruminant lentivirus strains. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:172. [PMID: 24004524 PMCID: PMC3766269 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are members of the Retroviridae family and infect goats and sheep worldwide. Detection of specific antibodies using AGID and ELISA is the most commonly used means of diagnosing SRLV infection. The most frequent molecular method for detecting the provirus genome is PCR, using peripheral blood leucocytes as target cells. Real time PCR has also recently been used. The aim of this study was to develop a real time PCR for detection of SRLV in order to improve molecular diagnostics of SRLV infections in sheep and goats. RESULTS Two new real time PCR assays using TaqMan probes for the specific detection of genotype A (MVV assay) and genoptype B (CAEV assay) SRLV strains and differentiation between them were developed and validated at both analytical and diagnostic levels following MIQE guidelines. The validation results showed that the new real time PCR is 100% specific, with a reliable limit of detection of 26 (CAEV assay) and 72 (MVV assay) plasmid DNA copies, while compared to ELISA the diagnostic sensitivity of both assays was 79% when tested with Slovenian SRLV field samples. Intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation showed overall good repeatability and reproducibility of the new real time PCR assays, except for the highest dilutions. CONCLUSIONS Two new TaqMan probe based real time PCR assays for the specific detection of genotype A and B SRLV strains and differentiation between them were developed and validated. They can serve as an additional tool for confirming infection with SRLV and may also be useful for early detection of infected animals prior to seroconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urška Kuhar
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Microbiology and Parasitology, Virology Unit, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Immunization against small ruminant lentiviruses. Viruses 2013; 5:1948-63. [PMID: 23917352 PMCID: PMC3761235 DOI: 10.3390/v5081948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisystemic disease caused by Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) in sheep and goats leads to production losses, to the detriment of animal health and welfare. This, together with the lack of treatments, has triggered interest in exploring different strategies of immunization to control the widely spread SRLV infection and, also, to provide a useful model for HIV vaccines. These strategies involve inactivated whole virus, subunit vaccines, DNA encoding viral proteins in the presence or absence of plasmids encoding immunological adjuvants and naturally or artificially attenuated viruses. In this review, we revisit, comprehensively, the immunization strategies against SRLV and analyze this double edged tool individually, as it may contribute to either controlling or enhancing virus replication and/or disease.
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Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) break the species barrier to acquire new host range. Viruses 2013; 5:1867-84. [PMID: 23881276 PMCID: PMC3738966 DOI: 10.3390/v5071867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic events of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from non-human primates to humans have generated the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), one of the most devastating infectious disease of the last century with more than 30 million people dead and about 40.3 million people currently infected worldwide. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 and HIV-2), the two major viruses that cause AIDS in humans are retroviruses of the lentivirus genus. The genus includes arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) and Maedi-Visna virus (MVV), and a heterogeneous group of viruses known as small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), affecting goat and sheep. Lentivirus genome integrates into the host DNA, causing persistent infection associated with a remarkable diversity during viral replication. Direct evidence of mixed infections with these two closely related SRLVs was found in both sheep and goats. The evidence of a genetic continuum with caprine and ovine field isolates demonstrates the absence of an efficient species barrier preventing cross-species transmission. In dual-infected animals, persistent infections with both CAEV and MVV have been described, and viral chimeras have been detected. This not only complicates animal trade between countries but favors the risk that highly pathogenic variants may emerge as has already been observed in the past in Iceland and, more recently, in outbreaks with virulent strains in Spain. SRLVs affecting wildlife have already been identified, demonstrating the existence of emergent viruses adapted to new hosts. Viruses adapted to wildlife ruminants may acquire novel biopathological properties which may endanger not only the new host species but also domestic ruminants and humans. SRLVs infecting sheep and goats follow a genomic evolution similar to that observed in HIV or in other lentiviruses. Lentivirus genetic diversity and host factors leading to the establishment of naturally occurring virulent versus avirulent infections, in addition to the emergence of new strains, challenge every aspect of SRLV control measures for providing efficient tools to prevent the transmission of diseases between wild ungulates and livestock.
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Fras M, Leboeuf A, Labrie FM, Laurin MA, Singh Sohal J, L'Homme Y. Phylogenetic analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses in mixed flocks: multiple evidence of dual infection and natural transmission of types A2 and B1 between sheep and goats. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 19:97-104. [PMID: 23811153 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous molecular analyses of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) populations in single species herds in Quebec, Canada, have revealed a relatively simple structure where goats and sheep appeared exclusively infected with B1 and A2 subtypes respectively. The present work aimed at extending these earlier findings with the analysis of SRLVs in mixed flocks. Molecular analyses revealed a more complex picture of SRLV population structure in mixed herds compared to single species herds. Notably, phylogenetic analyses of long gag sequences strongly support transmission of A2 subtype from sheep to goats as well as transmission of B1 subtype from goats to sheep. Hence, this work uncovered for the first time natural transmission between sheep and goats of North American subtype A2. In addition, multiple evidences of mixed infection of sheep and goats with A2 and B1 subtypes were found. The data reported in this study reinforces the concept of a genetic continuum of SRLVs where strains are exchanged between sheep and goats under favourable conditions and in the absence of specific species barriers. Most interestingly, this study suggests that dual infection, which is a hallmark of the lentivirus paradigm HIV, may not be such rare events in small ruminants but may simply be understudied and underreported. Overall, the present data shows that sheep and goats in Canada can be infected with both SRLV A and B types, sometimes simultaneously, and that mixed flocks may represent a breeding ground for their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Fras
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, St-Hyacinthe Laboratory, 3400 Blvd Casavant West, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 8E3, Canada
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Small ruminant lentiviruses: genetic variability, tropism and diagnosis. Viruses 2013; 5:1175-207. [PMID: 23611847 PMCID: PMC3705272 DOI: 10.3390/v5041175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause a multisystemic chronic disease affecting animal production and welfare. SRLV infections are spread across the world with the exception of Iceland. Success in controlling SRLV spread depends largely on the use of appropriate diagnostic tools, but the existence of a high genetic/antigenic variability among these viruses, the fluctuant levels of antibody against them and the low viral loads found in infected individuals hamper the diagnostic efficacy. SRLV have a marked in vivo tropism towards the monocyte/macrophage lineage and attempts have been made to identify the genome regions involved in tropism, with two main candidates, the LTR and env gene, since LTR contains primer binding sites for viral replication and the env-encoded protein (SU ENV), which mediates the binding of the virus to the host’s cell and has hypervariable regions to escape the humoral immune response. Once inside the host cell, innate immunity may interfere with SRLV replication, but the virus develops counteraction mechanisms to escape, multiply and survive, creating a quasi-species and undergoing compartmentalization events. So far, the mechanisms of organ tropism involved in the development of different disease forms (neurological, arthritic, pulmonary and mammary) are unknown, but different alternatives are proposed. This is an overview of the current state of knowledge on SRLV genetic variability and its implications in tropism as well as in the development of alternative diagnostic assays.
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de Andrés X, Ramírez H, Bertolotti L, San Román B, Glaria I, Crespo H, Jáuregui P, Minguijón E, Juste R, Leginagoikoa I, Pérez M, Luján L, Badiola JJ, Polledo L, García-Marín JF, Riezu JI, Borrás-Cuesta F, de Andrés D, Rosati S, Reina R, Amorena B. An insight into a combination of ELISA strategies to diagnose small ruminant lentivirus infections. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 152:277-88. [PMID: 23375019 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A single broadly reactive standard ELISA is commonly applied to control small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) spread, but type specific ELISA strategies are gaining interest in areas with highly prevalent and heterogeneous SRLV infections. Short (15-residue) synthetic peptides (n=60) were designed in this study using deduced amino acid sequence profiles of SRLV circulating in sheep from North Central Spain and SRLV described previously. The corresponding ELISAs and two standard ELISAs were employed to analyze sera from sheep flocks either controlled or infected with different SRLV genotypes. Two outbreaks, showing SRLV-induced arthritis (genotype B2) and encephalitis (genotype A), were represented among the infected flocks. The ELISA results revealed that none of the assays detected all the infected animals in the global population analyzed, the assay performance varying according to the genetic type of the strain circulating in the area and the test antigen. Five of the six highly reactive (57-62%) single peptide ELISAs were further assessed, revealing that the ELISA based on peptide 98M (type A ENV-SU5, consensus from the neurological outbreak) detected positives in the majority of the type-A specific sera tested (Se: 86%; Sp: 98%) and not in the arthritic type B outbreak. ENV-TM ELISAs based on peptides 126M1 (Se: 82%; Sp: 95%) and 126M2 0,65 0.77 (Se: 68%; Sp: 88%) detected preferentially caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAEV, type B) and visna/maedi (VMV, type A) virus infections respectively, which may help to perform a preliminary CAEV vs. VMV-like typing of the flock. The use of particular peptide ELISAs and standard tests individually or combined may be useful in the different areas under study, to determine disease progression, diagnose/type infection and prevent its spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- X de Andrés
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-UPNA-Gobierno de Navarra), Navarre, Spain
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