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Gural N, Irimia D. Microfluidic devices for precise measurements of cell directionality reveal a role for glutamine during cell migration. Sci Rep 2023; 13:23032. [PMID: 38155198 PMCID: PMC10754855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49866-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells that migrate from tumors into surrounding tissues are responsible for cancer dissemination through the body. Microfluidic devices have been instrumental in discovering unexpected features of cancer cell migration, including the migration in self-generated gradients and the contributions of cell-cell contact during collective migration. Here, we design microfluidic channels with five successive bifurcations to characterize the directionality of cancer cell migration with high precision. We uncover an unexpected role for glutamine in epithelial cancer cell orientation, which could be replaced by alfa-keto glutarate but not glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil Gural
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Irimia
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Song XQ, Li Q, Zhang J. A double-edged sword: DLG5 in diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114611. [PMID: 37001186 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Discs large homolog 5 (DLG5), a key member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUKs) family, is a scaffold molecule for signal transduction complexes and is responsible for assembling receptors and adapters. This scaffold protein stabilizes adhesion and tight bonding complexes in many organs and tissues, and is involved of maintaining epithelial polarity. Although DLG5 plays a role in normal development in mice, it has also been linked to the onset and development of several diseases, particularly Crohn's disease and various malignancies. DLG5 has been shown to impact the progression of cancer through direct or indirect interactions with H-catenin, E-cadherin, Vimentin, p53, P21, Cyclin D1, TGF-β1, AKT, Hippo, and classic G protein signaling pathways. DLG5 and DLG5 variants has been found to have a dual role in human diseases. Although it is overexpressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, its expression is reduced in lung, liver, breast, prostate, and bladder cancers. However, two independent studies on glioblastoma (GBM) have shown the opposite effects of DLG5. Our study evaluates the existing literature on the role of DLG5 and DLG5 variants in disease processes, and summarizes the available data on the role of DLG5 in disease based on cell experiments, clinical samples, and animal models, while highlighting its future potential in disease treatment.
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3
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Gural N, Irimia D. Microfluidic Devices for Precise Measurements of Cell Directionality Reveal a Role for Glutamine during Cell Migration. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2799430. [PMID: 37205536 PMCID: PMC10187405 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2799430/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells that migrate from tumors into surrounding tissues are responsible for cancer dissemination through the body. Microfluidic devices have been instrumental in discovering unexpected features of cancer cell migration, including the migration in self-generated gradients and the contributions of cell-cell contact during collective migration. Here, we design microfluidic channels with five successive bifurcations to characterize the directionality of cancer cell migration with high precision. We find that the directional decisions of cancer cells moving through bifurcating channels in response to self-generated epidermal growth factor (EGF) gradients require the presence of glutamine in the culture media. A biophysical model helps quantify the contribution of glucose and glutamine to cancer cell orientation during migration in self-generated gradients. Our study uncovers an unexpected interplay between cancer cell metabolism and cancer cell migration studies and may eventually lead to new ways to delay cancer cell invasion.
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4
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Rasl J, Grusanovic J, Klimova Z, Caslavsky J, Grousl T, Novotny J, Kolar M, Vomastek T. ERK2 signaling regulates cell-cell adhesion of epithelial cells and enhances growth factor-induced cell scattering. Cell Signal 2022; 99:110431. [PMID: 35933033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ERK signaling pathway, consisting of core protein kinases Raf, MEK and effector kinases ERK1/2, regulates various biological outcomes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, or cell migration. Signal transduction through the ERK signaling pathway is tightly controlled at all levels of the pathway. However, it is not well understood whether ERK pathway signaling can be modulated by the abundance of ERK pathway core kinases. In this study, we investigated the effects of low-level overexpression of the ERK2 isoform on the phenotype and scattering of cuboidal MDCK epithelial cells growing in discrete multicellular clusters. We show that ERK2 overexpression reduced the vertical size of lateral membranes that contain cell-cell adhesion complexes. Consequently, ERK2 overexpressing cells were unable to develop cuboidal shape, remained flat with increased spread area and intercellular adhesive contacts were present only on the basal side. Interestingly, ERK2 overexpression was not sufficient to increase phosphorylation of multiple downstream targets including transcription factors and induce global changes in gene expression, namely to increase the expression of pro-migratory transcription factor Fra1. However, ERK2 overexpression enhanced HGF/SF-induced cell scattering as these cells scattered more rapidly and to a greater extent than parental cells. Our results suggest that an increase in ERK2 expression primarily reduces cell-cell cohesion and that weakened intercellular adhesion synergizes with upstream signaling in the conversion of the multicellular epithelium into single migrating cells. This mechanism may be clinically relevant as the analysis of clinical data revealed that in one type of cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, ERK2 overexpression correlates with a worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rasl
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josipa Grusanovic
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Klimova
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Caslavsky
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Grousl
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Novotny
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Informatics and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kolar
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Vomastek
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
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5
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Yonehara K, Zhou Y, Takahashi JI, Yokoyama S, Tomihara K, Noguchi M, Sakurai H. RSK-Mediated Non-canonical Activation of EphA2 by Tamoxifen. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:162-168. [PMID: 35110502 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The long-term administration of tamoxifen to estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast cancer patients is an established treatment that reduces mortality and recurrence. However, resistance to tamoxifen and an increased risk of endometrial cancer may occur; therefore, the mechanisms by which tamoxifen causes these adverse effects warrant further study. Tamoxifen has been shown to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in an ERα-independent manner; therefore, we investigated its effects on the MAPK-mediated non-canonical activation of EphA2, a critical event regulating cell migration. Tamoxifen at slightly higher concentrations induced the rapid phosphorylation of EphA2 at Ser-897 via the MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)-ERK-ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK) pathway in HeLa cells. In addition, tamoxifen significantly enhanced the migration ability of ERα-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in RSK- and EphA2-dependent manners. Phosphorylated EphA2 was internalized and re-localized to the plasma membrane, including lamellipodia, in an RSK-dependent manner. Collectively, the present results provide novel insights into the tumor-promoting activity of tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yonehara
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Jun-Ichiro Takahashi
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Satoru Yokoyama
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Kei Tomihara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama
| | - Makoto Noguchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama
| | - Hiroaki Sakurai
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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Pal J, Becker AC, Dhamija S, Seiler J, Abdelkarim M, Sharma Y, Behr J, Meng C, Ludwig C, Kuster B, Diederichs S. Systematic analysis of migration factors by MigExpress identifies essential cell migration control genes in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:1797-1817. [PMID: 33934493 PMCID: PMC8253088 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is an essential process in health and in disease, including cancer metastasis. A comprehensive inventory of migration factors is nonetheless lacking-in part due to the difficulty in assessing migration using high-throughput technologies. Hence, there are currently very few screens that systematically reveal factors controlling cell migration. Here, we introduce MigExpress as a platform for the 'identification of Migration control genes by differential Expression'. MigExpress exploits the combination of in-depth molecular profiling and the robust quantitative analysis of migration capacity in a broad panel of samples and identifies migration-associated genes by their differential expression in slow- versus fast-migrating cells. We applied MigExpress to investigate non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is the most frequent cause of cancer mortality mainly due to metastasis. In 54 NSCLC cell lines, we comprehensively determined mRNA and protein expression. Correlating the transcriptome and proteome profiles with the quantified migration properties led to the discovery and validation of FLNC, DSE, CPA4, TUBB6, and BICC1 as migration control factors in NSCLC cells, which were also negatively correlated with patient survival. Notably, FLNC was the least expressed filamin in NSCLC, but the only one controlling cell migration and correlating with patient survival and metastatic disease stage. In our study, we present MigExpress as a new method for the systematic analysis of migration factors and provide a comprehensive resource of transcriptomic and proteomic data of NSCLC cell lines related to cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagriti Pal
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) - Partner Site Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea C Becker
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) - Partner Site Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sonam Dhamija
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) - Partner Site Freiburg, Germany.,Division of RNA Biology & Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Jeanette Seiler
- Division of RNA Biology & Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Abdelkarim
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) - Partner Site Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yogita Sharma
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) - Partner Site Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Behr
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Chen Meng
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, DKTK Partner Site Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Sven Diederichs
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) - Partner Site Freiburg, Germany.,Division of RNA Biology & Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Che J, Wang J, Li H, Zhen H, Shang K, Yang Y, Cao B. Decreased expression of Dlg5 is associated with a poor prognosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in squamous cell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2021; 13:3115-3125. [PMID: 34164202 PMCID: PMC8182517 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-21-752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Discs large homolog 5 (Dlg5) is a newly discovered member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase superfamily (MAGUK) that is involved in several important processes, including the maintenance of epithelial cell polarity, cell proliferation control, and cell migration and invasion. Decreased expression of Dlg5 has been reported in malignancies arising from different organs. In the present study, we analyzed Dlg5 expression and its prognostic value in squamous cell lung cancer (SqCLC). Methods Tumor tissue and adjacent normal tissue sections were collected from 98 patients with SqCLC. The expression levels of Dlg5 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarkers in the tissue sections were examined by immunohistochemistry and western blot. Results There were 80 males and 18 females in the study cohort. Patients at pathological stages I and IIIA accounted for 64.3% and 35.7% of the cohort, respectively. Western blot showed that Dlg5 expression differed between SqCLC and healthy tissues. Western blot also revealed low Dlg5 expression to be associated with low E-cadherin expression and high vimentin expression, which was consistent with the findings of immunohistochemical staining. Dlg5 expression was significantly correlated with lymph node (LN) metastasis (P=0.001) and disease recurrence (P<0.001), as well as with E-cadherin and vimentin expression (P=0.025 and P=0.001, respectively). Univariate analysis showed that overall survival was significantly correlated with the tumor-node-metastasis (P<0.001) and T (P=0.001) stages, LN metastasis (P<0.001), Dig5 expression (P<0.001), β-catenin expression (P=0.004), and vimentin expression (P=0.002). Patients with overexpression of Dlg5 and β-catenin had a more favorable prognosis than those without. Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor-node-metastasis stage [hazard ratio (HR) =2.124; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.195–3.777; P=0.010], Dlg5 expression (HR =0.548; 95% CI, 0.313–0.959; P=0.035), β-catenin expression (HR =0.545; 95% CI, 0.312–0.953; P=0.033), and vimentin expression (HR =1.850; 95% CI, 1.050–3.258; P=0.033) could all independently predict the overall survival of patients with SqCLC. Conclusions Dlg5 is an important player in EMT which may have potential predictive value for SqCLC prognosis after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Che
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongchao Zhen
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Shang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bangwei Cao
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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8
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Mei Y, Liao X, Zhu L, Yang H. Overexpression of RSK4 reverses doxorubicin resistance in human breast cancer cells via PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. J Biochem 2021; 167:603-611. [PMID: 31960922 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the most effective chemotherapy drugs for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (BC), but drug resistance becomes an obstacle to treatment. This study aims to investigate the role of Ribosomal S6 protein kinase 4 (RSK4) in regulating BC resistance to DOX. We first used Kaplan-Meier Plotter to identify the prognostic roles of RSK4 in BC. DOX-resistant BC cells (MCF-7/DOX) were constructed and the expression of RSK4 was determined by reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Subsequently, we overexpressed the RSK4 in MCF-7/DOX cells, and measured drug resistance, colony formation, cell migration, invasion ability and cell apoptosis after transfection. In addition, western blot was used to explore the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and BC-resistance protein. Effects of RSK4 on activation of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway were also tested. Furthermore, tumour xenograft in nude mice was constructed to observe the effect of RSK4 overexpression on tumour growth in vivo. In conclusion, RSK4 was positively correlated with survival rate in BC patients, which is lowly expressed in MCF-7/DOX. Meanwhile, the overexpression of RSK4 may inhibit drug resistance, cell migration, invasion, apoptosis and tumour growth. RSK4 may effectively attenuate DOX resistance in BC by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Mei
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Liao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Lingyu Zhu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Huawei Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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9
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Li D, Hu X, Yu S, Deng S, Yan M, Sun F, Song J, Tang L. Silence of lncRNA MIAT-mediated inhibition of DLG3 promoter methylation suppresses breast cancer progression via the Hippo signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2020; 73:109697. [PMID: 32593652 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the foremost common female malignancy, breast cancer (BC) poses a significant public health stumbling block. Although treatment protocols have improved over the years, the overall prognosis of BC remains unsatisfactory. Extensive investigations have taken place into long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) pertaining to their involvement in carcinogenesis. The current study in connection with bioinformatics tools aimed to identify the myocardial infarction associated transcript (MIAT) as a BC-related differentially expressed lncRNA in an attempt to elucidate the effect of MIAT in BC cells. MIAT was initially overexpressed while DLG3 was down-regulated in BC. BC cells were subsequently treated with si-MIAT or/and si-DLG3, after which the expressions of DLG3 and the Hippo signaling pathway-related proteins were evaluated to analyze their regulatory mechanism in BC, which indicated that MIAT inhibition up-regulated DLG3 and activated the Hippo signaling pathway to suppress proliferation and promote apoptosis of BC cells. MS-PCR and RIP assays demonstrated that MIAT bound to the methylation proteins DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B, promoted the methylation of CpG islands in DLG3 promoter and inhibited the DLG3 expression. Moreover, our data suggested that DLG3 could bind to MST2 and regulate LAST1, which prevented the nuclear translocation of YAP. The in vitro results were further verified via the in vivo findings. Taken together, the central findings of our study demonstrate that MIAT silencing inhibits BC progression by means of up-regulating DLG3 via activation of the Hippo signaling pathway, highlighting a novel potential therapeutic target for the treatment of the BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Li
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China; Department of Oncology, North Sichuan Medical College Affiliated Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong 637000, China.
| | - Xingsheng Hu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Sijia Yu
- Department of Oncology, North Sichuan Medical College Affiliated Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Shishan Deng
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Min Yan
- Department of Oncology, North Sichuan Medical College Affiliated Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Fengfei Sun
- Department of Oncology, North Sichuan Medical College Affiliated Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong 637000, China; Department of Respiration, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Junmei Song
- Department of Oncology, North Sichuan Medical College Affiliated Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Lina Tang
- Department of Oncology, North Sichuan Medical College Affiliated Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong 637000, China
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High Throughput strategies Aimed at Closing the GAP in Our Knowledge of Rho GTPase Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061430. [PMID: 32526908 PMCID: PMC7348934 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery, Rho GTPases have emerged as key regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics. In humans, there are 20 Rho GTPases and more than 150 regulators that belong to the RhoGEF, RhoGAP, and RhoGDI families. Throughout development, Rho GTPases choregraph a plethora of cellular processes essential for cellular migration, cell–cell junctions, and cell polarity assembly. Rho GTPases are also significant mediators of cancer cell invasion. Nevertheless, to date only a few molecules from these intricate signaling networks have been studied in depth, which has prevented appreciation for the full scope of Rho GTPases’ biological functions. Given the large complexity involved, system level studies are required to fully grasp the extent of their biological roles and regulation. Recently, several groups have tackled this challenge by using proteomic approaches to map the full repertoire of Rho GTPases and Rho regulators protein interactions. These studies have provided in-depth understanding of Rho regulators specificity and have contributed to expand Rho GTPases’ effector portfolio. Additionally, new roles for understudied family members were unraveled using high throughput screening strategies using cell culture models and mouse embryos. In this review, we highlight theses latest large-scale efforts, and we discuss the emerging opportunities that may lead to the next wave of discoveries.
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11
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Li Y, Sandusky ZM, Vemula R, Zhang Q, Wu B, Fukuda S, Li M, Lannigan DA, O'Doherty GA. Regioselective Synthesis of a C-4'' Carbamate, C-6'' n-Pr Substituted Cyclitol Analogue of SL0101. Org Lett 2020; 22:1448-1452. [PMID: 32009414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An asymmetric synthesis of two analogues of SL0101 (1) has been achieved. The effort is aimed at the discovery of inhibitors of the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) with improved bioavailability. The route relies upon the use of the Taylor catalyst to regioselectively install C-3″ acetyl or carbamate functionality. This study led to the identification of a third-generation analogue of SL0101 with a C-4″ n-Pr-carbamate and a C-3″ acetate with improved RSK inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Zachary M Sandusky
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology , Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States
| | - Rajender Vemula
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Bulan Wu
- Division of Natural Sciences, College of Natural & Applied Sciences , University of Guam , Mangilao , Guam 96923
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology , Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States.,Division of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center , Ehime University , Toon , Ehime 791-0295 , Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine , Toon , Ehime 791-0295 , Japan
| | - Mingzong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Deborah A Lannigan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology , Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37232 , United States
| | - George A O'Doherty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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12
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Luo J, Zhou P, Guo X, Wang D, Chen J. The polarity protein Dlg5 regulates collective cell migration during Drosophila oogenesis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226061. [PMID: 31856229 PMCID: PMC6922378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective migration plays critical roles in animal development, physiological events, and cancer metastasis. However, the molecular mechanisms of collective cell migration are not well understood. Drosophila border cells represent an excellent in vivo genetic model to study collective cell migration and identify novel regulatory genes for cell migration. Using the Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) system, we screened 240 P-element insertion lines to identify essential genes for border cell migration. Two genes were uncovered, including dlg5 (discs large 5) and CG31689. Further analysis showed that Dlg5 regulates the apical-basal polarity and cluster integrity in border cell clusters. Dlg5 is enriched in lateral surfaces between border cells and central polar cells but also shows punctate localization between border cells. We found that the distribution of Dlg5 in border cell clusters is regulated by Armadillo. Structure-function analysis revealed that the N-terminal Coiled-coil domain and the C-terminal PDZ3-PDZ4-SH3-GUK domains but not the PDZ1-PDZ2 domains of Dlg5 are required for BC migration. The Coiled-coil domain and the PDZ4-SH3-GUK domains are critical for Dlg5’s cell surface localization in border cell clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Luo
- College of Life Science, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (JC)
| | - Ping Zhou
- College of Life Science, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, China
| | - Xuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (JC)
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13
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Korenjak M, Zavadil J. Experimental identification of cancer driver alterations in the era of pan-cancer genomics. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:3622-3629. [PMID: 31594033 PMCID: PMC6890429 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidly accumulating data from large-scale cancer genomics studies have been generating important information about genes and their somatic alterations underlying cell transformation, cancer onset and tumor progression. However, these events are usually defined by using computational techniques, whereas the understanding of their actual functional roles and impact typically warrants validation by experimental means. Critical information has been obtained from targeted genetic perturbation (gene knockout) studies conducted in animals, yet these investigations are cost-prohibitive and time-consuming. In addition, the 3R principles (replacement, reduction, refinement) have been set in place to reduce animal use burden and are increasingly observed in many areas of biomedical research. Consequently, the focus has shifted to new designs of innovative cell-based experimental models of cell immortalization and transformation in which the critical cancer driver events can be introduced by mutagenic insult and studied functionally, at the level of critical phenotypic readouts. From these efforts, primary cell-based selective barrier-bypass models of cell immortalization have emerged as an attractive system that allows studies of the functional relevance of acquired mutations as well as their role as candidate cancer driver events. In this review, we provide an overview of various experimental systems linking carcinogen exposure-driven cell transformation with the study of cancer driver events. We further describe the advantages and disadvantages of the currently available cell-based models while outlining future directions for in vitro modeling and functional testing of cancer driver events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Korenjak
- Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Jiri Zavadil
- Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
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14
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Samson SC, Elliott A, Mueller BD, Kim Y, Carney KR, Bergman JP, Blenis J, Mendoza MC. p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) phosphorylates myosin phosphatase and thereby controls edge dynamics during cell migration. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10846-10862. [PMID: 31138649 PMCID: PMC6635457 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is essential to embryonic development, wound healing, and cancer cell dissemination. Cells move via leading-edge protrusion, substrate adhesion, and retraction of the cell's rear. The molecular mechanisms by which extracellular cues signal to the actomyosin cytoskeleton to control these motility mechanics are poorly understood. The growth factor-responsive and oncogenically activated protein extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) promotes motility by signaling in actin polymerization-mediated edge protrusion. Using a combination of immunoblotting, co-immunoprecipitation, and myosin-binding experiments and cell migration assays, we show here that ERK also signals to the contractile machinery through its substrate, p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK). We probed the signaling and migration dynamics of multiple mammalian cell lines and found that RSK phosphorylates myosin phosphatase–targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) at Ser-507, which promotes an interaction of Rho kinase (ROCK) with MYPT1 and inhibits myosin targeting. We find that by inhibiting the myosin phosphatase, ERK and RSK promote myosin II–mediated tension for lamella expansion and optimal edge dynamics for cell migration. These findings suggest that ERK activity can coordinately amplify both protrusive and contractile forces for optimal cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiela C Samson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 and
| | - Andrew Elliott
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 and
| | - Brian D Mueller
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 and
| | - Yung Kim
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 and
| | - Keith R Carney
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 and
| | - Jared P Bergman
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 and
| | - John Blenis
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Michelle C Mendoza
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 and; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
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15
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Esposito R, Bosch N, Lanzós A, Polidori T, Pulido-Quetglas C, Johnson R. Hacking the Cancer Genome: Profiling Therapeutically Actionable Long Non-coding RNAs Using CRISPR-Cas9 Screening. Cancer Cell 2019; 35:545-557. [PMID: 30827888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent a huge reservoir of potential cancer targets. Such "onco-lncRNAs" have resisted traditional RNAi methods, but CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing now promises functional screens at high throughput and low cost. The unique biology of lncRNAs demands screening strategies distinct from protein-coding genes. The first such screens have identified hundreds of onco-lncRNAs promoting cell proliferation and drug resistance. Ongoing developments will further improve screen performance and translational relevance. This Review aims to highlight the potential of CRISPR screening technology for discovering new onco-lncRNAs, and to guide molecular oncologists wishing to apply it to their cancer of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Esposito
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Núria Bosch
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrés Lanzós
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Taisia Polidori
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Pulido-Quetglas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rory Johnson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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16
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Liu J, Li J, Li P, Jiang Y, Chen H, Wang R, Cao F, Liu P. DLG5 suppresses breast cancer stem cell-like characteristics to restore tamoxifen sensitivity by inhibiting TAZ expression. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:512-521. [PMID: 30450766 PMCID: PMC6307757 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) is a primary drug for treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. However, TAM resistance remains a serious threat to breast cancer patients and may be attributed to increased stemness of breast cancer. Here, we show that discs large homolog 5 (DLG5) expression is down‐regulated in TAM‐resistant breast cancer and cells. DLG5 silencing decreased the sensitivity to TAM and increased the frequency and stemness of CD44+/CD24− breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) and TAZ, a transducer of the Hippo pathway, expression in MCF7 cells while DLG5 overexpression had opposite effects. TAZ silencing restored the sensitivity to TAM and reduced the frequency and stemness in TAM‐resistant breast cancer cells. Taken together, our data indicate that down‐regulated DLG5 expression increases the stemness of breast cancer cells by enhancing TAZ expression, contributing to TAM resistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juan Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pingping Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yina Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - He Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peijun Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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17
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Snigireva AV, Vrublevskaya VV, Zhmurina MA, Skarga YY, Morenkov OS. The Mechanisms of Stimulation of Migration and Invasion of Tumor Cells by Extracellular Heat Shock Protein 90 (eHsp90) in vitro. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350918060258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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18
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Lee HY, Cha J, Kim SK, Park JH, Song KH, Kim P, Kim MY. c-MYC Drives Breast Cancer Metastasis to the Brain, but Promotes Synthetic Lethality with TRAIL. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 17:544-554. [PMID: 30266755 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastasis in breast cancer is particularly deadly, but effective treatments remain out of reach due to insufficient information about the mechanisms underlying brain metastasis and the potential vulnerabilities of brain-metastatic breast cancer cells. Here, human breast cancer cells and their brain-metastatic derivatives (BrMs) were used to investigate synthetic lethal interactions in BrMs. First, it was demonstrated that c-MYC activity is increased in BrMs and is required for their brain-metastatic ability in a mouse xenograft model. Specifically, c-MYC enhanced brain metastasis by facilitating the following processes within the brain microenvironment: (i) invasive growth of BrMs, (ii) macrophage infiltration, and (iii) GAP junction formation between BrMs and astrocytes by upregulating connexin 43 (GJA1/Cx43). Furthermore, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis uncovered a set of c-MYC-regulated genes whose expression is associated with higher risk for brain metastasis in breast cancer patients. Paradoxically, however, increased c-MYC activity in BrMs rendered them more susceptible to TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand)-induced apoptosis. In summary, these data not only reveal the brain metastasis-promoting role of c-MYC and a subsequent synthetic lethality with TRAIL, but also delineate the underlying mechanism. This suggests TRAIL-based approaches as potential therapeutic options for brain-metastatic breast cancer. IMPLICATIONS: This study discovers a paradoxical role of c-MYC in promoting metastasis to the brain and in rendering brain-metastatic cells more susceptible to TRAIL, which suggests the existence of an Achilles' heel, thus providing a new therapeutic opportunity for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghwa Cha
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Kyu Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Pilnam Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea. .,KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Cancer Metastasis Control Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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19
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Zhang F, Yan T, Guo W, Sun K, Wang S, Bao X, Liu K, Zheng B, Zhang H, Ren T. Novel oncogene COPS3 interacts with Beclin1 and Raf-1 to regulate metastasis of osteosarcoma through autophagy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:135. [PMID: 29970115 PMCID: PMC6029018 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Expression of COP9 signalosome subunit 3 (COPS3), an oncogene overexpressed in osteosarcoma, has been demonstrated to be significantly correlated with tumor metastasis. However, the underlying mechanism by which COPS3 promotes metastasis of osteosarcoma and its role in autophagy remain unknown. Methods The expression of COPS3 was detected in primary osteosarcoma tissues and matching lung metastasis tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The effect of COPS3 on the metastasis of osteosarcoma cells was investigated by transwell, wound healing assays and animal studies. Indicated proteins was analyzed by western blotting when COPS3 was knockdown or overexpressed. The COPS3 Interacting protein was determined by immunoprecipitation assay. The relationship between COPS3 and autophagy was detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence. Results We found that knockdown of COPS3 significantly reduced the lung metastasis of osteosarcoma cells in a mouse model, coinciding with downregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. The silencing of COPS3 also inhibited the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK), a family of signal transduction proteins downstream of MEK/ERK. Reciprocal immunoprecipitation assays revealed that COPS3 directly interacts with Raf-1, an upstream regulator of MEK/ERK. Surprisingly, Beclin1, an important autophagic protein, appeared in the COPS3-immunoprecipitates, along with the autophagic markers LC3-I and LC3-II. Loss of COPS3 completely inhibited H2O2-induced autophagic flux and reduced Beclin1 expression. Additionally, autophagy inhibitor or silencing of Beclin1 both decreased cell metastasis. Conclusions Taken together, these data reveal a novel function of COPS3 in the regulation of autophagy and highlight the relationship between autophagy and metastasis in osteosarcoma cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0791-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Taiqiang Yan
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Wei Guo
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Kunkun Sun
- Department of Pathology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Shidong Wang
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xing Bao
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Kuisheng Liu
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Bingxin Zheng
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Tingting Ren
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, 100044, China
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20
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Tajadura-Ortega V, Garg R, Allen R, Owczarek C, Bright MD, Kean S, Mohd-Noor A, Grigoriadis A, Elston TC, Hahn KM, Ridley AJ. An RNAi screen of Rho signalling networks identifies RhoH as a regulator of Rac1 in prostate cancer cell migration. BMC Biol 2018; 16:29. [PMID: 29510700 PMCID: PMC5840776 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell migration is essential for development and tissue repair, but it also contributes to disease. Rho GTPases regulate cell migration, but a comprehensive analysis of how each Rho signalling component affects migration has not been carried out. RESULTS Through an RNA interference screen, and using a prostate cancer cell line, we find that approximately 25% of Rho network components alter migration. Some genes enhance migration while others decrease basal and/or hepatocyte growth factor-stimulated migration. Surprisingly, we identify RhoH as a screen hit. RhoH expression is normally restricted to haematopoietic cells, but we find it is expressed in multiple epithelial cancer cell lines. High RhoH expression in samples from prostate cancer patients correlates with earlier relapse. RhoH depletion reduces cell speed and persistence and decreases migratory polarity. Rac1 activity normally localizes to the front of migrating cells at areas of dynamic membrane movement, but in RhoH-depleted cells active Rac1 is localised around the whole cell periphery and associated with membrane regions that are not extending or retracting. RhoH interacts with Rac1 and with several p21-activated kinases (PAKs), which are Rac effectors. Similar to RhoH depletion, PAK2 depletion increases cell spread area and reduces cell migration. In addition, RhoH depletion reduces lamellipodium extension induced by PAK2 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS We describe a novel role for RhoH in prostate cancer cell migration. We propose that RhoH promotes cell migration by coupling Rac1 activity and PAK2 to membrane protrusion. Our results also suggest that RhoH expression levels correlate with prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Tajadura-Ortega
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Ritu Garg
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Richard Allen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Present address: Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Claudia Owczarek
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Michael D Bright
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Present address: Institute for Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Samuel Kean
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Aisyah Mohd-Noor
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Anita Grigoriadis
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Timothy C Elston
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Klaus M Hahn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Anne J Ridley
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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21
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Ludwik KA, McDonald OG, Brenin DR, Lannigan DA. ERα-Mediated Nuclear Sequestration of RSK2 Is Required for ER + Breast Cancer Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2018; 78:2014-2025. [PMID: 29351904 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although ribosomal protein S6 kinase A3 (RSK2) activation status positively correlates with patient responses to antiestrogen hormonal therapies, the mechanistic basis for these observations is unknown. Using multiple in vitro and in vivo models of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, we report that ERα sequesters active RSK2 into the nucleus to promote neoplastic transformation and facilitate metastatic tumor growth. RSK2 physically interacted with ERα through its N terminus to activate a proneoplastic transcriptional network critical to the ER+ lineage in the mammary gland, thereby providing a gene signature that effectively stratified patient tumors according to ERα status. ER+ tumor growth was strongly dependent on nuclear RSK2, and transgenic mice engineered to stably express nuclear RSK2 in the mammary gland developed high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ Mammary cells isolated from the transgenic model and introduced systemically successfully disseminated and established metastatic lesions. Antiestrogens disrupted the interaction between RSK2 and ERα, driving RSK2 into the cytoplasm and impairing tumor formation. These findings establish RSK2 as an obligate participant of ERα-mediated transcriptional programs, tumorigenesis, and divergent patient responses to antiestrogen therapies.Significance: Nuclear accumulation of active RSK drives a protumorigenic transcriptional program and renders ER+ breast cancer susceptible to endocrine-based therapies. Cancer Res; 78(8); 2014-25. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Ludwik
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Oliver G McDonald
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David R Brenin
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Deborah A Lannigan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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22
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Cuesta R, Holz MK. RSK-mediated down-regulation of PDCD4 is required for proliferation, survival, and migration in a model of triple-negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:27567-83. [PMID: 27028868 PMCID: PMC5053672 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) is a family of MAPK-activated serine/threonine kinases (RSK1-4) whose expression and/or activity are deregulated in several cancers, including breast cancer. Up-regulation of RSKs promotes cellular processes that drive tumorigenesis in Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) cells. Although RSKs regulate protein synthesis in certain cell types, the role of RSK-mediated translational control in oncogenic progression has yet to be evaluated. We demonstrate that proliferation and migration of TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells, unlike ER/PR-positive MCF7 cells, rely on RSK activity. We show that RSKs regulate the activities of the translation initiation factor eIF4B and the translational repressor PDCD4 in TNBC cells with up-regulated MAPK pathway, but not in breast cancer cells with hyperactivated PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 pathway. These results identify PDCD4 as a novel RSK substrate. We demonstrate that RSK-mediated phosphorylation of PDCD4 at S76 promotes PDCD4 degradation. Low PDCD4 levels reduce PDCD4 inhibitory effect on the translation initiation factor eIF4A, which increases translation of "eIF4A sensitive" mRNAs encoding factors involved in cell cycle progression, survival, and migration. Consequently, low levels of PDCD4 favor proliferation and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. These results support the therapeutic use of RSK inhibitors for treatment of TNBC with deregulated MAPK/RSK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cuesta
- Department of Biology, Stern College for Women of Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Marina K Holz
- Department of Biology, Stern College for Women of Yeshiva University, New York, New York 10016, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.,Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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23
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Ke Y, Bao T, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Ge J, Fu B, Wu X, Tang H, Shi Z, Lei X, Zhang C, Tan Y, Chen H, Guo Z, Wang L. Discs large homolog 5 decreases formation and function of invadopodia in human hepatocellular carcinoma via Girdin and Tks5. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:364-376. [PMID: 28390157 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Invadopodium formation is a crucial early event of invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of invadopodia remain elusive. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of discs large homolog 5 (Dlg5) in invadopodium formation and function in HCC. We found that Dlg5 expression was significantly lower in human HCC tissues and cell lines than adjacent nontumor tissues and liver cells. Lower Dlg5 expression was associated with advanced stages of HCC, and poor overall and disease-free survival of HCC patients. Dlg5-silencing promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invadopodium formation, gelatin degradation function, and invadopodium-associated invasion of HepG2 cells. In contrast, Dlg5 overexpression inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition, functional invadopodium formation, and invasion of SK-Hep1 cells. Both Girdin and Tks5, but not the Tks5 nonphosphorylatable mutant, were responsible for the enhanced invadopodium formation and invasion of Dlg5-silenced HepG2 cells. Furthermore, Dlg5 interacted with Girdin and interfered with the interaction of Girdin and Tks5. Dlg5 silencing promoted Girdin and Tks5 phosphorylation, which was abrogated by Girdin silencing and rescued by inducing shRNA-resistant Girdin expression. Moreover, Dlg5 overexpression significantly inhibited HCC intrahepatic and lung metastasis in vivo. Taken together, our data indicate that Dlg5 acts as a novel regulator of invadopodium-associated invasion via Girdin and by interfering with the interaction between Girdin and Tks5, which might be important for Tks5 phosphorylation in HCC cells. Conceivably, Dlg5 may act as a new biomarker for prognosis of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ke
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Tianhao Bao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,The Mental Health Center of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qixin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiayun Ge
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Bimang Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuesong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Haoran Tang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhitian Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuefen Lei
- Deparment of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuqi Tan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Haotian Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhitang Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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24
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Houles T, Roux PP. Defining the role of the RSK isoforms in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 48:53-61. [PMID: 28476656 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The 90kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) family is a group of Ser/Thr protein kinases (RSK1-4) that function downstream of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway. RSK regulates many substrates involved in cell survival, growth, and proliferation, and as such, deregulated RSK activity has been associated with multiple cancer types. RSK expression and activity are dysregulated in several malignancies, including breast, prostate, and lung cancer, and available evidence suggests that RSK may be a promising cancer therapeutic target. Current limitations include the lack of RSK inhibitors with suitable pharmacokinetics and selectivity toward particular isoforms. This review briefly describes the current knowledge on RSK activation and function, with a particular emphasis on RSK-dependent mechanisms associated with tumorigenesis and pharmacological inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Houles
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Canada
| | - Philippe P Roux
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Canada; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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25
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Loss of DLG5 promotes breast cancer malignancy by inhibiting the Hippo signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42125. [PMID: 28169360 PMCID: PMC5294562 DOI: 10.1038/srep42125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Discs Large Homolog 5 (DLG5) plays an important role in the maintenance of epithelial cell polarity. Recent research showed that DLG5 is decreased in Yes-associated protein (YAP)-overexpressing cells. However, the exact relationship between DLG5 and YAP is not clear. In this study, we showed that loss of DLG5 promoted breast cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the Hippo signaling pathway and increasing nuclear YAP expression. Furthermore, depletion of DLG5 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and disrupted epithelial cell polarity, which was associated with altered expression of Scribble, ZO1, E-cadherin and N-cadherin and their mislocalization. Interestingly, we first reported that loss of DLG5 inhibited the interaction of Mst1 and Lats1 with Scribble, which was crucial for YAP activation and the transcription of TEA domain (TEAD) family members. In summary, loss of DLG5 expression promoted breast cancer malignancy by inactivating the Hippo signaling pathway and increasing nuclear YAP.
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26
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Torchiaro E, Lorenzato A, Olivero M, Valdembri D, Gagliardi PA, Gai M, Erriquez J, Serini G, Di Renzo MF. Peritoneal and hematogenous metastases of ovarian cancer cells are both controlled by the p90RSK through a self-reinforcing cell autonomous mechanism. Oncotarget 2016; 7:712-28. [PMID: 26625210 PMCID: PMC4808028 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms orchestrating peritoneal and hematogenous metastases of ovarian cancer cells are assumed to be distinct. We studied the p90RSK family of serine/threonine kinases that lie downstream the RAS-ERK/MAPK pathway and modulate a variety of cellular processes including cell proliferation, survival, motility and invasiveness. We found the RSK1 and RSK2 isoforms expressed in a number of human ovarian cancer cell lines, where they played redundant roles in sustaining in vitro motility and invasiveness. In vivo, silencing of both RSK1 and RSK2 almost abrogated short-term and long-term metastatic engraftment of ovarian cancer cells in the peritoneum. In addition, RSK1/RSK2 silenced cells failed to colonize the lungs after intravenous injection and to form hematogenous metastasis from subcutaneous xenografts. RSK1/RSK2 suppression resulted in lessened ovarian cancer cell spreading on endogenous fibronectin (FN). Mechanistically, RSK1/RSK2 knockdown diminished FN transcription, α5β1 integrin activation and TGF-β1 translation. Reduced endogenous FN deposition and TGF-β1 secretion depended on the lack of activating phosphorylation of the transcription/translation factor YB-1 by p90RSK. Altogether data show how p90RSK activates a self-reinforcing cell autonomous pro-adhesive circuit necessary for metastatic seeding of ovarian cancer cells. Thus, p90RSK inhibitors might hinder both the hematogenous and the peritoneal metastatic spread of human ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Torchiaro
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Turin, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Lorenzato
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Turin, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy
| | - Martina Olivero
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Turin, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy
| | - Donatella Valdembri
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Turin, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy
| | - Paolo Armando Gagliardi
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Turin, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy
| | - Marta Gai
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Turin at the Molecular Biotechnology Center, Torino, Italy
| | - Jessica Erriquez
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy
| | - Guido Serini
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Turin, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy
| | - Maria Flavia Di Renzo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Turin, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO)-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy
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27
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Ludwik KA, Campbell JP, Li M, Li Y, Sandusky ZM, Pasic L, Sowder ME, Brenin DR, Pietenpol JA, O'Doherty GA, Lannigan DA. Development of a RSK Inhibitor as a Novel Therapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2598-2608. [PMID: 27528706 PMCID: PMC5807013 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer is an incurable disease and identification of novel therapeutic opportunities is vital. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) frequently metastasizes and high levels of activated p90RSK (RSK), a downstream MEK-ERK1/2 effector, are found in TNBC. We demonstrate, using direct pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of RSK1/2, that these kinases contribute to the TNBC metastatic process in vivo Kinase profiling showed that RSK1 and RSK2 are the predominant kinases targeted by the new inhibitor, which is based on the natural product SL0101. Further evidence for selectivity was provided by the observations that silencing RSK1 and RSK2 eliminated the ability of the analogue to further inhibit survival or proliferation of a TNBC cell line. In vivo, the new derivative was as effective as the FDA-approved MEK inhibitor trametinib in reducing the establishment of metastatic foci. Importantly, inhibition of RSK1/2 did not result in activation of AKT, which is known to limit the efficacy of MEK inhibitors in the clinic. Our results demonstrate that RSK is a major contributor to the TNBC metastatic program and provide preclinical proof-of-concept for the efficacy of the novel SL0101 analogue in vivo Mol Cancer Ther; 15(11); 2598-608. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Ludwik
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - J Preston Campbell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mingzong Li
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zachary M Sandusky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lejla Pasic
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Miranda E Sowder
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David R Brenin
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jennifer A Pietenpol
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - George A O'Doherty
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deborah A Lannigan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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28
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Shah ET, Upadhyaya A, Philp LK, Tang T, Skalamera D, Gunter J, Nelson CC, Williams ED, Hollier BG. Repositioning "old" drugs for new causes: identifying new inhibitors of prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. Clin Exp Metastasis 2016; 33:385-99. [PMID: 26932199 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-016-9785-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The majority of prostate cancer (PCa) deaths occur due to the metastatic spread of tumor cells to distant organs. Currently, there is a lack of effective therapies once tumor cells have spread outside the prostate. It is therefore imperative to rapidly develop therapeutics to inhibit the metastatic spread of tumor cells. Gain of cell motility and invasive properties is the first step of metastasis and by inhibiting motility one can potentially inhibit metastasis. Using the drug repositioning strategy, we developed a cell-based multi-parameter primary screening assay to identify drugs that inhibit the migratory and invasive properties of metastatic PC-3 PCa cells. Following the completion of the primary screening assay, 33 drugs were identified from an FDA approved drug library that either inhibited migration or were cytotoxic to the PC-3 cells. Based on the data obtained from the subsequent validation studies, mitoxantrone hydrochloride, simvastatin, fluvastatin and vandetanib were identified as strong candidates that can inhibit both the migration and invasion of PC-3 cells without significantly affecting cell viability. By employing the drug repositioning strategy instead of a de novo drug discovery and development strategy, the identified drug candidates have the potential to be rapidly translated into the clinic for the management of men with aggressive forms of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esha T Shah
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Akanksha Upadhyaya
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lisa K Philp
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tiffany Tang
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dubravka Skalamera
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jennifer Gunter
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elizabeth D Williams
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brett G Hollier
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
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29
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Yang DJ, Lee KS, Ko CM, Moh SH, Song J, Hur LC, Cheon YW, Yang SH, Choi YH, Kim KW. Leucine-enkephalin promotes wound repair through the regulation of hemidesmosome dynamics and matrix metalloprotease. Peptides 2016; 76:57-64. [PMID: 26763532 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The skin responds to environmental stressors by coordinated actions of neuropeptides and their receptors. An endogenous peptide for δ-opioid receptor (DOPr), Leu-enkephalin (L-ENK), is expressed in the skin and its expression is altered in pathological conditions. Although the importance of DOPr is rapidly gaining recognition, the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects on wound healing are largely undefined. We show here that L-ENK induced activation of Erk, P90(RSK), and Elk-1 and promoted the disruption of hemidesmosomes and the expression of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, important processes for wound healing. Treatment with Erk inhibitor blocked activation of P90(RSK) and Elk-1 and significantly blunted wound repair. Therefore, our results suggest that activation of Erk and its downstream effectors, P90(RSK) and Elk-1, are critical for DOPr-mediated skin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Joo Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Suk Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Mann Ko
- Department of Pharmacology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Moh
- Anti-aging Research Institute of BIO-FD&C Co. Ltd., Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyeok Song
- Anti-aging Research Institute of BIO-FD&C Co. Ltd., Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Lucia C Hur
- Derma-Lucia Skinceuticals LLC, 7500 Escala Drive, Austin, TX 78735, USA
| | - Young Woo Cheon
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, School of Medicine, 1198 Guwol-Dong, Namdong-Gu, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Choi
- Anti-aging Research Institute of BIO-FD&C Co. Ltd., Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Woo Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Roffé M, Lupinacci FC, Soares LC, Hajj GN, Martins VR. Two widely used RSK inhibitors, BI-D1870 and SL0101, alter mTORC1 signaling in a RSK-independent manner. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1630-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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31
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Lin WH, Asmann YW, Anastasiadis PZ. Expression of polarity genes in human cancer. Cancer Inform 2015; 14:15-28. [PMID: 25991909 PMCID: PMC4390136 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s18964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polarity protein complexes are crucial for epithelial apical–basal polarity and directed cell migration. Since alterations of these processes are common in cancer, polarity proteins have been proposed to function as tumor suppressors or oncogenic promoters. Here, we review the current understanding of polarity protein functions in epithelial homeostasis, as well as tumor formation and progression. As most previous studies focused on the function of single polarity proteins in simplified model systems, we used a genomics approach to systematically examine and identify the expression profiles of polarity genes in human cancer. The expression profiles of polarity genes were distinct in different human tissues and classified cancer types. Additionally, polarity expression profiles correlated with disease progression and aggressiveness, as well as with identified cancer types, where specific polarity genes were commonly altered. In the case of Scribble, gene expression analysis indicated its common amplification and upregulation in human cancer, suggesting a tumor promoting function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hsin Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yan W Asmann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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32
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Javaid S, Zhang J, Smolen GA, Yu M, Wittner BS, Singh A, Arora KS, Madden MW, Desai R, Zubrowski MJ, Schott BJ, Ting DT, Stott SL, Toner M, Maheswaran S, Shioda T, Ramaswamy S, Haber DA. MAPK7 Regulates EMT Features and Modulates the Generation of CTCs. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:934-43. [PMID: 25678598 PMCID: PMC4433453 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been implicated in models of tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. In a search for candidate therapeutic targets to reverse this process, nontumorigenic MCF10A breast epithelial cells were infected with an arrayed lentiviral kinome shRNA library and screened for either suppression or enhancement of a 26-gene EMT RNA signature. No individual kinase gene knockdown was sufficient to induce EMT. In contrast, grouped epithelial markers were induced by knockdown of multiple kinases, including mitogen activated protein kinase 7 (MAPK7). In breast cancer cells, suppression of MAPK7 increased E-cadherin (CDH1) expression and inhibited cell migration. In an orthotopic mouse model, MAPK7 suppression reduced the generation of circulating tumor cells and the appearance of lung metastases. Together, these observations raise the possibility that targeting kinases that maintain mesenchymal cell properties in cancer cells, such as MAPK7, may lessen tumor invasiveness. IMPLICATIONS Suppression of MAPK7 induces epithelial markers, reduces generation of circulating tumor cells and appearance of lung metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Javaid
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Gromoslaw A Smolen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Min Yu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Ben S Wittner
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Anurag Singh
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Kshitij S Arora
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Marissa W Madden
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Rushil Desai
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew J Zubrowski
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin J Schott
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - David T Ting
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Shannon L Stott
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts. BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Bioengineering in Medicine, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Mehmet Toner
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Bioengineering in Medicine, Charlestown, Massachusetts. Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Shyamala Maheswaran
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts. Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Toshi Shioda
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Sridhar Ramaswamy
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel A Haber
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland.
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33
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Nolan KD, Franco OE, Hance MW, Hayward SW, Isaacs JS. Tumor-secreted Hsp90 subverts polycomb function to drive prostate tumor growth and invasion. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8271-82. [PMID: 25670862 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.637496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains the second highest contributor to male cancer-related lethality. The transition of a subset of tumors from indolent to invasive disease is associated with a poor clinical outcome. Activation of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) genetic program is a major risk factor for cancer progression. We recently reported that secreted extracellular Hsp90 (eHsp90) initiates EMT in prostate cancer cells, coincident with its enhanced expression in mesenchymal models. Our current work substantially extended these findings in defining a pathway linking eHsp90 signaling to EZH2 function, a methyltransferase of the Polycomb repressor complex. EZH2 is also implicated in EMT activation, and its up-regulation represents one of the most frequent epigenetic alterations during prostate cancer progression. We have now highlighted a novel epigenetic function for eHsp90 via its modulation of EZH2 expression and activity. Mechanistically, eHsp90 initiated sustained activation of MEK/ERK, a signal critical for facilitating EZH2 transcriptional up-regulation and recruitment to the E-cadherin promoter. We further demonstrated that an eHsp90-EZH2 pathway orchestrates an expanded repertoire of EMT-related events including Snail and Twist expression, tumor cell motility, and anoikis resistance. To evaluate the role of eHsp90 in vivo, eHsp90 secretion was stably enforced in a prostate cancer cell line resembling indolent disease. Remarkably, eHsp90 was sufficient to induce tumor growth, suppress E-cadherin, and initiate localized invasion, events that are exquisitely dependent upon EZH2 function. In summary, our findings illuminate a hitherto unknown epigenetic function for eHsp90 and support a model wherein tumor eHsp90 functions as a rheostat for EZH2 expression and activity to orchestrate mesenchymal properties and coincident aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal D Nolan
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - Omar E Franco
- the Department of Urology and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Michael W Hance
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - Simon W Hayward
- the Department of Urology and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Jennifer S Isaacs
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
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Onuki-Nagasaki R, Nagasaki A, Hakamada K, Uyeda TQP, Miyake M, Miyake J, Fujita S. Identification of kinases and regulatory proteins required for cell migration using a transfected cell-microarray system. BMC Genet 2015; 16:9. [PMID: 25652422 PMCID: PMC4365556 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-015-0170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell migration plays a major role in a variety of normal biological processes, and a detailed understanding of the associated mechanisms should lead to advances in the medical sciences in areas such as cancer therapy. Previously, we developed a simple chip, based on transfected-cell microarray (TCM) technology, for the identification of genes related to cell migration. In the present study, we used the TCM chip for high-throughput screening (HTS) of a kinome siRNA library to identify genes involved in the motility of highly invasive NBT-L2b cells. Results We performed HTS using TCM coupled with a programmed image tracer to capture time-lapse fluorescence images of siRNA-transfected cells and calculated speeds of cell movement. This first screening allowed us to identify 52 genes. After quantitative PCR (qPCR) and a second screening by a conventional transfection method, we confirmed that 32 of these genes were associated with the migration of NBT-L2b cells. We investigated the subcellular localization of proteins and levels of expression of these 32 genes, and then we used our results and databases of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) to construct a hypothetic but comprehensive signal network for cell migration. Conclusions The genes that we identified belonged to several functional categories, and our pathway analysis suggested that some of the encoded proteins functioned as the hubs of networks required for cell migration. Our signal pathways suggest that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an upstream regulator in the network, while Src and GRB2 seem to represent nodes for control of respective the downstream proteins that are required to coordinate the many cellular events that are involved in migration. Our microarray appears to be a useful tool for the analysis of protein networks and signal pathways related to cancer metastasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-015-0170-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Onuki-Nagasaki
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan. .,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan.
| | - Akira Nagasaki
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Kazumi Hakamada
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan. .,Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan. .,Current address: Central Research Laboratories Sysmex Corporation, 4-4-4 Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe, 657-2271, Japan.
| | - Taro Q P Uyeda
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Masato Miyake
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Jun Miyake
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan. .,Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan.
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Salhi A, Farhadian JA, Giles KM, Vega-Saenz de Miera E, Silva IP, Bourque C, Yeh K, Chhangawala S, Wang J, Ye F, Zhang DY, Hernando-Monge E, Houvras Y, Osman I. RSK1 activation promotes invasion in nodular melanoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:704-16. [PMID: 25579842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The two major melanoma histologic subtypes, superficial spreading and nodular melanomas, differ in their speed of dermal invasion but converge biologically once they invade and metastasize. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that distinct molecular alterations arising in primary melanoma cells might persist as these tumors progress to invasion and metastasis. Ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90 kDa, polypeptide 1 (RSK1; official name RPS6KA1) was significantly hyperactivated in human melanoma lines and metastatic tissues derived from nodular compared with superficial spreading melanoma. RSK1 was constitutively phosphorylated at Ser-380 in nodular but not superficial spreading melanoma and did not directly correlate with BRAF or MEK activation. Nodular melanoma cells were more sensitive to RSK1 inhibition using siRNA and the pharmacological inhibitor BI-D1870 compared with superficial spreading cells. Gene expression microarray analyses revealed that RSK1 orchestrated a program of gene expression that promoted cell motility and invasion. Differential overexpression of the prometastatic matrix metalloproteinase 8 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 in metastatic nodular compared with metastatic superficial spreading melanoma was observed. Finally, using an in vivo zebrafish model, constitutive RSK1 activation increased melanoma invasion. Together, these data reveal a novel role for activated RSK1 in the progression of nodular melanoma and suggest that melanoma originating from different histologic subtypes may be biologically distinct and that these differences are maintained as the tumors invade and metastasize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Salhi
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Joshua A Farhadian
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Keith M Giles
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Eleazar Vega-Saenz de Miera
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ines P Silva
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Caitlin Bourque
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Karen Yeh
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Sagar Chhangawala
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Jinhua Wang
- New York University Langone Medical Center Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York, New York
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - David Y Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Eva Hernando-Monge
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Yariv Houvras
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Iman Osman
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.
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Wong IY, Javaid S, Wong EA, Perk S, Haber DA, Toner M, Irimia D. Collective and individual migration following the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. NATURE MATERIALS 2014; 13:1063-71. [PMID: 25129619 PMCID: PMC4209198 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
During cancer progression, malignant cells in the tumour invade surrounding tissues. This transformation of adherent cells to a motile phenotype has been associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here, we show that EMT-activated cells migrate through micropillar arrays as a collectively advancing front that scatters individual cells. Individual cells with few neighbours dispersed with fast, straight trajectories, whereas cells that encountered many neighbours migrated collectively with epithelial biomarkers. We modelled these emergent dynamics using a physical analogy to phase transitions during binary-mixture solidification, and validated it using drug perturbations, which revealed that individually migrating cells exhibit diminished chemosensitivity. Our measurements also indicate a degree of phenotypic plasticity as cells interconvert between individual and collective migration. The study of multicellular behaviours with single-cell resolution should enable further quantitative insights into heterogeneous tumour invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Y. Wong
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown MA 02129
| | - Sarah Javaid
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown MA 02129
| | - Elisabeth A. Wong
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown MA 02129
| | - Sinem Perk
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown MA 02129
| | - Daniel A. Haber
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown MA 02129
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815
| | - Mehmet Toner
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown MA 02129
| | - Daniel Irimia
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown MA 02129
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Seo M, Lee S, Kim JH, Lee WH, Hu G, Elledge SJ, Suk K. RNAi-based functional selection identifies novel cell migration determinants dependent on PI3K and AKT pathways. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5217. [PMID: 25347953 PMCID: PMC6581447 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated genetic screening is a powerful tool for identifying loss-of-function phenotype in mammalian cells. Here, we report the identification of 91 cell migration-regulating genes using unbiased genome-wide functional genetic selection. Individual knockdown or cDNA overexpression of a set of 10 candidates reveals that most of these cell migration determinants are strongly dependent on the PI3K/PTEN/AKT pathway and on their downstream signals, such as FOXO1 and p70S6K1. ALK, one of the cell migration promoting genes, uniquely uses p55γ regulatory subunit of PI3K, rather than more common p85 subunit, to trigger the activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway. Our method enables the rapid and cost-effective genome-wide selection of cell migration regulators. Our results emphasize the importance of the PI3K/PTEN/AKT pathway as a point of convergence for multiple regulators of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchul Seo
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science &Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea [2] College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinrye Lee
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science &Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea [2] Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science &Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Guang Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health and Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science &Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Phosphorylation of RSK2 at Tyr529 by FGFR2-p38 enhances human mammary epithelial cells migration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2461-70. [PMID: 25014166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The members of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) family of Ser/Thr kinases are downstream effectors of MAPK/ERK pathway that regulate diverse cellular processes including cell growth, proliferation and survival. In carcinogenesis, RSKs are thought to modulate cell motility, invasion and metastasis. Herein, we have studied an involvement of RSKs in FGF2/FGFR2-driven behaviours of mammary epithelial and breast cancer cells. We found that both silencing and inhibiting of FGFR2 attenuated phosphorylation of RSKs, whereas FGFR2 overexpression and/or its stimulation with FGF2 enhanced RSKs activity. Moreover, treatment with ERK, Src and p38 inhibitors revealed that p38 kinase acts as an upstream RSK2 regulator. We demonstrate for the first time that in FGF2/FGFR2 signalling, p38 but not MEK/ERK, indirectly activated RSK2 at Tyr529, which facilitated phosphorylation of its other residues (Thr359/Ser363, Thr573 and Ser380). In contrast to FGF2-triggered signalling, inhibition of p38 in the EGF pathway affected only RSK2-Tyr529, without any impact on the remaining RSK phosphorylation sites. p38-mediated phosphorylation of RSK2-Tyr529 was crucial for the transactivation of residues located at kinase C-terminal domain and linker-region, specifically, in the FGF2/FGFR2 signalling pathway. Furthermore, we show that FGF2 promoted anchorage-independent cell proliferation, formation of focal adhesions and cell migration, which was effectively abolished by treatment with RSKs inhibitor (FMK). These indicate that RSK2 activity is indispensable for FGF2/FGFR2-mediated cellular effects. Our findings identified a new FGF2/FGFR2-p38-RSK2 pathway, which may play a significant role in the pathogenesis and progression of breast cancer and, hence, may present a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of FGFR2-expressing tumours.
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Matassa DS, Agliarulo I, Amoroso MR, Maddalena F, Sepe L, Ferrari MC, Sagar V, D'Amico S, Loreni F, Paolella G, Landriscina M, Esposito F. TRAP1-dependent regulation of p70S6K is involved in the attenuation of protein synthesis and cell migration: relevance in human colorectal tumors. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:1482-94. [PMID: 24962791 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1) is an HSP90 chaperone involved in stress protection and apoptosis in mitochondrial and extramitochondrial compartments. Remarkably, aberrant deregulation of TRAP1 function has been observed in several cancer types with potential new opportunities for therapeutic intervention in humans. Although previous studies by our group identified novel roles of TRAP1 in quality control of mitochondria-destined proteins through the attenuation of protein synthesis, molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. To shed further light on the signaling pathways regulated by TRAP1 in the attenuation of protein synthesis, this study demonstrates that the entire pathway of cap-mediated translation is activated in cells following TRAP1 interference: consistently, expression and consequent phosphorylation of p70S6K and RSK1, two translation activating kinases, are increased upon TRAP1 silencing. Furthermore, we show that these regulatory functions affect the response to translational stress and cell migration in wound healing assays, processes involving both kinases. Notably, the regulatory mechanisms controlled by TRAP1 are conserved in colorectal cancer tissues, since an inverse correlation between TRAP1 and p70S6K expression is found in tumor tissues, thereby supporting the relevant role of TRAP1 translational regulation in vivo. Taken as a whole, these new findings candidate TRAP1 network for new anti-cancer strategies aimed at targeting the translational/quality control machinery of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Swann Matassa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilenia Agliarulo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Amoroso
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Maddalena
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Leandra Sepe
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Ferrari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Vinay Sagar
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Ricerca Scientifica, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Silvia D'Amico
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Ricerca Scientifica, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Loreni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Ricerca Scientifica, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Giovanni Paolella
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Landriscina
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Franca Esposito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Liu J, Li J, Ren Y, Liu P. DLG5 in cell polarity maintenance and cancer development. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:543-9. [PMID: 24910533 PMCID: PMC4046881 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure in establishment and maintenance of epithelial cell polarity contributes to tumorigenesis. Loss of expression and function of cell polarity proteins is directly related to epithelial cell polarity maintenance. The polarity protein discs large homolog 5 (DLG5) belongs to a family of molecular scaffolding proteins called Membrane Associated Guanylate Kinases (MAGUKs). As the other family members, DLG5 contains the multi-PDZ, SH3 and GUK domains. DLG5 has evolved in the same manner as DLG1 and ZO1, two well-studied MAGUKs proteins. Just like DLG1 and ZO1, DLG5 plays a role in cell migration, cell adhesion, precursor cell division, cell proliferation, epithelial cell polarity maintenance, and transmission of extracellular signals to the membrane and cytoskeleton. Since the roles of DLG5 in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and Crohn's disease (CD) have been reviewed, here, our review focuses on the roles of DLG5 in epithelial cell polarity maintenance and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- 1. Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University College of Medicine
| | - Juan Li
- 1. Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University College of Medicine
| | - Yu Ren
- 2. Department of Surgical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University College of Medicine
| | - Peijun Liu
- 1. Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University College of Medicine
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Loss of Dlg5 expression promotes the migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells via Girdin phosphorylation. Oncogene 2014; 34:1141-9. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Reipas KM, Law JH, Couto N, Islam S, Li Y, Li H, Cherkasov A, Jung K, Cheema AS, Jones SJM, Hassell JA, Dunn SE. Luteolin is a novel p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) inhibitor that suppresses Notch4 signaling by blocking the activation of Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1). Oncotarget 2014; 4:329-45. [PMID: 23593654 PMCID: PMC3712578 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are notoriously difficult to treat because they lack hormone receptors and have limited targeted therapies. Recently, we demonstrated that p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) is essential for TNBC growth and survival indicating it as a target for therapeutic development. RSK phosphorylates Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1), an oncogenic transcription/translation factor, highly expressed in TNBC (~70% of cases) and associated with poor prognosis, drug resistance and tumor initiation. YB-1 regulates the tumor-initiating cell markers, CD44 and CD49f however its role in Notch signaling has not been explored. We sought to identify novel chemical entities with RSK inhibitory activity. The Prestwick Chemical Library of 1120 off-patent drugs was screened for RSK inhibitors using both in vitro kinase assays and molecular docking. The lead candidate, luteolin, inhibited RSK1 and RSK2 kinase activity and suppressed growth in TNBC, including TIC-enriched populations. Combining luteolin with paclitaxel increased cell death and unlike chemotherapy alone, did not enrich for CD44+ cells. Luteolin’s efficacy against drug-resistant cells was further indicated in the primary x43 cell line, where it suppressed monolayer growth and mammosphere formation. We next endeavored to understand how the inhibition of RSK/YB-1 signaling by luteolin elicited an effect on TIC-enriched populations. ChIP-on-ChIP experiments in SUM149 cells revealed a 12-fold enrichment of YB-1 binding to the Notch4 promoter. We chose to pursue this because there are several reports indicating that Notch4 maintains cells in an undifferentiated, TIC state. Herein we report that silencing YB-1 with siRNA decreased Notch4 mRNA. Conversely, transient expression of Flag:YB-1WT or the constitutively active mutant Flag:YB-1D102 increased Notch4 mRNA. The levels of Notch4 transcript and the abundance of the Notch4 intracellular domain (N4ICD) correlated with activation of P-RSKS221/7 and P-YB-1S102 in a panel of TNBC cell lines. Silencing YB-1 or RSK reduced Notch4 mRNA and this corresponded with loss of N4ICD. Likewise, the RSK inhibitors, luteolin and BI-D1870, suppressed P-YB-1 S102 and thereby reduced Notch4. In conclusion, inhibiting the RSK/YB-1 pathway with luteolin is a novel approach to blocking Notch4 signaling and as such provides a means of inhibiting TICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Reipas
- Laboratory for Oncogenomic Research, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
We describe a protocol for measuring the speed of human neutrophils migrating through small channels, in conditions of mechanical confinement comparable to those experienced by neutrophils migrating through tissues. In such conditions, we find that neutrophils move persistently, at constant speed for tens of minutes, enabling precise measurements at single cells resolution, for large number of cells. The protocol relies on microfluidic devices with small channels in which a solution of chemoattractant and a suspension of isolated neutrophils are loaded in sequence. The migration of neutrophils can be observed for several hours, starting within minutes after loading the neutrophils in the devices. The protocol is divided into four main steps: the fabrication of the microfluidic devices, the separation of neutrophils from whole blood, the preparation of the assay and cell loading, and the analysis of data. We discuss the practical steps for the implementation of the migration assays in biology labs, the adaptation of the protocols to various cell types, including cancer cells, and the supplementary device features required for precise measurements of directionality and persistence during migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Irimia
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shirners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Protein kinase inhibitors are an important class of therapeutics. In addition, selective kinase inhibitors can often reveal unexpected biological insights, augmenting genetic approaches and playing a decisive role in preclinical target validation studies. Nevertheless, developing protein kinase inhibitors with sufficient selectivity and pharmacodynamic potency presents significant challenges. Targeting noncatalytic cysteines with covalent inhibitors is a powerful approach to address both challenges simultaneously. Here, we describe our efforts to design irreversible and reversible electrophilic inhibitors with varying degrees of kinase selectivity. Highly selective covalent inhibitors have been used to elucidate the roles of p90 ribosomal protein S6 kinases in animal models of atherosclerosis and diabetes. By contrast, semipromiscuous covalent inhibitors have revealed new therapeutic targets in disease-causing parasites and have shown utility as chemoproteomic probes for interrogating kinase occupancy in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand M Miller
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jack Taunton
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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45
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Yang S, Ji M, Zhang L, Chen Y, Wennmann DO, Kremerskothen J, Dong J. Phosphorylation of KIBRA by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) cascade modulates cell proliferation and migration. Cell Signal 2013; 26:343-51. [PMID: 24269383 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, KIBRA is defined as a memory performance-associated protein. The physiological function and regulation of KIBRA in non-neuronal cells are much less understood. Recent studies have identified KIBRA as a novel regulator of the Hippo signaling pathway, which plays a critical role in tumorigenesis by inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. We recently reported that KIBRA is phosphorylated by the mitotic kinases Aurora and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 during mitosis. In this current study, we show that KIBRA is also phosphorylated by the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinases)-RSK (p90 ribosomal S6 kinases) cascade. We demonstrated that ERK1/2 phosphorylate KIBRA at Ser(548) in cells as well as in vitro. Moreover, we found that RSK1/2 specifically phosphorylates KIBRA at two highly conserved sites (Thr(929) and Ser(947)) in vitro and in cells. RSK-mediated phosphorylation is required for KIBRA binding to RSK1, but not RSK2. Surprisingly, KIBRA knockdown impaired cell migration and proliferation in breast cancer cells. By using inducible-expression cell lines, we further show that phospho-regulation of KIBRA by ERK1/2 and RSK1/2 is required for proper cell proliferation and RSK-mediated phosphorylation also modulates KIBRA's migratory activity in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Our findings uncover unexpected results and a new mechanism through which KIBRA regulates cell migration and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Yang
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ming Ji
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yuanhong Chen
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | | | | | - Jixin Dong
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Abstract
Metastasis, the spreading of cancer cells from a primary tumor to secondary sites throughout the body, is the primary cause of death for patients with cancer. New therapies that prevent invasion and metastasis in combination with current treatments could therefore significantly reduce cancer recurrence and morbidity. Metastasis is driven by altered signaling pathways that induce changes in cell-cell adhesion, the cytoskeleton, integrin function, protease expression, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cell survival. The ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) family of kinases is a group of extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) effectors that can regulate these steps of metastasis by phosphorylating both nuclear and cytoplasmic targets. However, our understanding of RSK function in metastasis remains incomplete and is complicated by the fact that the four RSK isoforms perform nonredundant, sometimes opposing functions. Although some isoforms promote cell motility and invasion by altering transcription and integrin activity, others impair cell motility and invasion through effects on the actin cytoskeleton. The mechanism of RSK action depends both on the isoform and the cancer type. However, despite the variance in RSK-mediated outcomes, chemical inhibition of this group of kinases has proven effective in blocking invasion and metastasis of several solid tumors in preclinical models. RSKs are therefore a promising drug target for antimetastatic cancer treatments that could supplement and improve current therapeutic approaches. This review highlights contradiction and agreement in the current data on the function of RSK isoforms in metastasis and suggests ways forward in developing RSK inhibitors as new antimetastasis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian J Sulzmaier
- Authors' Affiliation: Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
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47
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ERK and RSK regulate distinct steps of a cellular program that induces transition from multicellular epithelium to single cell phenotype. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2743-51. [PMID: 24012955 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinases) cascade has an evolutionarily conserved three tier architecture consisting of protein kinases Raf, MEK (MAPK/ERK kinase) and ERK. Following activation, ERK phosphorylates various cellular elements leading to diverse cellular responses. Downstream of ERK the family of p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSKs) has been proven to be an important conveyor of ERK signaling, however, little is known if ERK and RSK coordinate their functions to generate a specific biological response. Here we show that in epithelial cells conditional activation of the ERK pathway causes phenotypic conversion of epithelial cells to autonomously migrating cells. This process involves two sequential steps characterized by loss of apical-basal polarity followed by cell scattering. The activation of ERK, but not RSK, is sufficient for the execution of the first step and it requires calpain mediated remodeling of actin cytoskeleton. Conversely, RSK regulates the successive stage characterized by cell-cell contact weakening and increased cellular migration. Thus, ERK and RSK regulate different cellular subprograms and coordinated execution of these subprograms in time generates a relevant biological response. Our data also suggest that the mechanism by which the ERK pathway controls a cellular response may be distributed between ERK and RSK, rather than being elicited by a single effector kinase.
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48
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Lara R, Seckl MJ, Pardo OE. The p90 RSK family members: common functions and isoform specificity. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5301-8. [PMID: 23970478 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK) are implicated in various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion. In cancer, RSKs modulate cell transformation, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Indeed, changes in the expression of RSK isoforms have been reported in several malignancies, including breast, prostate, and lung cancers. Four RSK isoforms have been identified in humans on the basis of their high degree of sequence homology. Although this similarity suggests some functional redundancy between these proteins, an increasing body of evidence supports the existence of isoform-based specificity among RSKs in mediating particular cellular processes. This review briefly presents the similarities between RSK family members before focusing on the specific function of each of the isoforms and their involvement in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Lara
- Division of Oncology, Oncology Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Wang MH, Zhang R, Zhou YQ, Yao HP. Pathogenesis of RON receptor tyrosine kinase in cancer cells: activation mechanism, functional crosstalk, and signaling addiction. J Biomed Res 2013; 27:345-56. [PMID: 24086167 PMCID: PMC3783819 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.27.20130038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The RON receptor tyrosine kinase, a member of the MET proto-oncogene family, is a pathogenic factor implicated in tumor malignancy. Specifically, aberrations in RON signaling result in increased cancer cell growth, survival, invasion, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Biochemical events such as ligand binding, receptor overexpression, generation of structure-defected variants, and point mutations in the kinase domain contribute to RON signaling activation. Recently, functional crosstalk between RON and signaling proteins such as MET and EFGR has emerged as an additional mechanism for RON activation, which is critical for tumorigenic development. The RON signaling crosstalk acts either as a regulatory feedback loop that strengthens or enhances tumorigenic phenotype of cancer cells or serves as a signaling compensatory pathway providing a growth/survival advantage for cancer cells to escape targeted therapy. Moreover, viral oncoproteins derived from Friend leukemia or Epstein-Barr viruses interact with RON to drive viral oncogenesis. In cancer cells, RON signaling is integrated into cellular signaling network essential for cancer cell growth and survival. These activities provide the molecular basis of targeting RON for cancer treatment. In this review, we will discuss recent data that uncover the mechanisms of RON activation in cancer cells, review evidence of RON signaling crosstalk relevant to cancer malignancy, and emphasize the significance of the RON signaling addiction by cancer cells for tumor therapy. Understanding aberrant RON signaling will not only provide insight into the mechanisms of tumor pathogenesis, but also lead to the development of novel strategies for molecularly targeted cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hai Wang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, and
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50
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Abstract
Since the discovery of MSP (macrophage-stimulating protein; also known as MST1 and hepatocyte growth factor-like (HGFL)) as the ligand for the receptor tyrosine kinase RON (also known as MST1R) in the early 1990s, the roles of this signalling axis in cancer pathogenesis has been extensively studied in various model systems. Both in vitro and in vivo evidence has revealed that MSP-RON signalling is important for the invasive growth of different types of cancers. Currently, small-molecule inhibitors and antibodies blocking RON signalling are under investigation. Substantial responses have been achieved in human tumour xenograft models, laying the foundation for clinical validation. In this Review, we discuss recent advances that demonstrate the importance of MSP-RON signalling in cancer and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Ping Yao
- Viral Oncogenesis Section in State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
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