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Bakery A, Vraggalas S, Shalha B, Chauchan H, Benhamed M, Fragkostefanakis S. Heat stress transcription factors as the central molecular rheostat to optimize plant survival and recovery from heat stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39061112 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Heat stress transcription factors (HSFs) are the core regulators of the heat stress (HS) response in plants. HSFs are considered as a molecular rheostat: their activities define the response intensity, incorporating information about the environmental temperature through a network of partner proteins. A prompted activation of HSFs is required for survival, for example the de novo synthesis of heat shock proteins. Furthermore, a timely attenuation of the stress response is necessary for the restoration of cellular functions and recovery from stress. In an ever-changing environment, the balance between thermotolerance and developmental processes such as reproductive fitness highlights the importance of a tightly tuned response. In many cases, the response is described as an ON/OFF mode, while in reality, it is very dynamic. This review compiles recent findings to update existing models about the HSF-regulated HS response and address two timely questions: How do plants adjust the intensity of cellular HS response corresponding to the temperature they experience? How does this adjustment contribute to the fine-tuning of the HS and developmental networks? Understanding these processes is crucial not only for enhancing our basic understanding of plant biology but also for developing strategies to improve crop resilience and productivity under stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Bakery
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, 11517, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Stavros Vraggalas
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Boushra Shalha
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Harsh Chauchan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Moussa Benhamed
- Université de Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), F-91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, 91405, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Sotirios Fragkostefanakis
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Wang G, Wang X, Li D, Yang X, Hu T, Fu J. Comparative proteomics in tall fescue to reveal underlying mechanisms for improving Photosystem II thermotolerance during heat stress memory. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:683. [PMID: 38982385 PMCID: PMC11232258 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10580-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The escalating impacts of global warming intensify the detrimental effects of heat stress on crop growth and yield. Among the earliest and most vulnerable sites of damage is Photosystem II (PSII). Plants exposed to recurring high temperatures develop heat stress memory, a phenomenon that enables them to retain information from previous stress events to better cope with subsequent one. Understanding the components and regulatory networks associated with heat stress memory is crucial for the development of heat-resistant crops. RESULTS Physiological assays revealed that heat priming (HP) enabled tall fescue to possess higher Photosystem II photochemical activity when subjected to trigger stress. To investigate the underlying mechanisms of heat stress memory, we performed comparative proteomic analyses on tall fescue leaves at S0 (control), R4 (primed), and S5 (triggering), using an integrated approach of Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) labeling and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. A total of 3,851 proteins were detected, with quantitative information available for 3,835 proteins. Among these, we identified 1,423 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs), including 526 proteins that were classified as Heat Stress Memory Proteins (HSMPs). GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that the HSMPs were primarily associated with the "autophagy" in R4 and with "PSII repair", "HSP binding", and "peptidase activity" in S5. Notably, we identified 7 chloroplast-localized HSMPs (HSP21, DJC77, EGY3, LHCA4, LQY1, PSBR and DEGP8, R4/S0 > 1.2, S5/S0 > 1.2), which were considered to be effectors linked to PSII heat stress memory, predominantly in cluster 4. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis indicated that the ubiquitin-proteasome system, with key nodes at UPL3, RAD23b, and UCH3, might play a role in the selective retention of memory effectors in the R4 stage. Furthermore, we conducted RT-qPCR validation on 12 genes, and the results showed that in comparison to the S5 stage, the R4 stage exhibited reduced consistency between transcript and protein levels, providing additional evidence for post-transcriptional regulation in R4. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide valuable insights into the establishment of heat stress memory under recurring high-temperature episodes and offer a conceptual framework for breeding thermotolerant crops with improved PSII functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyang Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai City, 264025, China
| | - Xiulei Wang
- Urban Management Bureau, Taiqian County, Puyang City, 457600, China
| | - Dongli Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai City, 264025, China
| | - Xuehe Yang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai City, 264025, China
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou city, 730020, China.
| | - Jinmin Fu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai City, 264025, China.
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Wen J, Qin Z, Sun L, Zhang Y, Wang D, Peng H, Yao Y, Hu Z, Ni Z, Sun Q, Xin M. Alternative splicing of TaHSFA6e modulates heat shock protein-mediated translational regulation in response to heat stress in wheat. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:2235-2247. [PMID: 37403528 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress greatly threatens crop production. Plants have evolved multiple adaptive mechanisms, including alternative splicing, that allow them to withstand this stress. However, how alternative splicing contributes to heat stress responses in wheat (Triticum aestivum) is unclear. We reveal that the heat shock transcription factor gene TaHSFA6e is alternatively spliced in response to heat stress. TaHSFA6e generates two major functional transcripts: TaHSFA6e-II and TaHSFA6e-III. TaHSFA6e-III enhances the transcriptional activity of three downstream heat shock protein 70 (TaHSP70) genes to a greater extent than does TaHSFA6e-II. Further investigation reveals that the enhanced transcriptional activity of TaHSFA6e-III is due to a 14-amino acid peptide at its C-terminus, which arises from alternative splicing and is predicted to form an amphipathic helix. Results show that knockout of TaHSFA6e or TaHSP70s increases heat sensitivity in wheat. Moreover, TaHSP70s are localized in stress granule following exposure to heat stress and are involved in regulating stress granule disassembly and translation re-initiation upon stress relief. Polysome profiling analysis confirms that the translational efficiency of stress granule stored mRNAs is lower at the recovery stage in Tahsp70s mutants than in the wild types. Our finding provides insight into the molecular mechanisms by which alternative splicing improves the thermotolerance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wen
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lv Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Dongli Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huiru Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingyin Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaorong Hu
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qixin Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingming Xin
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Nunez-Vazquez R, Desvoyes B, Gutierrez C. Histone variants and modifications during abiotic stress response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:984702. [PMID: 36589114 PMCID: PMC9797984 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.984702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed multiple mechanisms as an adaptive response to abiotic stresses, such as salinity, drought, heat, cold, and oxidative stress. Understanding these regulatory networks is critical for coping with the negative impact of abiotic stress on crop productivity worldwide and, eventually, for the rational design of strategies to improve plant performance. Plant alterations upon stress are driven by changes in transcriptional regulation, which rely on locus-specific changes in chromatin accessibility. This process encompasses post-translational modifications of histone proteins that alter the DNA-histones binding, the exchange of canonical histones by variants that modify chromatin conformation, and DNA methylation, which has an implication in the silencing and activation of hypervariable genes. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of the major epigenetic modifications during the abiotic stress response and discuss the intricate relationship among them.
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Zhou Y, Xu F, Shao Y, He J. Regulatory Mechanisms of Heat Stress Response and Thermomorphogenesis in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3410. [PMID: 36559522 PMCID: PMC9788449 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As worldwide warming intensifies, the average temperature of the earth continues to increase. Temperature is a key factor for the growth and development of all organisms and governs the distribution and seasonal behavior of plants. High temperatures lead to various biochemical, physiological, and morphological changes in plants and threaten plant productivity. As sessile organisms, plants are subjected to various hostile environmental factors and forced to change their cellular state and morphological architecture to successfully deal with the damage they suffer. Therefore, plants have evolved multiple strategies to cope with an abnormal rise in temperature. There are two main mechanisms by which plants respond to elevated environmental temperatures. One is the heat stress response, which is activated under extremely high temperatures; the other is the thermomorphogenesis response, which is activated under moderately elevated temperatures, below the heat-stress range. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the study of these two important heat-responsive molecular regulatory pathways mediated, respectively, by the Heat Shock Transcription Factor (HSF)-Heat Shock Protein (HSP) pathway and PHYTOCHROME INTER-ACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) pathways in plants and elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of the genes involved in these pathways to provide comprehensive data for researchers studying the heat response. We also discuss future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Junna He
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-3603
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Almutairi MM, Almotairy HM. Analysis of Heat Shock Proteins Based on Amino Acids for the Tomato Genome. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:2014. [PMID: 36360251 PMCID: PMC9690137 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to investigate heat shock proteins in the tomato genome through the analysis of amino acids. The highest length among sequences was found in seq19 with 3534 base pairs. This seq19 was reported and contained a family of proteins known as HsfA that have a domain of transcriptional activation for tolerance to heat and other abiotic stresses. The values of the codon adaptation index (CAI) ranged from 0.80 in Seq19 to 0.65 in Seq10, based on the mRNA of heat shock proteins for tomatoes. Asparagine (AAT, AAC), aspartic acid (GAT, GAC), phenylalanine (TTT, TTC), and tyrosine (TAT, TAC) have relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values bigger than 0.5. In modified relative codon bias (MRCBS), the high gene expressions of the amino acids under heat stress were histidine, tryptophan, asparagine, aspartic acid, lysine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, cysteine, and threonine. RSCU values that were less than 0.5 were considered rare codons that affected the rate of translation, and thus selection could be effective by reducing the frequency of expressed genes under heat stress. The normal distribution of RSCU shows about 68% of the values drawn from the standard normal distribution were within 0.22 and -0.22 standard deviations that tend to cluster around the mean. The most critical component based on principal component analysis (PCA) was the RSCU. These findings would help plant breeders in the development of growth habits for tomatoes during breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meshal M. Almutairi
- National Center of Agricultural Technology, Sustainability and Environment, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology KACST, Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
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Wu J, Gao T, Hu J, Zhao L, Yu C, Ma F. Research advances in function and regulation mechanisms of plant small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) under environmental stresses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:154054. [PMID: 35202686 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to various stresses by triggering the expression of genes that encode proteins involved in plant growth, fruit ripening, cellular protein homeostasis, and tolerance systems. sHSPs, a subfamily of heat shock proteins (HSPs), can be expressed in plants to inhibit abnormal aggregation of proteins and protect normal proteins by interacting with folding target proteins, protect cell integrity, and improve resistance under various adverse conditions. Thus, sHSPs have significant influences on seed germination and plant development. In this review, the classification, structure, and functions of sHSP family members in plants are systematically summarized, with emphasis on their roles in promoting fruit ripening and plant growth by reducing the accumulation of ROS, improving the survival rate of plants and the antioxidant activity, and protecting photosynthesis under biotic and abiotic stresses. Meanwhile, the production and regulatory mechanisms of sHSPs are described in detail. Heat shock factors, long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs), microRNA (miRNAs), and FK506 binding proteins are related to the production process of sHSPs. Molecular chaperone complex HSP70/100, plastidic proteins, and abscisic acid (ABA) are involved in the regulatory mechanisms of sHSPs. Besides, scientific efforts and practices for improving plant stress resistance have carried out the constitutive expression of sHSPs in transgenic plants in recent years. It is a powerful path for inducing the protective mechanisms of plants under various stresses. Therefore, exploring the role of sHSPs in the plant defense system paves a way for comprehensively unraveling plant tolerance in response to biotic and abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieting Wu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tian Gao
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Hu
- Dalian Neusoft University of Information, Dalian 116032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Yu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Individual and Interactive Effects of Elevated Ozone and Temperature on Plant Responses. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8030211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
From the preindustrial era to the present day, the tropospheric ozone (O3) concentration has increased dramatically in much of the industrialized world due to anthropogenic activities. O3 is the most harmful air pollutant to plants. Global surface temperatures are expected to increase with rising O3 concentration. Plants are directly affected by temperature and O3. Elevated O3 can impair physiological processes, as well as cause the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to decreased plant growth. Temperature is another important factor influencing plant development. Here, we summarize how O3 and temperature elevation can affect plant physiological and biochemical characteristics, and discuss results from studies investigating plant responses to these factors. In this review, we focused on the interactions between elevated O3 and temperature on plant responses, because neither factor acts independently. Temperature has great potential to significantly influence stomatal movement and O3 uptake. For this reason, the combined influence of both factors can yield significantly different results than those of a single factor. Plant responses to the combined effects of elevated temperature and O3 are still controversial. We attribute the substantial uncertainty of these combined effects primarily to differences in methodological approaches.
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HsfA7 coordinates the transition from mild to strong heat stress response by controlling the activity of the master regulator HsfA1a in tomato. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110224. [PMID: 35021091 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to higher temperatures by the action of heat stress (HS) transcription factors (Hsfs), which control the onset, early response, and long-term acclimation to HS. Members of the HsfA1 subfamily, such as tomato HsfA1a, are the central regulators of HS response, and their activity is fine-tuned by other Hsfs. We identify tomato HsfA7 as capacitor of HsfA1a during the early HS response. Upon a mild temperature increase, HsfA7 is induced in an HsfA1a-dependent manner. The subsequent interaction of the two Hsfs prevents the stabilization of HsfA1a resulting in a negative feedback mechanism. Under prolonged or severe HS, HsfA1a and HsfA7 complexes stimulate the induction of genes required for thermotolerance. Therefore, HsfA7 exhibits a co-repressor mode at mild HS by regulating HsfA1a abundance to moderate the upregulation of HS-responsive genes. HsfA7 undergoes a temperature-dependent transition toward a co-activator of HsfA1a to enhance the acquired thermotolerance capacity of tomato plants.
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10
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Singh G, Sarkar NK, Grover A. Hsp70, sHsps and ubiquitin proteins modulate HsfA6a-mediated Hsp101 transcript expression in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:2055-2067. [PMID: 34498290 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hsp100 chaperones disaggregate the aggregated proteins and are vital for maintenance of protein homeostasis. The level of Hsp100 synthesised in the cells has a bearing on the survival of plants under heat stress. The Hsp100 transcription machinery is activated within minutes of the onset of heat stress. The heat shock factor HsfA6a plays a major role in the transcriptional regulation of the Hsp101 gene in rice plants. Through yeast-2-hybrid library screening, we identified small heat shock proteins (sHSPs), Hsp70 and ubiquitin as HsfA6a interacting proteins (HIPs). The bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed the physical interaction of HsfA6a with Hsp16.9A-CI and Hsp18.0-CII in the cytosolic region and with cHsp70-1 in the nucleus. With the Hsp101 promoter: reporter gene assays, using yeast cells and rice protoplasts, we show that CI-sHsps and CII-sHsps are negative regulators and Hsp70 positive regulator of the HsfA6a activity in modulation of Hsp101 transcription. We also noted that the HsfA6a interactors, Hsp70 and CI-sHsps and CII-sHsps, physically interact with each other. We noted that HsfA6a binds with the CI-sHsp and Hsp70 promoters, implying that HsfA6a has a role in transcriptional regulation of its interacting proteins. Furthermore, we noted that the mutation of the ubiquitin/sumoylation acceptor site lysine 10 to alanine (K10A) of HsfA6a enhanced its DNA binding potential on the Hsp101 promoter, implying that these modifiers are possibly involved in modulation of HsfA6a activity. Our work shows that Hsp70, CI-sHsps and CII-sHsp, and ubiquitin proteins coordinate with HsfA6a in mediating the Hsp101 transcription process in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Singh
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Neelam K Sarkar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Grover
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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11
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Alsamir M, Mahmood T, Trethowan R, Ahmad N. An overview of heat stress in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.). Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:1654-1663. [PMID: 33732051 PMCID: PMC7938145 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress has been defined as the rise of temperature for a period of time higher than a threshold level, thereby permanently affecting the plant growth and development. Day or night temperature is considered as the major limiting factor for plant growth. Earlier studies reported that night temperature is an important factor in the heat reaction of the plants. Tomato cultivars capable of setting viable fruits under night temperatures above 21 °C are considered as heat-tolerant cultivars. The development of breeding objectives is generally summarized in four points: (a) cultivars with higher yield, (b) disease resistant varieties in the 1970s, (c) long shelf-life in 1980s, and (d) nutritive and taste quality during 1990s. Some unique varieties like the dwarf "Micro-Tom", and the first transgenic tomato (FlavrSavr) were developed through breeding; they were distributed late in the 1980s. High temperature significantly affects seed, pollen viability and root expansion. Researchers have employed different parameters to evaluate the tolerance to heat stress, including membrane thermo stability, floral characteristics (Stigma exertion and antheridia cone splitting), flower number, and fruit yield per plant. Reports on pollen viability and fruit set/plant under heat stress by comparing the pollen growth and tube development in heat-treated and non-heat-stressed conditions are available in literature. The electrical conductivity (EC) have been used to evaluate the tolerance of some tomato cultivars in vitro under heat stress conditions as an indication of cell damage due to electrolyte leakage; they classified the cultivars into three groups: (a) heat tolerant, (b) moderately heat tolerant, and (c) heat sensitive. It is important to determine the range in genetic diversity for heat tolerance in tomatoes. Heat stress experiments under field conditions offer breeders information to identify the potentially heat tolerant germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Alsamir
- Plant Breeding Institute, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney, 107 Cobbitty Road, Cobbitty, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Plant Breeding Institute, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney, 107 Cobbitty Road, Cobbitty, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Richard Trethowan
- Plant Breeding Institute, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney, 107 Cobbitty Road, Cobbitty, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Nabil Ahmad
- Plant Breeding Institute, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney, 107 Cobbitty Road, Cobbitty, NSW 2570, Australia
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Wang N, Liu W, Yu L, Guo Z, Chen Z, Jiang S, Xu H, Fang H, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Chen X. HEAT SHOCK FACTOR A8a Modulates Flavonoid Synthesis and Drought Tolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1273-1290. [PMID: 32958560 PMCID: PMC7608180 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Drought is an important environmental factor affecting the growth and production of agricultural crops and fruits worldwide, including apple (Malus domestica). Heat shock factors (HSFs) have well-documented functions in stress responses, but their roles in flavonoid synthesis and the flavonoid-mediated drought response mechanism remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that a drought-responsive HSF, designated MdHSFA8a, promotes the accumulation of flavonoids, scavenging of reactive oxygen species, and plant survival under drought conditions. A chaperone, HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN90 (HSP90), interacted with MdHSFA8a to inhibit its binding activity and transcriptional activation. However, under drought stress, the MdHSP90-MdHSFA8a complex dissociated and the released MdHSFA8a further interacted with the APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR family transcription factor RELATED TO AP2.12 to activate downstream gene activity. In addition, we demonstrated that MdHSFA8a participates in abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure and promotes the expression of abscisic acid signaling-related genes. Collectively, these findings provide insight into the mechanism by which stress-inducible MdHSFA8a modulates flavonoid synthesis to regulate drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018 Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018 Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018 Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zhangwen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018 Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zijing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018 Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Shenghui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018 Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Haifeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018 Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Hongcheng Fang
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in the Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018 Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018 Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Zongying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018 Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Xuesen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018 Tai'an, Shandong, China
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13
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Balyan S, Rao S, Jha S, Bansal C, Das JR, Mathur S. Characterization of novel regulators for heat stress tolerance in tomato from Indian sub-continent. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:2118-2132. [PMID: 32163647 PMCID: PMC7540533 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The footprint of tomato cultivation, a cool region crop that exhibits heat stress (HS) sensitivity, is increasing in the tropics/sub-tropics. Knowledge of novel regulatory hot spots from varieties growing in the Indian sub-continent climatic zones could be vital for developing HS-resilient crops. Comparative transcriptome-wide signatures of a tolerant (CLN1621L) and sensitive (CA4) cultivar pair shortlisted from a pool of varieties exhibiting variable thermo-sensitivity using physiological-, survival- and yield-related traits revealed redundant to cultivar-specific HS regulation. The antagonistically expressing genes encode enzymes and proteins that have roles in plant defence and abiotic stresses. Functional characterization of three antagonistic genes by overexpression and silencing established Solyc09g014280 (Acylsugar acyltransferase) and Solyc07g056570 (Notabilis) that are up-regulated in tolerant cultivar, as positive regulators of HS tolerance and Solyc03g020030 (Pin-II proteinase inhibitor), that are down-regulated in CLN1621L, as negative regulator of thermotolerance. Transcriptional assessment of promoters of these genes by SNPs in stress-responsive cis-elements and promoter swapping experiments in opposite cultivar background showed inherent cultivar-specific orchestration of transcription factors in regulating transcription. Moreover, overexpression of three ethylene response transcription factors (ERF.C1/F4/F5) also improved HS tolerance in tomato. This study identifies several novel HS tolerance genes and provides proof of their utility in tomato thermotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Balyan
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew DelhiIndia
| | - Sombir Rao
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew DelhiIndia
| | - Sarita Jha
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew DelhiIndia
| | - Chandni Bansal
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Saloni Mathur
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew DelhiIndia
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14
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Tiwari LD, Khungar L, Grover A. AtHsc70-1 negatively regulates the basal heat tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana through affecting the activity of HsfAs and Hsp101. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:2069-2083. [PMID: 32573848 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) chaperones are highly conserved and essential proteins with diverse cellular functions, including plant abiotic stress tolerance. Hsp70 proteins have been linked with basal heat tolerance in plants. Hsp101 likewise is an important chaperone protein that plays a critical role in heat tolerance in plants. We observed that Arabidopsis hsc70-1 mutant seedlings show elevated basal heat tolerance compared with wild-type. Over-expression of Hsc70-1 resulted in increased heat sensitivity. Hsp101 transcript and protein levels were increased during non-heat stress (HS) and post-HS conditions in hsc70-1 mutant seedlings. In contrast, Hsp101 was repressed in Hsc70-1 over-expressing plants after post-HS conditions. Hsc70-1 showed physical interaction with HsfA1d and HsfA1e protein in the cytosol under non-HS conditions. In transient reporter gene analysis, HsfA1d, HsfA1e and HsfA2 showed transcriptional response on the Hsp101 promoter. HsfA1d and HsfA2 transcripts were at higher levels in hsc70-1 mutant compared with wild-type. We provide genetic evidence that Hsc70-1 is a negative regulator affecting HsfA1d/A1e/A2 activators, which in turn regulate Hsp101 expression and basal thermotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit D Tiwari
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi,, 110021, India
| | - Lisha Khungar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi,, 110021, India
| | - Anil Grover
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi,, 110021, India
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15
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Hu Y, Mesihovic A, Jiménez-Gómez JM, Röth S, Gebhardt P, Bublak D, Bovy A, Scharf KD, Schleiff E, Fragkostefanakis S. Natural variation in HsfA2 pre-mRNA splicing is associated with changes in thermotolerance during tomato domestication. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1297-1310. [PMID: 31556121 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Wild relatives of crops thrive in habitats where environmental conditions can be restrictive for productivity and survival of cultivated species. The genetic basis of this variability, particularly for tolerance to high temperatures, is not well understood. We examined the capacity of wild and cultivated accessions to acclimate to rapid temperature elevations that cause heat stress (HS). We investigated genotypic variation in thermotolerance of seedlings of wild and cultivated accessions. The contribution of polymorphisms associated with thermotolerance variation was examined regarding alterations in function of the identified gene. We show that tomato germplasm underwent a progressive loss of acclimation to strong temperature elevations. Sensitivity is associated with intronic polymorphisms in the HS transcription factor HsfA2 which affect the splicing efficiency of its pre-mRNA. Intron splicing in wild species results in increased synthesis of isoform HsfA2-II, implicated in the early stress response, at the expense of HsfA2-I which is involved in establishing short-term acclimation and thermotolerance. We propose that the selection for modern HsfA2 haplotypes reduced the ability of cultivated tomatoes to rapidly acclimate to temperature elevations, but enhanced their short-term acclimation capacity. Hence, we provide evidence that alternative splicing has a central role in the definition of plant fitness plasticity to stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjie Hu
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anida Mesihovic
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - José M Jiménez-Gómez
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sascha Röth
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Philipp Gebhardt
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniela Bublak
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Arnaud Bovy
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6708PB, the Netherlands
| | - Klaus-Dieter Scharf
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Enrico Schleiff
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Goethe University, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Institute of Advanced Studies (FIAS), D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sotirios Fragkostefanakis
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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16
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Wu Z, Liang J, Wang C, Ding L, Zhao X, Cao X, Xu S, Teng N, Yi M. Alternative Splicing Provides a Mechanism to Regulate LlHSFA3 Function in Response to Heat Stress in Lily. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:1651-1667. [PMID: 31611422 PMCID: PMC6878004 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress transcription factors (HSFs) are central regulators of plant responses to heat stress. Their heat-induced transcriptional regulation has been extensively studied; however, their posttranscriptional and posttranslational regulation is poorly understood. In a previous study, we established that there were at least two HSFA3 homologs, LlHSFA3A and LlHSFA3B, in lily (Lilium spp.) and that these genes played distinct roles in thermotolerance. Here, we demonstrate that LlHSFA3B is alternatively spliced under heat stress to produce the heat-inducible splice variant LlHSFA3B-III We further show that LlHSFA3B-III protein localizes in the cytoplasm and nucleus, has no transcriptional activity, and specifically disturbs the protein interactions of intact HSFA3 orthologs LlHSFA3A-I and LlHSFA3B-I. Heterologous expression of LlHSFA3B-III in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and Nicotiana benthamiana increased plant tolerance of salt and prolonged heat at 40°C, yet reduced plant tolerance of acute heat shock at 45°C. Conversely, heterologous expression of LlHSFA3A-I caused opposing phenotypes, which were substantially ameliorated by coexpression of LlHSFA3B-III LlHSFA3B-III interacted with LlHSFA3A-I to limit its transactivation function and temper the function of LlHSFA3A-I, thus reducing the adverse effects of excessive LlHSFA3A-I accumulation. Based on these observations, we propose a regulatory mechanism of HSFs involving heat-inducible alternative splicing and protein interaction, which might be used in strategies to promote thermotolerance and attenuate the heat stress response in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiahui Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chengpeng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xing Cao
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Sujuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Nianjun Teng
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingfang Yi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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17
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Nepal N, Yactayo‐Chang JP, Medina‐Jiménez K, Acosta‐Gamboa LM, González‐Romero ME, Arteaga‐Vázquez MA, Lorence A. Mechanisms underlying the enhanced biomass and abiotic stress tolerance phenotype of an Arabidopsis MIOX over-expresser. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00165. [PMID: 31497751 PMCID: PMC6718051 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) is the first enzyme in the inositol route to ascorbate (L-ascorbic acid, AsA, vitamin C). We have previously shown that Arabidopsis plants constitutively expressing MIOX have elevated foliar AsA content and displayed enhanced growth rate, biomass accumulation, and increased tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. In this work, we used a combination of transcriptomics, chromatography, microscopy, and physiological measurements to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms mediating the phenotype of the AtMIOX4 line. Transcriptomic analysis revealed increased expression of genes involved in auxin synthesis, hydrolysis, transport, and metabolism, which are supported by elevated auxin levels both in vitro and in vivo, and confirmed by assays demonstrating their effect on epidermal cell elongation in the AtMIOX4 over-expressers. Additionally, we detected up-regulation of transcripts involved in photosynthesis and this was validated by increased efficiency of the photosystem II and proton motive force. We also found increased expression of amylase leading to higher intracellular glucose levels. Multiple gene families conferring plants tolerance/expressed in response to cold, water limitation, and heat stresses were found to be elevated in the AtMIOX4 line. Interestingly, the high AsA plants also displayed up-regulation of transcripts and hormones involved in defense including jasmonates, defensin, glucosinolates, and transcription factors that are known to be important for biotic stress tolerance. These results overall indicate that elevated levels of auxin and glucose, and enhanced photosynthetic efficiency in combination with up-regulation of abiotic stresses response genes underly the higher growth rate and abiotic stresses tolerance phenotype of the AtMIOX4 over-expressers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirman Nepal
- Arkansas Biosciences InstituteArkansas State UniversityState UniversityARUSA
| | | | - Karina Medina‐Jiménez
- Arkansas Biosciences InstituteArkansas State UniversityState UniversityARUSA
- INBIOTECAUniversidad VeracruzanaXalapaMéxico
| | | | | | | | - Argelia Lorence
- Arkansas Biosciences InstituteArkansas State UniversityState UniversityARUSA
- Department of Chemistry and PhysicsArkansas State UniversityState UniversityARUSA
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18
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Li J, Liu X. Genome-wide identification and expression profile analysis of the Hsp20 gene family in Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). PeerJ 2019; 7:e6832. [PMID: 31110921 PMCID: PMC6501772 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, heat shock proteins (Hsps) play important roles in response to diverse stresses. Hsp20 is the major family of Hsps, but their role remains poorly understood in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). To reveal the mechanisms of barley Hsp20s (HvHsp20s) response to stress conditions, we performed a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the HvHsp20 gene family using bioinformatics-based methods. In total, 38 putative HvHsp20s were identified in barley and grouped into four subfamilies (C, CP, PX, and MT) based on predicted subcellular localization and their phylogenetic relationships. A sequence analysis indicated that most HvHsp20 genes have no intron or one with a relatively short length. In addition, the same group of HvHsp20 proteins in the phylogenetic tree shared similar gene structure and motifs, indicating that they were highly conserved and might have similar function. Based on RNA-seq data analysis, we showed that the transcript levels of HvHsp20 genes could be induced largely by abiotic and biotic stresses such as heat, salt, and powdery mildew. Three HvHsp20 genes, HORVU7Hr1G036540, HORVU7Hr1G036470, and HORVU3Hr1G007500, were up-regulated under biotic and abiotic stresses, suggesting their potential roles in mediating the response of barley plants to environment stresses. These results provide valuable information for further understanding the complex mechanisms of HvHsp20 gene family in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- College of Agronomy, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, Henan Province, China
| | - Xinhao Liu
- Kaifeng Agriculture and Forestry Science Institute, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
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19
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Fragkostefanakis S, Simm S, El-Shershaby A, Hu Y, Bublak D, Mesihovic A, Darm K, Mishra SK, Tschiersch B, Theres K, Scharf C, Schleiff E, Scharf KD. The repressor and co-activator HsfB1 regulates the major heat stress transcription factors in tomato. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:874-890. [PMID: 30187931 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants code for a multitude of heat stress transcription factors (Hsfs). Three of them act as central regulators of heat stress (HS) response in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). HsfA1a regulates the initial response, and HsfA2 controls acquired thermotolerance. HsfB1 is a transcriptional repressor but can also act as co-activator of HsfA1a. Currently, the mode of action and the relevance of the dual function of HsfB1 remain elusive. We examined this in HsfB1 overexpression or suppression transgenic tomato lines. Proteome analysis revealed that HsfB1 overexpression stimulates the co-activator function of HsfB1 and consequently the accumulation of HS-related proteins under non-stress conditions. Plants with enhanced levels of HsfB1 show aberrant growth and development but enhanced thermotolerance. HsfB1 suppression has no significant effect prior to stress. Upon HS, HsfB1 suppression strongly enhances the induction of heat shock proteins due to the higher activity of other HS-induced Hsfs, resulting in increased thermotolerance compared with wild-type. Thereby, HsfB1 acts as co-activator of HsfA1a for several Hsps, but as a transcriptional repressor on other Hsfs, including HsfA1b and HsfA2. The dual function explains the activation of chaperones to enhance protection and regulate the balance between growth and stress response upon deviations from the homeostatic levels of HsfB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Fragkostefanakis
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Simm
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Institute of Advanced Studies (FIAS), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Asmaa El-Shershaby
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yangjie Hu
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniela Bublak
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anida Mesihovic
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katrin Darm
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Shravan Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Theres
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Scharf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Enrico Schleiff
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Institute of Advanced Studies (FIAS), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Scharf
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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20
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Röth S, Mirus O, Bublak D, Scharf KD, Schleiff E. DNA-binding and repressor function are prerequisites for the turnover of the tomato heat stress transcription factor HsfB1. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:31-44. [PMID: 27560701 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
HsfB1 is a central regulator of heat stress (HS) response and functions dually as a transcriptional co-activator of HsfA1a and a general repressor in tomato. HsfB1 is efficiently synthesized during the onset of HS and rapidly removed in the course of attenuation during the recovery phase. Initial results point to a complex regime modulating HsfB1 abundance involving the molecular chaperone Hsp90. However, the molecular determinants affecting HsfB1 stability needed to be established. We provide experimental evidence that DNA-bound HsfB1 is efficiently targeted for degradation when active as a transcriptional repressor. Manipulation of the DNA-binding affinity by mutating the HsfB1 DNA-binding domain directly influences the stability of the transcription factor. During HS, HsfB1 is stabilized, probably due to co-activator complex formation with HsfA1a. The process of HsfB1 degradation involves nuclear localized Hsp90. The molecular determinants of HsfB1 turnover identified in here are so far seemingly unique. A mutational switch of the R/KLFGV repressor motif's arginine and lysine implies that the abundance of other R/KLFGV type Hsfs, if not other transcription factors as well, might be modulated by a comparable mechanism. Thus, we propose a versatile mechanism for strict abundance control of the stress-induced transcription factor HsfB1 for the recovery phase, and this mechanism constitutes a form of transcription factor removal from promoters by degradation inside the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Röth
- Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Oliver Mirus
- Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Daniela Bublak
- Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Scharf
- Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Enrico Schleiff
- Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence 'Macromolecular Complexes', Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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21
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Wang X, Huang W, Yang Z, Liu J, Huang B. Transcriptional regulation of heat shock proteins and ascorbate peroxidase by CtHsfA2b from African bermudagrass conferring heat tolerance in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28021. [PMID: 27320381 PMCID: PMC4913247 DOI: 10.1038/srep28021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress transcription factor A2s (HsfA2s) are key regulators in plant response to high temperature. Our objectives were to isolate an HsfA2 gene (CtHsfA2b) from a warm-season grass species, African bermudagrass (Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt-Davy), and to determine the physiological functions and transcriptional regulation of HsfA2 for improving heat tolerance. Gene expression analysis revealed that CtHsfA2b was heat-inducible and exhibited rapid response to increasing temperature. Ectopic expression of CtHsfA2b improved heat tolerance in Arabidopsis and restored heat-sensitive defects of Arabidopsis hsfa2 mutant, which was demonstrated by higher survival rate and photosynthetic parameters, and lower electrolyte leakage in transgenic plants compared to the WT or hsfa2 mutant. CtHsfA2b transgenic plants showed elevated transcriptional regulation of several downstream genes, including those encoding ascorbate peroxidase (AtApx2) and heat shock proteins [AtHsp18.1-CI, AtHsp22.0-ER, AtHsp25.3-P and AtHsp26.5-P(r), AtHsp70b and AtHsp101-3]. CtHsfA2b was found to bind to the heat shock element (HSE) on the promoter of AtApx2 and enhanced transcriptional activity of AtApx2. These results suggested that CtHsfA2b could play positive roles in heat protection by up-regulating antioxidant defense and chaperoning mechanisms. CtHsfA2b has the potential to be used as a candidate gene to genetically modify cool-season species for improving heat tolerance.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Arabidopsis/enzymology
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/growth & development
- Arabidopsis/physiology
- Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics
- Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism
- Ascorbate Peroxidases/genetics
- Ascorbate Peroxidases/metabolism
- Cynodon/genetics
- DNA, Plant/chemistry
- DNA, Plant/isolation & purification
- DNA, Plant/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Heat Shock Transcription Factors/genetics
- Heat Shock Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Heat-Shock Response/physiology
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/enzymology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/growth & development
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Stress, Physiological
- Thermotolerance/genetics
- Transcriptional Activation
- Two-Hybrid System Techniques
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Wang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Wanlu Huang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhimin Yang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Bingru Huang
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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22
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Fragkostefanakis S, Mesihovic A, Simm S, Paupière MJ, Hu Y, Paul P, Mishra SK, Tschiersch B, Theres K, Bovy A, Schleiff E, Scharf KD. HsfA2 Controls the Activity of Developmentally and Stress-Regulated Heat Stress Protection Mechanisms in Tomato Male Reproductive Tissues. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:2461-77. [PMID: 26917685 PMCID: PMC4825147 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Male reproductive tissues are more sensitive to heat stress (HS) compared to vegetative tissues, but the basis of this phenomenon is poorly understood. Heat stress transcription factors (Hsfs) regulate the transcriptional changes required for protection from HS In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), HsfA2 acts as coactivator of HsfA1a and is one of the major Hsfs accumulating in response to elevated temperatures. The contribution of HsfA2 in heat stress response (HSR) and thermotolerance was investigated in different tissues of transgenic tomato plants with suppressed HsfA2 levels (A2AS). Global transcriptome analysis and immunodetection of two major Hsps in vegetative and reproductive tissues showed that HsfA2 regulates subsets of HS-induced genes in a tissue-specific manner. Accumulation of HsfA2 by a moderate HS treatment enhances the capacity of seedlings to cope with a subsequent severe HS, suggesting an important role for HsfA2 in regulating acquired thermotolerance. In pollen, HsfA2 is an important coactivator of HsfA1a during HSR HsfA2 suppression reduces the viability and germination rate of pollen that received the stress during the stages of meiosis and microspore formation but had no effect on more advanced stages. In general, pollen meiocytes and microspores are characterized by increased susceptibility to HS due to their lower capacity to induce a strong HSR This sensitivity is partially mitigated by the developmentally regulated expression of HsfA2 and several HS-responsive genes mediated by HsfA1a under nonstress conditions. Thereby, HsfA2 is an important factor for the priming process that sustains pollen thermotolerance during microsporogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Fragkostefanakis
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.F., A.M., S.S., Y.H., P.P., S.K.M., E.S., K.-D.S.);Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.S., E.S.);Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands (M.J.P., A.B.);Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (B.T., K.-D.S.);Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (K.T.); andBuchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (E.S.)
| | - Anida Mesihovic
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.F., A.M., S.S., Y.H., P.P., S.K.M., E.S., K.-D.S.);Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.S., E.S.);Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands (M.J.P., A.B.);Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (B.T., K.-D.S.);Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (K.T.); andBuchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (E.S.)
| | - Stefan Simm
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.F., A.M., S.S., Y.H., P.P., S.K.M., E.S., K.-D.S.);Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.S., E.S.);Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands (M.J.P., A.B.);Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (B.T., K.-D.S.);Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (K.T.); andBuchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (E.S.)
| | - Marine Josephine Paupière
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.F., A.M., S.S., Y.H., P.P., S.K.M., E.S., K.-D.S.);Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.S., E.S.);Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands (M.J.P., A.B.);Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (B.T., K.-D.S.);Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (K.T.); andBuchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (E.S.)
| | - Yangjie Hu
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.F., A.M., S.S., Y.H., P.P., S.K.M., E.S., K.-D.S.);Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.S., E.S.);Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands (M.J.P., A.B.);Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (B.T., K.-D.S.);Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (K.T.); andBuchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (E.S.)
| | - Puneet Paul
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.F., A.M., S.S., Y.H., P.P., S.K.M., E.S., K.-D.S.);Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.S., E.S.);Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands (M.J.P., A.B.);Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (B.T., K.-D.S.);Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (K.T.); andBuchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (E.S.)
| | - Shravan Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.F., A.M., S.S., Y.H., P.P., S.K.M., E.S., K.-D.S.);Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.S., E.S.);Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands (M.J.P., A.B.);Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (B.T., K.-D.S.);Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (K.T.); andBuchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (E.S.)
| | - Bettina Tschiersch
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.F., A.M., S.S., Y.H., P.P., S.K.M., E.S., K.-D.S.);Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.S., E.S.);Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands (M.J.P., A.B.);Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (B.T., K.-D.S.);Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (K.T.); andBuchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (E.S.)
| | - Klaus Theres
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.F., A.M., S.S., Y.H., P.P., S.K.M., E.S., K.-D.S.);Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.S., E.S.);Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands (M.J.P., A.B.);Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (B.T., K.-D.S.);Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (K.T.); andBuchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (E.S.)
| | - Arnaud Bovy
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.F., A.M., S.S., Y.H., P.P., S.K.M., E.S., K.-D.S.);Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.S., E.S.);Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands (M.J.P., A.B.);Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (B.T., K.-D.S.);Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (K.T.); andBuchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (E.S.)
| | - Enrico Schleiff
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.F., A.M., S.S., Y.H., P.P., S.K.M., E.S., K.-D.S.);Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.S., E.S.);Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands (M.J.P., A.B.);Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (B.T., K.-D.S.);Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (K.T.); andBuchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (E.S.)
| | - Klaus-Dieter Scharf
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.F., A.M., S.S., Y.H., P.P., S.K.M., E.S., K.-D.S.);Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (S.S., E.S.);Plant Breeding, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands (M.J.P., A.B.);Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (B.T., K.-D.S.);Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (K.T.); andBuchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (E.S.)
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Guo M, Liu JH, Ma X, Luo DX, Gong ZH, Lu MH. The Plant Heat Stress Transcription Factors (HSFs): Structure, Regulation, and Function in Response to Abiotic Stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:114. [PMID: 26904076 PMCID: PMC4746267 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses such as high temperature, salinity, and drought adversely affect the survival, growth, and reproduction of plants. Plants respond to such unfavorable changes through developmental, physiological, and biochemical ways, and these responses require expression of stress-responsive genes, which are regulated by a network of transcription factors (TFs), including heat stress transcription factors (HSFs). HSFs play a crucial role in plants response to several abiotic stresses by regulating the expression of stress-responsive genes, such as heat shock proteins (Hsps). In this review, we describe the conserved structure of plant HSFs, the identification of HSF gene families from various plant species, their expression profiling under abiotic stress conditions, regulation at different levels and function in abiotic stresses. Despite plant HSFs share highly conserved structure, their remarkable diversification across plants reflects their numerous functions as well as their integration into the complex stress signaling and response networks, which can be employed in crop improvement strategies via biotechnological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Guo
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Jin-Hong Liu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - De-Xu Luo
- Vegetable Research and Development Centre, Huaiyin Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai RegionHuaian, China
| | - Zhen-Hui Gong
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- *Correspondence: Zhen-Hui Gong
| | - Ming-Hui Lu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Ming-Hui Lu
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Paul A, Rao S, Mathur S. The α-Crystallin Domain Containing Genes: Identification, Phylogeny and Expression Profiling in Abiotic Stress, Phytohormone Response and Development in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:426. [PMID: 27066058 PMCID: PMC4814718 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The α-crystallin domain (ACD) is an ancient domain conserved among all kingdoms. Plant ACD proteins have roles in abiotic stresses, transcriptional regulation, inhibiting virus movement, and DNA demethylation. An exhaustive in-silico analysis using Hidden Markov Model-based conserved motif search of the tomato proteome yielded a total of 50 ACD proteins that belonged to four groups, sub-divided further into 18 classes. One of these groups belongs to the small heat shock protein (sHSP) class of proteins, molecular chaperones implicated in heat tolerance. Both tandem and segmental duplication events appear to have shaped the expansion of this gene family with purifying selection being the primary driving force for evolution. The expression profiling of the Acd genes in two different heat stress regimes suggested that their transcripts are differentially regulated with roles in acclimation and adaptive response during recovery. The co-expression of various genes in response to different abiotic stresses (heat, low temperature, dehydration, salinity, and oxidative stress) and phytohormones (abscisic acid and salicylic acid) suggested possible cross-talk between various members to combat a myriad of stresses. Further, several genes were highly expressed in fruit, root, and flower tissues as compared to leaf signifying their importance in plant development too. Evaluation of the expression of this gene family in field grown tissues highlighted the prominent role they have in providing thermo-tolerance during daily temperature variations. The function of three putative sHSPs was established as holdase chaperones as evidenced by protection to malate-dehydrogenase against heat induced protein-aggregation. This study provides insights into the characterization of the Acd genes in tomato and forms the basis for further functional validation in-planta.
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Abu-Romman S. Genotypic response to heat stress in durum wheat and the expression of small HSP genes. RENDICONTI LINCEI 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-015-0471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Fragkostefanakis S, Röth S, Schleiff E, Scharf KD. Prospects of engineering thermotolerance in crops through modulation of heat stress transcription factor and heat shock protein networks. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1881-95. [PMID: 24995670 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cell survival under high temperature conditions involves the activation of heat stress response (HSR), which in principle is highly conserved among different organisms, but shows remarkable complexity and unique features in plant systems. The transcriptional reprogramming at higher temperatures is controlled by the activity of the heat stress transcription factors (Hsfs). Hsfs allow the transcriptional activation of HSR genes, among which heat shock proteins (Hsps) are best characterized. Hsps belong to multigene families encoding for molecular chaperones involved in various processes including maintenance of protein homeostasis as a requisite for optimal development and survival under stress conditions. Hsfs form complex networks to activate downstream responses, but are concomitantly subjected to cell-type-dependent feedback regulation through factor-specific physical and functional interactions with chaperones belonging to Hsp90, Hsp70 and small Hsp families. There is increasing evidence that the originally assumed specialized function of Hsf/chaperone networks in the HSR turns out to be a complex central stress response system that is involved in the regulation of a broad variety of other stress responses and may also have substantial impact on various developmental processes. Understanding in detail the function of such regulatory networks is prerequisite for sustained improvement of thermotolerance in important agricultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Fragkostefanakis
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt/Main, 60438, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt/Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Sascha Röth
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt/Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Enrico Schleiff
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt/Main, 60438, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt/Main, 60438, Germany
- Center of Membrane Proteomics, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt/Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Scharf
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt/Main, 60438, Germany
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Fragkostefanakis S, Simm S, Paul P, Bublak D, Scharf KD, Schleiff E. Chaperone network composition in Solanum lycopersicum explored by transcriptome profiling and microarray meta-analysis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:693-709. [PMID: 25124075 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are molecular chaperones primarily involved in maintenance of protein homeostasis. Their function has been best characterized in heat stress (HS) response during which Hsps are transcriptionally controlled by HS transcription factors (Hsfs). The role of Hsfs and Hsps in HS response in tomato was initially examined by transcriptome analysis using the massive analysis of cDNA ends (MACE) method. Approximately 9.6% of all genes expressed in leaves are enhanced in response to HS, including a subset of Hsfs and Hsps. The underlying Hsp-Hsf networks with potential functions in stress responses or developmental processes were further explored by meta-analysis of existing microarray datasets. We identified clusters with differential transcript profiles with respect to abiotic stresses, plant organs and developmental stages. The composition of two clusters points towards two major chaperone networks. One cluster consisted of constitutively expressed plastidial chaperones and other genes involved in chloroplast protein homeostasis. The second cluster represents genes strongly induced by heat, drought and salinity stress, including HsfA2 and many stress-inducible chaperones, but also potential targets of HsfA2 not related to protein homeostasis. This observation attributes a central regulatory role to HsfA2 in controlling different aspects of abiotic stress response and tolerance in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Fragkostefanakis
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Cheng Q, Zhou Y, Liu Z, Zhang L, Song G, Guo Z, Wang W, Qu X, Zhu Y, Yang D. An alternatively spliced heat shock transcription factor, OsHSFA2dI, functions in the heat stress-induced unfolded protein response in rice. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:419-29. [PMID: 25255693 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have evolved a wide range of defence pathways to cope with environmental stress such as heat shock. However, the molecular mechanism of these defence pathways remains unclear in rice. In this study, we found that OsHSFA2d, a heat shock transcriptional factor, encodes two main splice variant proteins, OsHSFA2dI and OsHSFA2dII in rice. Under normal conditions, OsHSFA2dII is the dominant but transcriptionally inactive spliced form. However, when the plant suffers heat stress, OsHSFA2d is alternatively spliced into a transcriptionally active form, OsHSFA2dI, which participates in the heat stress response (HSR). Further study found that this alternative splicing was induced by heat shock rather than photoperiod. We found that OsHSFA2dI is localised to the nucleus, whereas OsHSFA2dII is localised to the nucleus and cytoplasm. Moreover, expression of the unfolded protein response (UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE) sensors, OsIRE1, OsbZIP39/OsbZIP60 and the UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE marker OsBiP1, was up-regulated. Interestingly, OsbZIP50 was also alternatively spliced under heat stress, indicating that UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE signalling pathways were activated by heat stress to re-establish cellular protein homeostasis. We further demonstrated that OsHSFA2dI participated in the unfolded protein response by regulating expression of OsBiP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Engineering Research Center for Plant Biotechnology and Germplasm Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Gong B, Yi J, Wu J, Sui J, Khan MA, Wu Z, Zhong X, Seng S, He J, Yi M. LlHSFA1, a novel heat stress transcription factor in lily (Lilium longiflorum), can interact with LlHSFA2 and enhance the thermotolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:1519-33. [PMID: 24874231 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1635-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A heat stress transcription factor LlHSFA1 in lily and its relationship with LlHSFA2 was investigated, and its function in enhancing thermotolerance was confirmed by analyzing transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressed LlHSFA1. A large family of heat stress transcription factors that are involved in the heat stress response in plants can induce the expression of multiple genes related to thermotolerance including heat-shock proteins. In this study, a novel class A1 HSF named LlHSFA1 was isolated from leaves of lily (Lilium longiflorum cv. 'White Heaven') using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence and construction of a phylogenetic tree showed that LlHSFA1 contained five critical domains and motifs and belonged to the A1 family of HSFs. Following the heat treatment of lily leaves, transcription of LlHSFA1 was induced to a varying extent, related to the time of measurement. The induced expression peak of LlHSFA1 occurred prior to that of LlHSFA2, during the early phase of heat stress. Following transient expression of LlHSFA1 in Nicotiana benthamiana, LlHSFA1 was found to be localized in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Analysis using bimolecular fluorescence complementation and a yeast two-hybrid assay demonstrated that LlHSFA1 could interact with LlHSFA2. Use of a yeast one-hybrid assay confirmed that LlHSFA1 had transcriptional activation activity. In transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing LlHSFA1 under unstressed conditions, the expression of some putative target genes was up-regulated, in comparison with expression in wild-type plants, and furthermore, the thermotolerance of the transgenic lines was enhanced. Overall, LlHSFA1 was demonstrated to play an important role in the heat stress response of lily and to be a novel candidate gene for application in lily breeding, using genetic modification approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benhe Gong
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Yuan Mingyuan Western Road 2#, Beijing, 100193, China
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Analysis of the Regulation of Target Genes by anArabidopsisHeat Shock Transcription Factor, HsfA2. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 73:890-5. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Reňák D, Gibalová A, Solcová K, Honys D. A new link between stress response and nucleolar function during pollen development in Arabidopsis mediated by AtREN1 protein. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:670-83. [PMID: 23961845 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs) are involved in multiple aspects of stress response and plant growth. However, their role during male gametophyte development is largely unknown, although the generative phase is the most sensitive and critical period in the plant life cycle. Based on a wide screen of T-DNA mutant lines, we identified the atren1 mutation (restricted to nucleolus1) in early male gametophytic gene At1g77570, which has the closest homology to HSFA5 gene, the member of a heat shock transcription factor (HSF) gene family. The mutation causes multiple defects in male gametophyte development in both structure and function. Because the mutation disrupts an early acting (AtREN1) gene, these pollen phenotype abnormalities appear from bicellular pollen stage to pollen maturation. Moreover, the consequent progamic phase is compromised as well as documented by pollen germination defects and limited transmission via male gametophyte. In addition, atren1/- plants are defective in heat stress (HS) response and produce notably higher proportion of aberrant pollen grains. AtREN1 protein is targeted specifically to the nucleolus that, together with the increased size of the nucleolus in atren1 pollen, suggests that it is likely to be involved in ribosomal RNA biogenesis or other nucleolar functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reňák
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany v.v.i. ASCR, Rozvojová 263, Prague 6, 165 02, Czech Republic
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Guo H, Li Z, Zhou M, Cheng H. cDNA-AFLP analysis reveals heat shock proteins play important roles in mediating cold, heat, and drought tolerance in Ammopiptanthus mongolicus. Funct Integr Genomics 2013; 14:127-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-013-0347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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33
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Chung E, Kim KM, Lee JH. Genome-wide analysis and molecular characterization of heat shock transcription factor family in Glycine max. J Genet Genomics 2013; 40:127-35. [PMID: 23522385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs) play an essential role on the increased tolerance against heat stress by regulating the expression of heat-responsive genes. In this study, a genome-wide analysis was performed to identify all of the soybean (Glycine max) GmHsf genes based on the latest soybean genome sequence. Chromosomal location, protein domain, motif organization, and phylogenetic relationships of 26 non-redundant GmHsf genes were analyzed compared with AtHsfs (Arabidopsis thaliana Hsfs). According to their structural features, the predicted members were divided into the previously defined classes A-C, as described for AtHsfs. Transcript levels and subcellular localization of five GmHsfs responsive to abiotic stresses were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. These results provide a fundamental clue for understanding the complexity of the soybean GmHsf gene family and cloning the functional genes in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsook Chung
- BK21 Center for Silver-Bio Industrialization, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Hadan 2 dong, Sahagu, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
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Qu AL, Ding YF, Jiang Q, Zhu C. Molecular mechanisms of the plant heat stress response. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 432:203-7. [PMID: 23395681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.01.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High temperature has become a global concern, which seriously affects the growth and production of plants, particularly crops. Thus, the molecular mechanism of the heat stress response and breeding of heat-tolerant plants is necessary to protect food production and ensure crop safety. This review elaborates on the response networks of heat stress in plants, including the Hsf and Hsp response pathways, the response of ROS and the network of the hormones. In addition, the production of heat stress response elements during particular physiological periods of the plant is described. We also discuss the existing problems and future prospects concerning the molecular mechanisms of the heat stress response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Li Qu
- China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Road 258, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Waters ER. The evolution, function, structure, and expression of the plant sHSPs. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:391-403. [PMID: 23255280 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins are a diverse, ancient, and important family of proteins. All organisms possess small heat shock proteins (sHSPs), indicating that these proteins evolved very early in the history of life prior to the divergence of the three domains of life (Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya). Comparing the structures of sHSPs from diverse organisms across these three domains reveals that despite considerable amino acid divergence, many structural features are conserved. Comparisons of the sHSPs from diverse organisms reveal conserved structural features including an oligomeric form with a β-sandwich that forms a hollow ball. This conservation occurs despite significant divergence in primary sequences. It is well established that sHSPs are molecular chaperones that prevent misfolding and irreversible aggregation of their client proteins. Most notably, the sHSPs are extremely diverse and variable in plants. Some plants have >30 individual sHSPs. Land plants, unlike other groups, possess distinct sHSP subfamilies. Most are highly up-regulated in response to heat and other stressors. Others are selectively expressed in seeds and pollen, and a few are constitutively expressed. As a family, sHSPs have a clear role in thermotolerance, but attributing specific effects to individual proteins has proved challenging. Considerable progress has been made during the last 15 years in understanding the sHSPs. However, answers to many important questions remain elusive, suggesting that the next 15 years will be at least equally rewarding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Waters
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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Lee JH, Yun HS, Kwon C. Molecular communications between plant heat shock responses and disease resistance. Mol Cells 2012; 34:109-16. [PMID: 22710621 PMCID: PMC3887810 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-0121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As sessile, plants are continuously exposed to potential dangers including various abiotic stresses and pathogen attack. Although most studies focus on plant responses under an ideal condition to a specific stimulus, plants in nature must cope with a variety of stimuli at the same time. This indicates that it is critical for plants to fine-control distinct signaling pathways temporally and spatially for simultaneous and effective responses to various stresses. Global warming is currently a big issue threatening the future of humans. Reponses to high temperature affect many physiological processes in plants including growth and disease resistance, resulting in decrease of crop yield. Although plant heat stress and defense responses share important mediators such as calcium ions and heat shock proteins, it is thought that high temperature generally suppresses plant immunity. We therefore specifically discuss on interactions between plant heat and defense responses in this review hopefully for an integrated understanding of these responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Lee
- Department of Biology Education, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735,
Korea
| | - Hye Sup Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Chian Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Graduate Program for RNA Biology, Dankook University, Yongin 448-701,
Korea
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Singh A, Mittal D, Lavania D, Agarwal M, Mishra RC, Grover A. OsHsfA2c and OsHsfB4b are involved in the transcriptional regulation of cytoplasmic OsClpB (Hsp100) gene in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Cell Stress Chaperones 2012; 17:243-54. [PMID: 22147560 PMCID: PMC3273560 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-011-0303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
ClpB-cytoplasmic (ClpB-cyt)/Hsp100 is an important chaperone protein in rice. Cellular expression of OsClpB-cyt transcript is governed by heat stress, metal stress, and developmental cues. Transgenic rice plants produced with 2 kb OsClpB-cyt promoter driving Gus reporter gene showed heat- and metal-regulated Gus expression in vegetative tissues and constitutive Gus expression in calli, flowering tissues, and embryonal half of seeds. Rice seedlings regenerated with OsClpB-cyt promoter fragment with deletion of its canonical heat shock element sequence (HSE(-273 to -280)) showed not only heat shock inducibility of Gus transcript/protein but also constitutive expression of Gus in vegetative tissues. It thus emerges that the only classical HSE present in OsClpB-cyt promoter is involved in repressing expression of OsClpB-cyt transcript under unstressed control conditions. Yeast one-hybrid assays suggested that OsHsfA2c specifically interacts with OsClpB-cyt promoter. OsHsfA2c also showed binding with OsClpB-cyt and OsHsfB4b showed binding with OsClpB-cyt; notably, interaction of OsHsfB4b was seen for all three OsClpB/Hsp100 protein isoforms (i.e., ClpB-cytoplasmic, ClpB-mitochondrial, and ClpB-chloroplastic). Furthermore, OsHsfB4b showed interaction with OsHsfA2c. This study suggests that OsHsfA2c may play a role as transcriptional activator and that OsHsfB4b is an important part of this heat shock responsive circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanjot Singh
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Dheeraj Mittal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Dhruv Lavania
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Manu Agarwal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Ratnesh Chandra Mishra
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Anil Grover
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021 India
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Ikeda M, Mitsuda N, Ohme-Takagi M. Arabidopsis HsfB1 and HsfB2b act as repressors of the expression of heat-inducible Hsfs but positively regulate the acquired thermotolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:1243-54. [PMID: 21908690 PMCID: PMC3252156 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.179036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many eukaryotes have from one to three heat shock factors (Hsfs), but plants have more than 20 Hsfs, designated class A, B, and C. Class A Hsfs are activators of transcription, but details of the roles of individual Hsfs have not been fully characterized. We show here that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) HsfB1 and HsfB2b, members of class B, are transcriptional repressors and negatively regulate the expression of heat-inducible Hsfs (HsfA2, HsfA7a, HsfB1, and HsfB2b) and several heat shock protein genes. In hsfb1 hsfb2b double mutant plants, the expression of a large number of heat-inducible genes was enhanced in the non-heat condition (23°C) and the plants exhibited slightly higher heat tolerance at 42°C than the wild type, similar to Pro35S:HsfA2 plants. In addition, under extended heat stress conditions, expression of the heat-inducible Hsf genes remained consistently higher in hsfb1 hsfb2b than in the wild type. These data indicate that HsfB1 and HsfB2b suppress the general heat shock response under non-heat-stress conditions and in the attenuating period. On the other hand, HsfB1 and HsfB2b appear to be necessary for the expression of heat stress-inducible heat shock protein genes under heat stress conditions, which is necessary for acquired thermotolerance. We show that the heat stress response is finely regulated by activation and repression activities of Hsfs in Arabidopsis.
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Scharf KD, Berberich T, Ebersberger I, Nover L. The plant heat stress transcription factor (Hsf) family: structure, function and evolution. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2011; 1819:104-19. [PMID: 22033015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ten years after the first overview of a complete plant Hsf family was presented for Arabidopsis thaliana by Nover et al. [1], we compiled data for 252 Hsfs from nine plant species (five eudicots and four monocots) with complete or almost complete genome sequences. The new data set provides interesting insights into phylogenetic relationships within the Hsf family in plants and allows the refinement of their classification into distinct groups. Numerous publications over the last decade document the diversification and functional interaction of Hsfs as well as their integration into the complex stress signaling and response networks of plants. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant gene regulation in response to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Dieter Scharf
- Molecular Cellbiology of Plants, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt/M., Germany.
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40
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Weston DJ, Karve AA, Gunter LE, Jawdy SS, Yang X, Allen SM, Wullschleger SD. Comparative physiology and transcriptional networks underlying the heat shock response in Populus trichocarpa, Arabidopsis thaliana and Glycine max. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:1488-506. [PMID: 21554326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The heat shock response continues to be layered with additional complexity as interactions and crosstalk among heat shock proteins (HSPs), the reactive oxygen network and hormonal signalling are discovered. However, comparative analyses exploring variation in each of these processes among species remain relatively unexplored. In controlled environment experiments, photosynthetic response curves were conducted from 22 to 42 °C and indicated that temperature optimum of light-saturated photosynthesis was greater for Glycine max relative to Arabidopsis thaliana or Populus trichocarpa. Transcript profiles were taken at defined states along the temperature response curves, and inferred pathway analysis revealed species-specific variation in the abiotic stress and the minor carbohydrate raffinose/galactinol pathways. A weighted gene co-expression network approach was used to group individual genes into network modules linking biochemical measures of the antioxidant system to leaf-level photosynthesis among P. trichocarpa, G. max and A. thaliana. Network-enabled results revealed an expansion in the G. max HSP17 protein family and divergence in the regulation of the antioxidant and heat shock modules relative to P. trichocarpa and A. thaliana. These results indicate that although the heat shock response is highly conserved, there is considerable species-specific variation in its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Weston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
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41
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Hahn A, Bublak D, Schleiff E, Scharf KD. Crosstalk between Hsp90 and Hsp70 chaperones and heat stress transcription factors in tomato. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:741-55. [PMID: 21307284 PMCID: PMC3077788 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.076018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress transcription factors (Hsfs) regulate gene expression in response to environmental stress. The Hsf network in plants is controlled at the transcriptional level by cooperation of distinct Hsf members and by interaction with chaperones. We found two general mechanisms of Hsf regulation by chaperones while analyzing the three major Hsfs, A1, A2, and B1, in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). First, Hsp70 and Hsp90 regulate Hsf function by direct interactions. Hsp70 represses the activity of HsfA1, including its DNA binding, and the coactivator function of HsfB1 in the complex with HsfA2, while the DNA binding activity of HsfB1 is stimulated by Hsp90. Second, Hsp90 affects the abundance of HsfA2 and HsfB1 by modulating hsfA2 transcript degradation involved in regulation of the timing of HsfA2 synthesis. By contrast, HsfB1 binding to Hsp90 and to DNA are prerequisites for targeting this Hsf for proteasomal degradation, which also depends on a sequence element in its carboxyl-terminal domain. Thus, HsfB1 represents an Hsp90 client protein that, by interacting with the chaperone, is targeted for, rather than protected from, degradation. Based on these findings, we propose a versatile regulatory regime involving Hsp90, Hsp70, and the three Hsfs in the control of heat stress response.
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42
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Xin H, Zhang H, Chen L, Li X, Lian Q, Yuan X, Hu X, Cao L, He X, Yi M. Cloning and characterization of HsfA2 from Lily (Lilium longiflorum). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2010; 29:875-85. [PMID: 20499070 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0873-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs) are the terminal components of the signal transduction chain mediating the activation of genes responsive to both heat stress and a large number of chemical stressors. This paper aims to clone Hsf from lily and characterize its function by analyses of mRNA expression, transactivation activity and thermotolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis. In this study, the gene encoding HsfA2 with 1,053 bp open reading frame (ORF) was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique from Lilium longiflorum 'White heaven'. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic analyses showed that the deduced protein was a novel member of the Hsf class A2. Expression analyses by RT-PCR indicated that LlHsfA2 expression was induced by heat shock and H(2)O(2) treatment, but not by NaCl. It was also found that the expression of LlHsfA2 correlated with thermotolerance in Lilium longiflorum 'White heaven' and Oriental hybrid 'Acapulco' under heat stress. Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid assay showed that LlHsfA2 had transactivation activity. In addition, overexpression of LlHsfA2 activated the downstream genes including Hsp101, Hsp70, Hsp25.3 and Apx2 and enhanced the thermotolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Taken together, our data suggest that LlHsfA2 is a novel and functional HsfA2, involved in heat signaling pathway in lily and useful for improvement of thermotolerance in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Xin
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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43
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Li M, Berendzen KW, Schöffl F. Promoter specificity and interactions between early and late Arabidopsis heat shock factors. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 73:559-67. [PMID: 20458611 PMCID: PMC2882041 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-010-9643-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The class A heat shock factors HsfA1a and HsfA1b are highly conserved, interacting regulators, responsible for the immediate-early transcription of a subset of heat shock genes in Arabidopsis. In order to determine functional cooperation between them, we used a reporter assay based on transient over-expression in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Reporter plasmids containing promoters of Hsf target genes fused with the GFP coding region were co-transformed with Hsf effector plasmids. The GFP reporter gene activity was quantified using flow cytometry. Three of the tested target gene promoters (Hsp25.3, Hsp18.1-CI, Hsp26.5) resulted in a strong reporter gene activity, with HsfA1a or HsfA1b alone, and significantly enhanced GFP fluorescence when both effectors were co-transformed. A second set of heat shock promoters (HsfA2, Hsp17.6CII, Hsp17.6C-CI) was activated to much lower levels. These data suggest that HsfA1a/1b cooperate synergistically at a number of target gene promoters. These targets are also regulated via the late HsfA2, which is the most strongly heat-induced class A-Hsf in Arabidopsis. HsfA2 has also the capacity to interact with HsfA1a and HsfA1b as determined by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) in Arabidopsis protoplasts and yeast-two-hybrid assay. However, there was no synergistic effect on Hsp18.1-CI promoter-GFP reporter gene expression when HsfA2 was co-expressed with either HsfA1a or HsfA1b. These data provide evidence that interaction between early and late HSF is possible, but only interaction between the early Hsfs results in a synergistic enhancement of expression of certain target genes. The interaction of HsfA1a/A1b with the major-late HsfA2 may possibly support recruitment of HsfA2 and replacement of HsfA1a/A1b at the same target gene promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (ZMBP), Allgemeine Genetik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kenneth W. Berendzen
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (ZMBP), Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Schöffl
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (ZMBP), Allgemeine Genetik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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44
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Giorno F, Wolters-Arts M, Grillo S, Scharf KD, Vriezen WH, Mariani C. Developmental and heat stress-regulated expression of HsfA2 and small heat shock proteins in tomato anthers. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:453-62. [PMID: 19854799 PMCID: PMC2803211 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The high sensitivity of male reproductive cells to high temperatures may be due to an inadequate heat stress response. The results of a comprehensive expression analysis of HsfA2 and Hsp17-CII, two important members of the heat stress system, in the developing anthers of a heat-tolerant tomato genotype are reported here. A transcriptional analysis at different developmental anther/pollen stages was performed using semi-quantitative and real-time PCR. The messengers were localized using in situ RNA hybridization, and protein accumulation was monitored using immunoblot analysis. Based on the analysis of the gene and protein expression profiles, HsfA2 and Hsp17-CII are finely regulated during anther development and are further induced under both short and prolonged heat stress conditions. These data suggest that HsfA2 may be directly involved in the activation of protection mechanisms in the tomato anther during heat stress and, thereby, may contribute to tomato fruit set under adverse temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Giorno
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, IWWR, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Mieke Wolters-Arts
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, IWWR, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefania Grillo
- CNR-IGV Institute of Plant Genetics, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Klaus-Dieter Scharf
- Molecular Cell Biology, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt/M., Germany
| | - Wim H. Vriezen
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, IWWR, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Celestina Mariani
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, IWWR, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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45
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Meiri D, Breiman A. Arabidopsis ROF1 (FKBP62) modulates thermotolerance by interacting with HSP90.1 and affecting the accumulation of HsfA2-regulated sHSPs. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 59:387-99. [PMID: 19366428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis ROF1 (AtFKBP62) is a peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerase and a member of the FKBP (FK506 binding protein) family. ROF1 expression is induced by heat stress and developmentally regulated. In this study, we show that ROF1 binds heat shock proteins HSP90.1 via its tetratricopeptide repeat domain, and localizes in the cytoplasm under normal conditions. Exposure to heat stress induces nuclear localization of the ROF1-HSP90.1 complex, which is dependent upon the presence of the transcription factor HsfA2, which interacts with HSP90.1 but not with ROF1. Nuclear localization of ROF1 was not detected in Arabidopsis HSP90.1 and HsfA2 knockout mutants. The rof1 knockout plants exhibited collapse when 24-48 h passed between acclimation at 37 degrees C and exposure to 45 degrees C. Transgenic ROF1 over-expressors showed better survival in response to exposure to 45 degrees C than wild-type plants did. In rof1 knockout mutants, the level of expression of small HSPs regulated by HsfA2 was dramatically reduced after exposure to 37 degrees C and recovery for 24-48 h, and correlates well with the mutant phenotype. We suggest a role for ROF1 in prolongation of thermotolerance by sustaining the levels of small HSPs that are essential for survival at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Meiri
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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46
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Chan-Schaminet KY, Baniwal SK, Bublak D, Nover L, Scharf KD. Specific interaction between tomato HsfA1 and HsfA2 creates hetero-oligomeric superactivator complexes for synergistic activation of heat stress gene expression. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:20848-57. [PMID: 19491106 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.007336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, a family of more than 20 heat stress transcription factors (Hsf) controls the expression of heat stress (hs) genes. There is increasing evidence for the functional diversification between individual members of the Hsf family fulfilling distinct roles in response to various environmental stress conditions and developmental signals. In response to hs, accumulation of both heat stress proteins (Hsp) and Hsfs is induced. In tomato, the physical interaction between the constitutively expressed HsfA1 and the hs-inducible HsfA2 results in synergistic transcriptional activation (superactivation) of hs gene expression. Here, we show that the interaction is strikingly specific and not observed with other class A Hsfs. Hetero-oligomerization of the two-component Hsfs is preferred to homo-oligomerization, and each Hsf in the HsfA1/HsfA2 hetero-oligomeric complex has its characteristic contribution to its function as superactivator. Distinct regions of the oligomerization domain are responsible for specific homo- and hetero-oligomeric interactions leading to the formation of hexameric complexes. The results are summarized in a model of assembly and function of HsfA1/A2 superactivator complexes in hs gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Yu Chan-Schaminet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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47
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Yang KZ, Xia C, Liu XL, Dou XY, Wang W, Chen LQ, Zhang XQ, Xie LF, He L, Ma X, Ye D. A mutation in Thermosensitive Male Sterile 1, encoding a heat shock protein with DnaJ and PDI domains, leads to thermosensitive gametophytic male sterility in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 57:870-82. [PMID: 18980646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In most flowering plant species, pollination and fertilization occur during the hot summer, so plants must have evolved a mechanism that ensures normal growth of their pollen tubes at high temperatures. Despite its importance to plant reproduction, little is known about the molecular basis of thermotolerance in pollen tubes. Here we report the identification and characterization of a novel Arabidopsis gene, Thermosensitive Male Sterile 1 (TMS1), which plays an important role in thermotolerance of pollen tubes. TMS1 encodes a Hsp40-homologous protein with a DnaJ domain and an a_ERdj5_C domain found in protein disulfide isomerases (PDI). Purified TMS1 expressed in Escherichia coli (BL21 DE3) had the reductive activity of PDI. TMS1 was expressed in pollen grains, pollen tubes and other vegetative tissues, including leaves, stems and roots. Heat shock treatment at 37 degrees C increased its expression levels in growing pollen tubes as well as in vegetative tissues. A knockout mutation in TMS1 grown at 30 degrees C had greatly retarded pollen tube growth in the transmitting tract, resulting in a significant reduction in male fertility. Our study suggests that TMS1 is required for thermotolerance of pollen tubes in Arabidopsis, possibly by functioning as a co-molecular chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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48
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Tripp J, Mishra SK, Scharf KD. Functional dissection of the cytosolic chaperone network in tomato mesophyll protoplasts. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:123-33. [PMID: 19154229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The heat stress response is universal to all organisms. Upon elevated temperatures, heat stress transcription factors (Hsfs) are activated to up-regulate the expression of molecular chaperones to protect cells against heat damages. In higher plants, the phenomenon is unusually complex both at the level of Hsfs and heat stress proteins (Hsps). Over-expression of both Hsfs and Hsps and the use of RNA interference for gene knock-down in a transient system in tomato protoplasts allowed us to dissect the in vivo chaperone functions of essential components of thermotolerance, such as the cytoplasmic sHsp, Hsp70 and Hsp100 chaperone families, and the regulation of their expression. The results point to specific functions of the different components in protection from protein denaturation and in refolding of denatured proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Tripp
- J. W. Goethe-University, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Biocenter N200, 3OG, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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49
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A membrane-tethered transcription factor defines a branch of the heat stress response in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:16398-403. [PMID: 18849477 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0808463105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, heat stress responses are controlled by heat stress transcription factors that are conserved among all eukaryotes and can be constitutively expressed or induced by heat. Heat-inducible transcription factors that are distinct from the "classical" heat stress transcription factors have also been reported to contribute to heat tolerance. Here, we show that bZIP28, a gene encoding a putative membrane-tethered transcription factor, is up-regulated in response to heat and that a bZIP28 null mutant has a striking heat-sensitive phenotype. The heat-inducible expression of genes that encode BiP2, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone, and HSP26.5-P, a small heat shock protein, is attenuated in the bZIP28 null mutant. An estradiol-inducible bZIP28 transgene induces a variety of heat and ER stress-inducible genes. Moreover, heat stress appears to induce the proteolytic release of the predicted transcription factor domain of bZIP28 from the ER membrane, thereby causing its redistribution to the nucleus. These findings indicate that bZIP28 is an essential component of a membrane-tethered transcription factor-based signaling pathway that contributes to heat tolerance.
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Yamada K, Nishimura M. Cytosolic heat shock protein 90 regulates heat shock transcription factor in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:660-2. [PMID: 19704818 PMCID: PMC2634549 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.9.5775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant survival requires the ability to acclimate to heat, which is involves the expression of heat-inducible genes. We found cytosolic heat shock protein (HSP) 90 serves as a negative regulator of heat shock transcription factor (HSF), which is responsible for the induction of heat-inducible genes in plant. Transient inhibition of HSP90 induces heat-inducible genes and heat acclimation in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Most of upregulated genes by heat shock and HSP90 inhibitor treatments carry heat shock response element (HSE) in their promoter, which suggests that HSF participates in the response to HSP90 inhibition. A. thaliana HSP90.2 interacts with AtHsfA1d, which is one of the constitutively expressed HSFs in A. thaliana. Heat shock depleted cytosolic HSP90 activity, as shown by the activity of exogenously expressed glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which is a substrate of cytosolic HSP90. Thus, it appears that in the absence of heat shock, cytosolic HSP90 negatively regulates HsfA1. Upon heat shock, cytosolic HSP90 is transiently inactivated, and this may lead to the activation of HsfA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yamada
- Department of Cell Biology; National Institute for Basic Biology; Okazaki, Aichi Japan
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