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Potts AJ, Duker R, Hunt KL, Tempel A, Galuszynski NC. Restoring South African subtropical succulent thicket using Portulacaria afra: root growth of cuttings differs depending on the harvest site during a drought. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17471. [PMID: 38952986 PMCID: PMC11216190 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The restoration of succulent thicket (the semi-arid components of the Albany Subtropical Thicket biome endemic to South Africa) has largely focused on the reintroduction of Portulacaria afra L. Jacq-a leaf- and stem-succulent shrub-through the planting of unrooted cuttings directly into field sites. However, there has been inconsistent establishment and survival rates, with low rates potentially due to a range of factors (e.g., post-planting drought, frost or herbivory), including the poor condition of source material used. Here we test the effect of parent-plant and harvesting site on the root development of P. afra cuttings in a common garden experiment. Ten sites were selected along a ∼110 km transect, with cuttings harvested from five parent-plants per site. Leaf moisture content was determined for each parent-plant at the time of harvesting as a proxy for plant condition. Root development-percentage of rooted cuttings and mean root dry weight-was recorded for a subset of cuttings from each parent-plant after 35, 42, 48, 56, and 103 days after planting in a common garden setting. We found evidence for cutting root development (rooting percentage and root dry mass) to be strongly associated with harvesting site across all sampling days (p < 0.005 for all tests). These differences are likely a consequence of underlying physiological factors; this was supported by the significant but weak correlation (r 2 = 0.10-0.26) between the leaf moisture content of the parent-plant (at the time of harvesting) and dry root mass of the cuttings (at each of the sampling days). Our findings demonstrate that varying plant condition across sites can significantly influence root development during dry phases (i.e., intra- and inter-annual droughts) and that this may be a critical component that needs to be understood as part of any restoration programme. Further work is required to identify the environmental conditions that promote or impede root development in P. afra cuttings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J. Potts
- Spekboom Restoration Research Group, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | | | - Kristen L. Hunt
- Spekboom Restoration Research Group, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Anize Tempel
- Spekboom Restoration Research Group, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Nicholas C. Galuszynski
- Spekboom Restoration Research Group, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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Birnbaum C, Dearnaley J, Egidi E, Frew A, Hopkins A, Powell J, Aguilar-Trigueros C, Liddicoat C, Albornoz F, Heuck MK, Dadzie FA, Florence L, Singh P, Mansfield T, Rajapaksha K, Stewart J, Rallo P, Peddle SD, Chiarenza G. Integrating soil microbial communities into fundamental ecology, conservation, and restoration: examples from Australia: Ecological Society of Australia (ESA) and Society of Conservation Biology Oceania (SCBO) joint Conference, Wollongong, Australia, 28 November-2 December 2022. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:974-981. [PMID: 38098200 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Birnbaum
- School of Agriculture & Environmental Science, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
- Center for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4370, Australia
| | - John Dearnaley
- School of Agriculture & Environmental Science, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
- Center for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4370, Australia
| | - Eleonora Egidi
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Adam Frew
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Anna Hopkins
- School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Jeff Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Carlos Aguilar-Trigueros
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Craig Liddicoat
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | | | - Meike K Heuck
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Frederick A Dadzie
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Luke Florence
- Department of Environment & Genetics, La Trobe University, Science Drive, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Pankaj Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia
| | - Tomas Mansfield
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Kumari Rajapaksha
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Jana Stewart
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Paola Rallo
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Shawn D Peddle
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Giancarlo Chiarenza
- Evolution and Ecology Research Center, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Sacande M, Muir G. Restoring Food Systems with Nutritious Native Plants: Experiences from the African Drylands. Food Nutr Bull 2023; 44:S58-S68. [PMID: 37850924 DOI: 10.1177/03795721231190779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Twenty-seven African countries have committed to restore more than 100 million hectares of degraded land by 2030 as part of the African Forest Landscape Restoration Initiative (AFR100). In addition, for the same period of time, the African-led Great Green Wall initiative seeks to restore 100 million hectares of degraded agro-sylvo-pastoral lands in the Sahel. The current UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021-2030) moreover marks an unprecedented opportunity to shape future landscapes, and forge more biodiverse and nutritious food systems. Yet most large-scale restoration actions continue to be largely isolated from socioeconomic challenges facing dryland communities, not least food security and acute malnutrition. Such isolations contribute to low restoration successes and outcomes in Africa's drylands. At the same time, international interventions aimed at improving acute malnutrition in the drylands have not adequately considered the agriculture-nutrition linkages, particularly "pre-farm gate"-including consumption pathways which optimize the use of native plant diversity. OBJECTIVES This article identifies priority action areas emerging from experiences over 5 years of restoration activities carried out in the Sahel through Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO) Action Against Desertification Programme supporting the implementation of Africa's Great Green Wall. These actions aim to inform development and humanitarian interventions on the ground to render restoration interventions nutrition-sensitive and hence more effective in practice. RESULTS Recognizing the symbiotic relationship between landscapes and livelihoods, FAO developed a blueprint for large-scale restoration that combines biophysical and socioeconomic aspects for the benefit of rural communities. The approach builds climate and nutritional resilience into its restoration interventions as a preventative approach to reverse land degradation and ultimately improve livelihoods, food security, and nutrition. CONCLUSIONS FAO's experience demonstrated that what is planted and when has the potential to not only significantly improve biodiversity and reverse land degradation, but also positively influence nutrition outcomes. Future interventions in the drylands must involve joint efforts between nutritionists and natural resource managem prove both human and planetary health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moctar Sacande
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Lazio, Italy
| | - Giulia Muir
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Lazio, Italy
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Galuszynski NC, Forbes RE, Rishworth GM, Potts AJ. Restoring South African subtropical succulent thicket using Portulacaria afra: exploring the rooting window hypothesis. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15538. [PMID: 37601260 PMCID: PMC10437031 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought prone, arid and semi-arid ecosystems are challenging to restore once degraded due to low levels of natural recruitment and survival of reintroduced plants. This is evident in the restoration of degraded succulent thicket habitats in the Albany Subtropical Thicket Biome located in South Africa. The current restoration practice for this ecosystem focuses predominantly on reintroducing Portulacaria afra L. Jacq., which is naturally dominant in terms of cover and biomass, but largely absent in regions degraded by domestic livestock. This has been achieved by planting unrooted cuttings with limited consideration of soil water availability in a drought-prone ecosystem. This study tests the effects of the timing of water availability after planting on the root development of P. afra cuttings. Cuttings were harvested from seven individual plants and grown in a glasshouse setting. Eighty four cuttings were taken from each individual, twelve for each of the seven watering treatments per individual plant. The treatments represented a time-staggered initial watering after planting, including: on the day of planting, 4 days, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days after planting. After 32 days, all treatments were watered on a bi-weekly basis for two weeks; a control treatment with no watering throughout the experiment was included. The proportion of rooted cuttings per treatment and dry root mass were determined at the end of the experimental period (day 42). The early onset of watering was associated with a higher percentage of rooting (X2(5) = 11.352, p = 0.045) and had a weak, but non-significant, impact on the final dry root mass (F5,36 = 2.109, p = 0.0631). Importantly, no clear rooting window within 28 days was detected as the majority of cuttings exhibited root development (greater than 50% of cuttings rooted for each individual parent-plant); this suggests that watering at the time of planting P. afra cuttings in-field for restoration may not be necessary. An unexpected, but important, result was that parent-plant identity had a strong interaction with the accumulation of root mass (F36,460 = 5.026, p < 0.001; LR7 = 122.99, p < 0.001). The control treatment, which had no water throughout the experiment, had no root development. These findings suggest that water availability is required for the onset of rooting in P. afra cutting. However, the duration of the experiment was insufficient to detect the point at which P. afra cuttings could no longer initiate rooting once exposed to soil moisture, and thus no rooting window could be defined. Despite harvesting material from the same source population, parent-plant identity strongly impacted root development. Further work is required to characterise the rooting window, and to explore the effect of parent-plant condition on in-field and experimental restoration results; we urge that experiments using P. afra closely track the parent-source at the individual level as this may be a factor that may have a major impact on results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C. Galuszynski
- Spekboom Restoration Research Group, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
- Botany Department, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Ryan E. Forbes
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Zoology Department, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Gavin M. Rishworth
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
- Zoology Department, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Alastair J. Potts
- Spekboom Restoration Research Group, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
- Botany Department, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
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Guidalevich V, Nagahama N, López AS, Angeli JP, Marchelli P, Azpilicueta MM. Intraspecific phylogeny of a Patagonian fescue: differentiation at molecular markers and morphological traits suggests hybridization at peripheral populations. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:1011-1023. [PMID: 37209108 PMCID: PMC10332399 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Grasses of the Festuca genus have complex phylogenetic relations due to morphological similarities among species and interspecific hybridization processes. Within Patagonian fescues, information concerning phylogenetic relationships is very scarce. In Festuca pallescens, a widely distributed species, the high phenotypic variability and the occurrence of interspecific hybridization preclude a clear identification of the populations. Given the relevance of natural rangelands for livestock production and their high degradation due to climate change, conservation actions are needed and knowledge about genetic variation is required. METHODS To unravel the intraspecific phylogenetic relations and to detect genetic differences, we studied 21 populations of the species along its natural geographical distribution by coupling both molecular [internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and trnL-F markers] and morpho-anatomical analyses. Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods were applied to assemble a phylogenetic tree, including other native species. The morphological data set was analysed by discriminant and cluster analyses. KEY RESULTS The combined information of the Bayesian tree (ITS marker), the geographical distribution of haplotype variants (trnL-F marker) and the morpho-anatomical traits, distinguished populations located at the margins of the distribution. Some of the variants detected were shared with other sympatric species of fescues. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the occurrence of hybridization processes between species of the genus at peripheral sites characterized by suboptimal conditions, which might be key to the survival of these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Guidalevich
- INTA Bariloche – IFAB (INTA-CONICET), Modesta Victoria 4450, 8400, Bariloche, Argentina
| | - N Nagahama
- EEAf Esquel INTA, Chacabuco 513, 9200, Esquel, Argentina
| | - A S López
- INTA Bariloche – IFAB (INTA-CONICET), Modesta Victoria 4450, 8400, Bariloche, Argentina
| | - J P Angeli
- EEAf Esquel INTA, Chacabuco 513, 9200, Esquel, Argentina
| | - P Marchelli
- INTA Bariloche – IFAB (INTA-CONICET), Modesta Victoria 4450, 8400, Bariloche, Argentina
| | - M M Azpilicueta
- INTA Bariloche – IFAB (INTA-CONICET), Modesta Victoria 4450, 8400, Bariloche, Argentina
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Ait Bessai S, Cruz J, Carril P, Melo J, Santana MM, Mouazen AM, Cruz C, Yadav AN, Dias T, Nabti EH. The Plant Growth-Promoting Potential of Halotolerant Bacteria Is Not Phylogenetically Determined: Evidence from Two Bacillus megaterium Strains Isolated from Saline Soils Used to Grow Wheat. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1687. [PMID: 37512860 PMCID: PMC10384442 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Increasing salinity, further potentiated by climate change and soil degradation, will jeopardize food security even more. Therefore, there is an urgent need for sustainable agricultural practices capable of maintaining high crop yields despite adverse conditions. Here, we tested if wheat, a salt-sensitive crop, could be a good reservoir for halotolerant bacteria with plant growth-promoting (PGP) capabilities. (2) Methods: We used two agricultural soils from Algeria, which differ in salinity but are both used to grow wheat. Soil halotolerant bacterial strains were isolated and screened for 12 PGP traits related to phytohormone production, improved nitrogen and phosphorus availability, nutrient cycling, and plant defence. The four 'most promising' halotolerant PGPB strains were tested hydroponically on wheat by measuring their effect on germination, survival, and biomass along a salinity gradient. (3) Results: Two halotolerant bacterial strains with PGP traits were isolated from the non-saline soil and were identified as Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, and another two halotolerant bacterial strains with PGP traits were isolated from the saline soil and identified as B. megaterium. When grown under 250 mM of NaCl, only the inoculated wheat seedlings survived. The halotolerant bacterial strain that displayed all 12 PGP traits and promoted seed germination and plant growth the most was one of the B. megaterium strains isolated from the saline soil. Although they both belonged to the B. megaterium clade and displayed a remarkable halotolerance, the two bacterial strains isolated from the saline soil differed in two PGP traits and had different effects on plant performance, which clearly shows that PGP potential is not phylogenetically determined. (4) Conclusions: Our data highlight that salt-sensitive plants and non-saline soils can be reservoirs for halotolerant microbes with the potential to become effective and sustainable strategies to improve plant tolerance to salinity. However, these strains need to be tested under field conditions and with more crops before being considered biofertilizer candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylia Ait Bessai
- Laboratoire de Maitrise des Energies Renouvelables, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Joana Cruz
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes and CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Competence Centre for Molecular Biology, SGS Molecular, Polo Tecnológico de Lisboa, Rua Cesina Adães Bermudes, Lt 11, 1600-604 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pablo Carril
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes and CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Juliana Melo
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes and CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida M Santana
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes and CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Abdul M Mouazen
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Cristina Cruz
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes and CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ajar Nath Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Khem Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour 173101, India
| | - Teresa Dias
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes and CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - El-Hafid Nabti
- Laboratoire de Maitrise des Energies Renouvelables, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
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Arroyo-Esquivel J, Baskett ML, McPherson M, Hastings A. How far to build it before they come? Analyzing the use of the Field of Dreams hypothesis in bull kelp restoration. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 33:e2850. [PMID: 36942610 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In restoration ecology, the Field of Dreams hypothesis posits that restoration efforts that create a suitable environment could lead to the eventual recovery of the remaining aspects of the ecosystem through natural processes. Natural processes following partial restoration has led to ecosystem recovery in both terrestrial and aquatic systems. However, understanding the efficacy of a "Field of Dreams" approach requires a comparison of different approaches to partial restoration in terms of spatial, temporal, and ecological scale with what would happen given more comprehensive restoration efforts. We explore the relative effect of partial restoration and ongoing recovery on restoration efficacy with a dynamical model based on temperate rocky reefs in Northern California. We analyze our model for both the ability and rate of bull kelp forest recovery under different restoration strategies. We compare the efficacy of a partial restoration approach with a more comprehensive restoration effort by exploring how kelp recovery likelihood and rate change with varying intensities of urchin removal and kelp outplanting over different time periods and spatial scales. We find that, in the case of bull kelp forests, setting more favorable initial conditions for kelp recovery by implementing both urchin harvesting and kelp outplanting at the start of the restoration project has a bigger impact on the kelp recovery rate than applying restoration efforts through a longer period of time. Therefore, partial restoration efforts, in terms of spatial and temporal scale, can be significantly more effective when applied across multiple ecological scales in terms of both the capacity and rate for achieving the target outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marissa L Baskett
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Meredith McPherson
- Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Alan Hastings
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
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Belhadj A, Boulghobra N, Demnati Allache F. Multi-temporal Landsat imagery and MSAVI index for monitoring rangeland degradation in arid ecosystem, case study of Biskra (southeast Algeria). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:656. [PMID: 37165277 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11191-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Algerian Saharan rangelands are an arid ecosystem characterized by limited soil, water, and vegetation resources, which make it very susceptible to degradation. This research focuses on the diachronic assessment and multi-temporal mapping of the degradation of steppe vegetation in the south of Biskra during the period 1987-2019, using remote sensing data (MSAVI index), for extracting spatiotemporal data to monitor the rangeland vegetation dynamics. We examined demographic evolution, number of livestock, and land use from quantitative data. The results show that during this period, the landscape of the region changed considerably. The area of rangelands decreased from 19,939 ha (1987) to 3605 ha (2019), where 58% of the pre-existing vegetation was transformed into bare soil. This study confirmed that the rangeland vegetation health is closely related to climate, and its degradation is mainly due to the recurrence, duration, severity, and magnitude of drought events. Manmade activities were also a determinant factor of long-term degradation of the rangeland, such as the expansion of new land development areas that increased from 3754 ha (1987) to 24,410 ha (2019). This trend was found throughout the region, including predominantly pastoral regions such as Oumache and El Haouch, leading to overgrazing with a loss of about 2% of vegetation cover. All these factors have led to a severe and continuous degradation of pastoral resources in a vulnerable environment. The preservation of these limited resources requires appropriate management of the ecosystem and a rational exploitation of its vegetation, soil, and water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Belhadj
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Biskra, BP 145 RP, 07000, Biskra, Algeria.
- Laboratory of Ecosystems Diversity and Agricultural Production Systems Dynamics in Arid Zones (DEDSPAZA), University of Biskra, BP 145 RP, 07000, Biskra, Algeria.
| | - Nouar Boulghobra
- Scientific and Technical Research Centre On the Arid Regions CRSTRA, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Fatma Demnati Allache
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Biskra, BP 145 RP, 07000, Biskra, Algeria
- Laboratory of Ecosystems Diversity and Agricultural Production Systems Dynamics in Arid Zones (DEDSPAZA), University of Biskra, BP 145 RP, 07000, Biskra, Algeria
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9
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Foundation plant species provide resilience and microclimatic heterogeneity in drylands. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18005. [PMID: 36289265 PMCID: PMC9606251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22579-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change profoundly influences plants and animals in all ecosystems including drylands such as semi-arid and arid scrublands and grasslands. At the peak of an extended megadrought in the Southwestern USA, the microclimatic refuges provided by foundation plant species and through associated vegetation were examined. Shrubs and open interstitial spaces without a canopy but with annual plants were instrumented in 2016 and the wet season of 2017 in the central drylands of California. In both years and all seasons tested, vegetation significantly mediated fine-scale near-surface air temperature and relative soil moisture content-defined here as microclimate. The foundation species with other vegetation provided the most significant thermal refuge potential capacity for other plants and animals, but there was variation by growing season. Soil moisture content was frequently increased by the direct canopy effects of shrubs. This evidence suggests that the climate many plants and animals experience, even during an extended megadrought, is mediated by the local plants in highly impacted drylands with anthropogenic disturbance and significant water-induced challenges. Foundation species such as shrubs in drylands function as a potent starting point in examining the ecological relevance of climate at scales germane to many species locally. An ecological framework for climate resilience using shrubs will improve conservation and restoration planning in drylands.
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10
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Martyn TE, Barberán A, Blankinship JC, Miller M, Yang B, Kline A, Gornish ES. Rock structures improve seedling establishment, litter catchment, fungal richness, and soil moisture in the first year after installation. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 70:134-145. [PMID: 35487980 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-022-01651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Grasslands are essential natural and agricultural ecosystems that encompass over one-third of global lands. However, land conversion and poor management have caused losses of these systems which contributed to a 10% reduction of net primary production, a 4% increase in carbon emissions, and a potential loss of US $42 billion a year. It is, therefore, important to restore, enhance and conserve these grasslands to sustain natural plant communities and the livelihoods of those that rely on them. We installed low cost rock structures (media lunas) to assess their ability to restore grasslands by slowing water flow, reducing erosion and improving plant establishment. Our treatments included sites with small and large rock structures that were seeded with a native seed mix as well as sites with no seed or rock and sites with only seed addition. We collected summer percent cover for plants, litter, and rock and spring seedling count data. We also collected soil for nutrient, moisture, and microbial analysis. Within the first year, we found no change in plant cover between rock structures of two rock sizes. We did find, however, an increase in soil moisture, litter, fungal richness, and spring seedling germination within the rock structures, despite a historic drought. This work demonstrates that rock structures can positively impact plants and soils of grasslands even within the first year. Our results suggest that managers should seriously consider employing these low-cost structures to increase short-term plant establishment and possibly, soil health, in grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trace E Martyn
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Albert Barberán
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Joseph C Blankinship
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Mary Miller
- Elkhorn Ranch, Tucson, AZ, 85736, USA
- Altar Valley Conservation Alliance, Tucson, AZ, 85736, USA
| | - Ben Yang
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Albert Kline
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Elise S Gornish
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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Maggioli L, Rodríguez-Caballero E, Cantón Y, Rodríguez-Lozano B, Chamizo S. Design Optimization of Biocrust-Plant Spatial Configuration for Dry Ecosystem Restoration Using Water Redistribution and Erosion Models. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.765148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Land degradation is one of the main threats to dryland sustainability in the next decades, hence restoration of the degraded land from drylands is an urgent need to maintain ecosystem functionality and their ability to provide ecosystem services. To achieve this goal, restoration practices should pursue the recovery of the main ground components, arranged in an optimal spatial configuration, to mimic undisturbed natural conditions. Drylands function as complex ecohydrologically coupled systems in which interplant source areas, frequently covered by biocrusts, act as sources of runoff and nutrients to adjacent vegetation, which act as sinks for these resources. Thus, one way to increase dryland restoration success is through an optimal spatial configuration of biocrusts and plants that maximizes an efficient use of the limited resources within the system. In this study, we selected a degraded slope from a limestone quarry located in Almería province (SE Spain) and modeled how active restoration of the biocrust through soil inoculation with cyanobacteria and its combination with different spatial configurations of vegetation affected runoff redistribution and erosion. For that, we applied the spatially distributed Limburg Soil Erosion Model (LISEM) which was able to predict the erosion measured on the slope during the study period with low error (RMSE = 17.8%). Modeling results showed that the introduction of vegetation on the degraded slope reduced runoff between 2 and 24% and erosion between 4 and 17% for the scenario with plants compared to the one without restoration management. Of all the vegetation spatial configurations tested, the one that provided better results was the scenario in which plants were located in the areas of higher water accumulation (higher topographic wetness index). Moreover, we found that active biocrust restoration by cyanobacteria inoculation significantly reduced erosion by 70–90%, especially during the first stages of plant development, while maintaining water supply to vegetation. These findings highlight the potential of water redistribution and erosion simulation models to identify the most optimal spatial configuration of ground covers that maximizes water and nutrient supply to vegetation, while minimizes water, sediment, and nutrient losses by erosion, thus serving as an efficient tool to plan restoration actions in drylands.
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Tomlinson S, Tudor EP, Turner SR, Cross S, Riviera F, Stevens J, Valliere J, Lewandrowski W. Leveraging the value of conservation physiology for ecological restoration. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Tomlinson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace Adelaide South Australia 5000 Australia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University Bentley Western Australia 6102 Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park, Western Australia 6005 Australia
| | - Emily P. Tudor
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University Bentley Western Australia 6102 Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park, Western Australia 6005 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Shane R. Turner
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park, Western Australia 6005 Australia
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Sophie Cross
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Fiamma Riviera
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Jason Stevens
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park, Western Australia 6005 Australia
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Justin Valliere
- Department of Biology California State University Dominguez Hills Carson California 90747 US
| | - Wolfgang Lewandrowski
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park, Western Australia 6005 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
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13
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Valliere JM, Ruscalleda Alvarez J, Cross AT, Lewandrowski W, Riviera F, Stevens JC, Tomlinson S, Tudor EP, Wong WS, Yong JWH, Veneklaas EJ. Restoration ecophysiology: an ecophysiological approach to improve restoration strategies and outcomes in severely disturbed landscapes. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Valliere
- Department of Biology California State University Dominguez Hills Carson CA 90747 U.S.A
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Jaume Ruscalleda Alvarez
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Adam T. Cross
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- EcoHealth Network, 1330 Beacon Street Brookline MA 02446 U.S.A
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Wolfgang Lewandrowski
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Kings Park Science Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
| | - Fiamma Riviera
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Jason C. Stevens
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- Kings Park Science Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
| | - Sean Tomlinson
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- Kings Park Science Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Emily P. Tudor
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- Kings Park Science Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
| | - Wei San Wong
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Jean W. H. Yong
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- Department of Biosystems and Technology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Alnarp Sweden
| | - Erik J. Veneklaas
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
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14
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Young KE, Reed SC, Ferrenberg S, Faist A, Winkler DE, Cort C, Darrouzet-Nardi A. Incorporating Biogeochemistry into Dryland Restoration. Bioscience 2021; 71:907-917. [PMID: 34483747 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dryland degradation is a persistent and accelerating global problem. Although the mechanisms initiating and maintaining dryland degradation are largely understood, returning productivity and function through ecological restoration remains difficult. Water limitation commonly drives slow recovery rates within drylands; however, the altered biogeochemical cycles that accompany degradation also play key roles in limiting restoration outcomes. Addressing biogeochemical changes and resource limitations may help improve restoration efforts within this difficult-to-restore biome. In the present article, we present a synthesis of restoration literature that identifies multiple ways biogeochemical understandings might augment dryland restoration outcomes, including timing restoration around resource cycling and uptake, connecting heterogeneous landscapes, manipulating resource pools, and using organismal functional traits to a restoration advantage. We conclude by suggesting ways to incorporate biogeochemistry into existing restoration frameworks and discuss research directions that may help improve restoration outcomes in the world's highly altered dryland landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina E Young
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States
| | - Sasha C Reed
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, Utah, United States
| | - Scott Ferrenberg
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States
| | - Akasha Faist
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States
| | - Daniel E Winkler
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, Utah, United States
| | - Catherine Cort
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States
| | - Anthony Darrouzet-Nardi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States
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Rodhouse TJ, Lonneker J, Bowersock L, Popp D, Thompson JC, Dicus GH, Irvine KM. Resilience to fire and resistance to annual grass invasion in sagebrush ecosystems of US National Parks. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Denton EM, Pyle LA, Sheley RL. Seedling defoliation may enhance survival of dominant wheatgrasses but not Poa secunda seeded for restoration in the sagebrush steppe of the Northern Great Basin. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab047. [PMID: 34457229 PMCID: PMC8387967 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Restoration of dryland ecosystems is often limited by low seedling establishment and survival. Defoliation caused by insects and small mammals could be an overlooked cause of seedling mortality. In the sagebrush steppe, we examined the effect of seedling defoliation on the survival of perennial grasses commonly used as restoration materials. Under field conditions, seedlings of three perennial bunchgrass species (non-native Agropyron cristatum, and native grasses Poa secunda and Pseudoroegneria spicata) were defoliated at two intensities (30 % and 70 % leaf length removal) and frequencies (one or two clippings) and compared to a non-defoliated control. Following emergence the first year, clippings occurred at the two-leaf stage; a second clipping occurred 1 month later for repeated defoliation treatments. We monitored seedling survival and tillering for 2 years. We expected higher defoliation intensity and frequency to reduce survival for all species, but only a few treatments reduced Po. secunda survival. Conversely, larger-statured Triticeae (wheatgrasses) benefited from some defoliation treatments. In both years, A. cristatum survival increased with repeated defoliation at both intensities. Defoliation did not affect Ps. spicata survival in the first year, but a single defoliation in the second year resulted in increased survival. In both A. cristatum and Ps. spicata, higher-intensity defoliation reduced the boost to survival resulting from defoliation frequency. Seedlings with more tillers had greater survival probabilities, but tiller number was unaffected by defoliation. Further research may elucidate mechanisms seedlings use to compensate for or benefit from defoliation. In the meantime, managers should aim to select defoliation-tolerant species if they anticipate herbivory will be problematic for restoration sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsie M Denton
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Burns, 67826A Highway 205, OR 97720, USA
| | - Lysandra A Pyle
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Burns, 67826A Highway 205, OR 97720, USA
- Sierra Foothills Research and Extension Center, University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Browns Valley, 8279 Scott Forbes Rd, CA 95918, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, 51 Campus Dr., Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Roger L Sheley
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Burns, 67826A Highway 205, OR 97720, USA
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Abdullah MM, Al-Ali ZM, Abdullah MT, Al-Anzi B. The Use of Very-High-Resolution Aerial Imagery to Estimate the Structure and Distribution of the Rhanterium epapposum Community for Long-Term Monitoring in Desert Ecosystems. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050977. [PMID: 34068447 PMCID: PMC8153646 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The rapid assessment and monitoring of native desert plants are essential in restoration and revegetation projects to track the changes in vegetation patterns in terms of vegetation coverage and structure. This work investigated advanced vegetation monitoring methods utilizing UAVs and remote sensing techniques at the Al Abdali protected site in Kuwait. The study examined the effectiveness of using UAV techniques to assess the structure of desert plants. We specifically examined the use of very-high-resolution aerial imagery to estimate the vegetation structure of Rhanterium epapposum (perennial desert shrub), assess the vegetation cover density changes in desert plants after rainfall events, and investigate the relationship between the distribution of perennial shrub structure and vegetation cover density of annual plants. The images were classified using supervised classification techniques (the SVM method) to assess the changes in desert plants after extreme rainfall events. A digital terrain model (DTM) and a digital surface model (DSM) were also generated to estimate the maximum shrub heights. The classified imagery results show that a significant increase in vegetation coverage occurred in the annual plants after rainfall events. The results also show a reasonable correlation between the shrub heights estimated using UAVs and the ground-truth measurements (R2 = 0.66, p < 0.01). The shrub heights were higher in the high-cover-density plots, with coverage >30% and an average height of 77 cm. However, in the medium-cover-density (MD) plots, the coverage was <30%, and the average height was 52 cm. Our study suggests that utilizing UAVs can provide several advantages to critically support future ecological studies and revegetation and restoration programs in desert ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meshal M. Abdullah
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Natural Environmental Systems and Technologies (NEST) Research Group, Ecolife Sciences Research and Consultation, Hawally 30002, Kuwait; (Z.M.A.-A.); (M.T.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.A.); (B.A.-A.)
| | - Zahraa M. Al-Ali
- Natural Environmental Systems and Technologies (NEST) Research Group, Ecolife Sciences Research and Consultation, Hawally 30002, Kuwait; (Z.M.A.-A.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Mansour T. Abdullah
- Natural Environmental Systems and Technologies (NEST) Research Group, Ecolife Sciences Research and Consultation, Hawally 30002, Kuwait; (Z.M.A.-A.); (M.T.A.)
- Science Department, College of Basic Education, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Kuwait City 12064, Kuwait
| | - Bader Al-Anzi
- Department of Environmental Technologies and Management, College of Life Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 13060, Kuwait
- Correspondence: (M.M.A.); (B.A.-A.)
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Cross AT, Zhong H, Lambers H. Incorporating rock in surface covers improves the establishment of native pioneer vegetation on alkaline mine tailings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:145373. [PMID: 33736352 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Rates of tailings production and deposition around the world have increased markedly in recent decades, and have grown asynchronously with safe and environmentally suitable solutions for their storage. Tailings are often produced in regions harbouring biodiverse native plant communities adapted to old, highly-weathered soils. The highly-altered edaphic conditions of tailings compared with natural soils in these areas will likely select against many locally endemic plant species, making phytostabilisation, rehabilitation or ecological restoration of these landforms challenging. METHODS We established four substrate cover composition treatments on a dry-stacked magnetite tailings storage facility in semi-arid Western Australia, representative of standard industry practices for rehabilitating or restoring post-mining landforms in the region. Plots were seeded with a selection of locally native plant species and monitored for five years to determine whether different substrate cover treatments yielded different edaphic conditions (soil moisture, substrate surface temperature and substrate chemistry) and influenced soil development and the success of native vegetation establishment. RESULTS No vegetation established from seeds on unamended tailings with no surface cover, and substrate chemistry changed minimally over five years. In contrast, rock-containing surface covers allowed establishment of up to 11 native plant species from broadcast seeds at densities of ca. 1.5 seedlings m-2, and up to 3.5 seedlings m-2 of five native pioneer chenopods from capture of wind-dispersed seeds from surrounding undisturbed native vegetation. Greater vegetation establishment in rock-containing surface covers resulted from increased heterogeneity (e.g., lower maximum soil temperature, greater water capture and retention, surface microtopography facilitating seed capture and retention, more niches for seed germination). Soil development and bio-weathering occurred most rapidly under the canopy of native pioneer plants on rock-containing surface covers, particularly increases in organic carbon, total nitrogen, and organo-bound aluminium and iron. CONCLUSIONS Seed germination and seedling survival on tailings were limited by extreme thermal and hydrological conditions and a highly-altered biogeochemical environment. The design of surface cover layers appears crucial to achieving closure outcomes on tailings landforms, and designs should prioritise increasing surface heterogeneity through the incorporation of rock or other structure-improving amendments to assist the establishment of pioneer vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Cross
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; EcoHealth Network, 1330 Beacon St, Suite 355a, Brookline, MA 02446, United States.
| | - Hongtao Zhong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
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Nolan M, Dewees S, Ma Lucero S. Identifying effective restoration approaches to maximize plant establishment in California grasslands through a
meta‐analysis. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Nolan
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 U.S.A
| | - Shane Dewees
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 U.S.A
| | - Stephanie Ma Lucero
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 U.S.A
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Kövendi‐Jakó A, Szitár K, Halassy M, Halász K, Mojzes A, Török K. Effect of seed storing duration and sowing year on the seedling establishment of grassland species in xeric environments. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kövendi‐Jakó
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót 2163 Hungary
| | - Katalin Szitár
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót 2163 Hungary
| | - Melinda Halassy
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót 2163 Hungary
| | - Krisztián Halász
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót 2163 Hungary
| | - Andrea Mojzes
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót 2163 Hungary
| | - Katalin Török
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót 2163 Hungary
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Maxwell CM, Fernald AG, Cadol D, Faist AM, King JP. Managing flood flow connectivity to landscapes to build buffering capacity to disturbances: An ecohydrologic modeling framework for drylands. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 278:111486. [PMID: 33157463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increased flooding, droughts, and sediment transport are watershed-scale problems negatively impacting agriculture and ecosystems in drylands worldwide. Vegetation loss in upland watersheds is leading to scouring floods, which in turn decreases infiltration, soil moisture levels, and downstream groundwater recharge. Management to confront these intractable problems has been hindered by a lack of accessible decision support tools for both land and water managers that synthesize the watershed processes that buffer against dryland disturbances. Flood flow connectivities across the landscape create buffer zones through replenishing soil moisture and reducing flood energy, which in turn support multiple functions. This study developed a decision support tool, the Flood Flow Connectivity to the Landscape (FlowCon) framework that quantifies the most efficient management efforts to increase the key watershed buffering functions of increasing infiltration and reducing flow energy. FlowCon links three spatially explicit, process-based, and predictive models to answer two critical management questions: what key processes acting in what optimal areas are drivers of infiltration dynamics and what roles do peak flows of differing scales of energy play. The spatial models delineated the buffer zone to characterize the heterogeneous and optimal infiltration dynamics across the landscape. The hydrologic process model, using a curve number technique, identified the key ecohydrologic processes that affect infiltration and characterized peak flows and flow regime variability. The predictive flood routing model quantified the potential management benefits. We calibrated the models with measured runoff and the corresponding rainfall events for a six-year period, which included thirty-six flow events. The synthesized ecohydrologic indicators provided critical calibrations, improving the relationship between the hydrologic modeling results and observed data by 12% for the linear regression R2 and 69% for the root mean square error (RMSE). Implementation of prioritized management is estimated to reduce peak flow by half, with interventions focused on 24% of floodplains that infiltrate three times the flow volume per area than the floodplain average. FlowCon provides an efficient assessment framework that integrates watershed process understanding in an accessible decision support tool to achieve tangible improvements in dryland watershed management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie M Maxwell
- New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute, New Mexico, USA; New Mexico State University, New Mexico, USA.
| | - Alexander G Fernald
- New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute, New Mexico, USA; New Mexico State University, New Mexico, USA
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Parker SD, Perkin JS, Bean MG, Lutz‐Carrillo D, Acre MR. Temporal distribution modelling reveals upstream habitat drying and downstream non‐native introgression are squeezing out an imperiled headwater fish. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D. Parker
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Joshuah S. Perkin
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Megan G. Bean
- Inland Fisheries Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Mountain Home TX USA
| | - Dijar Lutz‐Carrillo
- Analytical Services Laboratory Inland Fisheries Texas Parks and Wildlife Department San Marcos TX USA
| | - Matthew R. Acre
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
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Stock E, Standish RJ, Muñoz-Rojas M, Bell RW, Erickson TE. Field-Deployed Extruded Seed Pellets Show Promise for Perennial Grass Establishment in Arid Zone Mine Rehabilitation. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.576125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current methods of mine rehabilitation in the arid zone have a high failure rate at seedling emergence largely due to limited availability of topsoil and low water-holding capacity of alternative growth substrates such as mining overburden and tailings. Further, seedlings have consistently failed to emerge from seeds sown on the soil surface using traditional broadcasting methods. Seed pellets, formed by extruding soil mixtures and seeds into pellets, can potentially increase soil water uptake through enhanced soil-seed contact and thereby improve seedling emergence. We tested an extruded seed pelleting method in a three-factor field experiment (i.e., different pellet-soil mixtures, organic amendments, and simulated rainfall regimes) in north-western Australia. Given the observed lack of seedling emergence from broadcast seeds, the aims of the experiment were to assess: (i) the use of pellets to promote native seedling emergence and establishment and; (ii) the soil physico-chemical and microbiological changes that occur with this method of rehabilitation. The effects of pellet-soil mixtures, organic amendment, and rainfall regime on seedling emergence and survival of three native plant species suggest trade-offs among responses. Pellets made with a 1:1 blend of topsoil and a loamy-sand waste material had the highest seedling emergence, while 100% topsoil pellets had lower emergence probably because of hardsetting. Triodia pungens (a native grass) survived to the end of the experiment while Indigofera monophylla and Acacia inaequilatera (native shrubs) emerged but did not survive. Adding an organic amendment in the extruded pellet inhibited Triodia seedling emergence but increased soil microbial activity. Overall, extruded pellets made from a 1:1 blend showed promise for the establishment of Triodia seeds and beneficially, incorporates mine waste overburden and lesser amounts of topsoil. Further research is needed to improve pelleting production and to test the applicability of the method at scale, for different species and other ecosystem types.
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Rodhouse TJ, Irvine KM, Bowersock L. Post-Fire Vegetation Response in a Repeatedly Burned Low-Elevation Sagebrush Steppe Protected Area Provides Insights About Resilience and Invasion Resistance. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.584726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sagebrush steppe ecosystems are threatened by human land-use legacies, biological invasions, and altered fire and climate dynamics. Steppe protected areas are therefore of heightened conservation importance but are few and vulnerable to the same impacts broadly affecting sagebrush steppe. To address this problem, sagebrush steppe conservation science is increasingly emphasizing a focus on resilience to fire and resistance to non-native annual grass invasion as a decision framework. It is well-established that the positive feedback loop between fire and annual grass invasion is the driving process of most contemporary steppe degradation. We use a newly developed ordinal zero-augmented beta regression model fit to large-sample vegetation monitoring data from John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, USA, spanning 7 years to evaluate fire responses of two native perennial foundation bunchgrasses and two non-native invasive annual grasses in a repeatedly burned, historically grazed, and inherently low-resilient protected area. We structured our model hierarchically to support inferences about variation among ecological site types and over time after also accounting for growing-season water deficit, fine-scale topographic variation, and burn severity. We use a state-and-transition conceptual diagram and abundances of plants listed in ecological site reference conditions to formalize our hypothesis of fire-accelerated transition to ecologically novel annual grassland. Notably, big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) and other woody species were entirely removed by fire. The two perennial grasses, bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) and Thurber's needlegrass (Achnatherum thurberianum) exhibited fire resiliency, with no apparent trend after fire. The two annual grasses, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae), increased in response to burn severity, most notably medusahead. Surprisingly, we found no variation in grass cover among ecological sites, suggesting fire-driven homogenization as shrubs were removed and annual grasses became dominant. We found contrasting responses among all four grass species along gradients of topography and water deficit, informative to protected-area conservation strategies. The fine-grained influence of topography was particularly important to variation in cover among species and provides a foothold for conservation in low-resilient, aridic steppe. Broadly, our study demonstrates how to operationalize resilience and resistance concepts for protected areas by integrating empirical data with conceptual and statistical models.
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Miguel MF, Butterfield HS, Lortie CJ. A meta-analysis contrasting active versus passive restoration practices in dryland agricultural ecosystems. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10428. [PMID: 33282566 PMCID: PMC7690292 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Restoration of agricultural drylands globally, here farmlands and grazing lands, is a priority for ecosystem function and biodiversity preservation. Natural areas in drylands are recognized as biodiversity hotspots and face continued human impacts. Global water shortages are driving increased agricultural land retirement providing the opportunity to reclaim some of these lands for natural habitat. We used meta-analysis to contrast different classes of dryland restoration practices. All interventions were categorized as active and passive for the analyses of efficacy in dryland agricultural ecosystems. We evaluated the impact of 19 specific restoration practices from 42 studies on soil, plant, animal, and general habitat targets across 16 countries, for a total of 1,427 independent observations. Passive vegetation restoration and grazing exclusion led to net positive restoration outcomes. Passive restoration practices were more variable and less effective than active restoration practices. Furthermore, passive soil restoration led to net negative restoration outcomes. Active restoration practices consistently led to positive outcomes for soil, plant, and habitat targets. Water supplementation was the most effective restoration practice. These findings suggest that active interventions are necessary and critical in most instances for dryland agricultural ecosystems likely because of severe anthropogenic pressures and concurrent environmental stressors-both past and present.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Florencia Miguel
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mendoza, Argentina
| | | | - Christopher J. Lortie
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Cross AT, Pedrini S, Dixon KW. Foreword: International Standards for Native Seeds in Ecological Restoration. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam T. Cross
- Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin University, Kent Street Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Simone Pedrini
- Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin University, Kent Street Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Kingsley W. Dixon
- Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin University, Kent Street Bentley WA 6102 Australia
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27
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Duncan C, Good MK, Sluiter I, Cook S, Schultz NL. Soil reconstruction after mining fails to restore soil function in an Australian arid woodland. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corrine Duncan
- School of Health and Life Sciences Federation University Mount Helen Victoria 3350 Australia
| | - Megan K. Good
- BioSciences University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Ian Sluiter
- School of Health and Life Sciences Federation University Mount Helen Victoria 3350 Australia
| | - Simon Cook
- School of Health and Life Sciences Federation University Mount Helen Victoria 3350 Australia
| | - Nick L. Schultz
- School of Health and Life Sciences Federation University Mount Helen Victoria 3350 Australia
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28
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Rajapakshe RPVGSW, Turner SR, Cross AT, Tomlinson S. Hydrological and thermal responses of seeds from four co-occurring tree species from southwest Western Australia. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa021. [PMID: 32377342 PMCID: PMC7192333 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination is a critical stage in the life cycle of most plants and is defined by specific tolerance thresholds beyond which rates and success of germination rapidly decline. Previous studies have demonstrated that widespread plant species commonly germinate over a broad range of temperatures and water stress levels, whereas range-restricted species often exhibit a narrower germination window in terms of temperature and moisture. We investigated the relationships of the key germination traits of maximum germination (G max) and time to 50% germination (t 50) in response to temperature (5-35°C) and water stress (-1.5-0 MPa) in four co-occurring Western Australian native Eucalyptus species with widely varying biogeography. Eucalyptus caesia subsp. caesia and E. ornata exhibit a highly localized distribution and a narrow geographical range, being restricted either to granite outcrops or the upper slopes and tops of lateritic rises, respectively. These two species were compared with the two widespread and dominant congenerics E. salmonophloia and E. salubris. There was a distinctive hump-shaped response of t 50 to temperature and an exponential response to water stress, characteristic of rate- and threshold-limited processes, but no consistent pattern in the response of G max. The four species were significantly different in their thermal performance of t 50, with E. caesia and E. ornata displaying narrower thermal tolerance ranges than the two widespread species. In terms of mean final germination percentage, the two range-restricted endemic taxa exhibited higher lability in their response to thermal stress and drought stress compared to the two broadly distributed congenerics. These findings indicate a link between distributional extent, temperature and water stress tolerance and may have implications for identifying ecological filters of rarity and endemism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajapakshe P V G S W Rajapakshe
- Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kattidj Close, Kings Park, WA 6005, Australia
| | - Shane R Turner
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kattidj Close, Kings Park, WA 6005, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Adam T Cross
- Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Sean Tomlinson
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kattidj Close, Kings Park, WA 6005, Australia
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Kildisheva OA, Dixon KW, Silveira FAO, Chapman T, Di Sacco A, Mondoni A, Turner SR, Cross AT. Dormancy and germination: making every seed count in restoration. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kingsley W. Dixon
- Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Fernando A. O. Silveira
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and EvolutionFederal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Ted Chapman
- Conservation Science, Royal Botanic Gardens KewMillennium Seed Bank Wakehurst, Ardingly West Sussex RH17 6TN UK
| | - Alice Di Sacco
- Conservation Science, Royal Botanic Gardens KewMillennium Seed Bank Wakehurst, Ardingly West Sussex RH17 6TN UK
| | - Andrea Mondoni
- Department of Earth and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Shane R. Turner
- Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of BiodiversityConservation and Attractions Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Adam T. Cross
- Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
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30
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Shen Q, Ma Y. Did water diversion projects lead to sustainable ecological restoration in arid endorheic basins? Lessons from long-term changes of multiple ecosystem indicators in the lower Heihe River Basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 701:134785. [PMID: 31704409 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ecological water diversion projects (EWDPs) are crucial for dryland ecosystem restoration in arid endorheic basins. Comprehensive and in-depth evaluations of ecological effects and especially the potential risks of EWDPs on long-term ecosystem changes were limited in previous studies. In this study, spatio-temporal variations in multiple indicators (land use/cover, landscape pattern and vegetation cover) derived from Landsat images were integrated to detect ecosystem changes from 1990 to 2015 in the lower Heihe River Basin (HRB), China, where an EWDP was conducted by the Chinese government in 2000. The results showed that the EWDP prevented ecological degradation and effectively restored the arid oasis ecosystem. From 2000 to 2010, the transformation from unused land to natural vegetation and wetlands, was the major land use/cover change; the degree of landscape fragmentation decreased, and the regional normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) increased significantly. However, the EWDP did not restore the ecosystem to the status in 1990, and some vegetation degradation occurred after 2010, with approximately 38% of the study area showing significant decrease in NDVI. Human interventions, especially overexpansion of cultivated oases, which restricted ecological water use, and construction of artificial canals, which reduced groundwater recharge, resulted in the browning trend from 2010 to 2015. Therefore, the EWDPs did not definitely lead to sustainable ecological restoration and ecosystem development. The quantification results can provide significant implications for water resources management and ecosystem planning to prevent ecological degradation in the study area. The multi-indicator method with long-term and high-resolution dataset used here can be adapted to other arid regions for comprehensively evaluating the ecological restoration ability of the EWDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shen
- State Forestry Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources & Environmental Management, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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31
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Duncan C, Schultz NL, Good MK, Lewandrowski W, Cook S. The risk-takers and -avoiders: germination sensitivity to water stress in an arid zone with unpredictable rainfall. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz066. [PMID: 31777652 PMCID: PMC6863470 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Water availability is a critical driver of population dynamics in arid zones, and plant recruitment is typically episodic in response to rainfall. Understanding species' germination thresholds is key for conservation and restoration initiatives. Thus, we investigated the role of water availability in the germination traits of keystone species in an arid ecosystem with stochastic rainfall. We measured seed germination responses of five arid species, along gradients of temperature and water potential under controlled laboratory conditions. We then identified the cardinal temperatures and base water potentials for seed germination, and applied the hydrotime model to assess germination responses to water stress. Optimum temperatures for germination ranged from 15 to 31 °C under saturated conditions (0 MPa), and three species had low minimum temperatures for germination (<3 °C). A small proportion of seeds of all species germinated under dry conditions (Ψ ≤ -1 MPa), although base water potential for germination (Ψ b50) ranged from -0.61 to -0.79 MPa. Species adhered to one of two germination traits: (i) the risk-takers which require less moisture availability for germination, and which can germinate over a wider range of temperatures irrespective of water availability (Casuarina pauper and Maireana pyramidata), and (ii) the risk-avoiders which have greater moisture requirements, a preference for cold climate germination, and narrower temperature ranges for germination when water availability is low (Atriplex rhagodioides, Maireana sedifolia and Hakea leucoptera). High seed longevity under physiological stress in H. leucoptera, combined with a risk-avoiding strategy, allows bet-hedging. The hydrotime model predicted lower base water potentials for germination than observed by the data, further supporting our assertion that these species have particular adaptations to avoid germination during drought. This study provides insights into the complex physiological responses of seeds to environmental stress, and relates seed germination traits to community dynamics and restoration in arid zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrine Duncan
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Mt Helen, VIC, Australia
| | - Nick L Schultz
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Mt Helen, VIC, Australia
| | - Megan K Good
- BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Lewandrowski
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Simon Cook
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Mt Helen, VIC, Australia
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32
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Chua M, Erickson TE, Merritt DJ, Chilton AM, Ooi MKJ, Muñoz‐Rojas M. Bio‐priming seeds with cyanobacteria: effects on native plant growth and soil properties. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Chua
- School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park Science Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
| | - Todd E. Erickson
- School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park Science Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
| | - David J. Merritt
- School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park Science Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
| | - Angela M. Chilton
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Mark K. J. Ooi
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Miriam Muñoz‐Rojas
- School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park Science Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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33
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Pérez DR, Pilustrelli C, Farinaccio FM, Sabino G, Aronson J. Evaluating success of various restorative interventions through drone‐ and field‐collected data, using six putative framework species in Argentinian Patagonia. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Pérez
- Laboratory of Rehabilitation and Ecological Restoration of Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems (LARREA) National University of Comahue CP 8300 Neuquén Argentina
| | - Claudio Pilustrelli
- Laboratory of Rehabilitation and Ecological Restoration of Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems (LARREA) National University of Comahue CP 8300 Neuquén Argentina
| | - Fernando M. Farinaccio
- Laboratory of Rehabilitation and Ecological Restoration of Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems (LARREA) National University of Comahue CP 8300 Neuquén Argentina
| | - Guillermo Sabino
- Faculty of Economy and Administration National University of Comahue CP 8300 Neuquén Argentina
| | - James Aronson
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd St. Louis MO 63110 U.S.A
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34
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Vidiella B, Sardanyés J, Solé R. Exploiting delayed transitions to sustain semiarid ecosystems after catastrophic shifts. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2018.0083. [PMID: 29925580 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Semiarid ecosystems (including arid, semiarid and dry-subhumid ecosystems) span more than 40% of extant habitats and contain a similar percentage of the human population. Theoretical models and palaeoclimatic data predict a grim future, with rapid shifts towards a desert state, with accelerated diversity losses and ecological collapses. These shifts are a consequence of the special nonlinearities resulting from ecological facilitation. Here, we investigate a simple model of semiarid ecosystems identifying the so-called ghost, which appears after a catastrophic transition from a vegetated to a desert state once a critical rate of soil degradation is overcome. The ghost involves a slowdown of transients towards the desert state, making the ecosystem seem stable even though vegetation extinction is inevitable. We use this model to show how to exploit the ecological ghosts to avoid collapse. Doing so involves the restoration of small fractions of desert areas with vegetation capable of maintaining a stable community once the catastrophic shift condition has been achieved. This intervention method is successfully tested under the presence of demographic stochastic fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blai Vidiella
- ICREA-Complex Systems Lab, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Sardanyés
- Centre de Recerca Matemàtica. Campus de Bellaterra, Edifici C 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona.,Barcelona Graduate School of Mathematics (BGSMath). Campus de Bellaterra, Edifici C 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona
| | - Ricard Solé
- ICREA-Complex Systems Lab, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain .,Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
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35
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Masarei M, Guzzomi AL, Merritt DJ, Erickson TE. Factoring restoration practitioner perceptions into future design of mechanical direct seeders for native seeds. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monte Masarei
- School of EngineeringThe University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Andrew L. Guzzomi
- School of EngineeringThe University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - David J. Merritt
- Kings Park Science, Department of BiodiversityConservation and Attractions Kings Park Western Australia 6005 Australia
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Todd E. Erickson
- Kings Park Science, Department of BiodiversityConservation and Attractions Kings Park Western Australia 6005 Australia
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
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36
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Wilder L, Veblen KE, Schupp EW, Monaco TA. Seedling Emergence Patterns of Six Restoration Species in Soils from Two Big Sagebrush Plant Communities. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2019. [DOI: 10.3398/064.079.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lacey Wilder
- Wildland Resources Department and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
| | - Kari E. Veblen
- Wildland Resources Department and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
| | - Eugene W. Schupp
- Wildland Resources Department and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
| | - Thomas A. Monaco
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Forage and Range Research Lab, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
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Pérez DR, González F, Ceballos C, Oneto ME, Aronson J. Direct seeding and outplantings in drylands of Argentinean Patagonia: estimated costs, and prospects for large‐scale restoration and rehabilitation. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Pérez
- Laboratory of Rehabilitation and Ecological Restoration of Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems (LARREA)National University of Comahue 8300 Neuquén Argentina
| | - Florencia González
- Laboratory of Rehabilitation and Ecological Restoration of Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems (LARREA)National University of Comahue 8300 Neuquén Argentina
| | - Cristian Ceballos
- Laboratory of Rehabilitation and Ecological Restoration of Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems (LARREA)National University of Comahue 8300 Neuquén Argentina
| | - María E. Oneto
- YPF Tecnología (YTEC), Av. del Petroleo Argentino 900‐1198 Berisso Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - James Aronson
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd. St Louis MO 63110 U.S.A
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38
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Kildisheva OA, Erickson TE, Madsen MD, Dixon KW, Merritt DJ. Seed germination and dormancy traits of forbs and shrubs important for restoration of North American dryland ecosystems. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:458-469. [PMID: 30098068 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In degraded dryland systems, native plant community re-establishment following disturbance is almost exclusively carried out using seeds, but these efforts commonly fail. Much of this failure can be attributed to the limited understanding of seed dormancy and germination traits. We undertook a systematic classification of seed dormancy of 26 species of annual and perennial forbs and shrubs that represent key, dominant genera used in restoration of the Great Basin ecosystem in the western United States. We examined germination across a wide thermal profile to depict species-specific characteristics and assessed the potential of gibberellic acid (GA3 ) and karrikinolide (KAR1 ) to expand the thermal germination envelope of fresh seeds. Of the tested species, 81% produce seeds that are dormant at maturity. The largest proportion (62%) exhibited physiological (PD), followed by physical (PY, 8%), combinational (PY + PD, 8%) and morphophysiological (MPD, 4%) dormancy classes. The effects of chemical stimulants were temperature- and species-mediated. In general, mean germination across the thermal profile was improved by GA3 and KAR1 for 11 and five species, respectively. We detected a strong germination response to temperature in freshly collected seeds of 20 species. Temperatures below 10 °C limited the germination of all except Agoseris heterophylla, suggesting that in their dormant state, the majority of these species are thermally restricted. Our findings demonstrate the utility of dormancy classification as a foundation for understanding the critical regenerative traits in these ecologically important species and highlight its importance in restoration planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Kildisheva
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, USA
| | - T E Erickson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, WA, Australia
| | - M D Madsen
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - K W Dixon
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - D J Merritt
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, WA, Australia
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39
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Hoose BW, Call RS, Bates TH, Anderson RM, Roundy BA, Madsen MD. Seed conglomeration: a disruptive innovation to address restoration challenges associated with small‐seeded species. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W. Hoose
- Department of Plant and Wildlife SciencesBrigham Young University Provo UT 84602 U.S.A
| | - Ryan S. Call
- Department of Plant and Wildlife SciencesBrigham Young University Provo UT 84602 U.S.A
| | - Thomas H. Bates
- Department of Plant and Wildlife SciencesBrigham Young University Provo UT 84602 U.S.A
| | - Rhett M. Anderson
- Department of Plant and Wildlife SciencesBrigham Young University Provo UT 84602 U.S.A
| | - Bruce A. Roundy
- Department of Plant and Wildlife SciencesBrigham Young University Provo UT 84602 U.S.A
| | - Matthew D. Madsen
- Department of Plant and Wildlife SciencesBrigham Young University Provo UT 84602 U.S.A
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40
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Wilder LE, Veblen KE, Gunnell KL, Monaco TA. Influence of fire and mechanical sagebrush reduction treatments on restoration seedings in Utah, United States. Restor Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lacey E. Wilder
- Department of Wildland Resources & Ecology Center; Utah State University; Logan UT 84322-5230 U.S.A
| | - Kari E. Veblen
- Department of Wildland Resources & Ecology Center; Utah State University; Logan UT 84322-5230 U.S.A
| | - Kevin L. Gunnell
- Utah Division of Wildlife Resources; Great Basin Research Center; Ephraim UT 84627 U.S.A
| | - Thomas A. Monaco
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Forage and Range Research Laboratory; Utah State University; Logan UT 84322-6300 U.S.A
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41
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Bosco T, Bertiller MB, Carrera AL. Abiotic factors affect the recruitment and biomass of perennial grass and evergreen shrub seedlings in denuded areas of Patagonian Monte rangelands. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 218:118-128. [PMID: 29674159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the ability of key species to cope with environmental stresses in disturbed areas is an important issue for recovery of degraded arid ecosystem. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of soil moisture, exposure to UV radiation, and presence/absence of litter with different chemistry on soil N, recruitment and biomass of seedlings of perennial grass (Poa ligularis and Nassella tenuis) and evergreen shrub species (Atriplex lampa and Larrea divaricata) in denuded areas. We carried out a microcosm experiment with soil blocks (28 cm depth) sowed with seeds of the target species, subjected to different levels of litter type (perennial grass-evergreen shrub mixture, evergreen shrub mixture, and no litter), UV radiation (near ambient and reduced UV), and soil water (high: 15-25% and low 5-15%). Periodically, during 6 months, we assessed soil-N (total and inorganic) at two depths and species seedling recruitment at microcosms. Additionally, emerged seedlings of each species were transplanted to individual pots containing soil and subjected to the same previous factors during 12 months. Then, all plants were harvested and biomass assessed. Only inorganic soil-N at the upper soil varied among treatments increasing with the presence of evergreen shrub litter, exposure to ambient UV, and high soil water. Inorganic soil-N, promoted by near ambient UV and high soil water, had a positive effect on recruitment of perennial grasses and A. lampa. Both litter types promoted the recruitment of perennial grasses. Evergreen shrub litter and high soil water promoted the recruitment of L. divaricata. Seedling biomass of perennial grasses increased with high soil water and reduced UV. Ambient UV had positive or null effects on biomass of evergreen shrub seedlings. High soil water increased biomass of L. divaricata seedlings. We concluded that soil water appeared as the most limiting factor for seedling recruitment of all species whereas inorganic soil N limited the recruitment of the small-seeded perennial grasses and A. lampa. Ambient UV had negative effects on seedling biomass of perennial grasses. These complex relationships among abiotic factors and seed and plant traits should be taken into account when planning management actions after disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Bosco
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC) - CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
| | - Mónica Beatriz Bertiller
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC) - CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Analía Lorena Carrera
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC) - CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
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42
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Kaur N, Erickson TE, Ball AS, Ryan MH. A review of germination and early growth as a proxy for plant fitness under petrogenic contamination - knowledge gaps and recommendations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 603-604:728-744. [PMID: 28372821 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Germination-an important stage in the life cycle of plants-is susceptible to the presence of soil contaminants. Since the early 1990s, the use of germination tests to screen multiple plant species to select candidates for phytoremediation has received much attention. This is due to its inexpensive methodology and fast assessment relative to greenhouse or field growth studies. Surprisingly, no comprehensive synthesis is available of these studies in the scientific literature. As more plant species are added to phytoremediation databases, it is important to encapsulate the knowledge thus far and revise protocols. In this review, we have summarised previously-documented effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on germination and seedling growth. The methods and materials of previous studies are presented in tabulated form. Common practice includes the use of cellulose acetate filter paper, plastic Petri dishes, and low numbers of seeds and replicates. A general bias was observed for the screening of cultivated crops as opposed to native species, even though the latter may be better suited to site conditions. The relevance of germination studies as important ecotoxicological tools is highlighted with the proposed use of root imaging software. Screening of novel plant species, particularly natives, is recommended with selection focussed on (i) species phylogeny, (ii) plant morphological and functional traits, and (iii) tolerance towards harsh environmental stresses. Recommendations for standardised protocols for germination and early growth monitoring are made in order to improve the robustness of statistical modelling and species selection in future phytoremediation evaluations and field programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjot Kaur
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Todd E Erickson
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Kings Park and Botanic Garden, Fraser Ave, Kings Park, WA 6005, Australia
| | - Andrew S Ball
- School of Science, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, RMIT University, Plenty Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Megan H Ryan
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Statton J, Montoya LR, Orth RJ, Dixon KW, Kendrick GA. Identifying critical recruitment bottlenecks limiting seedling establishment in a degraded seagrass ecosystem. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14786. [PMID: 29093460 PMCID: PMC5665928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13833-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying early life-stage transitions limiting seagrass recruitment could improve our ability to target demographic processes most responsive to management. Here we determine the magnitude of life-stage transitions along gradients in physical disturbance limiting seedling establishment for the marine angiosperm, Posidonia australis. Transition matrix models and sensitivity analyses were used to identify which transitions were critical for successful seedling establishment during the first year of seed recruitment and projection models were used to predict the most appropriate environments and seeding densities. Total survival probability of seedlings was low (0.001), however, transition probabilities between life-stages differed across the environmental gradients; seedling recruitment was affected by grazing and bioturbation prevailing during the first life-stage transition (1 month), and 4-6 months later during the third life-stage transition when establishing seedlings are physically removed by winter storms. Models projecting population growth from different starting seed densities showed that seeds could replace other more labour intensive and costly methods, such as transplanting adult shoots, if disturbances are moderated sufficiently and if large numbers of seed can be collected in sufficient quantity and delivered to restoration sites efficiently. These outcomes suggest that by improving management of early demographic processes, we could increase recruitment in restoration programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Statton
- University of Western Australia, Oceans Institute, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Leonardo R Montoya
- University of Western Australia, Oceans Institute, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robert J Orth
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Pt., 23061, VA, USA
| | - Kingsley W Dixon
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Perth, Western, Australia
| | - Gary A Kendrick
- University of Western Australia, Oceans Institute, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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Tomlinson S, Webber BL, Bradshaw SD, Dixon KW, Renton M. Incorporating biophysical ecology into high‐resolution restoration targets: insect pollinator habitat suitability models. Restor Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Tomlinson
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Kings Park Botanic Gardens Fraser Avenue, Kings Park, Perth WA 6005 Australia
| | - Bruce Lloyd Webber
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- CSIRO Land and Water 147 Underwood Avenue, Floreat WA 6016 Australia
| | - Sidney Don Bradshaw
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Kingsley Wayne Dixon
- Department of Environment and Agriculture Curtin University Kent Street, Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Michael Renton
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009 Australia
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45
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Miller BP, Sinclair EA, Menz MHM, Elliott CP, Bunn E, Commander LE, Dalziell E, David E, Davis B, Erickson TE, Golos PJ, Krauss SL, Lewandrowski W, Mayence CE, Merino-Martín L, Merritt DJ, Nevill PG, Phillips RD, Ritchie AL, Ruoss S, Stevens JC. A framework for the practical science necessary to restore sustainable, resilient, and biodiverse ecosystems. Restor Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Lewandrowski W, Erickson TE, Dixon KW, Stevens JC. Increasing the germination envelope under water stress improves seedling emergence in two dominant grass species across different pulse rainfall events. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Lewandrowski
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; Kattidj Close Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Todd E. Erickson
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; Kattidj Close Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Kingsley W. Dixon
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Department of Environment and Agriculture; Curtin University; PO Box U1987 Bentley WA 6854 Australia
| | - Jason C. Stevens
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; Kattidj Close Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Australia
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47
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Hamerlynck EP, Sheley RL, Davies KW, Svejcar TJ. Postdefoliation ecosystem carbon and water flux and canopy growth dynamics in sagebrush steppe bunchgrasses. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erik P. Hamerlynck
- United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research ServiceEastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center 67826‐A Highway 205 Burns Oregon 97720 USA
| | - Roger L. Sheley
- United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research ServiceEastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center 67826‐A Highway 205 Burns Oregon 97720 USA
| | - Kirk W. Davies
- United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research ServiceEastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center 67826‐A Highway 205 Burns Oregon 97720 USA
| | - Tony J. Svejcar
- United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research ServiceEastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center 67826‐A Highway 205 Burns Oregon 97720 USA
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48
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Kildisheva OA, Erickson TE, Merritt DJ, Dixon KW. Setting the scene for dryland recovery: an overview and key findings from a workshop targeting seed-based restoration. Restor Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Kildisheva
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Todd E. Erickson
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
| | - David J. Merritt
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
| | - Kingsley W. Dixon
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
- Department of Environment and Agriculture; Curtin University; Kent Street, Bentley Perth WA 6102 Australia
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. James
- Sierra Foothill Research and Extension Center; University of California; Browns Valley CA 95918 U.S.A
| | - Peter J. Carrick
- Department of Biological Science; Plant Conservation Unit, University of Cape Town; Rondebosch 7701 South Africa
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50
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Guzzomi AL, Erickson TE, Ling KY, Dixon KW, Merritt DJ. Flash flaming effectively removes appendages and improves the seed coating potential of grass florets. Restor Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Guzzomi
- School of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Todd E. Erickson
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
| | - King Y. Ling
- School of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Kingsley W. Dixon
- Department of Environment and Agriculture; Curtin University; Kent Street Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - David J. Merritt
- School of Plant Biology; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden; Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
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