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Cao L, Ren W, Liu L, Zheng J, Tao C, Zhu W, Xiang M, Wang L, Liu Y, Zheng P. CDR1, a DUF946 domain containing protein, positively regulates cadmium tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana by maintaining the stability of OPT3 protein. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135313. [PMID: 39067296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Industrial and agricultural production processes lead to the accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in soil, resulting in crops absorb Cd from contaminated soil and then transfer it to human body through the food chain, posing a serious threat to human health. Thus, it is necessary to explore novel genes and mechanisms involved in regulating Cd tolerance and detoxification in plants. Here, we found that CDR1, a DUF946 domain containing protein, localizes to the plasma membrane and positively regulates Cd stress tolerance. The cdr1 mutants exhibited Cd sensitivity, accumulated excessive Cd in the seeds and roots, but decreased in leaves. However, CDR1-OE transgenic plants not only showed Cd tolerance but also significantly reduced Cd in seeds and roots. Additionally, both in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated an interaction between CDR1 and OPT3. Cell free protein degradation and OPT3 protein level determination assays indicated that CDR1 could maintain the stability of OPT3 protein. Moreover, genetic phenotype analysis and Cd content determination showed that CDR1 regulates Cd stress tolerance and affect the distribution of Cd in plants by maintaining the stability of OPT3 protein. Our discoveries provide a key candidate gene for directional breeding to reduce Cd accumulation in edible seeds of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Wangmei Ren
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Linyao Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jiale Zheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Cheng Tao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Wenyan Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Minghao Xiang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lihuan Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Pengpeng Zheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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Wu C, Zhang J, Chen M, Liu J, Tang Y. Characterization of a Nicotiana tabacum phytochelatin synthase 1 and its response to cadmium stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1418762. [PMID: 39280946 PMCID: PMC11393743 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1418762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Phytochelatin synthase (PCS) is a critical enzyme involved in heavy metal detoxification in organisms. In this study, we aim to comprehensively investigate the molecular and functional characteristics of the PCS1 gene from Nicotiana tabacum by examining its enzymatic activity, tissue-specific expression pattern, Cd-induced expression, as well as the impact on Cd tolerance and accumulation. The results demonstrated that the amino acid sequence of NtPCS1 shared a high similarity in its N-terminal region with PCS from other species. The enzymatic activity of NtPCS1 was found to be enhanced in the order Ag2+ > Cd2+ > Cu2+ > Pb2+ > Hg2+ > Fe2+ > Zn2+. In addition, RT-PCR data indicated that NtPCS1 gene is constitutively expressed, with the highest expression observed in flowers, and that its transcript levels are up-regulated by CdCl2. When tobacco overexpressing NtPCS1 (PCS1 lines) were grown under CdCl2 stress, they produced more phytochelatins (PCs) than WT plants, but this did not result in increased Cd accumulation. However, in a root growth assay, the PCS1 lines exhibited hypersensitivity to Cd. The overexpression of NtPCS1 itself does not appear to be the primary cause of this heightened sensitivity to Cd, as the Arabidopsis thaliana Atpcs1 mutant overexpressing NtPCS1 actually exhibited enhanced tolerance to Cd. Furthermore, the addition of exogenous glutathione (GSH) progressively reduced the Cd hypersensitivity of the PCS1 lines, with the hypersensitivity even being completely eliminated. Surprisingly, the application of exogenous GSH led to a remarkably enhanced Cd accumulation in the PCS1 lines. This study enriches our understanding of the molecular function of the NtPCS1 gene and suggests a promising avenue for Cd tolerance through the heterologous expression of PCS genes in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Wu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Mei Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Jikai Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Yunlai Tang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
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Hussain M, Kaousar R, Ali S, Shan C, Wang G, Wang S, Lan Y. Tryptophan Seed Treatment Improves Morphological, Biochemical, and Photosynthetic Attributes of the Sunflower under Cadmium Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:237. [PMID: 38256789 PMCID: PMC10819145 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Tryptophan, as a signal molecule, mediates many biotic and environmental stress-induced physiological responses in plants. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of tryptophan seed treatment in response to cadmium stress (0, 0.15, and 0.25 mM) in sunflower plants. Different growth and biochemical parameters were determined to compare the efficiency of the treatment agent. The results showed that cadmium stress reduced the growth attributes, including root and shoot length, dry and fresh weight, rate of seed germination, and the number of leaves. Cadmium stress also significantly reduced the contents of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll, carotenoid contents, phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanin, and ascorbic acid. Whereas cadmium stress (0.15 and 0.25 mM) enhanced the concentrations of malondialdehyde (45.24% and 53.06%), hydrogen peroxide (-11.07% and 5.86%), and soluble sugars (28.05% and 50.34%) compared to the control. Tryptophan treatment decreased the effect of Cd stress by minimizing lipid peroxidation. Seed treatment with tryptophan under cadmium stress improved the root (19.40%) and shoot length (38.14%), root (41.90%) and shoot fresh weight (13.58%), seed germination ability (13.79%), average leaf area (24.07%), chlorophyll b (51.35%), total chlorophyll (20.04%), carotenoids (43.37%), total phenolic (1.47%), flavonoids (19.02%), anthocyanin (26.57%), ascorbic acid (4%), and total soluble proteins (12.32%) compared with control conditions. Overall, the tryptophan seed treatment showed positive effects on sunflower plants' growth and stress tolerance, highlighting its potential as a sustainable approach to improve crop performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujahid Hussain
- College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255022, China; (M.H.)
| | - Rehana Kaousar
- College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255022, China; (M.H.)
| | - Sharafat Ali
- Department of Botany, College of Life Sciences, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Changfeng Shan
- College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255022, China; (M.H.)
| | - Guobin Wang
- College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255022, China; (M.H.)
| | - Shizhou Wang
- College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255022, China; (M.H.)
| | - Yubin Lan
- College of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255022, China; (M.H.)
- National Center for International Collaboration Research on Precision Agricultural Aviation Pesticides Spraying Technology (NPAAC), Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Electronics Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Ito T, Ohkama-Ohtsu N. Degradation of glutathione and glutathione conjugates in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3313-3327. [PMID: 36651789 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a ubiquitous, abundant, and indispensable thiol for plants that participates in various biological processes, such as scavenging reactive oxygen species, redox signaling, storage and transport of sulfur, detoxification of harmful substances, and metabolism of several compounds. Therefore knowledge of GSH metabolism is essential for plant science. Nevertheless, GSH degradation has been insufficiently elucidated, and this has hampered our understanding of plant life. Over the last five decades, the γ-glutamyl cycle has been dominant in GSH studies, and the exoenzyme γ-glutamyl transpeptidase has been regarded as the major GSH degradation enzyme. However, recent studies have shown that GSH is degraded in cells by cytosolic enzymes such as γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase or γ-glutamyl peptidase. Meanwhile, a portion of GSH is degraded after conjugation with other molecules, which has also been found to be carried out by vacuolar γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, γ-glutamyl peptidase, or phytochelatin synthase. These findings highlight the need to re-assess previous assumptions concerning the γ-glutamyl cycle, and a novel overview of the plant GSH degradation pathway is essential. This review aims to build a foundation for future studies by summarizing current understanding of GSH/glutathione conjugate degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Ito
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Naoko Ohkama-Ohtsu
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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Dard A, Weiss A, Bariat L, Auverlot J, Fontaine V, Picault N, Pontvianne F, Riondet C, Reichheld JP. Glutathione-mediated thermomorphogenesis and heat stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2707-2725. [PMID: 36715641 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the context of climate change, the global rise of temperature and intense heat waves affect plant development and productivity. Among the molecular perturbations that high temperature induces in living cells is the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which perturbs the cellular redox state. In plants, the dynamics of the cellular and subcellular redox state have been poorly investigated under high temperature. Glutathione plays a major role in maintaining the cellular redox state. We investigated its contribution in adaptation of Arabidopsis thaliana to contrasting high temperature regimes: high ambient temperature inducing thermomorphogenesis and heat stress affecting plant viability. Using the genetically encoded redox marker roGFP2, we show that high temperature regimes lead to cytoplasmic and nuclear oxidation and impact the glutathione pool. This pool is restored within a few hours, which probably contributes to plant adaptation to high temperatures. Moreover, low glutathione mutants fail to adapt to heat stress and to induce thermomorphogenesis, suggesting that glutathione is involved in both heat adaptation mechanisms. We also evaluate the transcriptomic signature in the two high temperature regimes and identified gene expression deviations in low glutathione mutants, which might contribute to their sensitivity to high temperature. Thus, we define glutathione as a major player in the adaptation of Arabidopsis to contrasting high temperature regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avilien Dard
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Alizée Weiss
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Laetitia Bariat
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Juline Auverlot
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Valentine Fontaine
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Nathalie Picault
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Frédéric Pontvianne
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Christophe Riondet
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France
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Ai P, Xue J, Zhu Y, Tan W, Wu Y, Wang Y, Li Z, Shi Z, Kang D, Zhang H, Jiang L, Wang Z. Comparative analysis of two kinds of garlic seedings: qualities and transcriptional landscape. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:87. [PMID: 36829121 PMCID: PMC9951544 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facility cultivation is widely applied to meet the increasing demand for high yield and quality, with light intensity and light quality being major limiting factors. However, how changes in the light environment affect development and quality are unclear in garlic. When garlic seedlings are grown, they can also be exposed to blanching culture conditions of darkness or low-light intensity to ameliorate their appearance and modify their bioactive compounds and flavor. RESULTS In this study, we determined the quality and transcriptomes of 14-day-old garlic and blanched garlic seedlings (green seedlings and blanched seedlings) to explore the mechanisms by which seedlings integrate light signals. The findings revealed that blanched garlic seedlings were taller and heavier in fresh weight compared to green garlic seedlings. In addition, the contents of allicin, cellulose, and soluble sugars were higher in the green seedlings. We also identified 3,872 differentially expressed genes between green and blanched garlic seedlings. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis suggested enrichment for plant-pathogen interactions, phytohormone signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and other metabolic processes. In functional annotations, pathways related to the growth and formation of the main compounds included phytohormone signaling, cell wall metabolism, allicin biosynthesis, secondary metabolism and MAPK signaling. Accordingly, we identified multiple types of transcription factor genes involved in plant-pathogen interactions, plant phytohormone signaling, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites among the differentially expressed genes between green and blanched garlic seedlings. CONCLUSIONS Blanching culture is one facility cultivation mode that promotes chlorophyll degradation, thus changing the outward appearance of crops, and improves their flavor. The large number of DEGs identified confirmed the difference of the regulatory machinery under two culture system. This study increases our understanding of the regulatory network integrating light and darkness signals in garlic seedlings and provides a useful resource for the genetic manipulation and cultivation of blanched garlic seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Ai
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Jundong Xue
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Yifei Zhu
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Wenchao Tan
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Yifei Wu
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Ying Wang
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Zhongai Li
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Zhongya Shi
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Dongru Kang
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Haoyi Zhang
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XState Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Plant Germplasm Resources and Genetic Laboratory, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Chrysanthemum Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Road, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
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Seregin IV, Kozhevnikova AD. Phytochelatins: Sulfur-Containing Metal(loid)-Chelating Ligands in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2430. [PMID: 36768751 PMCID: PMC9917255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochelatins (PCs) are small cysteine-rich peptides capable of binding metal(loid)s via SH-groups. Although the biosynthesis of PCs can be induced in vivo by various metal(loid)s, PCs are mainly involved in the detoxification of cadmium and arsenic (III), as well as mercury, zinc, lead, and copper ions, which have high affinities for S-containing ligands. The present review provides a comprehensive account of the recent data on PC biosynthesis, structure, and role in metal(loid) transport and sequestration in the vacuoles of plant cells. A comparative analysis of PC accumulation in hyperaccumulator plants, which accumulate metal(loid)s in their shoots, and in the excluders, which accumulate metal(loid)s in their roots, investigates the question of whether the endogenous PC concentration determines a plant's tolerance to metal(loid)s. Summarizing the available data, it can be concluded that PCs are not involved in metal(loid) hyperaccumulation machinery, though they play a key role in metal(loid) homeostasis. Unraveling the physiological role of metal(loid)-binding ligands is a fundamental problem of modern molecular biology, plant physiology, ionomics, and toxicology, and is important for the development of technologies used in phytoremediation, biofortification, and phytomining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V. Seregin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya St., 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
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Inoue R, Nakamura N, Matsumoto C, Takase H, Sekiya J, Prieto R. Characterization of γ-glutamyltransferase- and phytochelatin synthase-mediated catabolism of glutathione and glutathione S-conjugates in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:381-389. [PMID: 37283618 PMCID: PMC10240914 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.1003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH, γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) has been implicated in a multitude of cellular functions, such as protection of cells against oxidative stress, detoxification of xenobiotics via degradation of GSH S-conjugates, and disease resistance. Glutathione also serves as a precursor of phytochelatins, and thereby plays an essential role in heavy metal detoxification. The Arabidopsis genome encodes three functional γ-glutamyltransferase genes (AtGGT1, AtGGT2, AtGGT4) and two phytochelatin synthase genes (AtPCS1, AtPCS2). The function of plant GGT has not yet been clearly defined, although it is thought to be involved in GSH and GSH S-conjugate catabolism. On the other hand, besides its role in heavy metal detoxification, PCS has also been involved in GSH S-conjugate catabolism. Herein we describe the HPLC characterization of GSH and GSH S-conjugate catabolism in Arabidopsis mutants deficient in GSH biosynthesis (pad2-1/gsh1), atggt and atpcs1 T-DNA insertion mutants, atggt pad2-1, atggt atpcs1 double mutants, and the atggt1 atggt4 atpcs1 triple mutant. The results of our HPLC analysis confirm that AtGGT and AtPCS play important roles in two different pathways related with GSH and GSH S-conjugate (GS-bimane) catabolism in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Inoue
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 1-1 Nanjo, Sogabe-cho, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan
| | - Naoto Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 1-1 Nanjo, Sogabe-cho, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan
| | - Chie Matsumoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 1-1 Nanjo, Sogabe-cho, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan
| | - Hisabumi Takase
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 1-1 Nanjo, Sogabe-cho, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan
| | - Jiro Sekiya
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 1-1 Nanjo, Sogabe-cho, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan
| | - Rafael Prieto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, 1-1 Nanjo, Sogabe-cho, Kameoka, Kyoto 621-8555, Japan
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9
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Helaoui S, Boughattas I, El Kribi-Boukhris S, Mkhinini M, Alphonse V, Livet A, Bousserrhine N, Banni M. Assessing the effects of nickel on, e.g., Medicago sativa L. nodules using multidisciplinary approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:77386-77400. [PMID: 35672641 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21311-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Industrial wastes and fertilizers can introduce excessive levels of nickel (Ni) into the environment, potentially causing threats to plants, animals, as well as human beings. However, the number of studies on the effects of Ni toxicity on nodules is fairly limited. To address this issue, the effects of increasing Ni concentration on alfalfa nodules were assessed at chemical, biochemical, and transcriptomic levels. For this purpose, plants were grown in soils supplied with Ni (control, 0 mg/kg; C1, 50 mg/kg; C2, 150 mg/kg; C3, 250 mg/kg; and C4, 500 mg/kg) for 90 days. Ni loads in leaves, roots, and nodules were monitored after the exposure period. A set of biochemical biomarkers of oxidative stress was determined in nodules including antioxidants and metal homeostasis as well as lipid peroxidation. Gene expression levels of the main targets involved in oxidative stress and metal homeostasis were assessed. Our data indicated a high concentration of Ni in leaves, roots, and nodules where values reached 25.64 ± 3.04 mg/kg, 83.23 ± 5.16 mg/kg, and 125.71 ± 4.53 mg/kg in dry weight, respectively. Moreover, a significant increase in nodule biomass was observed in plants exposed to C4 in comparison to control treatment and percentage increased by 63%. Then, lipid peroxidation increased with a rate of 95% in nodules exposed to C4. Enzymatic activities were enhanced remarkably, suggesting the occurrence of oxidative stress, with increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Our results showed also a significant upregulation of SOD, GR and APX genes in nodules. Nodule homoglutathione (HGSH) levels increased with the different Ni concentrations, with a remarkable decrease of glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and glutathione (GSH) content for the highest Ni concentration with 43% and 52% reduction, respectively. The phytochelatin (PC) and metallothionein (MT) concentrations increased in nodules, which implied the triggering of a cellular protection mechanism for coping with Ni toxicity. The results suggested that Ni promotes a drastic oxidative stress in alfalfa nodules, yet the expression of MT and PC to reduce Ni toxicity could be used as Ni stress bioindicators. Our findings provide new insights into the central role of alfalfa nodules in limiting the harmful effects of soil pollution. Therefore, nodules co-expressing antioxidant enzymes may have high phytoremediation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sondes Helaoui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Iteb Boughattas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Sameh El Kribi-Boukhris
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Marouane Mkhinini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Vanessa Alphonse
- Laboratory Water, Environment and Urban Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Livet
- Laboratory Water, Environment and Urban Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Noureddine Bousserrhine
- Laboratory Water, Environment and Urban Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Mohamed Banni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Biotechnologie of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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10
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Zhu B, Wang K, Liang Z, Zhu Z, Yang J. Transcriptome Analysis of Glutathione Response: RNA-Seq Provides Insights into Balance between Antioxidant Response and Glucosinolate Metabolism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1322. [PMID: 35883813 PMCID: PMC9312034 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
When being stressed, plants require a balance between the resistance pathway and metabolism. Glucosinolates (GS) are secondary metabolics that widely exist in Brassicaceae. Glutathione (GSH) not only participates in plant processing reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also directly participates in GS synthesis as a sulfur donor. Therefore, we used transcriptomic to identify antioxidant and GS metabolism responses in GSH-treated pakchoi. Our study elucidated that GSH can be used as priming to improve oxidative resistance and preferentially stimulate the expression of resistance genes such as CAT1. The reduction in transcription factor expression inhibits the key steps of the GS synthesis pathway. When ROS returned to normal level, the resistance gene decreased and returned to normal level, while GSH restored the gene expression of GS biosynthesis. This work puts forward the mechanism of GSH in regulating the antioxidant system and glucosinolate metabolic pathway, which provides a basis for further study on the relationship between environmental signals and plant metabolism and provides ideas for follow-up research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhujun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (B.Z.); (K.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (B.Z.); (K.W.); (Z.L.)
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11
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Angeles JM, Goto Y, Trinh MAD, Rivera PT, Villacorte EA, Kawazu SI. Serological evaluation of the schistosome’s secretory enzyme phytochelatin synthase and phosphoglycerate mutase for the detection of human Schistosoma japonicum infection. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2445-2448. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07568-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Wang Y, Tan P, Chang L, Yue Z, Zeng C, Li M, Liu Z, Dong X, Yan M. Exogenous proline mitigates toxic effects of cadmium via the decrease of cadmium accumulation and reestablishment of redox homeostasis in Brassica juncea. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:182. [PMID: 35395715 PMCID: PMC8991812 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a vital osmoticum, proline has an important role in enhancing the tolerance of plants to environmental stress. It is unclear whether the application of exogenous proline can improve the tolerance of Brassica juncea to cadmium (Cd). RESULTS This study investigated the effects of different concentrations of proline (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/L) under Cd stress at different times (0 d, 2 d, and 7 d) on the growth and physiology of B. juncea. Treatment with exogenous proline not only increased the content of proline in B. juncea but also alleviated Cd-induced seedling growth inhibition via the maintenance of higher photosynthetic pigment content and cell viability and a decrease in the content of Cd. Moreover, it increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio to reduce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Compared with other concentrations, 60 mg/L of exogenous proline was the most effective at mitigating Cd toxicity in B. juncea. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous proline treatment enhanced the tolerance to Cd via a decrease in Cd accumulation and reestablishment of the redox homeostasis in B. juncea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanduo Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, China
- International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, China
| | - Piaopiao Tan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, China
- International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, China
| | - Liang Chang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, China
- International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, China
| | - Zheming Yue
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, China
- International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, China
| | - Chaozhen Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, China
- International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, China
| | - Mei Li
- Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 410125, Changsha, China
| | - Zhixiang Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, China.
- International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, China.
| | - Xujie Dong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, China
- International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Mingli Yan
- Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 410125, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan University of Science and Technology, 411201, Xiangtan, China.
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13
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Zhu T, Liu X, Zhang M, Chen M. Mechanism of cadmium tolerance in Salicornia europaea at optimum levels of NaCl. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:41-51. [PMID: 34748692 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many saline-alkali soils around the world are polluted by the heavy metal Cd, restricting the development of agriculture and ecology in those regions. The halophyte Salicornia europaea L. is capable of growing healthily in Cd-contaminated saline-alkali soil, suggesting that the species is tolerant to stress caused by both salt and heavy metals. In this study, the mechanism of Cd tolerance in this species was explored under 200 mM NaCl. Flame spectrophotometric assays for ions content and spectrophotometric for organic soluble substances, antioxidant enzyme activity, phytochelatins (PCs) content and phytochelatin synthase (PCS) activity, the photosynthetic parameters by portable photosynthesis measurement system, genes expression by qRT-PCR analysis were carried out. Cd treatment significantly decreased the dry weight, photosynthetic rate, K+ , Zn2+ , and Fe2+/3+ content, while significantly increasing Na+ and Cd+ , soluble organic matter, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Compared with Cd treatment at 0 mM NaCl, Cd treatment at 200 mM NaCl significantly increased dry weight and photosynthetic rate while significantly decreasing ROS content through increased antioxidant enzyme activity. When exposed to Cd stress, treatment with 200 mM NaCl significantly increased PCs content and PCS activity and up-regulated the expression of the phytochelatin synthase genes CDA1 and PCS1 were, thereby increasing resistance to Cd. NaCl treatment increases the tolerance of S. europaea to the heavy metal Cd by growing rapidly, reducing the quantity of Cd2+ from entering the plant shoots, increasing the levels of PCs that chelate Cd2+ , thereby reducing its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Shandong, China
| | - X Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Shandong, China
| | - M Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Shandong, China
| | - M Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Shandong, China
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14
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Seregin IV, Kozhevnikova AD. Low-molecular-weight ligands in plants: role in metal homeostasis and hyperaccumulation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 150:51-96. [PMID: 32653983 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00768-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mineral nutrition is one of the key factors determining plant productivity. In plants, metal homeostasis is achieved through the functioning of a complex system governing metal uptake, translocation, distribution, and sequestration, leading to the maintenance of a regulated delivery of micronutrients to metal-requiring processes as well as detoxification of excess or non-essential metals. Low-molecular-weight ligands, such as nicotianamine, histidine, phytochelatins, phytosiderophores, and organic acids, play an important role in metal transport and detoxification in plants. Nicotianamine and histidine are also involved in metal hyperaccumulation, which determines the ability of some plant species to accumulate a large amount of metals in their shoots. In this review we extensively summarize and discuss the current knowledge of the main pathways for the biosynthesis of these ligands, their involvement in metal uptake, radial and long-distance transport, as well as metal influx, isolation and sequestration in plant tissues and cell compartments. It is analyzed how diverse endogenous ligand levels in plants can determine their different tolerance to metal toxic effects. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the physiological role of these compounds in metal homeostasis, which is an essential task of modern ionomics and plant physiology. It is of key importance in studying the influence of metal deficiency or excess on various physiological processes, which is a prerequisite to the improvement of micronutrient uptake efficiency and crop productivity and to the development of a variety of applications in phytoremediation, phytomining, biofortification, and nutritional crop safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Seregin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPPRAS, Botanicheskaya st., 35, Moscow, Russian Federation, 127276.
| | - A D Kozhevnikova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPPRAS, Botanicheskaya st., 35, Moscow, Russian Federation, 127276
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15
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Carrillo JT, Borthakur D. Methods for metal chelation in plant homeostasis: Review. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 163:95-107. [PMID: 33826996 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Metal uptake, transport and storage in plants depend on specialized ligands with closely related functions. Individual studies differing by species, nutrient availability, tissue type, etc. are not comprehensive enough to understand plant metal homeostasis in its entirety. A thorough review is required that distinguishes the role of ligands directly involved in chelation from the myriad of plant responses to general stress. Distinguishing between the functions of metal chelating compounds is the primary focus of this review; reactive oxygen species mediation and other aspects of metal homeostasis are also discussed. High molecular weight ligands (polysaccharides, phytochelatin, metallothionein), low molecular weight ligands (nicotianamine, histidine, secondary metabolites) and select studies which demonstrate the complex nature of plant metal homeostasis are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Carrillo
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Molecular Biology and Bioengineering, 1955 East-West Road, Agricultural Sciences 218, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Dulal Borthakur
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Molecular Biology and Bioengineering, 1955 East-West Road, Agricultural Sciences 218, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
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16
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Zhu T, Li L, Duan Q, Liu X, Chen M. Progress in our understanding of plant responses to the stress of heavy metal cadmium. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1836884. [PMID: 33084518 PMCID: PMC7781755 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1836884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution is a major environmental stress affecting plant growth and development. The heavy metal cadmium inhibits various physiological processes in plants, including seed germination and seedling growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidation. Extensive research has been conducted on the toxic effects of Cd2+ on plants and the mechanisms of Cd2+ tolerance. Here, we review recent advancements in our understanding of the absorption, transport, and accumulation of Cd2+ in plants and the mechanisms of Cd2+ tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Shandong, PR China
| | - Qixin Duan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiuling Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Shandong, PR China
| | - Min Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Shandong, PR China
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17
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Sun X, Zhu S, Li N, Cheng Y, Zhao J, Qiao X, Lu L, Liu S, Wang Y, Liu C, Li B, Guo W, Gao S, Yang Z, Li F, Zeng Z, Tang Q, Pan Y, Guan M, Zhao J, Lu X, Meng H, Han Z, Gao C, Jiang W, Zhao X, Tian S, Su J, Cheng Z, Liu T. A Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of Garlic (Allium sativum) Provides Insights into Genome Evolution and Allicin Biosynthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1328-1339. [PMID: 32730994 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Garlic, an economically important vegetable, spice, and medicinal crop, produces highly enlarged bulbs and unique organosulfur compounds. Here, we report a chromosome-level genome assembly for garlic, with a total size of approximately 16.24 Gb, as well as the annotation of 57 561 predicted protein-coding genes, making garlic the first Allium species with a sequenced genome. Analysis of this garlic genome assembly reveals a recent burst of transposable elements, explaining the substantial expansion of the garlic genome. We examined the evolution of certain genes associated with the biosynthesis of allicin and inulin neoseries-type fructans, and provided new insights into the biosynthesis of these two compounds. Furthermore, a large-scale transcriptome was produced to characterize the expression patterns of garlic genes in different tissues and at various growth stages of enlarged bulbs. The reference genome and large-scale transcriptome data generated in this study provide valuable new resources for research on garlic biology and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudong Sun
- Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Siyuan Zhu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Ningyang Li
- Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xuguang Qiao
- Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Li Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yanzhou Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Chan Liu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Benping Li
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wu Guo
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zemao Yang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Fu Li
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Zheng Zeng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Qing Tang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Yupeng Pan
- Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Mengjiao Guan
- Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoming Lu
- Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Huanwen Meng
- Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhenlin Han
- Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Chunsheng Gao
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Wenkai Jiang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shilin Tian
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianguang Su
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China.
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Touming Liu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China.
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18
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Nicolini G, Roman T, Flamini R, Tonidandel L, Gardiman M, Larcher R. Thiol precursors in Vitis mould-tolerant hybrid varieties. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:3262-3268. [PMID: 32086798 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over recent years, a new wave of disease-tolerant to mildew varieties has flooded the viticulture sector, for reasons of human safety and economic expediency. These hybrid grape cultivars are selected mainly on the basis of their intrinsic capability to counter the attack of the main fungal diseases that affect grape production, such as downy mildew and powdery mildew. However, their organoleptic and oenological characteristics have not yet been studied in depth for purposes of both juice and wine production, due to the high number of newly proposed germplasms and the lack of information about their adaptability to different environments. This work examines the thiol aroma precursors concentration in 64 red and white disease-tolerant hybrid varieties in the vine germplasm collections of Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria-Viticulture and Enology Research Center and Fondazione Edmund Mach, both from the north-east of Italy. RESULTS All cultivars showed the presence of 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3MH) precursors, ranging from 4.4 to 1141 μg kg-1 for 3-S-glutathionyl hexan-1-ol (GSH-3MH), and from 0.3 to 136 μg kg-1 for 3-S-cysteinyl 3-hexan-1-ol. The concentration of GSH-3MH exceeded 600 μg kg-1 in eight varieties, with values comparable to those of the richest Vitis vinifera reported so far. On average, red grapes showed higher concentrations of 3MH precursors than white ones did. Only two hybrids had 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one (4MMP) precursors over the limit of quantification, albeit with a much higher concentration than those normally reported in Sauvignon Blanc. CONCLUSION This is the first detailed survey of 3MH and 4MMP precursors carried out taking into account a considerable number of hybrid grape varieties. The results show that some of these varieties could be interesting for the production of tropical juices or tropical-aromatic wines and soft drinks, through the enzymatic liberation of thiol aromas, as well as for the production of aromatizing tannins to be used in the food industry. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Nicolini
- Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Technology Transfer Center, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Tomas Roman
- Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Technology Transfer Center, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Riccardo Flamini
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria-Viticulture and Enology Research Center (CREA-VE), Conegliano, Italy
| | - Loris Tonidandel
- Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Technology Transfer Center, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Massimo Gardiman
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria-Viticulture and Enology Research Center (CREA-VE), Conegliano, Italy
| | - Roberto Larcher
- Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Technology Transfer Center, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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19
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Reconstitution of polythioamide antibiotic backbone formation reveals unusual thiotemplated assembly strategy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8850-8858. [PMID: 32265283 PMCID: PMC7183216 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918759117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) are a vast class of natural products and an important source of therapeutics. Typically, these secondary metabolites are assembled by NRP synthetases (NRPSs) that function on substrates covalently linked to the enzyme by a thioester, in a process known as thiotemplated biosynthesis. Although NRPS-independent assembly pathways are known, all are nonthiotemplated. Here we report an NRPS-independent yet thiotemplated pathway for NRP biosynthesis and demonstrate that members of the ATP-grasp and cysteine protease families form the β-peptide backbone of an antibiotic. Armed with this knowledge, we provide genomic evidence that this noncanonical assembly pathway is widespread in bacteria. Our results will inspire future genome mining efforts for the discovery of potential therapeutics that otherwise would be overlooked. Closthioamide (CTA) is a rare example of a thioamide-containing nonribosomal peptide and is one of only a handful of secondary metabolites described from obligately anaerobic bacteria. Although the biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for CTA production and the thioamide synthetase that catalyzes sulfur incorporation were recently discovered, the logic for peptide backbone assembly has remained a mystery. Here, through the use of in vitro biochemical assays, we demonstrate that the amide backbone of CTA is assembled in an unusual thiotemplated pathway involving the cooperation of a transacylating member of the papain-like cysteine protease family and an iteratively acting ATP-grasp protein. Using the ATP-grasp protein as a bioinformatic handle, we identified hundreds of such thiotemplated yet nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-independent biosynthetic gene clusters across diverse bacterial phyla. The data presented herein not only clarify the pathway for the biosynthesis of CTA, but also provide a foundation for the discovery of additional secondary metabolites produced by noncanonical biosynthetic pathways.
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20
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Sousa B, Soares C, Oliveira F, Martins M, Branco-Neves S, Barbosa B, Ataíde I, Teixeira J, Azenha M, Azevedo RA, Fidalgo F. Foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide improves Solanum nigrum L. tolerance to high levels of Zn without affecting its remediation potential. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125579. [PMID: 32050351 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although Solanum nigrum L. is a phytoremediator for different metals, its growth and physiology are still compromised by toxic levels of zinc (Zn). Thus, the development of eco-friendly strategies to enhance its tolerance, maintaining remediation potential is of special interest. This study evaluated the potential of 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) to boost S. nigrum defence against Zn towards a better growth rate and remediation potential. After 24 days of exposure, the results revealed that Zn-mediated inhibitory effects on biomass and biometry were efficiently mitigated upon application of 24-EBL, without affecting Zn accumulation. The evaluation of oxidative stress markers reported that Zn excess stimulated the accumulation of superoxide anion (O2.-), but reduced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels, while not altering lipid peroxidation (LP). This was accompanied by an up-regulation of the antioxidant system, especially proline, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in both organs, and ascorbate in roots of Zn-exposed plants. Foliar application of 24-EBL, however, induced distinctive effects, lowering proline levels in both organs, as well as APX activity in shoots and SOD in roots, whilst stimulating GSH and total thiols in both organs, as well as SOD and APX activity, in shoots and in roots, respectively. Probably due to a better antioxidant efficiency, levels of O2.- and H2O2 in pre-treated plants remained identical to the control, while LP further decreased in shoots. Overall, our results indicate a protective effect of 24-EBL on S. nigrum response to excess Zn, contributing for a better tolerance and growth rate, without disturbing its phytoremediation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Sousa
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cristiano Soares
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisca Oliveira
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Martins
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Simão Branco-Neves
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Barbosa
- Colégio Internato dos Carvalhos (CIC), Rua Moeiro s/n, 4415-133, Pedroso, Portugal
| | - Inês Ataíde
- Colégio Internato dos Carvalhos (CIC), Rua Moeiro s/n, 4415-133, Pedroso, Portugal
| | - Jorge Teixeira
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Azenha
- CIQ-UP, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Antunes Azevedo
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP. 83, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Fidalgo
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
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The Moss Leptodictyum riparium Counteracts Severe Cadmium Stress by Activation of Glutathione Transferase and Phytochelatin Synthase, but Slightly by Phytochelatins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051583. [PMID: 32111035 PMCID: PMC7084805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we investigated the response to Cd in Leptodictyum riparium, a cosmopolitan moss (Bryophyta) that can accumulate higher amounts of metals than other plants, even angiosperms, with absence or slight apparent damage. High-performance liquid chromatography followed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry of extracts from L. riparium gametophytes, exposed to 0, 36 and 360 µM Cd for 7 days, revealed the presence of γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-EC), reduced glutathione (GSH), and traces of phytochelatins. The increase in Cd concentrations progressively augmented reactive oxygen species levels, with activation of both antioxidant (catalase and superoxide dismutase) and detoxifying (glutathione-S-transferase) enzymes. After Cd treatment, cytosolic and vacuolar localization of thiol peptides was performed by means of the fluorescent dye monochlorobimane and subsequent observation with confocal laser scanning microscopy. The cytosolic fluorescence observed with the highest Cd concentrations was also consistent with the formation of γ-EC-bimane in the cytosol, possibly catalyzed by the peptidase activity of the L. riparium phytochelatin synthase. On the whole, activation of phytochelatin synthase and glutathione-S-transferase, but minimally phytochelatin synthesis, play a role to counteract Cd toxicity in L. riparium, in this manner minimizing the cellular damage caused by the metal. This study strengthens previous investigations on the L. riparium ability to efficiently hinder metal pollution, hinting at a potential use for biomonitoring and phytoremediation purposes.
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Dvorak M, Schnegg R, Niederwanger M, Pedrini-Martha V, Ladurner P, Lindner H, Kremser L, Lackner R, Dallinger R. Cadmium Pathways in Snails Follow a Complementary Strategy between Metallothionein Detoxification and Auxiliary Inactivation by Phytochelatins. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010007. [PMID: 31861343 PMCID: PMC6981842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal detoxification is crucial for animals to cope with environmental exposure. In snails, a pivotal role in protection against cadmium (Cd) is attributed to metallothioneins (MTs). Some gastropod species express, in a lineage-specific manner, Cd-selective MTs devoted exclusively to the binding and detoxification of this single metal, whereas other species of snails possess non-selective MTs, but still show a high tolerance against Cd. An explanation for this may be that invertebrates and in particular snails may also synthetize phytochelatins (PCs), originally known to be produced by plants, to provide protection against metal or metalloid toxicity. Here we demonstrate that despite the fact that similar mechanisms for Cd inactivation exist in snail species through binding of the metal to MTs, the actual detoxification pathways for this metal may follow different traits in a species-specific manner. In particular, this depends on the detoxification capacity of MTs due to their Cd-selective or non-specific binding features. In the terrestrial slug Arion vulgaris, for example, Cd is solely detoxified by a Cd-selective MT isoform (AvMT1). In contrast, the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata activates an additional pathway for metal inactivation by synthesizing phytochelatins, which compensate for the insufficient capacity of its non-selective MT system to detoxify Cd. We hypothesize that in other snails and invertebrate species, too, an alternative inactivation of the metal by PCs may occur, if their MT system is not Cd-selective enough, or its Cd loading capacity is exhausted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dvorak
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raimund Schnegg
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Niederwanger
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Veronika Pedrini-Martha
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Ladurner
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Lindner
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Innsbruck Medical University, Biocenter, Innrain 80, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Leopold Kremser
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Innsbruck Medical University, Biocenter, Innrain 80, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reinhard Lackner
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (R.D.)
| | - Reinhard Dallinger
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (R.D.)
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Li M, Stragliati L, Bellini E, Ricci A, Saba A, Sanità di Toppi L, Varotto C. Evolution and functional differentiation of recently diverged phytochelatin synthase genes from Arundo donax L. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5391-5405. [PMID: 31145784 PMCID: PMC6793451 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytochelatin synthases (PCSs) play pivotal roles in the detoxification of heavy metals and metalloids in plants; however, little information on the evolution of recently duplicated PCS genes in plant species is available. Here we characterize the evolution and functional differentiation of three PCS genes from the giant reed (Arundo donax L.), a biomass/bioenergy crop with remarkable resistance to cadmium and other heavy metals. Phylogenetic reconstruction with PCS genes from fully sequenced monocotyledonous genomes indicated that the three A. donax PCSs, namely AdPCS1-3, form a monophyletic clade. The AdPCS1-3 genes were expressed at low levels in many A. donax organs and displayed different levels of cadmium-responsive expression in roots. Overexpression of AdPCS1-3 in Arabidopsis thaliana and yeast reproduced the phenotype of functional PCS genes. Mass spectrometry analyses confirmed that AdPCS1-3 are all functional enzymes, but with significant differences in the amount of the phytochelatins synthesized. Moreover, heterogeneous evolutionary rates characterized the AdPCS1-3 genes, indicative of relaxed natural selection. These results highlight the elevated functional differentiation of A. donax PCS genes from both a transcriptional and an enzymatic point of view, providing evidence of the high evolvability of PCS genes and of plant responsiveness to heavy metal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingai Li
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige (TN) , Italy
| | - Luca Stragliati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, Parma, Italy
| | - Erika Bellini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ada Ricci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Saba
- Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e dell’Area Critica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Varotto
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige (TN) , Italy
- Correspondence: or
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24
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Awoyemi OM, Adeleke EO, Dzantor EK. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and exogenous glutathione mitigate coal fly ash (CFA)-induced phytotoxicity in CFA-contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 237:449-456. [PMID: 30825778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Coal fly ash (CFA) makes a bulk of the coal combustion wastes generated from coal-fired power plants. There are several environmental mishaps due to coal ash spills around the world and in the United States. Management of CFA-polluted sites has proven inefficient resulting in soil infiltration, leaching, and phytotoxicity. This study assessed the mitigation strategies for CFA-induced phytotoxicity using biological [arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)] and chemical [exogenous glutathione (GSH)] agents. Indices of phytotoxicity include seed germination, plant morphometrics, lipid peroxidation and genomic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in switchgrass plant (Panicum virgatum). Experiments include laboratory screening (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% w/w CFA/soil) and greenhouse pot study (0, 7.5 and 15% w/w CFA/soil) culturing switchgrass plant in Armour silt loam soil co-applied with AMF (Rhizophagus clarus) and GSH. Experiments showed that CFA exposure caused a concentration-dependent increase in seed germination. 10% CFA increased seedling growth while 15 and 20% CFA decreased seedling growth and induced leaf chlorosis. Furthermore, CFA (7.5 and 15%) in the 90-d pot study significantly (p < 0.05) impaired plant growth, induced lipid peroxidation and reduced genomic dsDNA. However, the incorporation of AMF or GSH enhanced seed germination, plant growth, and/or genomic dsDNA, reduced lipid peroxidation and prevented leaf chlorosis in CFA-exposed switchgrass plant. This study demonstrates that AMF and GSH have the potential to mitigate CFA-induced phytotoxicity. These biological and chemical strategies could be further harnessed for efficient utilization of switchgrass plant in the phytoremediation of CFA contaminated soil environment while simultaneously limiting CFA-induced phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olushola M Awoyemi
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79416, USA; Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA.
| | - Ekundayo O Adeleke
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA
| | - E Kudjo Dzantor
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, USA
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25
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Matern A, Böttcher C, Eschen-Lippold L, Westermann B, Smolka U, Döll S, Trempel F, Aryal B, Scheel D, Geisler M, Rosahl S. A substrate of the ABC transporter PEN3 stimulates bacterial flagellin (flg22)-induced callose deposition in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6857-6870. [PMID: 30833326 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhost resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana against Phytophthora infestans, a filamentous eukaryotic microbe and the causal agent of potato late blight, is based on a multilayered defense system. Arabidopsis thaliana controls pathogen entry through the penetration-resistance genes PEN2 and PEN3, encoding an atypical myrosinase and an ABC transporter, respectively, required for synthesis and export of unknown indole compounds. To identify pathogen-elicited leaf surface metabolites and further unravel nonhost resistance in Arabidopsis, we performed untargeted metabolite profiling by incubating a P. infestans zoospore suspension on leaves of WT or pen3 mutant Arabidopsis plants. Among the plant-secreted metabolites, 4-methoxyindol-3-yl-methanol and S-(4-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methyl) cysteine were detected in spore suspensions recollected from WT plants, but at reduced levels from the pen3 mutant plants. In both whole-cell and microsome-based assays, 4-methoxyindol-3-yl-methanol was transported in a PEN3-dependent manner, suggesting that this compound is a PEN3 substrate. The syntheses of both compounds were dependent on functional PEN2 and phytochelatin synthase 1. None of these compounds inhibited mycelial growth of P. infestans in vitro Of note, exogenous application of 4-methoxyindol-3-yl methanol slightly elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels and enhanced callose deposition in hydathodes of seedlings treated with a bacterial pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), flagellin (flg22). Loss of flg22-induced callose deposition in leaves of pen3 seedlings was partially reverted by the addition of 4-methoxyindol-3-yl methanol. In conclusion, we have identified a specific indole compound that is a substrate for PEN3 and contributes to the plant defense response against microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Matern
- From the Department of Stress and Developmental Biology and
| | | | | | - Bernhard Westermann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany and
| | - Ulrike Smolka
- From the Department of Stress and Developmental Biology and
| | - Stefanie Döll
- From the Department of Stress and Developmental Biology and
| | - Fabian Trempel
- From the Department of Stress and Developmental Biology and
| | - Bibek Aryal
- the Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dierk Scheel
- From the Department of Stress and Developmental Biology and
| | - Markus Geisler
- the Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Rosahl
- From the Department of Stress and Developmental Biology and
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26
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Parzych KR, Klionsky DJ. Vacuolar hydrolysis and efflux: current knowledge and unanswered questions. Autophagy 2018; 15:212-227. [PMID: 30422029 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1545821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrolysis within the vacuole in yeast and the lysosome in mammals is required for the degradation and recycling of a multitude of substrates, many of which are delivered to the vacuole/lysosome by autophagy. In humans, defects in lysosomal hydrolysis and efflux can have devastating consequences, and contribute to a class of diseases referred to as lysosomal storage disorders. Despite the importance of these processes, many of the proteins and regulatory mechanisms involved in hydrolysis and efflux are poorly understood. In this review, we describe our current knowledge of the vacuolar/lysosomal degradation and efflux of a vast array of substrates, focusing primarily on what is known in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We also highlight many unanswered questions, the answers to which may lead to new advances in the treatment of lysosomal storage disorders. Abbreviations: Ams1: α-mannosidase; Ape1: aminopeptidase I; Ape3: aminopeptidase Y; Ape4: aspartyl aminopeptidase; Atg: autophagy related; Cps1: carboxypeptidase S; CTNS: cystinosin, lysosomal cystine transporter; CTSA: cathepsin A; CTSD: cathepsin D; Cvt: cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting; Dap2: dipeptidyl aminopeptidase B; GS-bimane: glutathione-S-bimane; GSH: glutathione; LDs: lipid droplets; MVB: multivesicular body; PAS: phagophore assembly site; Pep4: proteinase A; PolyP: polyphosphate; Prb1: proteinase B; Prc1: carboxypeptidase Y; V-ATPase: vacuolar-type proton-translocating ATPase; VTC: vacuolar transporter chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Parzych
- a Life Sciences Institute, and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- a Life Sciences Institute, and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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27
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Kolahi M, Yazdi M, Goldson-Barnaby A, Tabandeh MR. In silico prediction, phylogenetic and bioinformatic analysis of SoPCS gene, survey of its protein characterization and gene expression in response to cadmium in Saccharum officinarum. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 163:7-18. [PMID: 30031266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytochelatin synthase isolated from microorganisms, yeasts, algae and plant, serve a fundamental role in reducing heavy metals. In this research the in silico PCS gene structure (SoPCS) of sugarcane, its secondary and 3D protein structure, physicochemical properties, cell localization and phylogenetic tree were predicted utilizing bioinformatics tools. SoPCS expression in the leaves and roots of sugarcane in tissue culture treated with cadmium was also studied utilizing real time PCR. The predicted SoPCS gene contains 1524 nucleotides, a protein encoded with 508 amino acids of which the molecular weight is 55953.3 Da, 6 exons and 5 introns. The subcellular position of the enzyme is mitochondrion or cytoplasmic. Two domains belonging to the phytochelatin synthase family with similar features was found in Pfam having more than 97% similarity with the predicted SoPCS protein. Phylogeny analyses of plant species were well isolated from other organisms. Ten disulfide-bonded cysteines were excluded from the structure of SoPCS. The predicted 3D structure of SoPCS showed that it is able to bind to L-gamma-glutamylcysteine as substrate. The binding site sequence of PCS included amino acids 52(Q),55(P),56(A),57(F), 58(C),103(G),104(I),151(S),163(G),165(F),206(D), 213(R). The common amino acid with conserved sequence in the binding site of the plant was 103Gly. Gene expression indicated that SoPCS has an important role in the response of sugarcane to cadmium with potential use in genetic engineering to remove metal contaminants in the environment. This is the first characterization of a PCS from sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kolahi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Milad Yazdi
- Department of Genetic, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Tabandeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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28
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Arabidopsis mutants impaired in glutathione biosynthesis exhibit higher sensitivity towards the glucosinolate hydrolysis product allyl-isothiocyanate. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9809. [PMID: 29955088 PMCID: PMC6023892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon tissue damage the plant secondary metabolites glucosinolates can generate various hydrolysis products, including isothiocyanates (ITCs). Their role in plant defence against insects and pest and their potential health benefits have been well documented, but our knowledge regarding the endogenous molecular mechanisms of their effect in plants is limited. Here we investigated the effect of allyl-isothiocyanate (AITC) on Arabidopsis thaliana mutants impaired in homeostasis of the low-molecular weight thiol glutathione. We show that glutathione is important for the AITC-induced physiological responses, since mutants deficient in glutathione biosynthesis displayed a lower biomass and higher root growth inhibition than WT seedlings. These mutants were also more susceptible than WT to another ITC, sulforaphane. Sulforaphane was however more potent in inhibiting root growth than AITC. Combining AITC with the glutathione biosynthesis inhibitor L-buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO) led to an even stronger phenotype than observed for the single treatments. Furthermore, transgenic plants expressing the redox-sensitive fluorescent biomarker roGFP2 indicated more oxidative conditions during AITC treatment. Taken together, we provide genetic evidence that glutathione plays an important role in AITC-induced growth inhibition, although further studies need to be conducted to reveal the underlying mechanisms.
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29
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Trypsin Hydrolysed Protein Fractions as Radical Scavengers and Anti-bacterial Agents from Ficus deltoidea. Int J Pept Res Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-017-9613-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Bothe H, Słomka A. Divergent biology of facultative heavy metal plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 219:45-61. [PMID: 29028613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Among heavy metal plants (the metallophytes), facultative species can live both in soils contaminated by an excess of heavy metals and in non-affected sites. In contrast, obligate metallophytes are restricted to polluted areas. Metallophytes offer a fascinating biology, due to the fact that species have developed different strategies to cope with the adverse conditions of heavy metal soils. The literature distinguishes between hyperaccumulating, accumulating, tolerant and excluding metallophytes, but the borderline between these categories is blurred. Due to the fact that heavy metal soils are dry, nutrient limited and are not uniform but have a patchy distribution in many instances, drought-tolerant or low nutrient demanding species are often regarded as metallophytes in the literature. In only a few cases, the concentrations of heavy metals in soils are so toxic that only a few specifically adapted plants, the genuine metallophytes, can cope with these adverse soil conditions. Current molecular biological studies focus on the genetically amenable and hyperaccumulating Arabidopsis halleri and Noccaea (Thlaspi) caerulescens of the Brassicaceae. Armeria maritima ssp. halleri utilizes glands for the excretion of heavy metals and is, therefore, a heavy metal excluder. The two endemic zinc violets of Western Europe, Viola lutea ssp. calaminaria of the Aachen-Liège area and Viola lutea ssp. westfalica of the Pb-Cu-ditch of Blankenrode, Eastern Westphalia, as well as Viola tricolor ecotypes of Eastern Europe, keep their cells free of excess heavy metals by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi which bind heavy metals. The Caryophyllaceae, Silene vulgaris f. humilis and Minuartia verna, apparently discard leaves when overloaded with heavy metals. All Central European metallophytes have close relatives that grow in areas outside of heavy metal soils, mainly in the Alps, and have, therefore, been considered as relicts of the glacial epoch in the past. However, the current literature favours the idea that hyperaccumulation of heavy metals serves plants as deterrent against attack by feeding animals (termed elemental defense hypothesis). The capability to hyperaccumulate heavy metals in A. halleri and N. caerulescens is achieved by duplications and alterations of the cis-regulatory properties of genes coding for heavy metal transporting/excreting proteins. Several metallophytes have developed ecotypes with a varying content of such heavy metal transporters as an adaption to the specific toxicity of a heavy metal site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Bothe
- Botanical Institute, The University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Aneta Słomka
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9 Str., 30-387 Cracow, Poland.
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31
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Functional studies of AtACR2 gene putatively involved in accumulation, reduction and/or sequestration of arsenic species in plants. Biologia (Bratisl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kissen R, Øverby A, Winge P, Bones AM. Allyl-isothiocyanate treatment induces a complex transcriptional reprogramming including heat stress, oxidative stress and plant defence responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:740. [PMID: 27639974 PMCID: PMC5027104 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are degradation products of the plant secondary metabolites glucosinolates (GSLs) and are known to affect human health as well as plant herbivores and pathogens. To investigate the processes engaged in plants upon exposure to isothiocyanate we performed a genome scale transcriptional profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana at different time points in response to an exogenous treatment with allyl-isothiocyanate. Results The treatment triggered a substantial response with the expression of 431 genes affected (P < 0.05 and log2 ≥ 1 or ≤ -1) already after 30 min and that of 3915 genes affected after 9 h of exposure, most of the affected genes being upregulated. These are involved in a considerable number of different biological processes, some of which are described in detail: glucosinolate metabolism, sulphate uptake and assimilation, heat stress response, oxidative stress response, elicitor perception, plant defence and cell death mechanisms. Conclusion Exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana to vapours of allyl-isothiocyanate triggered a rapid and substantial transcriptional response affecting numerous biological processes. These include multiple stress stimuli such as heat stress response and oxidative stress response, cell death and sulphur secondary defence metabolism. Hence, effects of isothiocyanates on plants previously reported in the literature were found to be regulated at the gene expression level. This opens some avenues for further investigations to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of isothiocyanates on plants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3039-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Kissen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Øverby
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Present address: Center for Clinical Pharmacy and Clinical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Per Winge
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Atle M Bones
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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Thapa G, Das D, Gunupuru LR. Expression of Echmr gene from Eichhornia offers multiple stress tolerance to Cd sensitive Escherichia coli Δgsh mutants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:101-109. [PMID: 27457806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The detoxification of heavy metals frequently involves conjugation to glutathione prior to compartmentalization and eflux in higher plants. We have expressed a heavy metal stress responsive (Echmr) gene from water hyacinth, which conferred tolerance to Cd sensitive Escherichia coli Δgsh mutants against heavy metals and abiotic stresses. The recombinant E. coli Δgsh mutant cells showed better growth recovery and survival than control cells under Cd (200 μM), Pb(200 μM), heat shock (50 °C), cold stress at 4 °C for 4 h, and UV-B (20 min) exposure. The enhanced expression of Echmr gene revealed by northern analysis during above stresses further advocates its role in multi-stress tolerance. Heterologous expression of EcHMR from Eichhornia rescued Cd(2+) sensitive E. coli mutants from Cd(2+) toxicity and induced better recovery post abiotic stresses. This may suggests a possible role of Echmr in Cd(II) and desiccation tolerance in plants for enhanced stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Thapa
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati 781039, Assam, India; Earth Institute, Molecular Plant Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - D Das
- Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - L R Gunupuru
- Earth Institute, Molecular Plant Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
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Kühnlenz T, Westphal L, Schmidt H, Scheel D, Clemens S. Expression of Caenorhabditis elegans PCS in the AtPCS1-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana cad1-3 mutant separates the metal tolerance and non-host resistance functions of phytochelatin synthases. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2239-47. [PMID: 25764348 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Phytochelatin synthases (PCS) play key roles in plant metal tolerance. They synthesize small metal-binding peptides, phytochelatins, under conditions of metal excess. Respective mutants are strongly cadmium and arsenic hypersensitive. However, their ubiquitous presence and constitutive expression had long suggested a more general function of PCS besides metal detoxification. Indeed, phytochelatin synthase1 from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPCS1) was later implicated in non-host resistance. The two different physiological functions may be attributable to the two distinct catalytic activities demonstrated for AtPCS1, that is the dipeptidyl transfer onto an acceptor molecule in phytochelatin synthesis, and the proteolytic deglycylation of glutathione conjugates. In order to test this hypothesis and to possibly separate the two biological roles, we expressed a phylogenetically distant PCS from Caenorhabditis elegans in an AtPCS1 mutant. We confirmed the involvement of AtPCS1 in non-host resistance by showing that plants lacking the functional gene develop a strong cell death phenotype when inoculated with the potato pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Furthermore, we found that the C. elegans gene rescues phytochelatin synthesis and cadmium tolerance, but not the defect in non-host resistance. This strongly suggests that the second enzymatic function of AtPCS1, which remains to be defined in detail, is underlying the plant immunity function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Kühnlenz
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Lore Westphal
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | - Holger Schmidt
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
| | - Dierk Scheel
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | - Stephan Clemens
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany
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Roncarati F, Sáez CA, Greco M, Gledhill M, Bitonti MB, Brown MT. Response differences between Ectocarpus siliculosus populations to copper stress involve cellular exclusion and induction of the phytochelatin biosynthetic pathway. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 159:167-75. [PMID: 25546007 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Some populations of brown seaweed species inhabit metal-polluted environments and can develop tolerance to metal stress, but the mechanisms by which this is accomplished are still to be elucidated. To address this, the responses of two strains of the model brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus isolated from sites with different histories of metal contamination exposed to total copper (CuT) concentrations ranging between 0 and 2.4 μM for 10 days were investigated. The synthesis of the metal-chelator phytochelatin (PCs) and relative levels of transcripts encoding the enzymes γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), glutathione synthase (GS) and phytochelatin synthase (PCS) that participate in the PC biosynthetic pathway were measured, along with the effects on growth, and adsorption and uptake of Cu. Growth of strain LIA, from a pristine site in Scotland, was inhibited to a greater extent, and at lower concentrations, than that of Es524, isolated from a Cu-contaminated site in Chile. Concentrations of intra-cellular Cu were higher and the exchangeable fraction was lower in LIA than Es524, especially at the highest exposure levels. Total glutathione concentrations increased in both strains with Cu exposure, whereas total PCs levels were higher in Es524 than LIA; PC2 and PC3 were detected in Es524 but PC2 only was found in LIA. The greater production and levels of polymerisation of PCs in Es524 can be explained by the up-regulation of genes encoding for key enzymes involved in the synthesis of PCs. In Es524 there was an increase in the transcripts of γ-GCS, GS and PCS, particularly under high Cu exposure, whereas in LIA4 transcripts of γ-GCS1 increased only slightly, γ-GCS2 and GS decreased and PCS did not change. The consequences of higher intra-cellular concentrations of Cu, lower production of PCs, and lower expression of enzymes involved in GSH-PCs synthesis may be contributing to an induced oxidative stress condition in LIA, which explains, at least in part, the observed sensitivity of LIA to Cu. Therefore, responses to Cu exposure in E. siliculosus relate to the contamination histories of the locations from where the strains were isolated and differences in Cu exclusion and PCs production are in part responsible for the development of intra-specific resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Roncarati
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Environment, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Claudio A Sáez
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Environment, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK; Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, casilla 40 correo 33, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Casilla 34-V, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Maria Greco
- Laboratory of Plant Cyto-Physiology, University of Calabria, Arcavata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Martha Gledhill
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, GEOMAR, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, Build. 12, D-24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Maria B Bitonti
- Laboratory of Plant Cyto-Physiology, University of Calabria, Arcavata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Murray T Brown
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Environment, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
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Zechmann B. Compartment-specific importance of glutathione during abiotic and biotic stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:566. [PMID: 25368627 PMCID: PMC4202713 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The tripeptide thiol glutathione (γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) is the most important sulfur containing antioxidant in plants and essential for plant defense against abiotic and biotic stress conditions. It is involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS), redox signaling, the modulation of defense gene expression, and the regulation of enzymatic activities. Even though changes in glutathione contents are well documented in plants and its roles in plant defense are well established, still too little is known about its compartment-specific importance during abiotic and biotic stress conditions. Due to technical advances in the visualization of glutathione and the redox state through microscopical methods some progress was made in the last few years in studying the importance of subcellular glutathione contents during stress conditions in plants. This review summarizes the data available on compartment-specific importance of glutathione in the protection against abiotic and biotic stress conditions such as high light stress, exposure to cadmium, drought, and pathogen attack (Pseudomonas, Botrytis, tobacco mosaic virus). The data will be discussed in connection with the subcellular accumulation of ROS during these conditions and glutathione synthesis which are both highly compartment specific (e.g., glutathione synthesis takes place in chloroplasts and the cytosol). Thus this review will reveal the compartment-specific importance of glutathione during abiotic and biotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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Sobrino-Plata J, Carrasco-Gil S, Abadía J, Escobar C, Álvarez-Fernández A, Hernández LE. The role of glutathione in mercury tolerance resembles its function under cadmium stress in Arabidopsis. Metallomics 2014; 6:356-66. [PMID: 24452078 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00329a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent research efforts have highlighted the importance of glutathione (GSH) as a key antioxidant metabolite for metal tolerance in plants. Little is known about the mechanisms involved in stress due to mercury (Hg), one of the most hazardous metals to the environment and human health. To understand the implication of GSH metabolism for Hg tolerance, we used two γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γECS) Arabidopsis thaliana allele mutants (rax1-1 and cad2-1) and a phytochelatin synthase (PCS) mutant (cad1-3). The leaves of these mutants and of wild type (Col-0) were infiltrated with a solution containing Cd or Hg (0, 3 and 30 μM) and incubated for 24 and 48 h. The formation of phytochelatins (PCs) in the leaf extracts was followed by two different HPLC-based methods and occurred in Col-0, cad2-1 and rax1-1 plants exposed to Cd, whereas in the Hg treatments, PCs accumulated mainly in Col-0 and rax1-1, where Hg-PC complexes were also detected. ASA and GSH/GSSG levels increased under moderate metal stress conditions, accompanied by increased GSH reductase (GR) activity and expression. However, higher metal doses led to a decrease in the analysed parameters, and stronger toxic effects appeared with 30 μM Hg. The GSH concentration was significantly higher in rax1-1 (70% of Col-0) than in cad2-1 (40% of Col-0). The leaves of rax1-1 were less sensitive than cad2-1, in accordance with the greater expression of γECS in rax1-1. Our results underline the existence of a minimal GSH concentration threshold needed to minimise the toxic effects exerted by Hg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sobrino-Plata
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Kühnlenz T, Schmidt H, Uraguchi S, Clemens S. Arabidopsis thaliana phytochelatin synthase 2 is constitutively active in vivo and can rescue the growth defect of the PCS1-deficient cad1-3 mutant on Cd-contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4241-53. [PMID: 24821959 PMCID: PMC4112630 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phytochelatins play a key role in the detoxification of metals in plants and many other eukaryotes. Their formation is catalysed by phytochelatin synthases (PCS) in the presence of metal excess. It appears to be common among higher plants to possess two PCS genes, even though in Arabidopsis thaliana only AtPCS1 has been demonstrated to confer metal tolerance. Employing a highly sensitive quantification method based on ultraperformance electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, we detected AtPCS2-dependent phytochelatin formation. Overexpression of AtPCS2 resulted in constitutive phytochelatin accumulation, i.e. in the absence of metal excess, both in planta and in a heterologous system. This indicates distinct enzymatic differences between AtPCS1 and AtPCS2. Furthermore, AtPCS2 was able to partially rescue the Cd hypersensitivity of the AtPCS1-deficient cad1-3 mutant in a liquid seedling assay, and, more importantly, when plants were grown on soil spiked with Cd to a level that is close to what can be found in agricultural soils. No rescue was found in vertical-plate assays, the most commonly used method to assess metal tolerance. Constitutive AtPCS2-dependent phytochelatin synthesis suggests a physiological role of AtPCS2 other than metal detoxification. The differences observed between wild-type plants and cad1-3 on Cd soil demonstrated: (i) the essentiality of phytochelatin synthesis for tolerating levels of Cd contamination that can naturally be encountered by plants outside of metal-rich habitats, and (ii) a contribution to Cd accumulation under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Kühnlenz
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Schmidt
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Shimpei Uraguchi
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stephan Clemens
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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Gläser K, Kanawati B, Kubo T, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Grill E. Exploring the Arabidopsis sulfur metabolome. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:31-45. [PMID: 24147819 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur plays a crucial role in protein structure and function, redox status and plant biotic stress responses. However, our understanding of sulfur metabolism is limited to identified pathways. In this study, we used a high-resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometric approach in combination with stable isotope labeling to describe the sulfur metabolome of Arabidopsis thaliana. Databases contain roughly 300 sulfur compounds assigned to Arabidopsis. In comparative analyses, we showed that the overlap of the expected sulfur metabolome and the mass spectrometric data was surprisingly low, and we were able to assign only 37 of the 300 predicted compounds. By contrast, we identified approximately 140 sulfur metabolites that have not been assigned to the databases to date. We used our method to characterize the γ-glutamyl transferase mutant ggt4-1, which is involved in the vacuolar breakdown of glutathione conjugates in detoxification reactions. Although xenobiotic substrates are well known, only a few endogenous substrates have been described. Among the specifically altered sulfur-containing masses in the ggt4-1 mutant, we characterized one endogenous glutathione conjugate and a number of further candidates for endogenous substrates. The small percentage of predicted compounds and the high proportion of unassigned sulfur compounds identified in this study emphasize the need to re-evaluate our understanding of the sulfur metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Gläser
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann Straße 4, D-85354, Freising, Germany
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Leitenmaier B, Küpper H. Compartmentation and complexation of metals in hyperaccumulator plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:374. [PMID: 24065978 PMCID: PMC3778397 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hyperaccumulators are being intensely investigated. They are not only interesting in scientific context due to their "strange" behavior in terms of dealing with high concentrations of metals, but also because of their use in phytoremediation and phytomining, for which understanding the mechanisms of hyperaccumulation is crucial. Hyperaccumulators naturally use metal accumulation as a defense against herbivores and pathogens, and therefore deal with accumulated metals in very specific ways of complexation and compartmentation, different from non-hyperaccumulator plants and also non-hyperaccumulated metals. For example, in contrast to non-hyperaccumulators, in hyperaccumulators even the classical phytochelatin-inducing metal, cadmium, is predominantly not bound by such sulfur ligands, but only by weak oxygen ligands. This applies to all hyperaccumulated metals investigated so far, as well as hyperaccumulation of the metalloid arsenic. Stronger ligands, as they have been shown to complex metals in non-hyperaccumulators, are in hyperaccumulators used for transient binding during transport to the storage sites (e.g., nicotianamine) and possibly for export of Cu in Cd/Zn hyperaccumulators [metallothioneins (MTs)]. This confirmed that enhanced active metal transport, and not metal complexation, is the key mechanism of hyperaccumulation. Hyperaccumulators tolerate the high amount of accumulated heavy metals by sequestering them into vacuoles, usually in large storage cells of the epidermis. This is mediated by strongly elevated expression of specific transport proteins in various tissues from metal uptake in the shoots up to the storage sites in the leaf epidermis. However, this mechanism seems to be very metal specific. Non-hyperaccumulated metals in hyperaccumulators seem to be dealt with like in non-hyperaccumulator plants, i.e., detoxified by binding to strong ligands such as MTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hendrik Küpper
- Fachbereich Biologie, Universität KonstanzKonstanz, Germany
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Møldrup ME, Salomonsen B, Geu-Flores F, Olsen CE, Halkier BA. De novo genetic engineering of the camalexin biosynthetic pathway. J Biotechnol 2013; 167:296-301. [PMID: 23830903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Camalexin is a tryptophan-derived phytoalexin that is induced in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana upon pathogen attack. Only few genes in the biosynthetic pathway of camalexin remain unidentified, however, investigation of candidate genes for these steps has proven particularly difficult partly because of redundancy in the genome of Arabidopsis. Here we describe metabolic engineering of the camalexin biosynthetic pathway in the transient Nicotiana benthamiana expression system. Camalexin accumulated in levels corresponding to what is seen in induced Arabidopsis thaliana. We have used this system to evaluate candidate genes suggested to be involved in the camalexin pathway. This has provided biochemical evidence for CYP71A12 conducting same reaction as CYP71A13 in the pathway. We discuss the prospects of using metabolic engineering of camalexin, both with respect to engineering plant defense and as a tool for screening yet unidentified candidate genes in the camalexin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten E Møldrup
- Center for Dynamic Molecular Interactions, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Rigouin C, Vermeire JJ, Nylin E, Williams DL. Characterization of the phytochelatin synthase from the human parasitic nematode Ancylostoma ceylanicum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2013; 191:1-6. [PMID: 23916800 PMCID: PMC3823645 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hookworm disease is a debilitating worm infection that affects hundreds of millions of people. Despite the existence of anthelmintic drugs, reports have testified of a decrease in efficacy of these drugs. Therefore, it is imperative to find new drugs and drug targets for hookworm disease treatment. In this study we identify the gene encoding the phytochelatin synthase in the human hookworm, Ancylostoma ceylanicum (AcePCS). Phytochelatin synthase catalyzes the production of metal chelating peptides, the phytochelatins, from glutathione (GSH). In plants, algae, and fungi phytochelatin production is important for metal tolerance and detoxification. Phytochelatin synthase proteins also function in the elimination of xenobiotics by processing GSH S-conjugates. We found that in vitro AcePCS could both synthesize phytochelatins and hydrolyze a GSH S-conjugate. Interestingly, the enzyme works through a thiol-dependent and, notably, metal-independent mechanism for both transpeptidase (phytochelatin synthesis) and peptidase (hydrolysis of GSH S-conjugates) activities. AcePCS mRNAs are expressed in vivo throughout the life cycle of A. ceylanicum. Mature adult male hookworms isolated from the small intestines of their hosts displayed significantly enhanced expression of AcePCS with transcript levels 5-fold greater than other developmental forms. Although the role of AcePCS in A. ceylanicum biology has yet to be fully investigated the results reported here provide encouraging evidence of the potential that this enzyme holds as a target for new chemotherapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coraline Rigouin
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Jon J. Vermeire
- Program in International Child Health and Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Elyse Nylin
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - David L. Williams
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
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Krajewski MP, Kanawati B, Fekete A, Kowalski N, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Grill E. Analysis of Arabidopsis glutathione-transferases in yeast. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 91:198-207. [PMID: 22633844 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The genome of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes 54 functional glutathione transferases (GSTs), classified in seven clades. Although plant GSTs have been implicated in the detoxification of xenobiotics, such as herbicides, extensive redundancy within this large gene family impedes a functional analysis in planta. In this study, a GST-deficient yeast strain was established as a system for analyzing plant GSTs that allows screening for GST substrates and identifying substrate preferences within the plant GST family. To this end, five yeast genes encoding GSTs and GST-related proteins were simultaneously disrupted. The resulting yeast quintuple mutant showed a strongly reduced conjugation of the GST substrates 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and 4-chloro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-Cl). Consistently, the quintuple mutant was hypersensitive to CDNB, and this phenotype was complemented by the inducible expression of Arabidopsis GSTs. The conjugating activity of the plant GSTs was assessed by in vitro enzymatic assays and via analysis of exposed yeast cells. The formation of glutathione adducts with dinitrobenzene was unequivocally verified by stable isotope labeling and subsequent accurate ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry (ICR-FTMS). Analysis of Arabidopsis GSTs encompassing six clades and 42 members demonstrated functional expression in yeast by using CDNB and NBD-Cl as model substrates. Subsequently, the established yeast system was explored for its potential to screen the Arabidopsis GST family for conjugation of the fungicide anilazine. Thirty Arabidopsis GSTs were identified that conferred increased levels of glutathionylated anilazine. Efficient anilazine conjugation was observed in the presence of the phi, tau, and theta clade GSTs including AtGSTF2, AtGSTF4, AtGSTF6, AtGSTF8, AtGSTF10, and AtGSTT2, none of which had previously been known to contribute to fungicide detoxification. ICR-FTMS analysis of yeast extracts allowed the simultaneous detection and semiquantification of anilazine conjugates as well as catabolites.
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Rigouin C, Nylin E, Cogswell AA, Schaumlöffel D, Dobritzsch D, Williams DL. Towards an understanding of the function of the phytochelatin synthase of Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2037. [PMID: 23383357 PMCID: PMC3561135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochelatin synthase (PCS) is a protease-like enzyme that catalyzes the production of metal chelating peptides, the phytochelatins, from glutathione (GSH). In plants, algae, and fungi phytochelatin production is important for metal tolerance and detoxification. PCS proteins also function in xenobiotic metabolism by processing GSH S-conjugates. The aim of the present study is to elucidate the role of PCS in the parasitic worm Schistosoma mansoni. Recombinant S. mansoni PCS proteins expressed in bacteria could both synthesize phytochelatins and hydrolyze various GSH S-conjugates. We found that both the N-truncated protein and the N- and C-terminal truncated form of the enzyme (corresponding to only the catalytic domain) work through a thiol-dependant and, notably, metal-independent mechanism for both transpeptidase (phytochelatin synthesis) and peptidase (hydrolysis of GSH S-conjugates) activities. PCS transcript abundance was increased by metals and xenobiotics in cultured adult worms. In addition, these treatments were found to increase transcript abundance of other enzymes involved in GSH metabolism. Highest levels of PCS transcripts were identified in the esophageal gland of adult worms. Taken together, these results suggest that S. mansoni PCS participates in both metal homoeostasis and xenobiotic metabolism rather than metal detoxification as previously suggested and that the enzyme may be part of a global stress response in the worm. Because humans do not have PCS, this enzyme is of particular interest as a drug target for schistosomiasis. Schistosomiasis is a chronic, debilitating disease that affects hundreds of millions of people. The treatment of schistosomiasis relies solely on monotherapy with praziquantel and there is concern that drug-resistant parasites will evolve. Therefore, it is imperative to identify new drugs for schistosomiasis treatment. In this study our goal was to characterize the function of the phytochelatin synthase of Schistosoma mansoni, previously suggested as a candidate for drug targeting to control schistosomiasis. Phytochelatin synthase catalyzes the production of metal chelating peptides, the phytochelatins, from glutathione (GSH). In plants, algae, and fungi phytochelatin production is important for metal tolerance and detoxification. PCS proteins also function in the elimination of xenobiotics by processing GSH S-conjugates. We found that SmPCS expressed in bacteria could both synthesize phytochelatins and hydrolyze various GSH S-conjugates. We found the enzyme works through a thiol-dependant and, notably, metal-independent mechanism for both transpeptidase (phytochelatin synthesis) and peptidase (hydrolysis of GSH S-conjugates) activities. The expression of the PCS gene in adult schistosome worms was increased by exposure to a number of metals and xenobiotics. In addition, these treatments were found to increase the expression of other enzymes involved in GSH metabolism. Highest levels of PCS transcripts were localized in the esophageal gland of adult worms. Taken together, these results suggest that S. mansoni PCS participates in both metal homoeostasis and xenobiotic metabolism rather than metal detoxification as previously suggested and that it may be part of a global stress response in the worm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coraline Rigouin
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Elyse Nylin
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alexis A. Cogswell
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dirk Schaumlöffel
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/CNRS UMR 5254, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement/IPREM, Hélioparc, Pau, France
| | - Dirk Dobritzsch
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Abteilung Pflanzenbiochemie, Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - David L. Williams
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Morel M, Meux E, Mathieu Y, Thuillier A, Chibani K, Harvengt L, Jacquot JP, Gelhaye E. Xenomic networks variability and adaptation traits in wood decaying fungi. Microb Biotechnol 2013; 6:248-63. [PMID: 23279857 PMCID: PMC3815920 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal degradation of wood is mainly restricted to basidiomycetes, these organisms having developed complex oxidative and hydrolytic enzymatic systems. Besides these systems, wood-decaying fungi possess intracellular networks allowing them to deal with the myriad of potential toxic compounds resulting at least in part from wood degradation but also more generally from recalcitrant organic matter degradation. The members of the detoxification pathways constitute the xenome. Generally, they belong to multigenic families such as the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and the glutathione transferases. Taking advantage of the recent release of numerous genomes of basidiomycetes, we show here that these multigenic families are extended and functionally related in wood-decaying fungi. Furthermore, we postulate that these rapidly evolving multigenic families could reflect the adaptation of these fungi to the diversity of their substrate and provide keys to understand their ecology. This is of particular importance for white biotechnology, this xenome being a putative target for improving degradation properties of these fungi in biomass valorization purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Morel
- Université de Lorraine, IAM, UMR 1136, IFR 110 EFABA, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54506, France.
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Meyer Y, Belin C, Delorme-Hinoux V, Reichheld JP, Riondet C. Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems in plants: molecular mechanisms, crosstalks, and functional significance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:1124-60. [PMID: 22531002 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trx) and glutaredoxins (Grx) constitute families of thiol oxidoreductases. Our knowledge of Trx and Grx in plants has dramatically increased during the last decade. The release of the Arabidopsis genome sequence revealed an unexpectedly high number of Trx and Grx genes. The availability of several genomes of vascular and nonvascular plants allowed the establishment of a clear classification of the genes and the chronology of their appearance during plant evolution. Proteomic approaches have been developed that identified the putative Trx and Grx target proteins which are implicated in all aspects of plant growth, including basal metabolism, iron/sulfur cluster formation, development, adaptation to the environment, and stress responses. Analyses of the biochemical characteristics of specific Trx and Grx point to a strong specificity toward some target enzymes, particularly within plastidial Trx and Grx. In apparent contradiction with this specificity, genetic approaches show an absence of phenotype for most available Trx and Grx mutants, suggesting that redundancies also exist between Trx and Grx members. Despite this, the isolation of mutants inactivated in multiple genes and several genetic screens allowed the demonstration of the involvement of Trx and Grx in pathogen response, phytohormone pathways, and at several control points of plant development. Cytosolic Trxs are reduced by NADPH-thioredoxin reductase (NTR), while the reduction of Grx depends on reduced glutathione (GSH). Interestingly, recent development integrating biochemical analysis, proteomic data, and genetics have revealed an extensive crosstalk between the cytosolic NTR/Trx and GSH/Grx systems. This crosstalk, which occurs at multiple levels, reveals the high plasticity of the redox systems in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Meyer
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan, France
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Shukla D, Kesari R, Mishra S, Dwivedi S, Tripathi RD, Nath P, Trivedi PK. Expression of phytochelatin synthase from aquatic macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum L. enhances cadmium and arsenic accumulation in tobacco. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:1687-99. [PMID: 22614255 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Phytochelatin synthase (PCS), the key enzyme involved in heavy metal detoxification and accumulation has been used from various sources to develop transgenic plants for the purpose of phytoremediation. However, some of the earlier studies provided contradictory results. Most of the PCS genes were isolated from plants that are not potential metal accumulators. In this study, we have isolated PCS gene from Ceratophyllum demersum cv. L. (CdPCS1), a submerged rootless aquatic macrophyte, which is considered as potential accumulator of heavy metals. The CdPCS1 cDNA of 1,757 bp encodes a polypeptide of 501 amino acid residues and differs from other known PCS with respect to the presence of a number of cysteine residues known for their interaction with heavy metals. Complementation of cad1-3 mutant of Arabidopsis deficient in PC (phytochelatin) biosynthesis by CdPCS1 suggests its role in the synthesis of PCs. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing CdPCS1 showed several-fold increased PC content and precursor non-protein thiols with enhanced accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) without significant decrease in plant growth. We conclude that CdPCS1 encodes functional PCS and may be part of metal detoxification mechanism of the heavy metal accumulating plant C. demersum. KEY MESSAGE Heterologous expression of PCS gene from C. demersum complements Arabidopsis cad1-3 mutant and leads to enhanced accumulation of Cd and As in transgenic tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Shukla
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
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Bednarek P. Sulfur-containing secondary metabolites from Arabidopsis thaliana and other Brassicaceae with function in plant immunity. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1846-59. [PMID: 22807086 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of antimicrobial secondary metabolites in response to microbial infection is one of the features of the plant immune system. Particular classes of plant secondary metabolites involved in plant defence are often produced only by species belonging to certain phylogenetic clades. Brassicaceae plants have evolved the ability to synthesise a wide range of sulfur-containing secondary metabolites, including glucosinolates and indole-type phytoalexins. A subset of these compounds is produced by the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetic tools available for this species enabled verification of immune functions of glucosinolates and camalexin (A. thaliana phytoalexin), as well as characterisation of their respective biosynthetic pathways. Current knowledge of the biosynthesis of Brassicaceae sulfur-containing metabolites suggests that the key event in the evolution of these compounds is the acquisition of biochemical mechanisms originating from detoxification pathways into secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Moreover, it is likely that glucosinolates and Brassicaceae phytoalexins, traditionally considered as separate groups of compounds, have a common evolutionary origin and are interconnected on the biosynthetic level. This suggests that the diversity of Brassicaceae sulfur-containing phytochemicals reflect phylogenetic clade-specific branches of an ancient biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Bednarek
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Metabolomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, Poznań, Poland.
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Ramel F, Sulmon C, Serra AA, Gouesbet G, Couée I. Xenobiotic sensing and signalling in higher plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3999-4014. [PMID: 22493519 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic changes and chemical pollution confront plant communities with various xenobiotic compounds or combinations of xenobiotics, involving chemical structures that are at least partially novel for plant species. Plant responses to chemical challenges and stimuli are usually characterized by the approaches of toxicology, ecotoxicology, and stress physiology. Development of transcriptomics and proteomics analysis has demonstrated the importance of modifications to gene expression in plant responses to xenobiotics. It has emerged that xenobiotic effects could involve not only biochemical and physiological disruption, but also the disruption of signalling pathways. Moreover, mutations affecting sensing and signalling pathways result in modifications of responses to xenobiotics, thus confirming interference or crosstalk between xenobiotic effects and signalling pathways. Some of these changes at gene expression, regulation and signalling levels suggest various mechanisms of xenobiotic sensing in higher plants, in accordance with xenobiotic-sensing mechanisms that have been characterized in other phyla (yeast, invertebrates, vertebrates). In higher plants, such sensing systems are difficult to identify, even though different lines of evidence, involving mutant studies, transcription factor analysis, or comparative studies, point to their existence. It remains difficult to distinguish between the hypothesis of direct xenobiotic sensing and indirect sensing of xenobiotic-related modifications. However, future characterization of xenobiotic sensing and signalling in higher plants is likely to be a key element for determining the tolerance and remediation capacities of plant species. This characterization will also be of interest for understanding evolutionary dynamics of stress adaptation and mechanisms of adaptation to novel stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Ramel
- Université de Rennes 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Campus de Beaulieu, bâtiment 14A, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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Nahar N, Rahman A, Moś M, Warzecha T, Algerin M, Ghosh S, Johnson-Brousseau S, Mandal A. In silico and in vivo studies of an Arabidopsis thaliana gene, ACR2, putatively involved in arsenic accumulation in plants. J Mol Model 2012; 18:4249-62. [PMID: 22562211 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Previously, our in silico analyses identified four candidate genes that might be involved in uptake and/or accumulation of arsenics in plants: arsenate reductase 2 (ACR2), phytochelatin synthase 1 (PCS1) and two multi-drug resistant proteins (MRP1 and MRP2) [Lund et al. (2010) J Biol Syst 18:223-224]. We also postulated that one of these four genes, ACR2, seems to play a central role in this process. To investigate further, we have constructed a 3D structure of the Arabidopsis thaliana ACR2 protein using the iterative implementation of the threading assembly refinement (I-TASSER) server. These analyses revealed that, for catalytic metabolism of arsenate, the arsenate binding-loop (AB-loop) and residues Phe-53, Phe-54, Cys-134, Cys-136, Cys-141, Cys-145, and Lys-135 are essential for reducing arsenate to arsenic intermediates (arsenylated enzyme-substrate intermediates) and arsenite in plants. Thus, functional predictions suggest that the ACR2 protein is involved in the conversion of arsenate to arsenite in plant cells. To validate the in silico results, we exposed a transfer-DNA (T-DNA)-tagged mutant of A. thaliana (mutation in the ACR2 gene) to various amounts of arsenic. Reverse transcriptase PCR revealed that the mutant exhibits significantly reduced expression of the ACR2 gene. Spectrophotometric analyses revealed that the amount of accumulated arsenic compounds in this mutant was approximately six times higher than that observed in control plants. The results obtained from in silico analyses are in complete agreement with those obtained in laboratory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Nahar
- School of Life Sciences, University of Skövde, PO Box 408, 541 28, Skövde, Sweden
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