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Ding SM, Yap MKK. Deciphering toxico-proteomics of Asiatic medically significant venomous snake species: A systematic review and interactive data dashboard. Toxicon 2024:108120. [PMID: 39393539 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Revised: 09/30/2024] [Accepted: 10/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation (SBE) is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) with an approximate 1.8 million cases annually. The tremendous figure is concerning, and the currently available treatment for snakebite envenomation is antivenom. However, the current antivenom has limited cross-neutralisation activity due to the variations in snake venom composition across species and geographical locations. The proteomics of medically important venomous species is essential as they study the venom compositions within and among different species. The advancement of sophisticated proteomic approaches allows intensive investigation of snake venoms. Nevertheless, there is a need to consolidate the venom proteomics profiles and distribution analysis to examine their variability patterns. This review systematically analysed the proteomics and toxicity profiles of medically important venomous species from Asia across different geographical locations. An interactive dashboard - Asiatic Proteomics Interactive Datasets was curated to consolidate the distribution patterns of the venom compositions, serve as a comprehensive directory for large-scale comparative meta-analyses. The population proteomics demonstrate higher diversities in the predominant venom toxins. Besides, inter-regional differences were also observed in Bungarus sp., Naja sp., Calliophis sp., and Ophiophagus hannah venoms. The elapid venoms are predominated with three-finger toxins (3FTXs) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Intra-regional variation is only significantly observed in Naja naja venoms. Proteomics diversity is more prominent in viper venoms, with widespread dominance observed in snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP) and snake venom serine protease (SVSP). Correlations exist between the proteomics profiles and the toxicity (LD50) of the medically important venomous species. Additionally, the predominant toxins, alongside their pathophysiological effects, were highlighted and discussed as well. The insights of interactive toxico-proteomics datasets provide comprehensive frameworks of venom dynamics and contribute to developing antivenoms for snakebite envenomation. This could reduce misdiagnosis of SBE and accelerate the researchers' data mining process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sher Min Ding
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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Mahmoud Shokhba AS, El-Deen A Omran MA, Abdel-Rahman MA, El-Shenawy NS. Effect of Egyptian spitting cobra Naja nubiae crude venom on immunogenic activity of rats. Toxicon 2024; 247:107834. [PMID: 38950737 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Snakes show defensive activities, often counting visual or auditory displays against an aggressor. The study observed what happens to rats administered subcutaneously sub-lethal doses of crude venom Naja nubiae. The pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), and inflammatory mediator's prostaglandin E-2 (PG-E2), were evaluated. Vascular permeability (VP) was employed to assess how leaky or permeable blood vessels are in various tissues and organs, including the rat peritoneal cavity and lymphoid organs. Lymphoid organs' histological alterations brought on by Nubiae venom. The study found that the two venom doses-1/4 and 1/2 LD50-induced high levels of inflammatory activity as evidenced by the production of inflammatory cytokines. These findings demonstrated that venom enhanced innate immunity through specifically increased T helper cells, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and PG-E2. The results reveal whether the venom has an immunomodulatory effect and promotes inflammation. The data have a substantial impact on the development of new drugs and treatments for inflammatory conditions.
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Coimbra FCP, Sanchez EE, Lomonte B, Gutiérrez JM, Calvete JJ, Fry BG. Blood Lines: Intraspecific and Interspecific Variations in Anticoagulant Actions of Agkistrodon Viperid Venoms. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:291. [PMID: 39057931 PMCID: PMC11281148 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16070291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the intraspecific and interspecific variability in the venom effects of Agkistrodon viperid snake species and subspecies (eleven venoms total) on plasma clotting times, fibrinogen levels, and fibrin clot strength. Significant delays in plasma clotting time were observed for A. conanti, A. contortrix mokasen, A. contortrix phaeogaster, A. howardgloydi, A. piscivorus leucostoma, and A. piscivorus piscivorus. Notably, the phylogenetically disjunct lineages A. conanti, A. contortrix mokasen, and A. howardgloydi exhibited the most potent anticoagulant effects, indicating the independent amplification of a basal trait. Inhibition assays with the activated clotting enzymes Factors XIa, IXa, Xa, and IIa (thrombin) revealed that FXa inhibition is another basal trait amplified independently on multiple occasions within the genus, but with A. howardgloydi, notably more potent than all others. Phospholipid degradation and zymogen destruction were identified as mechanisms underlying the variability in venom effects observed experimentally and in previous clinical reports. Thromboelastography demonstrated that the venoms did not clot fibrinogen directly but affected fibrin clot strength by damaging fibrinogen and that thrombin was subsequently only able to cleave into weak, unstable clots. The ability to activate Protein C, an endogenous anticoagulant enzyme, varied across species, with some venoms exceeding that of A. contortrix contortrix, which previously yielded the protein diagnostic agent Protac®. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that both fibrinogen degradation and Protein C activation were each amplified multiple times within the genus, albeit with negative correlation between these two modes of action. This study highlights the evolutionary, clinical, and biodiscovery implications of venom variability in the Agkistrodon species, underscoring their dynamic evolution, emphasising the need for tailored clinical approaches, and highlighting the potential for novel diagnostic and therapeutic developments inspired by the unique properties of snake venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco C. P. Coimbra
- Adaptive Biotoxicology Lab, School of the Environment, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Elda E. Sanchez
- National Natural Toxins Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 224, 975 West Avenue B, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA;
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica; (B.L.); (J.M.G.)
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica; (B.L.); (J.M.G.)
| | - Juan J. Calvete
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Bryan G. Fry
- Adaptive Biotoxicology Lab, School of the Environment, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
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Dobson J, Chowdhury A, Tai-A-Pin J, van der Ploeg H, Gillett A, Fry BG. The Clot Thickens: Differential Coagulotoxic and Cardiotoxic Activities of Anguimorpha Lizard Venoms. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:283. [PMID: 38922177 PMCID: PMC11209219 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite their evolutionary novelty, lizard venoms are much less studied in comparison to the intense research on snake venoms. While the venoms of helodermatid lizards have long been assumed to be for defensive purposes, there is increasing evidence of toxic activities more useful for predation than defence (such as paralytic neurotoxicity). This study aimed to ascertain the effects of Heloderma, Lanthanotus, and Varanus lizard venoms on the coagulation and cardiovascular systems. Anticoagulant toxicity was demonstrated for the Varanus species studied, with the venoms prolonging clotting times in human and bird plasma due to the destructive cleavage of fibrinogen. In contrast, thromboelastographic analyses on human and bird plasmas in this study demonstrated a procoagulant bioactivity for Heloderma venoms. A previous study on Heloderma venom using factor-depleted plasmas as a proxy model suggested a procoagulant factor was present that activated either Factor XI or Factor XII, but could not ascertain the precise target. Our activation studies using purified zymogens confirmed FXII activation. Comparisons of neonate and adult H. exasperatum, revealed the neonates to be more potent in the ability to activate FXII, being more similar to the venom of the smaller species H. suspectum than the adult H. exasperatum. This suggests potent FXII activation a basal trait in the genus, present in the small bodied last common ancestor. This also indicates an ontogenetic difference in prey preferences in the larger Heloderma species paralleing the change in venom biochemistry. In addition, as birds lack Factor XII, the ability to clot avian plasma suggested an additional procoagulant site of action, which was revealed to be the activation of Factor VII, with H. horridum being the most potent. This study also examined the effects upon the cardiovascular system, including the liberation of kinins from kininogen, which contributes to hypotension induction. This form of toxicity was previously described for Heloderma venoms, and was revealed in this study was to also be a pathophysiological effect of Lanthanotus and Varanus venoms. This suggests that this toxic activity was present in the venom of the last common ancestor of the anguimorph lizards, which is consistent with kallikrein enzymes being a shared toxin trait. This study therefore uncovered novel actions of anguimorph lizard venoms, not only contributing to the evolutionary biology body of knowledge but also revealing novel activities to mine for drug design lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Dobson
- Adaptive Biotoxicology Lab, School of the Environment, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.D.); (A.C.)
| | - Abhinandan Chowdhury
- Adaptive Biotoxicology Lab, School of the Environment, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.D.); (A.C.)
| | | | - Harold van der Ploeg
- Working Group Adder Research Netherlands, RAVON, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Amber Gillett
- FaunaVet Wildlife Consultancy, Glass House Mountains, QLD 4518, Australia;
| | - Bryan G. Fry
- Adaptive Biotoxicology Lab, School of the Environment, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.D.); (A.C.)
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K N, Bakkannavar SM, Bhat VR, Sirur FM. A review on snake venom extracellular vesicles: Past to present. Toxicon 2024; 244:107772. [PMID: 38768828 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Around 95% of snake venom is protein. Along with the soluble proteins, snake venom also contains proteins encapsulated in vesicles known as Snake Venom Extracellular Vesicles (SVEV). SVEVs are nano-sized membrane-bound vesicles released from the snake venom gland cells. The available published research works on SVEVs are minimal. Extracellular vesicles in the Snake Venom gland were initially discovered during the histopathological analysis of the Crotalus durissus terrificus snakes' venom gland. Later, various techniques were employed to isolate and characterize the SVEVs. The cargo of SVEV consists of a variety of proteins like Phospholipase A-2, C-type Lectins, L-Amino Acid Oxidase, Cysteine-Rich Secretory Proteins, Serine Proteinases, Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV, Aminopeptidase-A, Ecto-5'-nucleotidases, Disintegrins. Proteomic data revealed the presence of some exclusive proteins in the SVEVs, and the other proteins are in varying concentrations in the SVEVs compared to their whole Venom. Interaction of SVEVs with mammalian cell lines showed the disruption of primary physiological functions leads to host immune modulation, and long-term effects of envenoming. Snakebite victim's blood showed variations in the specific Extracellular vesicle concentration. It has been hypothesized that SVEVs are responsible for long-term toxicity. The current review focuses on the various techniques adopted to isolate and characterize SVEVs and discusses the exclusiveness and variations of SVEV proteins and their role in snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra K
- Research Scholar, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.
| | - Shankar M Bakkannavar
- Associate Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.
| | - Vinutha R Bhat
- Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.
| | - Freston Marc Sirur
- Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.
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Galizio NC, Moraes-Santos LS, Yabunaka AC, Demico PJ, Torres-Bonilla KA, Varón JCG, Silva NJD, Tanaka-Azevedo AM, Rocha MMTD, Hyslop S, Floriano RS, Morais-Zani KD. Biochemical and toxicological profiles of venoms from an adult female South American bushmaster (Lachesis muta rhombeata) and her offspring. Toxicon 2024; 241:107680. [PMID: 38452976 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we compared the biochemical and toxicological profiles of venoms from an adult female specimen of Lachesis muta rhombeata (South American bushmaster) and her seven offspring born in captivity, based on SDS-PAGE, RP-HPLC, enzymatic, coagulant, and hemorrhagic assays. Although adult and juvenile venoms showed comparable SDS-PAGE profiles, juveniles lacked some chromatographic peaks compared with adult venom. Adult venom had higher proteolytic (caseinolytic) activity than juvenile venoms (p < 0.05), but there were no significant inter-venom variations in the esterase, PLA2, phosphodiesterase and L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) activities, although the latter activity was highly variable among the venoms. Juveniles displayed higher coagulant activity on human plasma, with a minimum coagulant dose ∼42% lower than the adult venom (p < 0.05), but there were no age-related differences in thrombin-like activity. Adult venom was more fibrinogenolytic (based on the rate of fibrinogen chain degradation) and hemorrhagic than juvenile venoms (p < 0.05). The effective dose of Bothrops/Lachesis antivenom (produced by the Instituto Butantan) needed to neutralize the coagulant activity was ∼57% greater for juvenile venoms (p < 0.05), whereas antivenom did not attenuate the thrombin-like activity of juvenile and adult venoms. Antivenom significantly reduced the hemorrhagic activity of adult venom (400 μg/kg, i. d.), but not that of juvenile venoms. Overall, these data indicate a compositional and functional ontogenetic shift in L. m. rhombeata venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália C Galizio
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, Butantan Institute and Technological Research Institute of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura S Moraes-Santos
- Laboratory of Toxinology and Cardiovascular Research, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana C Yabunaka
- Laboratory of Toxinology and Cardiovascular Research, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Poliana J Demico
- Laboratory of Toxinology and Cardiovascular Research, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Kristian A Torres-Bonilla
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Julian C G Varón
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Nelson J da Silva
- Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences and Health, School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás (PUC-GO), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Anita M Tanaka-Azevedo
- Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, Butantan Institute and Technological Research Institute of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marisa M Teixeira da Rocha
- Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, Butantan Institute and Technological Research Institute of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Stephen Hyslop
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Floriano
- Laboratory of Toxinology and Cardiovascular Research, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, Butantan Institute and Technological Research Institute of the State of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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7
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Yasmin R, Chanchal S, Ashraf MZ, Doley R. Daboxin P, a phospholipase A 2 of Indian Daboia russelii venom, modulates thrombin-mediated platelet aggregation. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23476. [PMID: 37466159 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Daboxin P, reported earlier from the venom of Daboia russellii, disturbs the blood coagulation cascade by targeting factor X and factor Xa. The present study exhibits that Daboxin P also inhibits platelet aggregation induced by various agonists. The thrombin-induced platelet aggregation was inhibited maximum whereas inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation was found to be 50% and no inhibition of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and arachidonic acid-induced aggregation was observed. Daboxin P dose-dependently inhibited the thrombin-induced platelet aggregation with Anti-Aggregation 50 (AD50 ) dose of 55.166 nM and also reduced the thrombin-mediated calcium influx. In-silico interaction studies suggested that Daboxin P binds to thrombin and blocks its interaction with its receptor on the platelet surface. Quenching of thrombin's emission spectrum by Daboxin P and electrophoretic profiles of pull-down assay further reveals the binding between Daboxin P and thrombin. Thus, the present study demonstrates that Daboxin P inhibits thrombin-induced platelet aggregation by binding to thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafika Yasmin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Shankar Chanchal
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Zahid Ashraf
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Robin Doley
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
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Guidolin FR, de Godoi KS, Megale AAA, da Silva CCF, Kodama RT, Cajado-Carvalho D, Iwai LK, Spencer PJ, Portaro FCV, da Silva WD. Comparing Traditional and Toxin-Oriented Approaches towards Antivenom Production against Bitis arietans Snake Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:584. [PMID: 37756010 PMCID: PMC10537286 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Accidents with snakes are responsible for about 32,000 deaths annually in sub-Saharan Africa, caused mostly by snakes from the genus Bitis, in particular Bitis arietans. B. arietans venom is composed of a complex mixture of toxins, mainly metalloproteases, serine proteases, phospholipases, lectins, and disintegrins. In this work, we compared two approaches to anti-B. arietans antivenom production: immunization with crude snake venom ("traditional approach") and immunization with selected key toxins isolated from the snake venom ("toxin oriented" approach). Fractions from B. arietans venom were isolated by size exclusion chromatography. Crude venom and samples containing serine proteases or metalloproteases were selected for the immunization of BALB/c mice. Anti-B. arietans and anti-serine proteases plasmas showed a similar recognition profile and higher titers and affinity than the anti-metalloproteases plasma. Cross-recognition of other Bitis venoms was observed, but with low intensity. Although the plasma of all experimental groups inhibited the enzymatic activity of B. arietans venom in vitro, in vivo protection was not achieved. Our results have shown limitations in both approaches considered. Based on this, we proposed a model of polyclonal, species-specific, monovalent antivenoms that could be used as a base to produce customizable polyvalent sera for use in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Raimondi Guidolin
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (K.S.d.G.); (A.A.A.M.)
| | | | | | | | - Roberto Tadashi Kodama
- Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biomolecules, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (C.C.F.d.S.); (R.T.K.); (F.C.V.P.)
| | - Daniela Cajado-Carvalho
- Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (LETA), Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (D.C.-C.); (L.K.I.)
| | - Leo Kei Iwai
- Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (LETA), Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (D.C.-C.); (L.K.I.)
| | - Patrick Jack Spencer
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Fernanda Calheta Vieira Portaro
- Laboratory of Structure and Function of Biomolecules, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (C.C.F.d.S.); (R.T.K.); (F.C.V.P.)
| | - Wilmar Dias da Silva
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (K.S.d.G.); (A.A.A.M.)
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Krishnan H, Gopinath SCB. A potent anticoagulant hybrid of snake venom derived FIX-binding protein and anti-factor IX RNA aptamer: Assessed by in-silico and electrochemical analyses. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125740. [PMID: 37423441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulant therapies are crucial in the management of surgical complications as well as the prophylaxis of thrombosis. Many studies are being conducted on the Habu snake-venom anticoagulant, FIX-binding protein (FIX-Bp), for its greater potency and strong affinity to FIX clotting factor. On the other hand, the capacity to promptly reverse such acute anticoagulation is equally important. Combining a reversible anticoagulant with FIX-Bp may be advantageous in maintaining the balance between adequate anticoagulation and repealing when necessary. In this study, authors integrated FIX-Bp and RNA aptamer-based anticoagulants into a single target, FIX clotting factor, in order to achieve a robust anticoagulant effect. An in-silico and electrochemical approach were used to investigate the combination of FIX-Bp and RNA aptamers as a bivalent anticoagulant and to verify the competing or predominant binding sites of each anticoagulant. The in-silico analysis discovered that both the venom- and aptamer-anticoagulant had a strong affinity for the FIX protein at the Gla-domain and EGF-1 domain by holding 9 conventional hydrogen bonds with the binding energy of -34.859 kcal/mol. The electrochemical technique verified that both anticoagulants had different binding sites. The impedance load upon RNA aptamer binding to FIX protein was 14 %, whereas the addition of FIX-Bp caused a significant impedance rise of 37 %. This indicates that the addition of aptamers prior to FIX-Bp is a promising strategy for the conception of a hybrid anticoagulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemavathi Krishnan
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia; Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia; Micro System Technology, Centre of Excellence (CoE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Pauh Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh.
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10
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Senthilkumaran S, Arathisenthil SV, Williams J, Almeida JR, Williams HF, Rajan E, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P, Patel K, Vaiyapuri S. Neutrophil-mediated erythrophagocytosis following Russell's viper (Daboia russelii) bite. Toxicon 2023; 228:107111. [PMID: 37060927 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation is regarded as a high-priority neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organisation, as it results in significant loss of lives and permanent disabilities. Russell's viper is one of the snakes that causes morbidities, mortalities and disabilities in India. The clinical presentation of Russell's viper envenomation is characterised by local envenoming effects, tissue damage, venom-induced coagulopathy, neurotoxicity, and kidney injury. However, venom composition and its mechanisms of toxicity are highly variable even within snakes of the same species including Russell's viper. This variation in venom composition results in a broad range of clinical complications. Here we present a previously undocumented case of neutrophil-mediated erythrophagocytosis in a healthy 28-year-old female following Russell's viper bite. Systemic envenomation effects and bleeding abnormalities in this patient were corrected by the administration of polyvalent antivenom. Two days later, the patient developed progressive swelling and ecchymosis in the bitten limb. Observed abnormal limits within blood testing were followed up by a peripheral blood smear where it was found that 30% of neutrophils had phagocytosed erythrocytes as they were found within the cytoplasm. The patient underwent a fasciotomy for compartmental syndrome and received packed red cells and a course of corticosteroids. Following this treatment, the patient made a full recovery. This case report outlines a previously undocumented pathological event induced by Russell's viper envenomation, guiding diagnosis and treatment. Clinicians' knowledge of the mechanisms of toxicity of Russell's viper envenomation and its clinical manifestations are essential for improving the treatment of snakebites to achieve positive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jarred Williams
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6UB, UK
| | - José R Almeida
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6UB, UK
| | - Harry F Williams
- Toxiven Biotech Private Limited, Coimbatore, 641042, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | - Ketan Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, RG6 6UB, UK
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11
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Echeverría SM, Van de Velde AC, Luque DE, Cardozo CM, Kraemer S, Gauna Pereira MDC, Gay CC. Platelet aggregation inhibitors from Bothrops alternatus snake venom. Toxicon 2023; 223:107014. [PMID: 36610603 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.107014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Snake venoms are a complex mixture of proteins and peptides that can activate/inhibit platelet aggregation. Bothrops alternatus venom include three main families: metalloproteinases (SVMPs), serinoproteinases (SVSPs) and phospholipases A2 (PLA2s), among other minor components. In this work, we used inhibitor cocktails (containing Na2-EDTA, PMSF and/or pBPB) to investigate the effect of these three families and of baltergin (a PIII SVMP) on platelet aggregation by a turbidmetric method using a microplate reader. Cocktails 1 (active SVMPs) and 2 (active PLA2s) significantly reduced aggregation induced by ristocetin and collagen and by collagen and thrombin, respectively. Cocktail 3 (active SVSPs) showed a mild activation of aggregation, indicating the content of thrombin-like enzymes (TLEs) in this venom is low. Cocktail 4 (active minor components) displayed inhibitory effect with all agonists assayed (ristocetin, ADP, collagen and thrombin) but at higher IC50 values. Baltergin exhibited inhibitory effect when the catalytic domain was active for ristocetin-stimulated platelet aggregation and showed a non-enzymatic mechanism of inhibition when collagen was used as agonist. It was not able to disaggregate platelet thrombus. We conclude that B. alternatus venom is a source of natural inhibitors of platelet aggregation due to the action of SVMPs and PLA2s. Other minor components such as C-type lectins likely contribute to the antiplatelet effect. The interest in knowing the action of venom components on platelet function lies both in the understanding of the pathophysiology of snake bite envenomation and in their biotechnological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina M Echeverría
- Institute of Basic and Applied Chemistry of Northeast Argentina (IQUIBA-NEA), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, National University of the Northeast (CONICET-UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina; Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences and Surveying, National University of the Northeast (FaCENA, UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Andrea C Van de Velde
- Institute of Basic and Applied Chemistry of Northeast Argentina (IQUIBA-NEA), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, National University of the Northeast (CONICET-UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina; Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences and Surveying, National University of the Northeast (FaCENA, UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Daiana E Luque
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences and Surveying, National University of the Northeast (FaCENA, UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Cristhian M Cardozo
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences and Surveying, National University of the Northeast (FaCENA, UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Simón Kraemer
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences and Surveying, National University of the Northeast (FaCENA, UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - María Del Carmen Gauna Pereira
- Institute of Basic and Applied Chemistry of Northeast Argentina (IQUIBA-NEA), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, National University of the Northeast (CONICET-UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina; Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences and Surveying, National University of the Northeast (FaCENA, UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Claudia C Gay
- Institute of Basic and Applied Chemistry of Northeast Argentina (IQUIBA-NEA), National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, National University of the Northeast (CONICET-UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina; Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences and Surveying, National University of the Northeast (FaCENA, UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina.
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12
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Senji Laxme RR, Khochare S, Attarde S, Kaur N, Jaikumar P, Shaikh NY, Aharoni R, Primor N, Hawlena D, Moran Y, Sunagar K. The Middle Eastern Cousin: Comparative Venomics of Daboia palaestinae and Daboia russelii. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110725. [PMID: 36355975 PMCID: PMC9696752 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the medically most important snakes in the world, the species belonging to the genus Daboia have been attributed to the highest number of human envenomings, deaths and disabilities. Given their significant clinical relevance, the venoms of Russell's vipers (D. russelii and D. siamensis) have been the primary focus of research. In contrast, the composition, activity, ecology and evolution of venom of its congener, the Palestine viper (D. palaestinae), have remained largely understudied. Therefore, to unravel the factors responsible for the enhanced medical relevance of D. russelii in comparison to D. palaestinae, we comparatively evaluated their venom proteomes, biochemical activities, and mortality and morbidity inflicting potentials. Furthermore, the synthesis and regulation of venom in snakes have also remained underinvestigated, and the relative contribution of each venom gland remains unclear. We address this knowledge gap by sequencing the tissue transcriptomes of both venom glands of D. palaestinae, and comparatively evaluating their contribution to the secreted venom concoction. Our findings highlight the disparity in the venom composition, function and toxicities of the two Daboia species. We also show that toxin production is not partitioned between the two venom glands of D. palaestinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. R. Senji Laxme
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Suyog Khochare
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Saurabh Attarde
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Priyanka Jaikumar
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Naeem Yusuf Shaikh
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Reuven Aharoni
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Naftali Primor
- Shulov Institute of Science, 10 Oppenheimer Street, Science Park, Rehovot 7670110, Israel
| | - Dror Hawlena
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Yehu Moran
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Kartik Sunagar
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (K.S.)
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13
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Offor BC, Muller B, Piater LA. A Review of the Proteomic Profiling of African Viperidae and Elapidae Snake Venoms and Their Antivenom Neutralisation. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:723. [PMID: 36355973 PMCID: PMC9694588 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) that results from the injection of snake venom of a venomous snake into animals and humans. In Africa (mainly in sub-Saharan Africa), over 100,000 envenomings and over 10,000 deaths per annum from snakebite have been reported. Difficulties in snakebite prevention and antivenom treatment are believed to result from a lack of epidemiological data and underestimated figures on snakebite envenoming-related morbidity and mortality. There are species- and genus-specific variations associated with snake venoms in Africa and across the globe. These variations contribute massively to diverse differences in venom toxicity and pathogenicity that can undermine the efficacy of adopted antivenom therapies used in the treatment of snakebite envenoming. There is a need to profile all snake venom proteins of medically important venomous snakes endemic to Africa. This is anticipated to help in the development of safer and more effective antivenoms for the treatment of snakebite envenoming within the continent. In this review, the proteomes of 34 snake venoms from the most medically important snakes in Africa, namely the Viperidae and Elipdae, were extracted from the literature. The toxin families were grouped into dominant, secondary, minor, and others based on the abundance of the protein families in the venom proteomes. The Viperidae venom proteome was dominated by snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs-41%), snake venom serine proteases (SVSPs-16%), and phospholipase A2 (PLA2-17%) protein families, while three-finger toxins (3FTxs-66%) and PLA2s (16%) dominated those of the Elapidae. We further review the neutralisation of these snake venoms by selected antivenoms widely used within the African continent. The profiling of African snake venom proteomes will aid in the development of effective antivenom against snakebite envenoming and, additionally, could possibly reveal therapeutic applications of snake venom proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict C. Offor
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Beric Muller
- South Africa Venom Suppliers CC, Louis Trichardt 0920, South Africa
| | - Lizelle A. Piater
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
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Rajkumar B, Vishwanath Vinod K, Kar R, Ramasubramani P. Venom induced consumption coagulopathy and performance of 20-min whole blood clotting test for its detection in viperid envenomation. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2022; 52:232-239. [PMID: 36300884 DOI: 10.1177/14782715221126770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Venom induced consumption coagulopathy (VICC) and its underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated in viperid envenomation (VE), especially among Indian patients. We evaluated for VICC in VE, assessed the performance of 20-min whole blood clotting test (20WBCT) for VICC detection and also studied predictors of VICC. Methods: This hospital-based observational study enrolled 103 consecutive patients (age ⩾ 12 years) of snakebite admitted within 24 h of bite, with features of VE. They underwent 20WBCT, prothrombin time (PT)/international normalised ratio (INR), plasma fibrinogen and D-dimer testing during first 24 h after enrolment. Overt VICC (defined by overt bleeding), subclinical VICC (INR ⩾ 1.4 and/or fibrinogen < 2g/L, without overt bleeding), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (overt/non-overt, defined based on International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) DIC score) and primary defibrination (PDF) were evaluated among patients. Results: VICC overall was noted in 77 (≈75%) and overt VICC in 52 (≈50%). DIC (overt/non-overt) was noted in 59 (≈77%) and PDF in 2 (2.6%) patients with VICC. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 20WBCT for VICC detection were 98.7% (95%CI: 92.9–99.9%), 65.4% (95%CI: 44.3–82.8%), 89.4% (95%CI: 83.3–93.5%) and 94.4% (95%CI: 70.4–99.2%) respectively. Severe cellulitis in bitten limb predicted reduced VICC risk. Conclusion: Majority (75%) of patients with VE had VICC and 68% with VICC had overt bleeding. DIC (overt/non-overt) was the predominant contributor to VICC. Though 20WBCT is a good screening test for VICC, false positive results should be kept in mind before deciding on snake antivenom treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayye Rajkumar
- Department of General Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research [JIPMER], Puducherry, India
| | | | - Rakhee Kar
- Department of Pathology, JIPMER, Puducherry, India
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15
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Valenta J, Hlavackova A, Stach Z, Stikarova J, Havlicek M, Michalek P. Fibrinogenolysis in Venom-Induced Consumption Coagulopathy after Viperidae Snakebites: A Pilot Study. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080538. [PMID: 36006200 PMCID: PMC9415103 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Envenomations that are caused by Viperidae snakebites are mostly accompanied by venom-induced consumption coagulopathy (VICC) with defibrination. The clinical course of VICC is well described; however, reports about its detailed effects in the hemocoagulation systems of patients are sparse. In this pilot study, we prospectively analyzed the changes in plasma fibrinogen that were caused by the envenomation of six patients by five non-European Viperidae snakes. Western blot analysis was employed and fibrinogen fragments were visualized with the use of specific anti-human fibrinogen antibodies. All of the studied subjects experienced hypo- or afibrinogenemia. The western blot analysis demonstrated fibrinogenolysis of the fibrinogen chains in all of the cases. Fibrinogenolysis was considered to be a predominant cause of defibrination in Crotalus, Echis, and Macrovipera envenomation; while, in the cases of VICC that were caused by Atheris and Calloselasma envenomation, the splitting of the fibrinogen chains was present less significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Valenta
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Medicine, Toxinology Center, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital, U Nemocnice 499/2, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alzbeta Hlavackova
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 2094/1, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (P.M.); Tel.: +420-22197-7344 (A.H.); +420-22496-2666 (P.M.)
| | - Zdenek Stach
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Medicine, Toxinology Center, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital, U Nemocnice 499/2, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Stikarova
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 2094/1, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Havlicek
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 2094/1, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Michalek
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Medicine, Toxinology Center, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, General University Hospital, U Nemocnice 499/2, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (P.M.); Tel.: +420-22197-7344 (A.H.); +420-22496-2666 (P.M.)
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16
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Oliveira IS, Ananias CB, Medeiros JM, Franco MVS, Ferreira IG, Cerni FA, Sandri EA, Monteiro WM, Pucca MB. Medical Management after Lancehead Snakebite in North Amazon: A Case Report of Long-Term Disability. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:494. [PMID: 35878232 PMCID: PMC9319475 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebites are a major public health problem in indigenous communities in Brazil, leading to acute local and systemic damage with resulting deficiencies. Long-term musculoskeletal disabilities related to snakebites have been a neglected area of research. Bothrops (lancehead) snakes are responsible for most of the permanent sequelae related to snakebites in Latin America. Here, we present a case report of a 32-year-old male indigenous patient who was envenomed by a Bothrops species. The patient was clinically followed for a period of approximately 2 years and 6 months, during which time he experienced a loss of musculoskeletal tissue and required several medical procedures such as debridement, tissue reconstruction, and physical therapy, which resulted in a recovery of mobility, though with a permanent sequelae in gait. This case report shows how snakebites have a significant impact on health systems, as victims require physiotherapy, plastic surgery, and orthopedics services, as well as social support for reintegration into their local communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora S. Oliveira
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil; (I.S.O.); (I.G.F.)
| | - Carla B. Ananias
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista 69310-000, Brazil; (C.B.A.); (J.M.M.); (M.V.S.F.)
| | - Jilvando M. Medeiros
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista 69310-000, Brazil; (C.B.A.); (J.M.M.); (M.V.S.F.)
| | - Michelle V. S. Franco
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista 69310-000, Brazil; (C.B.A.); (J.M.M.); (M.V.S.F.)
| | - Isabela G. Ferreira
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil; (I.S.O.); (I.G.F.)
| | - Felipe A. Cerni
- Health Sciences Posgraduate Program, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista 69310-000, Brazil;
| | - Eliseu A. Sandri
- Insikiram Institute of Indigenous Higher Studies, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista 69310-000, Brazil;
| | - Wuelton M. Monteiro
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69040-000, Brazil;
- Department of Medicine and Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050-010, Brazil
| | - Manuela B. Pucca
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista 69310-000, Brazil; (C.B.A.); (J.M.M.); (M.V.S.F.)
- Health Sciences Posgraduate Program, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista 69310-000, Brazil;
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The Enzymatic Core of Scorpion Venoms. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14040248. [PMID: 35448857 PMCID: PMC9030722 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are an integral part of animal venoms. Unlike snakes, in which enzymes play a primary role in envenomation, in scorpions, their function appears to be ancillary in most species. Due to this, studies on the diversity of scorpion venom components have focused primarily on the peptides responsible for envenomation (toxins) and a few others (e.g., antimicrobials), while enzymes have been overlooked. In this work, a comprehensive study on enzyme diversity in scorpion venoms was performed by transcriptomic and proteomic techniques. Enzymes of 63 different EC types were found, belonging to 330 orthogroups. Of them, 24 ECs conform the scorpion venom enzymatic core, since they were determined to be present in all the studied scorpion species. Transferases and lyases are reported for the first time. Novel enzymes, which can play different roles in the venom, including direct toxicity, as venom spreading factors, activators of venom components, venom preservatives, or in prey pre-digestion, were described and annotated. The expression profile for transcripts coding for venom enzymes was analyzed, and shown to be similar among the studied species, while being significantly different from their expression pattern outside the telson.
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18
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Teodoro A, Gonçalves FJ, Oliveira H, Marques S. Venom of Viperidae: A Perspective of its Antibacterial and Antitumor
Potential. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:126-144. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210811164517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
:
The emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria and limitations on cancer treatment represent
two important challenges in modern medicine. Biological compounds have been explored with
a particular focus on venoms. Although they can be lethal or cause considerable damage to humans,
venom is also a source rich in components with high therapeutic potential.
:
Viperidae family is one of the most emblematic venomous snake families and several studies highlighted
the antibacterial and antitumor potential of viper toxins. According to the literature, these
activities are mainly associated to five protein families - svLAAO, Disintegrins, PLA2, SVMPs and
C-type lectins- that act through different mechanisms leading to the inhibition of the growth of bacteria,
as well as, cytotoxic effects and inhibition of metastasis process. In this review, we provide
an overview of the venom toxins produced by species belonging to the Viperidae family, exploring
their roles during the envenoming and their pharmacological properties, in order to demonstrate its
antibacterial and antitumor potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Teodoro
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernando J.M. Gonçalves
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM- Centre for Environmental and
Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Helena Oliveira
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM- Centre for Environmental and
Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Marques
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM- Centre for Environmental and
Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Icme F, Avci A, Yilmaz N, Urfalıoglu AB, Avci BS, Yesiloglu O, Tugcan MO, Sumbul HE, Yesilagac H, Sapmaz E. The Role of Procalcitonin in Predicting Necessity of Antivenom Administration and Clinical Severity in Snake Bites. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2022; 257:291-299. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.2022.j037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferhat Icme
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ankara City Hospital
| | - Akkan Avci
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Adana City Research and Training Hospital, Health Science University
| | - Nurettin Yilmaz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Adana City Research and Training Hospital, Health Science University
| | - Ahmet Burak Urfalıoglu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Adana City Research and Training Hospital, Health Science University
| | - Begum Seyda Avci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Adana City Research and Training Hospital, Health Science University
| | | | - Mustafa Oguz Tugcan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Adana City Research and Training Hospital, Health Science University
| | - Hilmi Erdem Sumbul
- Department of Internal Medicine, Adana City Research and Training Hospital, Health Science University
| | - Hasan Yesilagac
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University
| | - Ekrem Sapmaz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health Science University
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20
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Application of Hemocoagulase Bothrops Atrox in the submucosal injection for endoscopic submucosal dissection: a preliminary trial. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 33:e681-e685. [PMID: 34034279 PMCID: PMC8734620 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of using Hemocoagulase Bothrops Atrox in the submucosal injection solution for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). METHODS A total of 120 patients with superficial neoplastic lesions of the esophagus, stomach, and colon receiving ESD were randomly divided into two groups: The epinephrine group used epinephrine-containing submucosal fluid cushion for ESD, while the hemocoagulase group used Hemocoagulase Bothrops Atrox-containing submucosal fluid cushion for ESD. The preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative clinical parameters and postoperative adverse events of the two groups were recorded, and comparative analysis within and between groups was performed. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the demographic and clinical characteristics between the hemocoagulase and epinephrine group (all P > 0.05). ESD surgery was completed in all patients. The hemocoagulase group had significantly shorter surgery time (P = 0.003) and less number of intraoperative bleeding (P = 0.010) than the epinephrine group. However, there was no significant difference in the incidences of postoperative delayed hemorrhage, and adverse events between the two groups (all P > 0.05). Multivariate linear regression demonstrated that the epinephrine group had significantly more number of intraoperative bleeding (B: 0.98, 95% confidence interval: 0.04-1.93) as compared with the hemocoagulase group. CONCLUSION Compared with epinephrine, using Hemocoagulase Bothrops Atrox in the submucosal injection for ESD surgery can significantly reduce the number of intraoperative bleeding, shorten the operation time, and did not elevate the incidence of adverse events.
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LIMITED PROTEOLYSIS OF FIBRINOGEN BY PROTEASE OF Gloydius halys halys SNAKE VENOM. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech14.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim. One of the approaches for studying structure and functions of proteins is their limited proteolysis. Proteolytic fragments of macromolecules can preserve the biological activity and can be used for the study of their structural and functional peculiarities. Thus, the characterization of new proteolytic enzymes and determination of the specificity of their action can be of interest for exploration. In the present work, we focused on the action of protease from the venom of Gloydius halys halys on fibrinogen, the crucial protein of blood coagulation system. Methods. Products of fibrinogen hydrolysis by protease from the venom of G. halys halys were studied by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and western-blot analysis using monoclonal antibodies ІІ-5 Сand 1-5A targeted to 20‒78 and 549‒610 fragments of fibrinogen Aα-chain. Molecular weights of hydrolytic products were determined using MALDI-TOF analysis on Voyager DE PRO (USA). Sequence of hydrolytic products were predicted by «Peptide Mass Calculator» soft ware. Results. SDS-PAGE showed that protease from the venom of Gloydius halys halys initially cleaved Аα-chain of fibrinogen molecule. Western-blot analysis confirmed that this protease specifically cleaves off fragment of C-terminal parts of Аα-chain with apparent molecular weight of 22 kDa. Cleaved fragment was identified by MALDI-TOF analysis as the 21.1 kDa polypeptide. «Peptide Mass Calculator» predicted that such a fragment corresponded to Аα414-610 residue of fibrinogen molecule. Thus, we showed that studied protease cleaved peptide bond AαK413-L414 with the formation of stable partly hydrolyzed fibrinogen desAα414-610. Conclusions. The use of protease from the venom of Gloydius halys halys would allow obtaining the unique partly hydrolyzed fibrinogen des Aα 414‒610 that is suitable for the study of structure and functions of fibrinogen αС-regions.
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Franco-Servín C, Neri-Castro E, Bénard-Valle M, Alagón A, Rosales-García RA, Guerrero-Alba R, Poblano-Sánchez JE, Silva-Briano M, Guerrero-Barrera AL, Sigala-Rodríguez JJ. Biological and Biochemical Characterization of Coronado Island Rattlesnake ( Crotalus helleri caliginis) Venom and Antivenom Neutralization. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080582. [PMID: 34437453 PMCID: PMC8402616 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Baja California Peninsula has over 250 islands and islets with many endemic species. Among them, rattlesnakes are the most numerous but also one of the least studied groups. The study of island rattlesnake venom could guide us to a better understanding of evolutionary processes and the description of novel toxins. Crotalus helleri caliginis venom samples were analyzed to determine possible ontogenetic variation with SDS-PAGE in one and two dimensions and with RP-HPLC. Western Blot, ELISA, and amino-terminal sequencing were used to determine the main components of the venom. The biological and biochemical activities demonstrate the similarity of C. helleri caliginis venom to the continental species C. helleri helleri, with both having low proteolytic and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity but differing due to the absence of neurotoxin (crotoxin-like) in the insular species. The main components of the snake venom were metalloproteases, serine proteases, and crotamine, which was the most abundant toxin group (30–35% of full venom). The crotamine was isolated using size-exclusion chromatography where its functional effects were tested on mouse phrenic nerve–hemidiaphragm preparations in which a significant reduction in muscle twitch contractions were observed. The two Mexican antivenoms could neutralize the lethality of C. helleri caliginis venom but not the crotamine effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Franco-Servín
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Aguascalientes CP 20131, Ags, Mexico;
- Colección Zoológica, Departamento de Biología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Aguascalientes CP 20131, Ags, Mexico;
| | - Edgar Neri-Castro
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad # 2001 Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca CP 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (E.N.-C.); (M.B.-V.); (A.A.)
| | - Melisa Bénard-Valle
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad # 2001 Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca CP 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (E.N.-C.); (M.B.-V.); (A.A.)
| | - Alejandro Alagón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad # 2001 Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca CP 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (E.N.-C.); (M.B.-V.); (A.A.)
| | - Ramsés Alejandro Rosales-García
- Colección Zoológica, Departamento de Biología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Aguascalientes CP 20131, Ags, Mexico;
| | - Raquel Guerrero-Alba
- Laboratorio de Electrofisiología, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Aguascalientes CP 20131, Ags, Mexico;
| | - José Emanuel Poblano-Sánchez
- Laboratorio Clínico de Especialidades del Hospital General ISSSTE, Av. Universidad 410, Aguascalientes CP 20010, Ags, Mexico;
| | - Marcelo Silva-Briano
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Departamento de Biología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Aguascalientes CP 20131, Ags, Mexico;
| | - Alma Lilián Guerrero-Barrera
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Aguascalientes CP 20131, Ags, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (A.L.G.-B.); (J.J.S.-R.)
| | - José Jesús Sigala-Rodríguez
- Colección Zoológica, Departamento de Biología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Aguascalientes CP 20131, Ags, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (A.L.G.-B.); (J.J.S.-R.)
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Abstract
Snake venoms have evolved primarily to immobilize and kill prey, and consequently, they contain some of the most potent natural toxins. Part of that armory is a range of hemotoxic components that affect every area of hemostasis, which we have harnessed to great effect in the study and diagnosis of hemostatic disorders. The most widely used are those that affect coagulation, such as thrombin-like enzymes unaffected by heparin and direct thrombin inhibitors, which can help confirm or dispute their presence in plasma. The liquid gold of coagulation activators is Russell's viper venom, since it contains activators of factor X and factor V. It is used in a range of clotting-based assays, such as assessment of factor X and factor V deficiencies, protein C and protein S deficiencies, activated protein C resistance, and probably the most important test for lupus anticoagulants, the dilute Russell's viper venom time. Activators of prothrombin, such as oscutarin C from Coastal Taipan venom and ecarin from saw-scaled viper venom, are employed in prothrombin activity assays and lupus anticoagulant detection, and ecarin has a valuable role in quantitative assays of direct thrombin inhibitors. Snake venoms affecting primary hemostasis include botrocetin from the jararaca, which can be used to assay von Willebrand factor activity, and convulxin from the cascavel, which can be used to detect deficiency of the platelet collagen receptor, glycoprotein VI. This article takes the reader to every area of the diagnostic hemostasis laboratory to appreciate the myriad applications of snake venoms available in diagnostic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary William Moore
- Department of Haematology, Specialist Haemostasis Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University London, London, United Kingdom
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Lee LP, Tan KY, Tan CH. Snake venom proteomics and antivenomics of two Sundaic lance-headed pit vipers: Trimeresurus wiroti (Malaysia) and Trimeresurus puniceus (Indonesia). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 40:100875. [PMID: 34311411 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Envenomation by two medically important Sundaic pit vipers, Trimeresurus wiroti (Malaysia) and Trimeresurus puniceus (Indonesia), causes hemotoxic syndrome with a potentially fatal outcome. Research on the compositions and antigenicity of these pit viper venoms is however lacking, limiting our understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of envenomation. This study investigated the venom proteomes of both species through a protein decomplexation strategy, applying C18 reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and protein identification through nano-electrospray ionization liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nano-ESI-LCMS/MS) of trypsin-digested peptides. The venom antigenicity was profiled against the Thai Green Pit Viper Antivenom (GPVAV, a hetero-specific antivenom), using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The venom proteomes of T. wiroti and T. puniceus consisted of 10 and 12 toxin families, respectively. The major proteins were of diverse snake venom serine proteases (19-30% of total venom proteins), snake venom metalloproteinases (17-26%), disintegrins (9-16%), phospholipases A2 (8-28%) and C-type lectins (~8%). These were putative snake toxins implicated in hemorrhage and coagulopathy, consistent with clinical hemotoxicity. GPVAV showed strong immunorecognition toward high and medium molecular weight proteins (e.g., SVMP and PLA2) in both venoms, while a lower binding activity was observed toward small proteins such as disintegrins. Conserved antigenicity in the major hemotoxins supported toxicity cross-neutralization by GPVAV and indicated that the immunorecognition of low molecular weight toxins may be optimized for improved binding efficacy. Taken together, the study provides insights into the pathophysiology and antivenom treatment of envenomation caused by T. wiroti and T. puniceus in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Pernee Lee
- Venom Research & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kae Yi Tan
- Protein and Interactomics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Choo Hock Tan
- Venom Research & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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25
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Xie C, Bittenbinder MA, Slagboom J, Arrahman A, Bruijns S, Somsen GW, Vonk FJ, Casewell NR, García-Vallejo JJ, Kool J. Erythrocyte haemotoxicity profiling of snake venom toxins after nanofractionation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1176:122586. [PMID: 33839052 PMCID: PMC7613003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Snakebite is classified as a priority Neglected Tropical Disease by the World Health Organization. Understanding the pathology of individual snake venom toxins is of great importance when developing more effective snakebite therapies. Snake venoms may induce a range of pathologies, including haemolytic activity. Although snake venom-induced erythrocyte lysis is not the primary cause of mortality, haemolytic activity can greatly debilitate victims and contributes to systemic haemotoxicity. Current assays designed for studying haemolytic activity are not suitable for rapid screening of large numbers of toxic compounds. Consequently, in this study, a high-throughput haemolytic assay was developed that allows profiling of erythrocyte lysis, and was validated using venom from a number of medically important snake species (Calloselasma rhodostoma, Daboia russelii, Naja mossambica, Naja nigricollis and Naja pallida). The assay was developed in a format enabling direct integration into nanofractionation analytics, which involves liquid chromatographic separation of venom followed by high-resolution fractionation and subsequent bioassaying (and optional proteomics analysis), and parallel mass spectrometric detection. Analysis of the five snake venoms via this nanofractionation approach involving haemolytic assaying provided venom-cytotoxicity profiles and enabled identification of the toxins responsible for haemolytic activity. Our results show that the elapid snake venoms (Naja spp.) contained both direct and indirect lytic toxins, while the viperid venoms (C. rhodostoma and D. russelii) only showed indirect lytic activities, which required the addition of phospholipids to exert cytotoxicity on erythrocytes. The haemolytic venom toxins identified were mainly phospholipase A2s and cytotoxic three finger toxins. Finally, the applicability of this new analytical method was demonstrated using a conventional snakebite antivenom treatment and a small-molecule drug candidate to assess neutralisation of venom cytotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Xie
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matyas A Bittenbinder
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Julien Slagboom
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arif Arrahman
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sven Bruijns
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Freek J Vonk
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Juan J García-Vallejo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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26
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De-Simone SG, Lechuga GC, Napoleão-Pêgo P, Gomes LR, Provance DW, Nirello VD, Sodero ACR, Guedes HLDM. Small Angle X-ray Scattering, Molecular Modeling, and Chemometric Studies from a Thrombin-Like (Lmr-47) Enzyme of Lachesis m. rhombeata Venom. Molecules 2021; 26:3930. [PMID: 34203140 PMCID: PMC8271572 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Snakebite envenomation is considered a neglected tropical disease, and SVTLEs critical elements are involved in serious coagulopathies that occur on envenoming. Although some enzymes of this group have been structurally investigated, it is essential to characterize other proteins to better understand their unique properties such as the Lachesis muta rhombeata 47 kDa (Lmr-47) venom serine protease. METHODS The structure of Lmr-47 was studied in solution, using SAXS, DLS, CD, and in silico by homology modeling. Molecular docking experiments simulated 21 competitive inhibitors. RESULTS At pH 8.0, Lmr-47 has an Rg of 34.5 ± 0.6 Å, Dmax of 130 Å, and SR of 50 Å, according to DLS data. Kratky plot analysis indicates a rigid shape at pH 8.0. Conversely, the pH variation does not change the center of mass's intrinsic fluorescence, possibly indicating the absence of fluorescent amino acids in the regions affected by pH variation. CD experiments show a substantially random coiled secondary structure not affected by pH. The low-resolution model of Lmr-47 presented a prolate elongated shape at pH 8.0. Using the 3D structure obtained by molecular modeling, docking experiments identified five good and three suitable competitive inhibitors. CONCLUSION Together, our work provided insights into the structure of the Lmr-47 and identified inhibitors that may enhance our understanding of thrombin-like family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Giovanni De-Simone
- FIOCRUZ, Center of Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Neglected Diseases Population (INCT-IDPN), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (G.C.L.); (P.N.-P.); (L.R.G.); (D.W.P.J.)
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Curty Lechuga
- FIOCRUZ, Center of Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Neglected Diseases Population (INCT-IDPN), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (G.C.L.); (P.N.-P.); (L.R.G.); (D.W.P.J.)
| | - Paloma Napoleão-Pêgo
- FIOCRUZ, Center of Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Neglected Diseases Population (INCT-IDPN), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (G.C.L.); (P.N.-P.); (L.R.G.); (D.W.P.J.)
| | - Larissa Rodrigues Gomes
- FIOCRUZ, Center of Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Neglected Diseases Population (INCT-IDPN), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (G.C.L.); (P.N.-P.); (L.R.G.); (D.W.P.J.)
| | - David William Provance
- FIOCRUZ, Center of Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Neglected Diseases Population (INCT-IDPN), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (G.C.L.); (P.N.-P.); (L.R.G.); (D.W.P.J.)
- Interdisciplinary Medical Research Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
| | - Vinícius Dias Nirello
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal of Rio de Janeiro University, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil; (V.D.N.); (A.C.R.S.)
| | - Ana Carolina Rennó Sodero
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal of Rio de Janeiro University, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil; (V.D.N.); (A.C.R.S.)
| | - Herbert Leonel de Mattos Guedes
- Interdisciplinary Medical Research Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Federal of Rio de Janeiro University, Duque de Caxias 25245-390, Brazil
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Adili R, Jackson M, Stanger L, Dai X, Li M, Li BX, Holinstat M. Slounase, a Batroxobin Containing Activated Factor X Effectively Enhances Hemostatic Clot Formation and Reducing Bleeding in Hypocoagulant Conditions in Mice. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2021; 27:10760296211018510. [PMID: 34047195 PMCID: PMC8165871 DOI: 10.1177/10760296211018510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled bleeding associated with trauma and surgery is the leading
cause of preventable death. Batroxobin, a snake venom-derived
thrombin-like serine protease, has been shown to clot fibrinogen by
cleaving fibrinopeptide A in a manner distinctly different from
thrombin, even in the presence of heparin. The biochemical properties
of batroxobin and its effect on coagulation have been well
characterized in vitro. However, the efficacy of
batroxobin on hemostatic clot formation in vivo is
not well studied due to the lack of reliable in vivo
hemostasis models. Here, we studied the efficacy of batroxobin and
slounase, a batroxobin containing activated factor X, on hemostatic
clot composition and bleeding using intravital microcopy laser
ablation hemostasis models in micro and macro vessels and liver
puncture hemostasis models in normal and heparin-induced hypocoagulant
mice. We found that prophylactic treatment in wild-type mice with
batroxobin, slounase and activated factor X significantly enhanced
platelet-rich fibrin clot formation following vascular injury. In
heparin-treated mice, batroxobin treatment resulted in detectable
fibrin formation and a modest increase in hemostatic clot size, while
activated factor X had no effect. In contrast, slounase treatment
significantly enhanced both platelet recruitment and fibrin formation,
forming a stable clot and shortening bleeding time and blood loss in
wild-type and heparin-treated hypocoagulant mice. Our data demonstrate
that, while batroxobin enhances fibrin formation, slounase was able to
enhance hemostasis in normal mice and restore hemostasis in
hypocoagulant conditions via the enhancement of fibrin formation and
platelet activation, indicating that slounase is more effective in
controlling hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reheman Adili
- Department of Pharmacology, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Madeline Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Livia Stanger
- Department of Pharmacology, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiangrong Dai
- Zhaoke Pharmaceutical (Hefei) Co. Limited, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mandy Li
- Lee's Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited. Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Michael Holinstat
- Department of Pharmacology, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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28
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Remarkable intrapopulation venom variability in the monocellate cobra (Naja kaouthia) unveils neglected aspects of India's snakebite problem. J Proteomics 2021; 242:104256. [PMID: 33957314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interpopulation venom variation has been widely documented in snakes across large geographical distances. This variability is known to markedly influence the effectiveness of snakebite therapy, as antivenoms manufactured against one population may not be effective against others. In contrast, the extent of intrapopulation venom variability, especially at finer geographical scales, remains largely uninvestigated. Moreover, given the historical focus on the 'big four' Indian snakes, our understanding of venom variation in medically important yet neglected snakes, such as the monocellate cobra (Naja kaouthia), remains unclear. To address this shortcoming, we investigated N. kaouthia venoms sampled across a small spatial scale (<50 km) in Eastern India. An interdisciplinary approach employed in this study unveiled considerable intrapopulation differences in the venom proteomic composition, pharmacological and biochemical activities, and toxicity profiles. Documentation of stark differences in venoms at such a finer geographical scale, despite the influence of similar ecological and environmental conditions, is intriguing. Furthermore, evaluation of in vitro and in vivo venom recognition and neutralisation potential of Indian polyvalent 'big four' antivenoms and Thai monovalent N. kaouthia antivenom revealed concerning deficiencies. These results highlight the negative impact of phylogenetic divergence and intrapopulation snake venom variation on the effectiveness of conventional antivenom therapy. SIGNIFICANCE: In contrast to our understanding of snake venom variation across large distances, which is theorised to be shaped by disparities in ecology and environment, intrapopulation variation at finer geographic scales remains scarcely investigated. Assessment of intrapopulation venom variability in Naja kaouthia at a small spatial scale (<50 km) in Eastern India unravelled considerable differences in venom compositions, activities and potencies. While the influence of subtle differences in prey preference and local adaptations cannot be ruled out, these findings, perhaps, also emphasise the role of accelerated molecular evolutionary regimes that rapidly introduce variations in evolutionarily younger lineages, such as advanced snakes. The inability of 'big four' Indian antivenoms and Thai N. kaouthia monovalent antivenom in countering these variations highlights the importance of phylogenetic considerations for the development of efficacious snakebite therapy. Thus, we provide valuable insights into the venoms of one of the most medically important yet neglected Indian snakes.
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29
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Sadeghi M, Barazandeh M, Zakariaei Z, Davoodi L, Tabaripour R, Fakhar M, Zakariaei A. Massive cutaneous complications due to snakebite: A case report and literature review. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e04129. [PMID: 34026167 PMCID: PMC8123543 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound infections due to snake bites such as cellulitis and necrotizing fasciitis, although not common, are seen in snake bites and if left untreated can cause serious complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Sadeghi
- Student Research CommitteeMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
| | - Maryam Barazandeh
- Student Research CommitteeMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
| | - Zakaria Zakariaei
- Toxicology and Forensic Medicine DivisionOrthopedic Research CenterImam Khomeini HospitalMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
- Toxoplasmosis Research CenterCommunicable Diseases InstituteIranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and ToxoplasmosisMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
| | - Lotfollah Davoodi
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research CenterCommunicable Diseases InstituteMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
| | - Rabeeh Tabaripour
- Toxoplasmosis Research CenterCommunicable Diseases InstituteIranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and ToxoplasmosisMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
| | - Mahdi Fakhar
- Toxoplasmosis Research CenterCommunicable Diseases InstituteIranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and ToxoplasmosisMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
| | - Ashkan Zakariaei
- Student Research CommitteeMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
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30
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Senji Laxme RR, Khochare S, Attarde S, Suranse V, Iyer A, Casewell NR, Whitaker R, Martin G, Sunagar K. Biogeographic venom variation in Russell's viper (Daboia russelii) and the preclinical inefficacy of antivenom therapy in snakebite hotspots. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009247. [PMID: 33764996 PMCID: PMC7993602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snakebite in India results in over 58,000 fatalities and a vast number of morbidities annually. The majority of these clinically severe envenomings are attributed to Russell's viper (Daboia russelii), which has a near pan-India distribution. Unfortunately, despite its medical significance, the influence of biogeography on the composition and potency of venom from disparate D. russelii populations, and the repercussions of venom variation on the neutralisation efficacy of marketed Indian antivenoms, remain elusive. METHODS Here, we employ an integrative approach comprising proteomic characterisation, biochemical analyses, pharmacological assessment, and venom toxicity profiling to elucidate the influence of varying ecology and environment on the pan-Indian populations of D. russelii. We then conducted in vitro venom recognition experiments and in vivo neutralisation assays to evaluate the efficacy of the commercial Indian antivenoms against the geographically disparate D. russelii populations. FINDINGS We reveal significant intraspecific variation in the composition, biochemical and pharmacological activities and potencies of D. russelii venoms sourced from five distinct biogeographic zones across India. Contrary to our understanding of the consequences of venom variation on the effectiveness of snakebite therapy, commercial antivenom exhibited surprisingly similar neutralisation potencies against the majority of the investigated populations, with the exception of low preclinical efficacy against the semi-arid population from northern India. However, the ability of Indian antivenoms to counter the severe morbid effects of Daboia envenoming remains to be evaluated. CONCLUSION The concerning lack of antivenom efficacy against the north Indian population of D. russelii, as well as against two other 'big four' snake species in nearby locations, underscores the pressing need to develop pan-India effective antivenoms with improved efficacy in high snakebite burden locales.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. R. Senji Laxme
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Suyog Khochare
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Saurabh Attarde
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vivek Suranse
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashwin Iyer
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Nicholas R. Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Romulus Whitaker
- Madras Crocodile Bank Trust/Centre for Herpetology. East Coast Road, Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gerard Martin
- The Liana Trust. Survey #1418/1419 Rathnapuri, Hunsur, Karnataka, India
| | - Kartik Sunagar
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Senji Laxme RR, Attarde S, Khochare S, Suranse V, Martin G, Casewell NR, Whitaker R, Sunagar K. Biogeographical venom variation in the Indian spectacled cobra (Naja naja) underscores the pressing need for pan-India efficacious snakebite therapy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009150. [PMID: 33600405 PMCID: PMC7924803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Snake venom composition is dictated by various ecological and environmental factors, and can exhibit dramatic variation across geographically disparate populations of the same species. This molecular diversity can undermine the efficacy of snakebite treatments, as antivenoms produced against venom from one population may fail to neutralise others. India is the world’s snakebite hotspot, with 58,000 fatalities and 140,000 morbidities occurring annually. Spectacled cobra (Naja naja) and Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii) are known to cause the majority of these envenomations, in part due to their near country-wide distributions. However, the impact of differing ecologies and environment on their venom compositions has not been comprehensively studied. Methods Here, we used a multi-disciplinary approach consisting of venom proteomics, biochemical and pharmacological analyses, and in vivo research to comparatively analyse N. naja venoms across a broad region (>6000 km; seven populations) covering India’s six distinct biogeographical zones. Findings By generating the most comprehensive pan-Indian proteomic and toxicity profiles to date, we unveil considerable differences in the composition, pharmacological effects and potencies of geographically-distinct venoms from this species and, through the use of immunological assays and preclinical experiments, demonstrate alarming repercussions on antivenom therapy. We find that commercially-available antivenom fails to effectively neutralise envenomations by the pan-Indian populations of N. naja, including a complete lack of neutralisation against the desert Naja population. Conclusion Our findings highlight the significant influence of ecology and environment on snake venom composition and potency, and stress the pressing need to innovate pan-India effective antivenoms to safeguard the lives, limbs and livelihoods of the country’s 200,000 annual snakebite victims. Annually, India is burdened by the highest number of snake envenomations across the globe, with over 58,000 fatalities and three times the number of morbidities, predominantly affecting the rural agrarian communities. The spectacled cobra (Naja naja) and Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii) are responsible for the vast majority of envenomations in the country, in part, due to their near country-wide distributions. In this study, we unveil the astounding differences in venom composition of N. naja from six different biogeographical zones across the country (>6000 km). We provide a comprehensive account of their disparate venom proteomic profiles, biochemical and pharmacological effects, and the associated potencies. Our study uncovers alarming differences in the efficacy of the marketed polyvalent antivenoms in neutralising these venoms, thereby, emphasising the pressing need to develop dose-efficacious and pan-India effective antivenoms for the treatment of snakebites in the country. This study also highlights the significant influence of ecology and diverse environments on the venom variability, insinuating the necessity for innovating cost-effective and pan-India efficacious solutions to safeguard the lives, limbs and livelihoods of India’s two hundred thousand annual snakebite victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. R. Senji Laxme
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Saurabh Attarde
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Suyog Khochare
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vivek Suranse
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Gerard Martin
- The Liana Trust, Survey #1418/1419 Rathnapuri, Hunsur, Karnataka, India
| | - Nicholas R. Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Romulus Whitaker
- Madras Crocodile Bank Trust/Centre for Herpetology, Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kartik Sunagar
- Evolutionary Venomics Lab. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
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Patiño RSP, Salazar-Valenzuela D, Medina-Villamizar E, Mendes B, Proaño-Bolaños C, da Silva SL, Almeida JR. Bothrops atrox from Ecuadorian Amazon: Initial analyses of venoms from individuals. Toxicon 2021; 193:63-72. [PMID: 33503404 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops atrox is the most clinically relevant snake species within the Amazon region, which includes Ecuadorian territories. It comprises a large distribution, which could contribute to the genetic and venomic variation identified in the species. The high variability and protein isoform diversity of its venom are of medical interest, since it can influence the clinical manifestations caused by envenomation and its treatment. However, in Ecuador there is insufficient information on the diversity of venomic phenotypes, even of relevant species such as B. atrox. Here, we characterized the biochemical and toxicological profiles of the venom of six B. atrox individuals from the Ecuadorian Amazon. Differences in catalytic activities of toxins, elution profiles in liquid chromatography, electrophoretic patterns, and toxic effects among the analyzed samples were identified. Nonetheless, in the preclinical testing of antivenom, two samples from Mera (Pastaza) required a higher dose to achieve total neutralization of lethality and hemorrhage. Taken together, these data highlight the importance of analyzing individual venoms in studies focused on the outcomes of envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo S P Patiño
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador; Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Centro Nacional de Acuicultura e Investigaciones Marinas (CENAIM), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - David Salazar-Valenzuela
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Evencio Medina-Villamizar
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Bruno Mendes
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Proaño-Bolaños
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Saulo L da Silva
- Escuela de Bioquímica y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador; Centro de Innovación de la Salud - EUS/EP, Cuenca, Azuay, Ecuador; Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; LAQV - REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José R Almeida
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador.
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Farzad R, Gholami A, Hayati Roodbari N, Shahbazzadeh D. The anti-rabies activity of Caspian cobra venom. Toxicon 2020; 186:175-181. [PMID: 32818494 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is acute encephalitis that continuously kills thousands of people annually. There is no clinical cure for rabies so far and its prevention is limited to sero-vaccinations based on standard WHO protocols. Certain compounds such as snake venoms contain active biological components with tendency toward acetylcholine receptors and ion channels at the cell surface. These compounds then are able to reduce aggregation of the virus in neuromuscular junction that may lead to inhibit the virus activity. In this study we worked on cytotoxicity and antiviral activity effects of Naja naja oxiana (Iranian Caspian cobra) snake venom components, on Rabies Lyssavirus (Rabies virus; RABV) infected mammalian cells. The concentration of 25 μg/ml F5 fraction separated by FPLC showed minor toxicity on BHK-21 cells by MTT test and high antiviral activity against infected cells by FAT assay. Further studies on F5 fractionation by HPLC showed that the proliferation of infected BHK-21 cells by rabies virus CVS-11 strain was decreased up to 80% by using 20 μg/ml P5 peak, after 48 h. We assume that P5-peptide (MW < 10 kDa) enters the cells through AChR receptors same as rabies virus without competition in binding to the cell receptors and is able to reduce the virus proliferation on post viral infection phase. This is the first report of the presence of an anti-rabies effect of Caspian cobra snake venom component. As per our results the P5 peak is a suitable candidate for further studies as a new agent to reduce CVS-11 rabies virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Farzad
- Biology Department, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Gholami
- Virology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nasim Hayati Roodbari
- Biology Department, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Delavar Shahbazzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Nandish SKM, Kengaiah J, Ramachandraiah C, Chandramma, Shivaiah A, Santhosh SM, Thirunavukkarasu, Sannaningaiah D. Flaxseed Cysteine Protease Exhibits Strong Anticoagulant, Antiplatelet, and Clot-Dissolving Properties. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:1113-1126. [PMID: 33050855 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920090102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we purified and characterized flaxseed cysteine protease (FSCP) with strong anticoagulant, antiplatelet, and clot-dissolving properties. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by a combination of gel permeation and ion-exchange column chromatography techniques. The purity of the enzyme was evaluated by SDS-PAGE, RP-HPLC, and MALDI-TOF. FSCP was observed as a single band of approximately 160 kDa in SDS-PAGE under reducing and non-reducing conditions. The exact molecular mass of FSCP was found to be 168 kDa by MALDI-TOF spectrometry. The CD spectra of FSCP revealed the presence of 25.6% helices, 25.8% turns, and 48% random coils with no beta-sheet structures. FSCP hydrolyzed both casein and gelatin with a specific activity of 3.5 and 4.2 unit/mg min respectively. The proteolytic activity of FSCP was completely abolished by iodoacetic acid (IAA), suggesting FSCP is a cysteine protease. The pH optimum for the proteolytic activity of FSCP was pH 6.0; the temperature optimum was 30°C. FSCP exhibited strong anticoagulant effect in both platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) by extending the clotting time from 222 to 1100 s and from 256 to 1210 s, respectively. FSCP degraded human fibrinogen and fibrin clots. The products of fibrinogen degradation by thrombin and FSCP were different. Furthermore, FSCP inhibited aggregation of washed platelets triggered by ADP, epinephrine, thrombin, collagen, arachidonic acid, and platelet activating factor (PAF). FSCP was found to be nontoxic as it did not damage the membrane of red blood cells (RBCs) and did not induce hemorrhage and edema in experimental mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K M Nandish
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry and Centre for Bioscience and Innovation, Tumkur University, Tumkur, 572103, India
| | - J Kengaiah
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry and Centre for Bioscience and Innovation, Tumkur University, Tumkur, 572103, India
| | - Ch Ramachandraiah
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry and Centre for Bioscience and Innovation, Tumkur University, Tumkur, 572103, India
| | - Chandramma
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry and Centre for Bioscience and Innovation, Tumkur University, Tumkur, 572103, India
| | - A Shivaiah
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry and Centre for Bioscience and Innovation, Tumkur University, Tumkur, 572103, India
| | - S M Santhosh
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry and Microbiology (IMBM), Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala, 75237, Sweden
| | - Thirunavukkarasu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, 605014, India
| | - D Sannaningaiah
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry and Centre for Bioscience and Innovation, Tumkur University, Tumkur, 572103, India.
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Ghosh S, Tripathi A, Gayen P, Sinha Roy R. Peptide-based topical agents and intravenous hemostat for rapid hemostasis. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:1100-1111. [PMID: 33479616 PMCID: PMC7651999 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00204f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic coagulopathy due to severe external injury and internal hemorrhage is life-threatening to accident victims and soldiers on the battlefield, causing considerable number of deaths worldwide. Patients with inherited bleeding disorders (such as haemophilia, von Willebrand disease, inherited qualitative platelet defects, and afibrinogenemia) also contribute to the vast number of deaths due to abnormal bleeding, and these patients are difficult to handle during surgery. Platelets and different plasma proteins play an essential role in blood coagulation and in the maintenance of the body's hemostatic balance. The improper function or deficiency of these factors cause abnormal bleeding. To address such bleeding disorders, external clotting agents (such as extracellular protein-inspired natural and synthetic peptide-based sealants and peptide-functionalized polymer/liposome-based sealants) have been developed by different groups of researchers. The primary focus of this review is to provide molecular insights into the existing biologically inspired peptide-based sealants, highlighting the advantages and limitations of such reported designed sealants to handle blood clotting, and also provide insights into the design of improved next-generation surgical sealants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehasish Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur - 741246 , India
| | - Archana Tripathi
- Department of Biological Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur - 741246 , India .
| | - Paramita Gayen
- Department of Biological Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur - 741246 , India .
| | - Rituparna Sinha Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur - 741246 , India .
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur - 741246 , India
- Centre for Climate and Environmental Studies , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur - 741246 , India
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Bedside Coagulation Tests in Diagnosing Venom-Induced Consumption Coagulopathy in Snakebite. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090583. [PMID: 32927702 PMCID: PMC7551701 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Venom-induced consumption coagulopathy is the most important systemic effect of snake envenoming. Coagulation tests are helpful to accurately and promptly diagnose venom-induced consumption coagulopathy and administer antivenom, which is the only specific treatment available. However, bedside clotting tests play a major role in diagnosing coagulopathy in low-income settings, where the majority of snakebites occur. We conducted a literature search in MEDLINE® from 1946 to 30 November 2019, looking for research articles describing clinical studies on bedside coagulation tests in snakebite patients. Out of 442 articles identified, 147 articles describing bedside clotting assays were included in the review. Three main bedside clotting tests were identified, namely the Lee–White clotting test, 20-min whole blood clotting time and venous clotting time. Although the original Lee–White clotting test has never been validated for snake envenoming, a recently validated version has been used in some South American countries. The 20-min whole blood clotting time test is the most commonly used test in a wide range of settings and for taxonomically diverse snake species. Venous clotting time is almost exclusively used in Thailand. Many validation studies have methodological limitations, including small sample size, lack of case-authentication, the inclusion of a heterogeneous mix of snakebites and inappropriate uses of gold standard tests. The observation times for bedside clotting tests were arbitrary, without proper scientific justification. Future research needs to focus on improving the existing 20-min whole blood clotting test, and also on looking for alternative bedside coagulation tests which are cheap, reliable and quicker.
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Proteomics and preclinical antivenom neutralization of the mangrove pit viper (Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus, Malaysia) and white-lipped pit viper (Trimeresurus albolabris, Thailand) venoms. Acta Trop 2020; 209:105528. [PMID: 32442435 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Bleeding Disorders in Bothrops atrox Envenomations in the Brazilian Amazon: Participation of Hemostatic Factors and the Impact of Tissue Factor. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090554. [PMID: 32872404 PMCID: PMC7551922 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bleeding is a common hemostatic disorder that occurs in Bothrops envenomations. We evaluated the changes in coagulation, fibrinolysis components, and platelets in Bothrops atrox envenomations with bleeding. This is an observational study with B. atrox snakebite patients (n = 100) treated in Manaus, Brazilian Amazon. Bleeding was recorded on admission and during hospitalization. We found that the platelet count in our patients presented a weak correlation to tissue factor, factor II, and plasminogen. Tissue factor presented weak correlation to factor V, II, D-dimer, plasminogen, alpha 2-antiplasmin, and moderate correlation to fibrinogen and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation product (FDP). Patients with systemic bleeding (n = 20) presented low levels of factor V, II, fibrinogen, plasminogen, and alpha 2-antiplasmin, and high levels of tissue factor and FDP compared to those without bleeding. Patients with only local bleeding (n = 41) and without bleeding showed similar levels of hemostatic factors. Thrombocytopenia was observed mainly in patients with systemic bleeding and increased levels of serum venom. No association was found between venom levels and systemic bleeding, or between venom levels and clinical severity of envenomation. This is the first report that shows the participation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway in the consumption coagulopathy of B. atrox envenomations with systemic bleeding due to tissue factor release.
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Xie C, Albulescu LO, Bittenbinder MA, Somsen GW, Vonk FJ, Casewell NR, Kool J. Neutralizing Effects of Small Molecule Inhibitors and Metal Chelators on Coagulopathic Viperinae Snake Venom Toxins. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E297. [PMID: 32825484 PMCID: PMC7555180 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal-derived antivenoms are the only specific therapies currently available for the treatment of snake envenoming, but these products have a number of limitations associated with their efficacy, safety and affordability for use in tropical snakebite victims. Small molecule drugs and drug candidates are regarded as promising alternatives for filling the critical therapeutic gap between snake envenoming and effective treatment. In this study, by using an advanced analytical technique that combines chromatography, mass spectrometry and bioassaying, we investigated the effect of several small molecule inhibitors that target phospholipase A2 (varespladib) and snake venom metalloproteinase (marimastat, dimercaprol and DMPS) toxin families on inhibiting the activities of coagulopathic toxins found in Viperinae snake venoms. The venoms of Echis carinatus, Echis ocellatus, Daboia russelii and Bitis arietans, which are known for their potent haemotoxicities, were fractionated in high resolution onto 384-well plates using liquid chromatography followed by coagulopathic bioassaying of the obtained fractions. Bioassay activities were correlated to parallel recorded mass spectrometric and proteomics data to assign the venom toxins responsible for coagulopathic activity and assess which of these toxins could be neutralized by the inhibitors under investigation. Our results showed that the phospholipase A2-inhibitor varespladib neutralized the vast majority of anticoagulation activities found across all of the tested snake venoms. Of the snake venom metalloproteinase inhibitors, marimastat demonstrated impressive neutralization of the procoagulation activities detected in all of the tested venoms, whereas dimercaprol and DMPS could only partially neutralize these activities at the doses tested. Our results provide additional support for the concept that combinations of small molecules, particularly the combination of varespladib with marimastat, serve as a drug-repurposing opportunity to develop new broad-spectrum inhibitor-based therapies for snakebite envenoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Xie
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.X.); (M.A.B.); (G.W.S.); (F.J.V.)
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura-Oana Albulescu
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (L.-O.A.); (N.R.C.)
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Mátyás A. Bittenbinder
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.X.); (M.A.B.); (G.W.S.); (F.J.V.)
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W. Somsen
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.X.); (M.A.B.); (G.W.S.); (F.J.V.)
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Freek J. Vonk
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.X.); (M.A.B.); (G.W.S.); (F.J.V.)
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas R. Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (L.-O.A.); (N.R.C.)
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Jeroen Kool
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.X.); (M.A.B.); (G.W.S.); (F.J.V.)
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Modahl CM, Roointan A, Rogers J, Currier K, Mackessy SP. Interspecific and intraspecific venom enzymatic variation among cobras (Naja sp. and Ophiophagus hannah). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 232:108743. [PMID: 32194156 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The genera Ophiophagus and Naja comprise part of a clade of snakes referred to as cobras, dangerously venomous front-fanged snakes in the family Elapidae responsible for significant human mortality and morbidity throughout Asia and Africa. We evaluated venom enzyme variation for eleven cobra species and three N. kaouthia populations using SDS-PAGE venom fingerprinting and numerous enzyme assays. Acetylcholinesterase and PLA2 activities were the most variable between species, and PLA2 activity was significantly different between Malaysian and Thailand N. kaouthia populations. Venom metalloproteinase activity was low and significantly different among most species, but levels were identical for N. kaouthia populations; minor variation in venom L-amino acid oxidase and phosphodiesterase activities were seen between cobra species. Naja siamensis venom lacked the α-fibrinogenolytic activity common to other cobra venoms. In addition, venom from N. siamensis had no detectable metalloproteinase activity and exhibited an SDS-PAGE profile with reduced abundance of higher mass proteins. Venom profiles from spitting cobras (N. siamensis, N. pallida, and N. mossambica) exhibited similar reductions in higher mass proteins, suggesting the evolution of venoms of reduced complexity and decreased enzymatic activity among spitting cobras. Generally, the venom proteomes of cobras show highly abundant three-finger toxin diversity, followed by large quantities of PLA2s. However, PLA2 bands and activity were very reduced for N. haje, N. annulifera and N. nivea. Venom compositionalenzy analysis provides insight into the evolution, diversification and distribution of different venom phenotypes that complements venomic data, and this information is critical for the development of effective antivenoms and snakebite treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Modahl
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, 501 20th St., Greeley, CO 80639-0017, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Amir Roointan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jessica Rogers
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, 501 20th St., Greeley, CO 80639-0017, USA
| | - Katelyn Currier
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, 501 20th St., Greeley, CO 80639-0017, USA
| | - Stephen P Mackessy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, 501 20th St., Greeley, CO 80639-0017, USA.
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Rodrigues CR, Molina DAM, Silva de Assis TC, Liberato C, Melo-Braga MN, Ferreyra CB, Cárdenas J, Costal-Oliveira F, Guerra-Duarte C, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Proteomic and toxinological characterization of Peruvian pitviper Bothrops brazili ("jergón shushupe"), venom. Toxicon 2020; 184:19-27. [PMID: 32479836 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops brazili is a pitviper from Amazonian region, responsible for many accidents in Peru. Despite its relevance, its venom has not been extensively characterized. In the present work, Bothrops brazili venom (BbV) components were analyzed by RP-HPLC, SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF/TOF. Approximately 37 proteins were identified, belonging to 7 families. Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) were the most abundant proteins of the venom (33.05%), followed by snake venom serine proteinases (SVSPs, 26.11%), phospholipases A2 (PLA2, 25.57%), snake C-type lectins (CTLs, 9.61%), L-aminoacid oxidase (LAAO, 3.80%), cystein-rich secretory proteins (CRISP, 1.67%) and Bradykinin-potentiating peptide (BPP, 0.20%). In vitro enzymatic activities of BbV showed high levels of SVMP activity and reduced Hyal activity in comparison with other bothropic venoms. Furthermore, BbV reduced VERO cells viability. ELISA and Western Blotting showed that both Peruvian and Brazilian bothropic antivenoms were able to recognize BbV components. This work provides an overview of BbV venom content and indicates a potential efficiency of Peruvian and Brazilian antivenoms to treat accidents with this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rego Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denis Alexis Molina Molina
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thamyres C Silva de Assis
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila Liberato
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcella N Melo-Braga
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernanda Costal-Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clara Guerra-Duarte
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Eramanis LM, Woodward A, Courtman N, Hughes D, Padula A, Winkel KD, Boller M. Coagulation factor activity patterns of venom-induced consumption coagulopathy in naturally occurring tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) envenomed dogs treated with antivenom. Toxicon 2020; 181:36-44. [PMID: 32330462 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venom-induced consumption coagulopathy (VICC) from tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) envenomation results in a dose-dependent coagulopathy that is detectable on coagulometry. However, individual coagulation factor activities in dogs with tiger snake envenomation have not been determined. This study aimed to characterise VICC and the time course of recovery in tiger snake envenomed dogs and to investigate an association between tiger snake venom (TSV) concentrations and factor activity. METHODS This was a prospective, observational, cohort study. The study cohort was 11 dogs of any age, breed, sex, body weight >10 kg, confirmed serum TSV on ELISA and treated with antivenom. Blood was collected at enrolment before antivenom administration, then at 3, 12 and 24 h after antivenom administration. Tiger snake venom concentrations were detected with a sandwich ELISA. Fibrinogen was measured using a modified Clauss method, and coagulation factors (F) II, V, VII, VIII and X were measured with factor-deficient human plasma using a modified prothrombin (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin (aPTT) method. Linear mixed models, with multiple imputations of censored observations, were used to determine the effect of time and TSV concentration on the coagulation times and factor activity. This cohort was compared to 20 healthy controls. RESULTS At enrolment, there were severe deficiencies in fibrinogen, FV and FVIII, with predicted recovery by 10.86, 11.75 and 13.14 h after antivenom, respectively. There were modest deficiencies in FX and FII, with predicted recovery by 20.57 and 32.49 h after antivenom, respectively. No changes were detected in FVII. Prothrombin time and aPTT were markedly prolonged with predicted recovery of aPTT by 12.58 h. Higher serum TSV concentrations were associated with greater deficiencies in FII, FV and FVIII, and greater prolongations in coagulation times. The median (range) serum TSV concentration was 57 (6-2295) ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS In tiger snake envenomed dogs, we detected a profound, TSV-concentration-related consumption of select coagulation factors, that rapidly recovered toward normal. These findings allowed further insight into tiger snake VICC in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Mark Eramanis
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia.
| | - Andrew Woodward
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia
| | - Natalie Courtman
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia
| | - Dez Hughes
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia
| | - Andrew Padula
- Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Kenneth D Winkel
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207-221 Bouverie St., Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Manuel Boller
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia; Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study Group (TRACTS), Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia.
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Huang TI, Hsieh CL. Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Long-Term Outcomes of Snakebite in Taiwan. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E132. [PMID: 32093388 PMCID: PMC7076781 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we review the characteristics of the six predominant venomous snakes in Taiwan and the effects of traditional Chinese medicine on the long-term outcomes of snakebite venom. We electronically searched databases, including PubMed, ClinicalKey, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, National Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations in Taiwan, and Airiti Library, from their inception to November 2019 by using the following Medical Subject Headings' keywords: snakebite, long-term, chronic, Chinese medicine, CAM, herb, and Taiwan. The most common long-term effects of snakebite envenomation include "migraine-like syndrome", brain injuries caused by hypoxia or intracranial hemorrhage, and chronic kidney disease. In addition, hypopituitarism is also worth mentioning. Traditional Chinese medicine can potentially be used in a complementary or alternative treatment for these effects, but additional studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-I Huang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Liang Hsieh
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan;
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Beyond the 'big four': Venom profiling of the medically important yet neglected Indian snakes reveals disturbing antivenom deficiencies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007899. [PMID: 31805055 PMCID: PMC6894822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Snakebite in India causes the highest annual rates of death (46,000) and disability (140,000) than any other country. Antivenom is the mainstay treatment of snakebite, whose manufacturing protocols, in essence, have remained unchanged for over a century. In India, a polyvalent antivenom is produced for the treatment of envenomations from the so called ‘big four’ snakes: the spectacled cobra (Naja naja), common krait (Bungarus caeruleus), Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii), and saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus). In addition to the ‘big four’, India is abode to many other species of venomous snakes that have the potential to inflict severe clinical or, even, lethal envenomations in their human bite victims. Unfortunately, specific antivenoms are not produced against these species and, instead, the ‘big four’ antivenom is routinely used for the treatment. Methods We characterized the venom compositions, biochemical and pharmacological activities and toxicity profiles (mouse model) of the major neglected yet medically important Indian snakes (E. c. sochureki, B. sindanus, B. fasciatus, and two populations of N. kaouthia) and their closest ‘big four’ congeners. By performing WHO recommended in vitro and in vivo preclinical assays, we evaluated the efficiencies of the commercially marketed Indian antivenoms in recognizing venoms and neutralizing envenomations by these neglected species. Findings As a consequence of dissimilar ecologies and diet, the medically important snakes investigated exhibited dramatic inter- and intraspecific differences in their venom profiles. Currently marketed antivenoms were found to exhibit poor dose efficacy and venom recognition potential against the ‘neglected many’. Premium Serums antivenom failed to neutralise bites from many of the neglected species and one of the ‘big four’ snakes (North Indian population of B. caeruleus). Conclusions This study unravels disturbing deficiencies in dose efficacy and neutralisation capabilities of the currently marketed Indian antivenoms, and emphasises the pressing need to develop region-specific snakebite therapy for the ‘neglected many’. Snakebite is a ‘neglected tropical disease’ that majorly affects the rural populations in developing countries. India bears the brunt of snakebites with over 46,000 deaths and 140,000 disabilities, annually. A significant number of these bites are attributed to the widely distributed ‘big four’ snakes, namely spectacled cobra (Naja naja), common krait (Bungarus caeruleus), Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii), and saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus). The commercial antivenoms marketed in India are only manufactured against these four species, while neglecting many other medically relevant snakes with restricted geographic distribution. Snakebite pathology is dependent on the venom composition of the population/species, which can, in turn, vary intra- and inter-specifically. Though this variation severely limits the cross-population/species antivenom efficacy, envenomations by the neglected snakes in India are treated with the ‘big four’ antivenom. Therefore, to unravel the underlying venom variability, we investigated venom proteomic, biochemical/pharmacological and toxicity profiles of the major neglected Indian snakes and their ‘big four’ relatives. To assess the effectiveness of the ‘big four’ antivenom in treating bites from these neglected snakes, we performed preclinical experiments, which revealed alarming inadequacies of the commercial antivenoms. Our findings accentuate the compelling necessity for the innovation of highly efficacious next-generation snakebite therapy in India.
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Jeon YJ, Kim JW, Park S, Shin DW. Risk factor, monitoring, and treatment for snakebite induced coagulopathy: a multicenter retrospective study. Acute Crit Care 2019; 34:269-275. [PMID: 31743633 PMCID: PMC6895465 DOI: 10.4266/acc.2019.00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Snakebite can cause various complications, including coagulopathy. The clinical features of snakebite-associated coagulopathy differ from those of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) caused by other diseases and its treatment is controversial. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients hospitalized for snakebite between January 2006 and September 2018. Results A total of 226 patients were hospitalized due to snakebite. Their median hospital stay was 4.0 days (interquartile range, 2.0 to 7.0 days). Five patients arrived at hospital with shock and one patient died. Twenty-one patients had overt DIC according to the International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis scoring system. Two patients developed major bleeding complications. Initial lower cholesterol level at presentation was associated with the development of overt DIC. International normalization ratio (INR) exceeding the laboratory’s measurement limit was recorded as late as 4 to 5 days after the bite. Higher antivenom doses (≥18,000 units) and transfusion of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or cryoprecipitate did not affect prolonged INR duration or hospital stay in the overt DIC patients without bleeding. Conclusions Initial lower cholesterol level may be a risk factor for overt DIC following snakebite. Although patients lack apparent symptoms, the risk of coagulopathy should be assessed for at least 4 to 5 days following snakebite. Higher antivenom doses and transfusion of FFP or cryoprecipitate may be unbeneficial for coagulopathic patients without bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jun Jeon
- Department of Surgery, Chinjujeil Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jong Wan Kim
- Department of Surgery, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - SungGil Park
- Department of Surgery, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Dong Woo Shin
- Department of Surgery, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Korea
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Oliveira LS, Estevão-Costa MI, Alvarenga VG, Vivas-Ruiz DE, Yarleque A, Lima AM, Cavaco A, Eble JA, Sanchez EF. Atroxlysin-III, A Metalloproteinase from the Venom of the Peruvian Pit Viper Snake Bothrops atrox (Jergón) Induces Glycoprotein VI Shedding and Impairs Platelet Function. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193489. [PMID: 31561469 PMCID: PMC6803841 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Atroxlysin-III (Atr-III) was purified from the venom of Bothrops atrox. This 56-kDa protein bears N-linked glycoconjugates and is a P-III hemorrhagic metalloproteinase. Its cDNA-deduced amino acid sequence reveals a multidomain structure including a proprotein, a metalloproteinase, a disintegrin-like and a cysteine-rich domain. Its identity with bothropasin and jararhagin from Bothrops jararaca is 97% and 95%, respectively. Its enzymatic activity is metal ion-dependent. The divalent cations, Mg2+ and Ca2+, enhance its activity, whereas excess Zn2+ inhibits it. Chemical modification of the Zn2+-complexing histidine residues within the active site by using diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) inactivates it. Atr-III degrades plasma fibronectin, type I-collagen, and mainly the α-chains of fibrinogen and fibrin. The von Willebrand factor (vWF) A1-domain, which harbors the binding site for GPIb, is not hydrolyzed. Platelets interact with collagen via receptors for collagen, glycoprotein VI (GPVI), and α2β1 integrin. Neither the α2β1 integrin nor its collagen-binding A-domain is fragmented by Atr-III. In contrast, Atr-III cleaves glycoprotein VI (GPVI) into a soluble ~55-kDa fragment (sGPVI). Thereby, it inhibits aggregation of platelets which had been stimulated by convulxin, a GPVI agonist. Selectively, Atr-III targets GPVI antagonistically and thus contributes to the antithrombotic effect of envenomation by Bothrops atrox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana S Oliveira
- Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Maria Inácia Estevão-Costa
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Valéria G Alvarenga
- Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Dan E Vivas-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima 14-0576, Peru.
| | - Armando Yarleque
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima 14-0576, Peru.
| | - Augusto Martins Lima
- Laboratory of Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Technology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ana Cavaco
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Eladio F Sanchez
- Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, 30510-010 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Snake Venoms in Drug Discovery: Valuable Therapeutic Tools for Life Saving. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100564. [PMID: 31557973 PMCID: PMC6832721 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal venoms are used as defense mechanisms or to immobilize and digest prey. In fact, venoms are complex mixtures of enzymatic and non-enzymatic components with specific pathophysiological functions. Peptide toxins isolated from animal venoms target mainly ion channels, membrane receptors and components of the hemostatic system with high selectivity and affinity. The present review shows an up-to-date survey on the pharmacology of snake-venom bioactive components and evaluates their therapeutic perspectives against a wide range of pathophysiological conditions. Snake venoms have also been used as medical tools for thousands of years especially in tradition Chinese medicine. Consequently, snake venoms can be considered as mini-drug libraries in which each drug is pharmacologically active. However, less than 0.01% of these toxins have been identified and characterized. For instance, Captopril® (Enalapril), Integrilin® (Eptifibatide) and Aggrastat® (Tirofiban) are drugs based on snake venoms, which have been approved by the FDA. In addition to these approved drugs, many other snake venom components are now involved in preclinical or clinical trials for a variety of therapeutic applications. These examples show that snake venoms can be a valuable source of new principle components in drug discovery.
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Wang QH, Li W, Jiang YX, Lu XH, Wang GG. The extract from Agkistrodon halys venom protects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced myocardial injury. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:176. [PMID: 31315617 PMCID: PMC6637617 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snake venoms contain various bioactive constituents which possess potential therapeutic effects. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the extract from Agkistrodon halys venom on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced myocardial injury. METHODS Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups (10 rats per group): control group, LPS group and LPS + extract group. Rats in control and the LPS groups were intravenously injected with sterile saline solution, and rats in the LPS + extract group with the extract. After 2 h, rats of the control group were intraperitoneally injected sterile saline solution, and rats in the LPS and the LPS + extract groups were treated with LPS (20 mg per kg body weight). Levels of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum were determined. Anti-inflammation of the extract was analyzed via determination of TNF-α and IL-6 in serum, and expression of TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2 and p-ERK protein in hearts. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and p-NF-κB protein expression in hearts, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in serum were used to evaluate the anti-oxidative properties of the extract. RESULTS Extract pretreatment significantly decreased the level of serum CK and LDH, reduced the generation of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, and also reduced serum level of MDA in the LPS + extract group compared with the LPS group. In addition, the extract increased SOD activity in serum, HO-1 protein expression in hearts, and decreased TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, p-NF-κB and p-ERK1/2 protein expression. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that beneficial effect of this extract might be associated with an improved anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory effect via downregulation of NF-κB/COX-2 signaling by activating HO-1/CO in hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Hai Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wannan Medical College, 22 West Wenchang Road, Yijiang District, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Yu-Xin Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hua Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wannan Medical College, 22 West Wenchang Road, Yijiang District, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Guo-Guang Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wannan Medical College, 22 West Wenchang Road, Yijiang District, Wuhu, 241002, China.
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Sachetto A, Mackman N. Modulation of the mammalian coagulation system by venoms and other proteins from snakes, arthropods, nematodes and insects. Thromb Res 2019; 178:145-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Duarte RCF, Rios DRA, Leite PM, Alves LC, Magalhães HPB, Carvalho MDG. Thrombin generation test for evaluating hemostatic effects of Brazilian snake venoms. Toxicon 2019; 163:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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