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Sotelo-Orozco J, Calafat AM, Cook Botelho J, Schmidt RJ, Hertz-Picciotto I, Bennett DH. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals including phthalates, phenols, and parabens in infancy: Associations with neurodevelopmental outcomes in the MARBLES study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 261:114425. [PMID: 39047380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are widely used compounds with the potential to affect child neurodevelopmental outcomes including autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We aimed to examine the urinary concentrations of biomarkers of EDCs, including phthalates, phenols, and parabens, and investigate whether exposure during early infancy was associated with increased risk of later ASD or other non-typical development (Non-TD) or adverse cognitive development. METHODS This analysis included infants from the Markers of Autism Risks in Babies-Learning Early Signs (MARBLES) study, a high-risk ASD cohort (n = 148; corresponding to 188 urine samples). Thirty-two EDC biomarkers were quantified in urine among infants 3 and/or 6 months of age. Trends in EDC biomarker concentrations were calculated using least square geometric means. At 36 months of age, children were clinically classified as having ASD (n = 36), nontypical development (Non-TD; n = 18), or typical development (TD; n = 81) through a clinical evaluation. Trinomial logistic regression analysis was used to test the associations between biomarkers with ASD, or Non-TD, as compared to children with TD. In single analyte analysis, generalized estimating equations were used to investigate the association between each EDC biomarkers and longitudinal changes in cognitive development using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) over the four assessment time points (6, 12, 24, and 36 months of age). Additionally, quantile g-computation was used to test for a mixture effect. RESULTS EDC biomarker concentrations generally decreased over the study period, except for mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl terephthalate. Overall, EDC biomarkers at 3 and/or 6 months of age were not associated with an increased risk of ASD or Non-TD, and a few showed significant inverse associations. However, when assessing longitudinal changes in MSEL scores over the four assessment time points, elevated monoethyl phthalate (MEP) was significantly associated with reduced scores in the composite score (β = -0.16, 95% CI: 0.31, -0.02) and subscales of fine motor skills (β = -0.09, 95%CI: 0.17, 0.00), and visual reception (β = -0.11, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.01). Additionally, the sum of metabolites of di (2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (ƩDEHTP) was associated with poorer visual reception (β = -0.09, 95% CI: 0.16, -0.02), and decreased composite scores (β = -0.11, 95% CI: 0.21, -0.01). Mixtures analyses using quantile g-computation analysis did not show a significant association between mixtures of EDC biomarkers and MSEL subscales or composite scores. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the potential importance of infant exposures on cognitive development. Future research can help further investigate whether early infant exposures are associated with longer-term deficits and place special attention on EDCs with increasing temporal trends and whether they may adversely affect neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Sotelo-Orozco
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Julianne Cook Botelho
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Rebecca J Schmidt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Deborah H Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Zöngür A. Evaluation of the Effects of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on Caenorhabditis elegans Survival and Fertility. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-05032-z. [PMID: 39088026 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-05032-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Di-2-ethylhexyl (DEHP), which is widely used in industrial products, is produced annually in excess of 2 million tons worldwide. DEHP is an endocrine disruptor and one of the major environmental pollutant chemicals (EDCs) in nature. There is some information about the effects of these products, which provide great advantages in every respect, on human health and the environment. In this study, C. elegans organism was used to evaluate the health and environmental risks of DEHP. The survival and fertility effects of DEHP on the C. elegans organism were examined and the results were evaluated. In the study, it was determined that DEHP not only shortened the survival time of C. elegans but also caused a decrease in fertility. DEHP (0.625 mM and 10 mM) caused a 23.2-30.6% decrease in fertility. Additionally, the LC50 (50% lethal concentration) value of DEHP was found to be 321 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Zöngür
- Gemerek Vocational School, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.
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3
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Michaels BS, Ayers T, Brooks-McLaughlin J, McLaughlin RJ, Sandoval-Warren K, Schlenker C, Ronaldson L, Ardagh S. Potential for Glove Risk Amplification via Direct Physical, Chemical, and Microbiological Contamination. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100283. [PMID: 38679200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
This review focuses on the potential direct physical, chemical, and microbiological contamination from disposable gloves when utilized in food environments, inclusive of the risks posed to food products as well as worker safety. Unrecognized problems endemic to glove manufacturing were magnified during the COVID-19 pandemic due to high demand, increased focus on PPE performance, availability, supply chain instability, and labor shortages. Multiple evidence-based reports of contamination, toxicity, illness, deaths, and related regulatory action linked to contaminated gloves in food and healthcare have highlighted problems indicative of systemic glove industry shortcomings. The glove manufacturing process was diagramed with sources and pathways of contamination identified, indicating weak points with documented occurrences detailed. Numerous unsafe ingredients can introduce chemical contaminants, potentially posing risks to food and to glove users. Microbial hazards present significant challenges to overall glove safety as contaminants appear to be introduced via polluted water sources or flawed glove manufacturing processes, resulting in increased risks within food and healthcare environments. Frank and opportunistic pathogens along with food spoilage organisms can be introduced to foods and wearers. When the sources and pathways of glove-borne contamination were explored, it was found that physical failures play a pivotal role in the release of sweat build-up, liquefaction of chemical residues, and incubation of microbial contaminants from hands and gloves. Thus, with glove physical integrity issues, including punctures in new, unused gloves that can develop into significant rips and tears, not only can direct physical food contamination occur but also chemical and microbiological contamination can find their way into food. Enhanced regulatory requirements for Acceptable Quality Limits of food-grade gloves, and the establishment of appropriate bioburden standards would enhance safety in food applications. Based on the information provided, together with a false sense of security associated with glove use, the unconditional belief in glove chemical and microbiological purity may be unfounded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry S Michaels
- B. Michaels Group Inc., 487 West River Road, Palatka, FL 32177, USA.
| | - Troy Ayers
- Eurofins Microbiology Laboratories Inc., Des Moines, IA 50321, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Lynda Ronaldson
- Eagle Protect PBC, South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150, USA; Eagle Protect Ltd. Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Steve Ardagh
- Eagle Protect PBC, South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150, USA; Eagle Protect Ltd. Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
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Li L, Lu Y, Wang C, Cheng L. Fabrication of Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Selective Extraction of Dibutyl Phthalates in Food Matrices. Foods 2024; 13:1397. [PMID: 38731768 PMCID: PMC11083936 DOI: 10.3390/foods13091397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel magnetic molecularly imprinted polymeric material (Fe3O4@MOF@MIP-160) with a metal-organic backbone (Fe3O4@MOF) carrier was prepared using dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as a template. The material can be used for the efficient, rapid, and selective extraction of trace amounts of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in food and can detect them via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The synthesis conditions of the materials were optimized to prepare the Fe3O4@MOF@MIP160 with the highest adsorption performance. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (FT-IR), Vibration Sample Magnetic (VSM), and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method were used to characterize the materials. Compared with Fe3O4@MOF and the magnetic non-imprinted polymeric material (Fe3O4@MOF@NIP), Fe3O4@MOF@MIP-160 possesses the advantages of easy and rapid manipulation of magnetic materials, the advantages of high specific surface area and the stability of metal-organic frameworks, and the advantages of high selectivity of molecularly imprinted polymers. Fe3O4@MOF@MIP-160 has good recognition and adsorption capacity for di-butyl phthalate (DBP) and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP): the adsorption capacity for DBP and DEHP is 260 mg·g-1 and 240.2 mg·g-1, and the adsorption rate is fast (reaching equilibrium in about 20 min). Additionally, Fe3O4@MOF@MIP160 could be recycled six times, making it cost-effective, easy to operate, and time-saving as compared to traditional solid-phase extraction materials. The phthalate ester content in drinking water, fruit juice, and white wine was analyzed, with recoveries ranging from 70.3% to 100.7%. This proved that Fe3O4@MOF@MIP160 was suitable for detecting and removing PAEs from food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lei Cheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China; (L.L.); (Y.L.); (C.W.)
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Parikh FR, Uttamchandani S, Sawkar S, Panpalia M, Naik N, Sinkar P, Kulkarni D, Parikh R. The impact of follicular fluid phthalate metabolites on the ovarian reserve and ovarian function in Indian women undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection. F&S SCIENCE 2024; 5:107-120. [PMID: 38219085 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the adverse effects of phthalate-induced ovarian toxicity on the ovarian reserve and ovarian function. To assess whether the accumulation of higher levels of selected phthalate metabolites in the follicular fluid (FF) of Indian women undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was associated with a decline in their antral follicle count (AFC) and/or serum antimüllerian hormone (AMH) levels, suggesting a negative impact on the ovarian reserve. To evaluate the effects of follicular phthalate metabolites on peak serum estradiol (E2) levels and the total number of oocytes and mature metaphase II (MII) stage oocytes retrieved to assess the impact of phthalate toxicity on ovarian function. DESIGN A subanalysis of an ongoing prospective cohort study was conducted to examine the association between the levels of six phthalate metabolites, namely, mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-isononyl phthalate (MiNP), mono-isodecyl phthalate (MiDP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, and mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, in the FF of Indian women undergoing ICSI and their ovarian reserve markers (AFC and serum AMH levels). To investigate the association of these follicular phthalate metabolite levels with the peak E2 levels and the total number of oocytes and number of MII stage oocytes retrieved. SETTING In vitro fertilization center in a referral hospital in India. PATIENT(S) A total of 245 consenting Indian women who had undergone oocyte retrieval between April 2017 and mid-March 2020 were included. Each woman contributed one FF sample to the study. This was screened for six phthalate metabolites. The samples were collected before the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. INTERVENTION(S) Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, the total levels of six phthalate metabolites were quantified in the FF of 245 women. Using linear regression models that were unadjusted and adjusted for maternal age and body mass index (BMI), we evaluated the association between the follicular metabolites in these women and their AFC, serum AMH levels, peak E2 levels, total number of oocytes, and MII stage oocytes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) To evaluate the impact of phthalate-induced ovarian toxicity on the ovarian reserve and ovarian function in Indian women undergoing ICSI by studying their accumulated levels in their FF. RESULT(S) For MiNP (a metabolite of di-isononyl phthalate), in linear regression models adjusted for age and BMI, we found that with increasing quartiles of follicular MiNP, there was a significant trend in the decrease in mean AFC (P-trend = 0.023) and a suggestive trend in the decrease in mean serum AMH levels (P-trend = 0.077). For MiDP (a metabolite of di-isodecyl phthalate), in the unadjusted regression model, we found that with increasing quartiles of follicular MiDP, there was a significant trend in the decrease in mean serum AMH levels (P-trend = 0.045). For MBP (a metabolite of dibutyl phthalate), in linear regression models adjusted for age and BMI, we found that with increasing quartiles of follicular MBP, there were significant trends in the decrease in the mean number of total oocytes retrieved (P-trend = 0.003), a decrease in the mean number of MII stage oocytes retrieved, (P-trend = 0.003) and a decrease in the mean peak E2 levels (P-trend = 0.016). Although we found that with increasing quartiles of follicular mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate there was a decrease in the mean number of total and MII stage oocytes retrieved and higher follicular MEP levels were negatively associated with the mean AFC and serum AMH levels, neither trend was statistically significant. We also found that although follicular MEP levels did not show an adverse impact on ovarian function, follicular mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate levels did not show an adverse impact on both the ovarian reserve and function. CONCLUSION In this study of 245 Indian women, higher accumulated FF levels of MiNP and MiDP were negatively associated with AFC and serum AMH levels, suggesting an adverse effect on the ovarian reserve. Higher accumulated FF levels of MBP were negatively associated with the total number of oocytes, MII stage oocytes, and peak E2 values, suggesting a negative impact on ovarian function. Although we found that phthalate-induced ovarian toxicity was statistically significant for selected phthalate metabolites, the role of the cumulative effect of multiple phthalates in the ovarian microenvironment cannot be ruled out and needs to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firuza Rajesh Parikh
- Jaslok-FertilTree International Fertility Centre, Department of Assisted Reproduction & Genetics, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India.
| | - Shonali Uttamchandani
- Jaslok-FertilTree International Fertility Centre, Department of Assisted Reproduction & Genetics, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Sujatha Sawkar
- Jaslok-FertilTree International Fertility Centre, Department of Assisted Reproduction & Genetics, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Madhavi Panpalia
- Jaslok-FertilTree International Fertility Centre, Department of Assisted Reproduction & Genetics, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Nandkishor Naik
- Jaslok-FertilTree International Fertility Centre, Department of Assisted Reproduction & Genetics, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Dhananjaya Kulkarni
- Jaslok-FertilTree International Fertility Centre, Department of Assisted Reproduction & Genetics, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Rajesh Parikh
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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Zhu YT, Wang XJ, Liu SL, Lai JH, Li JL, Li Q, Hu KD, Liu AP, Yang Y, He L, Chen SJ, Ao XL, Zou LK. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum RS20D Alleviates Male Reproductive Toxicity Induced by Pubertal Exposure to Di-n-butyl Phthalate and Mono-n-butyl Phthalate. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10276-6. [PMID: 38683273 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) and their metabolites, such as di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), are known to cause male reproductive damage. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum RS20D has demonstrated the ability to remove both DBP and MBP in vitro, suggesting its potential as a detoxifying agent against these compounds. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of RS20D on DBP or MBP-induced male reproductive toxicity in adolescent rats. Oral administration of RS20D significantly mitigated the histological damage to the testes caused by MBP or DBP, restored sperm concentration, morphological abnormalities, and the proliferation index in MBP-exposed rats, and partially reversed spermatogenic damage in DBP-exposed rats. Furthermore, RS20D restored serum levels of estradiol (E2) and testosterone, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in DBP-exposed rats, significantly increased testosterone levels in MBP-exposed rats, and restored copper (Cu) concentrations in the testes after exposure to DBP or MBP. Additionally, RS20D effectively modulated the intestinal microbiota in DBP-exposed rats and partially ameliorated dysbiosis induced by MBP, which may be associated with the alleviation of reproductive toxic effects induced by DBP or MBP. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that RS20D administration can alleviate male reproductive toxicity and gut dysbacteriosis induced by DBP or MBP exposure, providing a dietary strategy for the bioremediation of PAEs and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ting Zhu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Jie Wang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Liang Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing-Hui Lai
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Long Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-di Hu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Ping Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Yang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Li He
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Juan Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lin Ao
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Kou Zou
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, People's Republic of China
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Cai Y, Tian T, Huang Y, Yao H, Qi X, Fan J, Kuang Y, Chen J, Li X, Kadokami K. Occurrence and Health Risks of Organic Micropollutants in Tap Water in Dalian. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1938-1946. [PMID: 38039423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic micropollutants (OMPs) in tap water may pose risks to human health. Previous studies on the potential health risks of OMPs in tap water may have underestimated the potential health risks of OMPs due to their limited coverage in target pollutants and incomplete toxicity data. In this study, tap water samples were collected in 37 sampling sites in Dalian, China. More than 1,200 target pollutants were screened by combining screening analysis and target analysis. A total of 93 OMPs were detected, with concentration summation ranging from 157 to 1.7 × 104 ng/L among different sampling sites. A total of 17 OMPs (12 agrochemicals, 3 pharmaceuticals and personal care products, and 2 other compounds) were detected in over 80% of the sampling sites. Especially, imidacloprid, tebuconazole, and atrazine-desethyl were found in all the sampling sites. Computational toxicology models were adopted to predict the missing toxicity threshold values of the identified chemicals. Noncarcinogenic risks were estimated to be negligible among all the sampling sites, while carcinogenic risks at six sites were above 10-6 but below 10-4, indicating non-negligible risks. Griseofulvin contributed the most to the carcinogenic risk. This study offers valuable insights that can guide future initiatives to safeguard tap water safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuantian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hongye Yao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaojuan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yidan Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuehua Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Kiwao Kadokami
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
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Shukla R, Arshee MR, Laws MJ, Flaws JA, Bagchi MK, Wagoner Johnson AJ, Bagchi IC. Chronic exposure of mice to phthalates enhances TGF beta signaling and promotes uterine fibrosis. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 122:108491. [PMID: 37863342 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are synthetic chemicals widely used as plasticizers and stabilizers in various consumer products. Because of the extensive production and use of phthalates, humans are exposed to these chemicals daily. While most studies focus on a single phthalate, humans are exposed to a mixture of phthalates on a regular basis. The impact of continuous exposure to phthalate mixture on uterus is largely unknown. Thus, we conducted studies in which adult female mice were exposed for 6 months to 0.15 ppm and 1.5 ppm of a mixture of phthalates via chow ad libitum. Our studies revealed that consumption of phthalate mixture at 0.15 ppm and 1.5 ppm for 6 months led to a significant increase in the thickness of the myometrial layer compared to control. Further investigation employing RNA-sequencing revealed an elevated transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling in the uteri of mice fed with phthalate mixture. TGF-β signaling is associated with the development of fibrosis, a consequence of excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components, such as collagen fibers in a tissue. Consistent with this observation, we found a higher incidence of collagen deposition in uteri of mice exposed to phthalate mixture compared to unexposed controls. Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) imaging showed disorganized collagen fibers and nanoindentation indicated a local increase in uterine stiffness upon exposure to phthalate mixture. Collectively, our results demonstrate that chronic exposure to phthalate mixture can have adverse effects on uterine homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritwik Shukla
- Departments of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mahmuda R Arshee
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mary J Laws
- Departments of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Departments of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Carle R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Milan K Bagchi
- Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Carle R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Amy J Wagoner Johnson
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Carle R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Indrani C Bagchi
- Departments of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Carle R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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9
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Safar AM, Santacruz-Márquez R, Laws MJ, Meling DD, Liu Z, Kumar TR, Nowak RA, Raetzman LT, Flaws JA. Dietary exposure to an environmentally relevant phthalate mixture alters follicle dynamics, hormone levels, ovarian gene expression, and pituitary gene expression in female mice. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 122:108489. [PMID: 37839492 PMCID: PMC10873030 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are chemicals ubiquitously used in industry. Individual phthalates have been found to adversely affect female reproduction; however, humans are exposed to a mixture of phthalates daily, primarily through ingestion. Previous studies show that exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of phthalates (Mix) can affect female reproduction. Little research, however, has been conducted on the effects of short-term (1 month) and long-term (6 months) exposure to Mix on ovarian functions. Thus, this study tested the hypothesis that short-term and long-term exposure to Mix alters ovarian folliculogenesis, serum hormone concentrations, pituitary gene expression, and ovarian expression of genes involved in steroidogenesis, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and oxidative stress. Adult CD-1 female mice were exposed to vehicle control (corn oil) or Mix (0.15-1500 ppm) in the chow for 1 or 6 months. Exposure to Mix for 1 month increased the number of atretic follicles (0.15 ppm), altered ovarian gene expression (0.15 ppm, 1500 ppm), and decreased serum testosterone (1.5 ppm) compared to control. Exposure to Mix for 6 months increased serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (0.15 ppm), decreased serum luteinizing hormone (LH) (0.15 ppm, 1.5 ppm, and 1500 ppm), decreased serum estradiol (1500 ppm), altered pituitary gene expression (1500 ppm), increased the number (1500 ppm) and percentage (1.5 ppm and 1500 ppm) of primordial follicles, and decreased the percentage of preantral (1500 ppm) and antral (1.5 ppm and 1500 ppm) follicles compared to control. These data indicate that exposure to Mix can alter folliculogenesis, steroidogenesis, and gene expression in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adira M Safar
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Mary J Laws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Daryl D Meling
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zhenghui Liu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - T Rajendra Kumar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Romana A Nowak
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lori T Raetzman
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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10
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Chen X, He Z, Huang X, Sun Z, Cao H, Wu L, Zhang S, Hammock BD, Liu X. Illuminating the path: aggregation-induced emission for food contaminants detection. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-28. [PMID: 37983139 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2282677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Food safety is a global concern that deeply affects human health. To ensure the profitability of the food industry and consumer safety, there is an urgent need to develop rapid, sensitive, accurate, and cost-effective detection methods for food contaminants. Recently, the Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) has been successfully used to detect food contaminants. AIEgens, fluorescent dyes that cause AIE, have several valuable properties including high quantum yields, photostability, and large Stokes shifts. This review provides a detailed introduction to the principles and advantages of AIE-triggered detection, followed by a focus on the past five years' applications of AIE in detecting various food contaminants including pesticides, veterinary drugs, mycotoxins, food additives, ions, pathogens, and biogenic amines. Each detection principle and component is comprehensively covered and explained. Moreover, the similarities and differences among different types of food contaminants are summarized, aiming to inspire future researchers. Finally, this review concludes with a discussion of the prospects for incorporating AIEgens more effectively into the detection of food contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincheng Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhenyun He
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaolin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhichang Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hongmei Cao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Long Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Sihang Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Xing Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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11
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Fu L, Song S, Luo X, Luo Y, Guo C, Liu Y, Luo X, Zeng L, Tan L. Unraveling the contribution of dietary intake to human phthalate internal exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122580. [PMID: 37734633 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to phthalates (PAEs) occurs primarily through diet, but the contribution of dietary exposure to the total internal exposure of PAEs has not been well studied. This work investigated the relationship between dietary exposure and human internal exposure to PAEs. Daily food samples were determined to evaluate the health risk of dietary exposure, and phthalate metabolites (mPAEs) were determined from urine samples of 360 volunteers of Guangzhou to assess their internal exposure. The total mPAEs concentration in the urine samples ranged from 8.43 to 1872 ng/mL, with mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), and mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) being the most predominant mPAEs. The concentration of PAEs in food ranged from n.d-40200 μg/kg, and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the most prevalent. PAE exposure was significantly associated with age, and children exhibited the highest concentration of mPAEs. Using Monte Carlo simulation to estimate PAE exposure's health risk eliminated uncertainties caused by single-point sampling and provided more reliable statistical results. The hazard quotient (HQ) was used to evaluate PAE exposure health risks. The results showed that 37% of the volunteers had HQ levels higher than 1 based on urinary mPAE concentrations, while 24% of the volunteers had HQ levels greater than 1 because of dietary exposure to PAEs. Dietary intake was the predominant exposure route for PAEs, and accounted for approximately 65% (24% out of 37%) of the cases where HQ levels exceeded 1. The work revealed the correlation between dietary external and internal exposure to PAEs, and further studies are needed to better understand the implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Shaofang Song
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Xinni Luo
- Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510370, China
| | - Yangxu Luo
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Chongshan Guo
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Xiaoyan Luo
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, China; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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12
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Pezhhanfar S, Farajzadeh MA, Hosseini-Yazdi SA, Afshar Mogaddam MR. NiGA MOF-based dispersive micro solid phase extraction coupled to temperature-assisted evaporation using low boiling point solvents for the extraction and preconcentration of butylated hydroxytoluene and some phthalate and adipate esters. RSC Adv 2023; 13:30378-30390. [PMID: 37854488 PMCID: PMC10580260 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04612e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The first-ever attempt to apply nickel gallic acid metal-organic framework (NiGA MOF) in analytical method development was done in this research by the extraction of some plasticizers from aqueous media. The greenness of the method is owing to the use of gallic acid and nickel as safe reagents and water as the safest solvent. Low boiling point solvents were applied as desorption solvents that underwent temperature-assisted evaporation in the preconcentration step. Performing the evaporation using a low-temperature water bath for a short period of time streamlines the preconcentration section. Into the solution of interest enriched with sodium sulfate, a mg amount of NiGA MOF was added alongside vortexing to extract the analytes. Following centrifugation and discarding the supernatant, a μL level of diethyl ether was added onto the analyte-loaded NiGA MOF particles and vortexed. The analyte-enriched diethyl ether phase was transferred into a conical bottom glass test tube and located in a water bath set at the temperature of 35 °C under a laboratory hood. After the evaporation, a μL level of 1,2-dibromoethane was added to the test tube and vortexed to dissolve the analytes from the inner perimeter of the tube. One microliter of the organic phase was injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detection. Appreciable extraction recoveries (61-98%), high enrichment factors (305-490), low limits of detection (0.80-1.74 μg L-1) and quantification (2.64-5.74 μg L-1), and wide linear ranges (5.74-1000 μg L-1) were obtained at the optimum conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakha Pezhhanfar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran +98 41 33340191 +98 41 33393084
| | - Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran +98 41 33340191 +98 41 33393084
- Engineering Faculty, Near East University 99138 Nicosia, North Cyprus Mersin 10 Turkey
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
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Liang Y, Gong Y, Jiang Q, Yu Y, Zhang J. Environmental endocrine disruptors and pregnane X receptor action: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113976. [PMID: 37532173 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a kind of orphan nuclear receptor activated by a series of ligands. Environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) are a wide class of molecules present in the environment that are suspected to have adverse effects on the endocrine system by interfering with the synthesis, transport, degradation, or action of endogenous hormones. Since EEDs may modulate human/rodent PXR, this review aims to summarize EEDs as PXR modulators, including agonists and antagonists. The modular structure of PXR is also described, interestingly, the pharmacology of PXR have been confirmed to vary among different species. Furthermore, PXR play a key role in the regulation of endocrine function. Endocrine disruption of EEDs via PXR and its related pathways are systematically summarized. In brief, this review may provide a way to understand the roles of EEDs in interaction with the nuclear receptors (such as PXR) and the related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yiyao Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Qiuyan Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yifan Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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14
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Krithivasan R, Miller GZ, Belliveau M, Gearhart J, Krishnamoorthi V, Lee S, Kannan K. Analysis of ortho-phthalates and other plasticizers in select organic and conventional foods in the United States. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:778-786. [PMID: 37726506 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00596-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ortho-phthalates and other plasticizers impart flexibility to plastics in food production, processing, and packaging; food consumption is a dominant plasticizer exposure pathway. Lower molecular weight ortho-phthalates are being replaced in plastic products due to toxicity concerns, but toxic hazards of and exposures to replacement ortho-phthalates and other plasticizers are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We measured 12 ortho-phthalates and 9 other plasticizers in conventional and organic U.S. food products to assess magnitude and profiles of contamination. METHODS We measured plasticizers in 34 vegetable oils, 10 milks, 18 infant formulas, and 9 cheese powders from macaroni kits using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We analyzed plastic packaging composition using FTIR spectroscopy. RESULTS We detected eight ortho-phthalates and three alternatives ((1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH), diethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHT), and diisobutyl adipate (DIBA). Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was measured in all 71 products. DEHT had the highest concentration of any plasticizer (>10,000 ng/g in three oils). Oils had the highest total plasticizer (median = 770 ng/g, max = 14,900 ng/g) and milk the lowest (median = 88 ng/g, max = 120 ng/g). Organic milk and refined oils had higher median plasticizer levels than conventional. Refined oils had significantly lower concentrations than unrefined oils. Maximum contributors for every category were non-ortho-phthalates: DEHT (powdered infant formula and oils) and DIBA (cheese powder, milk and liquid formula). Plasticizers were not detected in packaging except epoxidized soybean oil in liquid formula lids. IMPACT STATEMENT Human exposure to plasticizers is a significant public health concern. Nevertheless, sources of such exposures are poorly characterized. This study adds valuable information for estimating legacy and alternative plasticizer exposures from foods. The method developed for measuring DINCH, DINP and DIDP broadens the range of plasticizers other researchers may analyze in future work. The profiles of plasticizer contamination varied depending on the food type. We also document that food processing may be a source of plasticizer contamination in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sunmi Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY, 12201, USA
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15
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Rivas J, Fuentes A, Maria A, Bergerot B, Siaussat D, Renault D. Effects of phthalate and bisphenol plasticizers on the activity of glycolytic enzymes of the moth Spodoptera littoralis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 149:104533. [PMID: 37380125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Environmental plastic pollution has significantly increased in the recent decades, and severely impacts economies, human and biodiversity health. Plastics are made of several chemical additives, including bisphenol and phthalate plasticizers such as bisphenol A (BPA) and Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). In some animal species, both BPA and DEHP are known as endocrine disruptor compounds, and can alter physiological and metabolic homeostasis, reproduction, development and/or behavior. To date, the impacts of BPA and DEHP have mainly focused on vertebrates, and to a lesser extent, on aquatic invertebrates. Yet, the few studies which examined the effects of DEHP on terrestrial insects also revealed the impacts this pollutant can have on development, hormone titrations, and metabolic profiles. In particular, it has been hypothesized in the Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis that the observed metabolic alterations could result from the energetic costs necessary for DEHP detoxification or to the dysregulation of hormonally-controlled enzymatic activities. To get additional insights into the physiological effects of bisphenol and phthalate plasticizers on the moth S. littoralis, larvae were fed with food contaminated by BPA, DEHP, or the mixture of both compounds. Then, activities of four glycolytic enzymes, hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase were measured. BPA and/or DEHP had no effects on the activities of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. Conversely, BPA-contaminated larvae were characterized by a 1.9-fold increase in phosphoglucose isomerase activity, and BPA + DEHP-fed larvae had highly variable hexokinase activity. Overall, since no disruption of glycolytic enzyme was observed in DEHP-contaminated larvae, our work tended to demonstrate that exposure to bisphenol and DEHP increased the amount of oxidative stress experienced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rivas
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)] - UMR 6553, F-35000 Rennes, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRAe, IRD, UPEC, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, iEES-Paris, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Annabelle Fuentes
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRAe, IRD, UPEC, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, iEES-Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Annick Maria
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRAe, IRD, UPEC, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, iEES-Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Bergerot
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)] - UMR 6553, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - David Siaussat
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRAe, IRD, UPEC, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, iEES-Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - David Renault
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)] - UMR 6553, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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16
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Bhogal S, Grover A, Mohiuddin I. A Review of the Analysis of Phthalates by Gas Chromatography in Aqueous and Food Matrices. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-25. [PMID: 37647342 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2250876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
As a commonly well-known industrial chemical, phthalates are produced in high volumes to be used in various consumer products (e.g., plasticizers, medical devices, construction materials, and toys) to enhance softness, durability, transparency, and flexibility. Phthalates are generally not chemically bonded to the polymer chain of the plastic in which they are mixed. Thus, they may leach, migrate, or evaporate into indoor/outdoor air, and foodstuffs. In this review, a comprehensive overview of several sample preparation methods coupled with gas chromatography for the analysis of phthalates in various kinds of complex matrices, with a focus on the last 20 years' worth of papers. The review begins by highlighting the environmental significance of phthalate pollution along with the various routes to their exposure to general population. Then, the discussion is extended to cover the pretreatment and extraction techniques for phthalates for their quantitation based on gas chromatographic approach. Finally, the present and future challenges for the detection of phthalates in aqueous and food matrices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Bhogal
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Aman Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
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Celik-Saglam I, Yurtsever M, Civan M, Yurdakul S, Cetin B. Evaluation of levels and sources of microplastics and phthalic acid esters and their relationships in the atmosphere of highly industrialized and urbanized Gebze, Türkiye. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163508. [PMID: 37059133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The presence of microplastics (MPs) in the atmosphere and their relationship with other pollutants have been gaining attention due to both their ubiquity and threatening human health. As well phthalic acid esters (PAEs) regarding as plasticizers for being added in plastic materials are key role for plastic pollution. In this study, the concentrations and sources of airborne MPs together with major PAEs and their relationships were investigated for four seasons. MP particles <20 μm, constituting the majority of the samples, were successfully revealed by NR fluorescent analysis. As a result of the μATR-FTIR analyzes, it was seen that besides different polymer derivatives, dye-pigment types, some minerals and compounds, and abundant semi-synthetic fibers and natural fibers were also present. MPs concentration were found in the range of 7207-21,042 MP/m3 in summer, 7245-32,950 MP/m3 in autumn, 4035-58,270 MP/m3 in winter and 7275-37,094 MP/m3 in spring. For the same period, the concentrations of PAEs ranged from 9.24 to 115.21 ng/m3 with an average value of 38.08 ± 7.92 ng/m3. PMF was also applied and four factors were extracted. Factor 1, accounts 52.26 % and 23.27 % of the total PAEs and MPs variances, was attributed to PVC sources. Factor 2, explaining 64.98 % of the total MPs variance had the highest loading of MPs and moderate loadings of relatively low molecular weight of PAEs, was attributed to plastics and personal care products. Factor 3, explaining the 28.31 % of the total PAEs variance was laden with BBP, DnBP, DiBP and DEP and was attributed to various plastic input during the sampling campaign coming from the industrial activities. The last factor accounts for 11.65 % of the total PAEs variance and was dominated by DMEP and it was linked to a source of the activities performed in the laboratories of the university.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isıl Celik-Saglam
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkiye
| | - Meral Yurtsever
- Sakarya University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Sakarya, Turkiye
| | - Mihriban Civan
- Kocaeli University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli, Turkiye
| | - Sema Yurdakul
- Suleymen Demirel University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Isparta, Turkiye
| | - Banu Cetin
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkiye.
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18
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Carr B, Masqué P, Alonso-Hernández CM, Huertas D, Bersuder P, Tolosa I. Trends of legacy and emerging organic contaminants in a sediment core from Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba, from 1990 to 2015. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 328:138571. [PMID: 37019402 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Legacy and emerging organic pollutants pose an ever-expanding challenge for the marine environment. This study analysed a dated sediment core from Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba, to assess the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), alternative halogenated flame retardants (aHFRs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), and phthalates (PAEs) from 1990 to 2015. The results evidence the continuing presence of historical regulated contaminants (PCBs, OCPs, and PBDEs) in the southern basin of Cienfuegos Bay. PCB contamination declined since 2007, likely in response to the gradual global phasing out of PCB containing materials. There have been relatively consistent low accumulation rates for OCPs and PBDEs at this location (in 2015 approximately 1.9 and 0.26ng/cm2/year, respectively, with 2.8ng/cm2/year for Σ6PCBs), with indications of recent local DDT use in response to public health emergencies. In contrast, sharp increases are observed between 2012 and 2015 for the contaminants of emerging concern (PAEs, OPEs, and aHFRs), and in the case of two PAEs (DEHP and DnBP) the concentrations were above the established environmental effect limits for sediment dwelling organisms. These increasing trends reflect the growing global usage of both alternative flame retardants and plasticizer additives. Local drivers for these trends include nearby industrial sources such as a plastic recycling plant, multiple urban waste outfalls, and a cement factory. The limited capacity for solid waste management may also contribute to the high concentrations of emerging contaminants, especially plastic additives. For the most recent year (2015), the accumulation rates for Σ17aHFRs, Σ19PAEs, and Σ17OPEs into sediment at this location were estimated to be 10, 46 000, and 750ng/cm2/year, respectively. This data provides an initial survey of emerging organic contaminants within this understudied region of the world. The increasing temporal trends observed for aHFRs, OPEs, and PAEs highlights the need for further research concerning the rapid influx of these emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigid Carr
- IAEA Marine Environmental Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco.
| | - Pere Masqué
- IAEA Marine Environmental Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco
| | | | - David Huertas
- IAEA Marine Environmental Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco
| | - Philippe Bersuder
- IAEA Marine Environmental Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco
| | - Imma Tolosa
- IAEA Marine Environmental Laboratories, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco.
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Peivasteh-roudsari L, Barzegar-bafrouei R, Sharifi KA, Azimisalim S, Karami M, Abedinzadeh S, Asadinezhad S, Tajdar-oranj B, Mahdavi V, Alizadeh AM, Sadighara P, Ferrante M, Conti GO, Aliyeva A, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Origin, dietary exposure, and toxicity of endocrine-disrupting food chemical contaminants: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18140. [PMID: 37539203 PMCID: PMC10395372 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a growing public health concern worldwide. Consumption of foodstuffs is currently thought to be one of the principal exposure routes to EDCs. However, alternative ways of human exposure are through inhalation of chemicals and dermal contact. These compounds in food products such as canned food, bottled water, dairy products, fish, meat, egg, and vegetables are a ubiquitous concern to the general population. Therefore, understanding EDCs' properties, such as origin, exposure, toxicological impact, and legal aspects are vital to control their release to the environment and food. The present paper provides an overview of the EDCs and their possible disrupting impact on the endocrine system and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raziyeh Barzegar-bafrouei
- Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Kurush Aghbolagh Sharifi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shamimeh Azimisalim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Karami
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Abedinzadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shabnam Asadinezhad
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Behrouz Tajdar-oranj
- Food and Drug Administration of Iran, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Mahdavi
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 1475744741, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adel Mirza Alizadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Parisa Sadighara
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia,” Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia,” Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Aynura Aliyeva
- Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology – State Research Institute, 36 Rakowiecka St., 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Shumilina E, Skavang PK, Dikiy A. Application of NMR spectroscopy for the detection and quantification of phthalic acid in fish muscles: The case of Atlantic Cod from Norwegian Sea. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 188:105973. [PMID: 37062112 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.105973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plastic litter might contain phthalates that can be transferred to marine environment or can be introduced into the marine food chain. Phthalic acid is the final product of phthalate decomposition in marine organisms. Here we used NMR spectroscopy to determine and quantify phthalic acid and dimethyl phthalate in fish muscles. Spike-and-recovery experiments were carried out to confirm assignment of phthalates resonance signals in NMR spectra and to evaluate the method specificity, accuracy, and linearity. The LOQ and LOD of the rapid 1H NMR experiment with a standard setting were respectively 23.0 and 8.0 mg of phthalic acid in kg of fish muscles. Phthalic acid was detected in 13 out of 113 Atlantic cod and none in farmed Atlantic salmon from Norwegian sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Shumilina
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Saalandsvei, 6-8, 163, 7034, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Pernille Kristiane Skavang
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Saalandsvei, 6-8, 163, 7034, Trondheim, Norway; SINTEF Ocean, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alexander Dikiy
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Saalandsvei, 6-8, 163, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
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21
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Laws MJ, Meling DD, Deviney ARK, Santacruz-Márquez R, Flaws JA. Long-term exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, and a mixture of phthalates alters estrous cyclicity and/or impairs gestational index and birth rate in mice. Toxicol Sci 2023; 193:48-61. [PMID: 36929940 PMCID: PMC10176245 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are found in plastic food containers, medical plastics, and personal care products. However, the effects of long-term phthalate exposure on female reproduction are unknown. Thus, this study investigated the effects of long-term, dietary phthalate exposure on estrous cyclicity and fertility in female mice. Adult female CD-1 mice were fed chow containing vehicle control (corn oil) or 0.15-1500 ppm of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), or a mixture of phthalates (Mix) containing DEHP, DiNP, benzyl butyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, and diethyl phthalate. Measurements of urinary phthalate metabolites confirmed effective delivery of phthalates. Phthalate consumption for 11 months did not affect body weight compared to control. DEHP exposure at 0.15 ppm for 3 and 5 months increased the time that the mice spent in estrus and decreased the time the mice spent in metestrus/diestrus compared to control. DiNP exposure (0.15-1500 ppm) did not significantly affect time in estrus or metestrus/diestrus compared to control. Mix exposure at 0.15 and 1500 ppm for 3 months decreased the time the mice spent in metestrus/diestrus and increased the time the mice spent in estrus compared to control. DEHP (0.15-1500 ppm) or Mix (0.15-1500 ppm) exposure did not affect fertility-related indices compared to control. However, long-term DiNP exposure at 1500 ppm significantly reduced gestational index and birth rate compared to control. These data indicate that chronic dietary exposure to phthalates alters estrous cyclicity, and long-term exposure to DiNP reduces gestational index and birth rate in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Laws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA
| | - Daryl D Meling
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA
| | - Ashley R K Deviney
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA
| | - Ramsés Santacruz-Márquez
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA
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22
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Wang W, Kannan K. Leaching of Phthalates from Medical Supplies and Their Implications for Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7675-7683. [PMID: 37154399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 72 single-use medical products, grouped into four categories, namely, creams/liquids (n = 8), medical devices (n = 46; 15 of 46 labeled "di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)-free"), first aid products (n = 13), and intravenous (IV) infusion/irrigation fluids (n = 5), were collected from an intensive care unit in a hospital in New York State in 2015 and analyzed for the migration of 10 phthalates in ethanol/water (1:1) mixture for 1 h. The total phthalate concentration (Σphthalates) leached from medical products ranged from 0.04 to 54,600 μg. DEHP was the major phthalate found in 99% of the samples analyzed, with the highest amount leached from respiratory support devices (median: 6560 μg). DEHP was also found at notable concentrations in products labeled as "DEHP-free". Direct exposure to phthalates from the use of medical devices and first aid supplies and dermal intake from the use of creams/lotions were calculated. The highest DEHP exposure dose of 730 μg/kg bw/day was determined from the use of cannula for neonates. This is the first study to document the amount of phthalates leached from various medical supplies and associated exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
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23
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Bhattacharyya M, Dhar R, Basu S, Das A, Reynolds DM, Dutta TK. Molecular evaluation of the metabolism of estrogenic di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in Mycolicibacterium sp. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:82. [PMID: 37101185 PMCID: PMC10134610 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widely detected plasticizer and a priority pollutant of utmost concern for its adverse impact on humans, wildlife and the environment. To eliminate such toxic burden, biological processes are the most promising ways to combat rampant environmental insults under eco-friendly conditions. The present study investigated the biochemical and molecular assessment of the catabolic potential of Mycolicibacterium sp. strain MBM in the assimilation of estrogenic DEHP. RESULTS A detailed biochemical study revealed an initial hydrolytic pathway of degradation for DEHP followed by the assimilation of hydrolyzed phthalic acid and 2-ethylhexanol to TCA cycle intermediates. Besides the inducible nature of DEHP-catabolic enzymes, strain MBM can efficiently utilize various low- and high-molecular-weight phthalate diesters and can grow under moderately halotolerant conditions. Whole genome sequence analysis exhibited a genome size of 6.2 Mb with a GC content of 66.51% containing 6,878 coding sequences, including multiple genes, annotated as relevant to the catabolism of phthalic acid esters (PAEs). Substantiating the annotated genes through transcriptome assessment followed by RT-qPCR analysis, the possible roles of upregulated genes/gene clusters in the metabolism of DEHP were revealed, reinforcing the biochemical pathway of degradation at the molecular level. CONCLUSIONS A detailed co-relation of biochemical, genomic, transcriptomic and RT-qPCR analyses highlights the PAE-degrading catabolic machineries in strain MBM. Further, due to functional attributes in the salinity range of both freshwater and seawater, strain MBM may find use as a suitable candidate in the bioremediation of PAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Bhattacharyya
- Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India
| | - Rinita Dhar
- Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India
| | - Suman Basu
- Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India
| | - Avijit Das
- Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India
| | - Darren M Reynolds
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Tapan K Dutta
- Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India.
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24
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Xiao Y, Wong WY, Chan LY, Yong CK, Abe K, Hancock P, Hird S. Simultaneous Determination of Nine Phthalates in Vegetable Oil by Atmospheric Pressure Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS). TOXICS 2023; 11:200. [PMID: 36976965 PMCID: PMC10056964 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the use of phthalates has been restricted worldwide, they remain an issue due to health concerns. Diet is one of the most important exposure pathways for humans and due to their solubility in oil, phthalates are commonly found in edible oil and food high in fat. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using electron ionization (EI) has been commonly used for the analysis of the phthalates in foodstuffs, including edible oil. However, this method suffers from issues with sensitivity and selectivity, as most phthalates are fragmented to generate a common phthalic anhydride fragment ion at m/z 149. The molecular ion cannot be observed due to strong fragmentation in EI. In contrast, atmospheric pressure gas chromatography (APGC) is a soft ionization technique with less fragmentation, whereby the molecular ion can be used as the precursor ion for multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). In this study, a simple and quick method for the determination of phthalates in vegetable oil using APGC-MS/MS was developed, and performance was assessed. The method was based on dilution of the oil in solvent and direct injection without the need for further cleanup. The established method was evaluated for linearity, recovery, precision, method detection limit (MDL), and method quantitation limit (MQL). The obtained MQL in vegetable oil was in the range of 0.015-0.058 mg/kg, despite limiting the injection volume to 1 µL, which is suitable for investigating dietary exposure and future proof against decreases to the regulatory limit. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to analyze nine phthalates in eight commercially available vegetable oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Xiao
- International Food & Water Research Centre, Waters Pacific Pte Ltd., 1 Science Park Road #01-10, The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117528, Singapore
| | - Wen Yee Wong
- Nisshin Global Research Center Sdn. Bhd., Lot. 1, Lebuh Sultan Hishamudin 2, Kawasan 20, Bandar Sultan Suleiman, Port Klang 42009, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Li Yan Chan
- International Food & Water Research Centre, Waters Pacific Pte Ltd., 1 Science Park Road #01-10, The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore 117528, Singapore
| | - Chee Keat Yong
- Nisshin Global Research Center Sdn. Bhd., Lot. 1, Lebuh Sultan Hishamudin 2, Kawasan 20, Bandar Sultan Suleiman, Port Klang 42009, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kosuke Abe
- Nisshin Global Research Center Sdn. Bhd., Lot. 1, Lebuh Sultan Hishamudin 2, Kawasan 20, Bandar Sultan Suleiman, Port Klang 42009, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Peter Hancock
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, Cheshire SK9 4AX, UK
| | - Simon Hird
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, Cheshire SK9 4AX, UK
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25
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Assessing human exposure to phthalate esters in drinking water migrated from various pipe materials and water filter elements during water treatments and storage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:47832-47843. [PMID: 36749517 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Plastic water-supply pipes and filter element are frequently used in municipal water supply systems. Leaching of phthalate esters (PAEs) from these pipes and filter elements to drinking water has become a common concern among the public. In this study, the migrations of 16 phthalate esters (PAEs) in seven different kinds of water-supply product materials were investigated. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) had the highest detection frequency of 54.4% in the water leaching samples of various water supply pipes and water filter elements samples, followed by Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP, 46/90, 51.1%). The maximum detected concentration level for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and DBP in the leaching experiment was below the regulatory limit values of 8 µg/L, 300 µg/L, and 3 µg/L for each compound in China standards for drinking water quality. The increasing of the water temperature, the lower pH of the water, and the increasing of the leaching time will increase the migration of PAEs from plastic pipes into water. The chronic daily intake of children aged < 1-12 years to PAEs through drinking water was higher than the rest of the population groups. Carcinogenic risks (CR) of DEHP via drinking water were neglectable for most groups of people, while for young children with age of 1-2 years old, the CR is an acceptable risk.
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26
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Survey on Phthalates in Beer Packaged in Aluminum Cans, PET and Glass Bottles. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are known as endocrine disruptors and are common in plastic polymers, varnishes, and printing inks. However, they most often enter the human body through food. Plastic materials that hold food contain different chemicals, and phthalates are one of them. Phthalates can also be found in microplastics since microplastic particles serve as a vector for different chemicals that can be slowly released into food and beverages. The aim of this preliminary study was to determine the concentration and types of phthalates (dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-n-octyl-phthalate) in beer packaged in aluminum cans, PET, and glass bottles. Ten aluminum-canned beers, sixteen PET-packaged, and eighteen glass-bottled beers were bought at a local food store and subjected to GC–MS analysis to quantify and qualify phthalates. The results indicate that PET-packaged beers can contain significant amounts of phthalates; in sample P10, the total sum of phthalates reached 219.82 µg/L. Especially high concentrations of dibutyl phthalate were found in all samples, but the highest concentration was detected in sample P13 at 92.17 µg/L. However, canned beers showed even higher levels of certain phthalates, such as bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, which amounted to 326.81 µg/L in sample C1. In short, phthalates pose a serious health-concerning problem and should be regarded as such.
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27
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Cao J, Shi Y, Yan M, Zhu H, Chen S, Xu K, Wang L, Sun H. Face Mask: As a Source or Protector of Human Exposure to Microplastics and Phthalate Plasticizers? TOXICS 2023; 11:87. [PMID: 36850963 PMCID: PMC9967050 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wearing masks has become the norm during the Coronavirus disease pandemic. Masks can reportedly interface with air pollutants and release microplastics and plastic additives such as phthalates. In this study, an experimental device was set up to simulate the impact of five kinds of masks (activated-carbon, N95, surgical, cotton, and fashion masks) on the risk of humans inhaling microplastics and phthalates during wearing. The residual concentrations of seven major phthalates ranged from 296 to 72,049 ng/g (median: 1242 ng/g), with the lowest and the highest concentrations detected in surgical (median: 367 ng/g) and fashion masks (median: 37,386 ng/g), respectively. During the whole inhalation simulation process, fragmented and 20-100 μm microplastics accounted for the largest, with a rapid release during the first six hours. After one day's wearing, that of 6 h, while wearing different masks, 25-135 and 65-298 microplastics were inhaled indoors and outdoors, respectively. The total estimated daily intake of phthalates with indoor and outdoor conditions by inhalation and skin exposure ranged from 1.2 to 13 and 0.43 to 14 ng/kg bw/d, respectively. Overall, surgical masks yield a protective effect, while cotton and fashion masks increase human exposure to microplastics and phthalates both indoors and outdoors compared to no mask wearing. This study observed possible risks from common facemasks and provided suggestions to consumers for selecting suitable masks to reduce exposure risks from microplastics and phthalate acid.
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28
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Puri M, Gandhi K, Kumar MS. The occurrence, fate, toxicity, and biodegradation of phthalate esters: An overview. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2023; 95:e10832. [PMID: 36632702 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are a class of emerging xenobiotic compounds that are extensively used as plasticizers. In recent times, there has been an increasing concern over the risk of this pervasive pollution exposure causing endocrine disruption and carcinogenicity in humans and animals. The widespread use of PAEs in home and industrial applications has resulted in their discharge in aquatic bodies via leaching, volatilization, and precipitation. In this overview, the current state of PAE pollution, its potential origins, its fate, as well as its effects on the aquatic environment are discussed. A state-of-the-art review of several studies in the literature that focus on the biological degradation of PAEs is included in this study. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive view of current research on PAEs in the environment, highlighting its fate and alleviated risks on the aquatic biotas, their challenges, future prospects, and the need for good management and policies for its remediation. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Occurrence of phthalate esters was summarized in various environmental matrices along with its serious ecotoxicological implications on biota. Wastewater is the prime source of PAEs contamination. Lack of species-specific effects on biota due to dose, exposure route, and susceptibility. The predominant route to mineralization in PAEs is biodegradation. A critical analysis of worldwide PAE production and consumption identifies the necessity for global PAE production, consumption, and release policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Puri
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Kamla Nehru Nagar (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Kavita Gandhi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Kamla Nehru Nagar (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Sophisticated Environmental Analytical Facility, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - M Suresh Kumar
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Kamla Nehru Nagar (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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29
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Adenuga MD. Occurrence and dietary exposure to phthalates in the US population - a contextual review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:169-179. [PMID: 36318880 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2136408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Esters of 1,2-benzene dicarboxylic acid (or phthalates) are general purpose plasticizers used in multiple polyvinyl chloride (PVC) consumer applications. Some of these plasticizers are permitted for safe use in a narrow subset of food packaging applications by global regulatory agencies, including the US FDA. Several US studies have reported the presence of trace concentrations of phthalates (parts per billion) in the diet. These findings have prompted calls for regulatory action based on the potential for adverse impacts on public health. These claims are misguided. Global food safety regulatory frameworks are designed with the expectation that low concentrations of food contact materials may be present in food. These frameworks include guardrails (in the form of content limits and/or migration limits) to minimize the potential for dietary risk. This concept of exposure and risk is often missing in many studies identifying low concentrations of phthalates in food. Dietary risk assessments, based on total diet studies, have been published by food safety agencies in the EU, Australia, New Zealand, UK, and Canada. Without exception, all risk assessments confirm that concentrations of phthalates in food are low and do not pose a public health concern. In this review, we calculate dietary risk estimates for concentrations of high molecular weight phthalates reported in some US food articles. The results confirm that dietary exposures, even in the most conservative scenarios, are below levels of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- M David Adenuga
- ExxonMobil Product Solutions Company, a division of ExxonMobil Corporation, Spring, TX, USA
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30
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You JJ, Liu H, Zhang RR, Pan QF, Sun AL, Zhang ZM, Shi XZ. Development and application of tricolor ratiometric fluorescence sensor based on molecularly imprinted nanoparticles for visual detection of dibutyl phthalate in seawater and fish samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157675. [PMID: 35907542 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A tricolor ratiometric fluorescence sensor was fabricated by mixing blue- and red-emission molecularly imprinted quantum dots (MIP-QDs) with green-emission quantum dots at the optimal ratio. The MIP-QDs were synthesized by coating CdSe/ZnS QDs in polymer by inverse microemulsion method. Compared with single-emission or dual-emission sensors, the tricolor ratiometric fluorescence sensor provided a wider range of color variations for visual DBP detection. The ratio fluorescence value I530/(I450 + I630) of the tricolor ratiometric fluorescence sensor linearly changed within the concentration of 2.0-20.0 × 103 μg/L DBP. The correlation coefficient was 0.9910, and the limits of detection were 1.0 μg/kg and 0.65 μg/L in fish and seawater, respectively. Meanwhile, the fluorescence color gradually changed from purple to plum to pink to salmon to yellowish green and finally to green. The recoveries of DBP in fish and seawater were 84.3 %-91.4 % and 88.3 %-110.3 %, respectively. Moreover, no obvious differences were observed between the detection results of the tricolor ratiometric fluorescence sensor and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The tricolor ratiometric fluorescence sensor constructed herein provides an ideal choice for rapid and intuitive DBP detection in environmental and aquatic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jie You
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Rong-Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Qiao-Fen Pan
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ai-Li Sun
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ze-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xi-Zhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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Sugiura E, Furukawa M, Tateishi I, Katsumata H, Kaneco S. Development of Ag/Ag 2O/ZnO photocatalyst and their photocatalytic activity towards dibutyl phthalate decomposition in water. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2022; 72:1137-1152. [PMID: 35499520 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2022.2071358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalyst Ag/Ag2O-modified ZnO, fabricated by a simple one-step calcination method, was applied into the degradation of organic pollutant dibutyl phthalate (DBP). Ag/ZnO and Ag2O/ZnO were prepared as a reference comparison. The prepared catalysts were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), BET surface area measurement, and photoluminescence spectra (PL) and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and electrochemical measurements. After the irradiation with ultraviolet light (352 nm), the solution was sampled and subjected to HPLC to evaluate the degradation efficiency of DBP. Ag/Ag2O/ZnO showed the best results with the excellent degradation of DBP. Ag/Ag2O/ZnO was four times more efficient, relative to zinc oxide alone. According to photocatalyst characterization, the total pore volume of photocatalyst was improved by loading Ag and Ag2O, suggesting an increase in the active sites. Also, the efficient electron transfer of Ag/Ag2O/ZnO was mainly responsible for the enhanced activity. The reaction mechanism for Ag/Ag2O/ZnO was determined to become a Z-scheme. From the radical scavenger tests, the main active species was identified as superoxide radicals. The stability of Ag/Ag2O/ZnO could be confirmed after five cycling reutilization. It was found from the radical scavenger test that •O2 - play an important role as the main reactive species in the photocatalytic degradation of DBP. Consequently, Ag/Ag2O/ZnO with a simple fabrication method seems to become one of the powerful photocatalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutant in water.Implications: This study discusses the usefulness of Ag/Ag2O/ZnO composites. This photocatalyst could be an approach to solve the environmental pollution caused by organic pollutants, which is a growing problem all over the world. In addition, the highly efficient photocatalyst Ag/Ag2O/ZnO is an inexpensive and reusable catalyst with great practical potential.Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, there are very few reports that have examined the combination of Ag, Ag2O and ZnO. In addition, the photocatalytic mechanism has not been understood. Here, we introduce Ag into Ag2O/ZnO to improve the photocatalytic performance and photostability, enhance the activity, and elucidate the mechanism of Ag/Ag2O/ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erisa Sugiura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Mie Japan
| | - Mai Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Mie Japan
| | - Ikki Tateishi
- Global Environment Center for Education & Research, Mie University, Mie Japan
| | - Hideyuki Katsumata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Mie Japan
| | - Satoshi Kaneco
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Mie Japan
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Ovchinnikov DV, Falev DI, Solovyova PV, Ul'yanovskii NV, Kosyakov DS. Rapid determination of phthalates in paper products by supercritical fluid chromatography / tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:4116-4127. [PMID: 36099363 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are widely used as components of industrial and consumer products including paper and cardboard packaging materials contacting with food or human skin. Being endocrine-disrupting chemicals, PAEs have a negative effect on human health and must be controlled in pulp and paper products. In the present study, supercritical fluid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry in combination with pressurized liquid extraction was proposed for PAEs determination in such objects. Octadecyl stationary phase with non-endcapped silanol groups ensured rapid (4 min) separation of the ten priority PAEs in isocratic elution mode and allowed for effective elimination of interferences from the trace impurities of PAEs in the mobile phase. The attained LOQs are in the range of 0.7-10 μg/L in extracts and 0.02-0.3 μg/g in paper and cardboard samples. The developed method is distinguished by analysis rapidity, easy sample preparation procedure, high selectivity, low susceptibility to mobile phase contamination with analytes, low cost and environmental friendliness due to the use of carbon dioxide as a main component of the mobile phase. The method was successfully tested on real samples of toilet paper and food packaging paper and cardboard in which eight analytes were found at the levels of 0.03-43.5 μg/g. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis V Ovchinnikov
- Core Facility Center «Arktika», M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Danil I Falev
- Core Facility Center «Arktika», M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Polina V Solovyova
- Core Facility Center «Arktika», M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay V Ul'yanovskii
- Core Facility Center «Arktika», M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Kosyakov
- Core Facility Center «Arktika», M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
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Huang S, Ma S, Wang D, Liu H, Li G, Yu Y. National-scale urinary phthalate metabolites in the general urban residents involving 26 provincial capital cities in China and the influencing factors as well as non-carcinogenic risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156062. [PMID: 35597362 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are widely used in daily products but can cause a variety of adverse effects in humans. Few studies have been carried out on human internal exposure levels of PAEs on a large-scale, especially in developing countries. In the present study, 1161 urine samples collected from residents of 26 provincial capitals in China were analyzed for nine phthalate metabolites (mPAEs). The chemicals were widely detected, and the median specific gravity adjusted urinary concentration of Σ9mPAEs was 278 μg/L. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) were the main parent PAEs that the residents were exposed to. Demographic characteristics, such as age and educational level, were significantly associated with PAE exposure. Children and the elderly had higher mPAE levels. Subjects with lower educational levels were more frequently exposed to DnBP and DEHP. However, mono-ethyl phthalate showed the opposite trend, i.e., higher concentrations in subjects aged 18-59 years and with higher educational levels. Geographic differences were detected at the national scale. Residents in northeastern and western China had higher levels of mPAEs than those in central China, most likely because of different industrial usage of the chemicals and different living habits and living conditions of the residents. Health risk assessment showed that hazard indices of PAEs ranged from 0.07 to 9.34, with 20.0% of the subjects being concern for potential non-carcinogenic risk as assessed by Monte Carlo simulation. DEHP and DnBP were the primary contributors, representing 96.7% of total risk. This first large-scale study on PAE human internal exposure in China provides useful information on residents' health in a developing country, which could be used for chemical management and health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senyuan Huang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Dongwu Wang
- Shouguang City Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Shandong Province, Weifang 262700, PR China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Huang ML, Yen PL, Chang CH, Liao VHC. Chronic di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure leads to dopaminergic neuron degeneration through mitochondrial dysfunction in C. elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119574. [PMID: 35671892 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is frequently detected in the environment due to the abundance of its use. These levels might be hazardous to human health and ecosystems. Phthalates have been associated with neurological disorders, yet whether chronic DEHP exposure plays a role in Parkinson's disease (PD) or its underlying mechanisms is unknown. We investigated the effects of chronic DEHP exposure less than an environmentally-relevant dose on PD hallmarks, using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model. We show that developmental stage and exposure timing influence DEHP-induced dopaminergic neuron degeneration. In addition, in response to chronic DEHP exposure at 5 mg/L, mitochondrial fragmentation became significantly elevated, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels increased, and ATP levels decreased, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction occurs. Furthermore, the data show that mitochondrial complex I (nuo-1 and gas-1) and complex II (mev-1) are involved in DEHP-induced dopaminergic neuron toxicity. These results suggest that chronic exposure to DEHP at levels less than an environmentally-relevant dose causes dopaminergic neuron degeneration through mitochondrial dysfunction involving mitochondrial complex I and II. Considering the high level of genetic conservation between C. elegans and mammals, chronic DEHP exposure might elevate the risk of developing PD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Lun Huang
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Yen
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Han Chang
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Vivian Hsiu-Chuan Liao
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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Zhang Y, Li X, Zhang H, Liu W, Liu Y, Guo C, Xu J, Wu F. Distribution, source apportionment and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in outdoor dust samples on Tibetan Plateau, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155103. [PMID: 35398431 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The urbanization of Tibetan Plateau (TP) probably results in a significant contamination of organic pollutants in the area, such as phthalate esters (PAEs). However, there is a lack of monitoring and evaluation of their occurrence and risks in the outdoor dust on TP. This study for the first time investigated the concentrations, distributions and health risk of PAEs in outdoor dust samples on TP, China. A total of 132 outdoor dust samples were collected from five different functional areas, and results showed the ubiquitous detection of all PAEs in the samples. The Σ6PAEs concentrations ranged from 0.08 to 31.49 μg·g-1 with a mean of 3.57 μg·g-1. High concentrations of Σ6PAEs in the outdoor dust were found in commercial districts, which were attributed to the heavy use of PAEs in the public commerce such as consumer products, commodities, and building materials. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the dominant components accounting for 30.65% and 53.19% of the Σ6PAEs. Principal component analysis, positive matrix factorization, and correlation analysis were used to apportion the potential sources of PAEs in outdoor dust samples. The PAEs in the outdoor dust originated mainly from wide application of plasticizers as well as cosmetics and personal care products. The main pathways of human exposure to PAEs in the outdoor dust were ingestion and dermal absorption of dust particles. The total intakes of PAEs from outdoor dusts for children and adults were 1.50 × 10-5 and 2.47 × 10-6 mg·kg-1·d-1, respectively. Children were more susceptible to the PAEs intake than the adults. Although the estimated health risks of the six PAEs are currently acceptable, caution is needed given the likely future increase in use of these PAEs and the currently unknown contribution to human exposure by other medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology of Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wenxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology of Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Parikh FR, Uttamchandani S, Naik N, Panpalia M, Sanap M, Kulkarni D, Sinkar P, Khandare P, Makwana P, Gawas S, Pandole A, Parikh R. Significant changes in follicular fluid phthalate metabolite levels reflect the lifestyle changes brought about by the strict COVID-19 lockdown in India. F&S SCIENCE 2022; 3:237-245. [PMID: 35691586 PMCID: PMC9181629 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess if the unprecedented changes in lifestyle because of the lockdown initiated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which altered human behavior, and influenced purchase and consumption patterns, may have had an impact on the exposure to phthalates in Indian women undergoing in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI). To evaluate if the effects of the strict and lengthy lockdown in India, which promoted the new norms of stay-at-home and work-from-home, closure of beauty parlors, and restriction on public gatherings, may have contributed to a decrease in the exposure to phthalates like dibutyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate. These chemicals are found in many personal care products (PCPs) which include cosmetics and fragrances. To investigate if the extensive use of flexible single-use plastic in personal protective equipment like face masks/gloves and in plastic packaging used for online purchases, food takeaways, and home deliveries of essentials and groceries during the COVID-19 pandemic, in an attempt to provide a contact-free delivery system may have inadvertently led to an increase in exposure to phthalates like di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-isononyl phthalate, and di-isodecyl phthalate which are plasticizers used in manufacturing flexible plastic. DESIGN A comparative study of the levels of six phthalate metabolites detected in follicular fluid (FF) of Indian women undergoing IVF/ICSI 1 year before and immediately after the lockdown initiated by the COVID-19 pandemic. SETTING In vitro fertilization center in a large referral hospital in India. PATIENT(S) A total of 176 Indian women seeking treatment for infertility and undergoing oocyte retrieval were included after obtaining consent. Each woman contributed one FF sample to the study. Group A (n = 96) women (mean age, 34.0 [±3.9] years, and mean BMI, 25.4 [±4.8]) had their FF samples collected and screened between January 2019 and mid-March 2020, 1 year before the lockdown. Group B (n = 80) women (mean age, 33.9 [±4.1] years, and mean BMI, 25.0 [±4.4]) had their FF collected and screened post the lockdown between October 2020 and June 2021. Both groups were matched by age and BMI. INTERVENTION(S) The cryopreserved FF samples of 176 women were processed using enzymatic deconjugation as well as the solid-phase extraction technique, and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to detect the total levels of six phthalate metabolites. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the change in the phthalate metabolite levels in the FF of Indian women undergoing IVF/ICSI pre and post the lockdown. RESULT(S) The median levels of mono-n-butyl phthalate (1.64 ng/ml in group A vs. 0.93 ng/ml in group B; P<.001) and mono-ethyl phthalate (5.25 ng/ml in group A vs. 3.24 ng/ml in group B; P<.001) metabolites of dibutyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate found in PCPs including cosmetics and fragrances were significantly higher in the FF of 96 women (group A) compared with the levels seen in the FF of 80 women (group B). However, the median levels of mono-isononyl phthalate (0.11ng/ml in group A vs. 0.13 ng/ml in group B; P<.001), mono-isodecyl phthalate (0.11 ng/ml in group A vs. 0.14 ng/ml in group B; P<.001), and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (0.13 ng/ml in group A vs. 0.14 ng/ml in group B; P=.023) metabolites of di-isononyl phthalate, di-isodecyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate used as plasticizers were significantly higher in the FF of women in group B compared with women in group A. CONCLUSION(S) The significant drop in mono-n-butyl phthalate and mono-ethyl phthalate levels, accumulated in the FF of 80 Indian women in group B reflects a decrease or absence of usage patterns of PCPs, including cosmetics and fragrances, thereby suggesting that these women may have deprioritized their use during the COVID-19 pandemic giving preference to personal hygiene and safety. Whereas the unprecedented increase in the use of flexible single-use plastic that became our first line of defense against the coronavirus during the COVID-19 pandemic might be responsible for the accumulation of significantly higher levels of mono-isononyl phthalate, mono-isodecyl phthalate, and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate in FF of the same group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firuza Rajesh Parikh
- Jaslok-FertilTree International Fertility Centre, Department of Assisted Reproduction & Genetics. Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India.
| | - Shonali Uttamchandani
- Jaslok-FertilTree International Fertility Centre, Department of Assisted Reproduction & Genetics. Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Nandkishor Naik
- Jaslok-FertilTree International Fertility Centre, Department of Assisted Reproduction & Genetics. Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Madhavi Panpalia
- Jaslok-FertilTree International Fertility Centre, Department of Assisted Reproduction & Genetics. Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Mangesh Sanap
- Jaslok-FertilTree International Fertility Centre, Department of Assisted Reproduction & Genetics. Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Dhananjaya Kulkarni
- Jaslok-FertilTree International Fertility Centre, Department of Assisted Reproduction & Genetics. Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Pratiksha Khandare
- Jaslok-FertilTree International Fertility Centre, Department of Assisted Reproduction & Genetics. Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Prashant Makwana
- Jaslok-FertilTree International Fertility Centre, Department of Assisted Reproduction & Genetics. Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Smita Gawas
- Jaslok-FertilTree International Fertility Centre, Department of Assisted Reproduction & Genetics. Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Anahita Pandole
- Jaslok-FertilTree International Fertility Centre, Department of Assisted Reproduction & Genetics. Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Rajesh Parikh
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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Contreras-Rodriguez O, Solanas M, Escorihuela RM. Dissecting ultra-processed foods and drinks: Do they have a potential to impact the brain? Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:697-717. [PMID: 35107734 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-processed foods and drinks (UPF) are formulation of ingredients, mostly of exclusive industrial use, that result from a series of industrial processes. They usually have a low nutrient but high energy density, with a high content of saturated and trans fats, and added sugars. In addition, they have characteristic organoleptic properties, and usually contain sophisticated additives, including artificial sweeteners, to intensify their sensory qualities and imitate the appearance of minimally processed foods. In addition, recent research has warned about the presence of chemicals (e.g., bisphenol) and neo-formed contaminants in these products. UPF production and consumption growth have been spectacular in the last decades, being specially consumed in children and adolescents. UPF features have been associated with a range of adverse health effects such as overeating, the promotion of inflammatory and oxidative stress processes, gut dysbiosis, and metabolic dysfunction including problems in glucose regulation. The evidence that these UPF-related adverse health effects may have on the neural network implicated in eating behavior are discussed, including the potential impact on serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission, brain integrity and function. We end this review by placing UPF in the context of current food environments, by suggesting that an increased exposure to these products through different channels, such as marketing, may contribute to the automatic recruitment of the brain regions associated with food consumption and choice, with a detrimental effect on inhibitory-related prefrontal cortices. While further research is essential, preliminary evidence point to UPF consumption as a potential detrimental factor for brain health and eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Contreras-Rodriguez
- Department of Medical Imaging, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain.
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII) and CIBERSAM G17, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Solanas
- Physiology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rosa M Escorihuela
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Melough MM, Maffini MV, Otten JJ, Sathyanarayana S. Diet quality and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals among US adults. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113049. [PMID: 35240113 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may increase risk for chronic disease. Diet is a significant source of EDC exposure, yet healthy diets recommended for chronic disease prevention have not been thoroughly examined for associations with EDC exposure. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2016, we examined associations of dietary patterns with exposure to non-persistent EDCs potentially consumed through diet. EDCs were measured in spot urine samples. Diet was assessed using 24-h recalls. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations of three healthy diet scores [Healthy Eating Index (HEI), relative Mediterranean Diet (rMED), and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension] and fast-food consumption with EDCs. In fully adjusted models, no diet was associated with exposure to the bisphenols, phthalates, or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons examined. A 1-point increase in rMED (of 18 possible points) was associated with 2.7% (95% CI: 1.7%, 3.8%) greater urinary nitrate. A 10-point increase in HEI (of 100 possible points) was associated with 5.3% (95% CI: 2.8%, 7.9%) greater nitrate and 6.8% (95% CI: 4.5%, 9.2%) greater perchlorate. Because perchlorate and nitrate can disrupt thyroid hormone production, we conducted an exploratory analysis to examine whether these chemicals mediate an association between diet and thyroid hormones. A 10-point increase in HEI was associated with 0.6% reduced serum total thyroxine (95% CI: 1.7%, 0.5%) among all adults, with 57.5% of the effect explained by perchlorate. Nitrate mediated an association of rMED with modestly reduced total triiodothyronine among females. Most EDCs examined had no association with the diets evaluated, indicating that recommended healthy diets were not protective against EDC exposures. As observed with two thyroid antagonists, some recommended diets may increase EDC exposures and related adverse health outcomes. Additional work should identify effective food production and processing practices to reduce dietary exposures to potentially harmful EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Melough
- Department of Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
| | | | - Jennifer J Otten
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA; Center for Public Health Nutrition, Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
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39
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Protective effects of polyphenols against endocrine disrupting chemicals. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:905-934. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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40
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Li ZY, Liu H, Liu H, Huang W, Chu Y, Huang ZQ, Liu CH. Dietary exposure and risk assessment of phthalic acid esters through a total diet study in Shenzhen, South China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1591-1603. [PMID: 35793359 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2094474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are typical endocrine disruptors which are ubiquitous contaminants. Human exposure to PAEs is through multiple routes of which the diet is recognised as the main source of daily intake. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary exposure to PAEs of residents in Shenzhen (China) through a total diet study and assess the potential health risk. A total of 16 different phthalate esters in samples of 12 composite food groups were determined by GC-MS. The main dietary sources of PAE exposure among adult residents in Shenzhen were potatoes (21%), eggs (21%), meat (15%) and aquatic products (14%). The median total dietary exposure to PAEs in Shenzhen residents was 7780 ng kg-1 bw d-1, and the hazard quotients (HQ) of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-isobutyl phthalate (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were 0.09, 0.06, 0.07, 0.10 and 0.03, respectively. Therefore, the risks from dietary PAE exposure were low. However, with the increasing use of PAEs and their accumulation in the environment, the probability of PAEs entering the food chain is gradually increasing and, therefore, PAEs should be strictly controlled and regularly monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yi Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Testing Institute of Product Quality Supervision, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yue Chu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhuo-Quan Huang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chun-Hong Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, PR China
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A CRITICAL REVIEW ON EXTRACTION AND ANALYTICAL METHODS OF PHTHALATES IN WATER AND BEVERAGES. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1675:463175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Safarpour S, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Safarpour S, Darban YM. Effects of Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate on Central Nervous System Functions: A Narrative Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:766-776. [PMID: 34259148 PMCID: PMC9878957 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210713122517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates are widely used in the plastics industry. Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP) is one of the most important phthalate metabolites that disrupt the function of endocrine glands. Exposure to DEHP causes numerous effects on animals, humans, and the environment. Low doses of DEHP increase neurotoxicity in the nervous system that has arisen deep concerns due to the widespread nature of DEHP exposure and its high absorption during brain development. OBJECTIVE In this review article, we evaluated the impacts of DEHP exposure from birth to adulthood on neurobehavioral damages. Then, the possible mechanisms of DEHP-induced neurobehavioral impairment were discussed. METHODOLOGY Peer-reviewed articles were extracted through Embase, PubMed, and Google Scholar till the year 2021. RESULTS The results showed that exposure to DEHP during pregnancy and infancy leads to memory loss and irreversible nervous system damage. CONCLUSION Overall, it seems that increased levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators possess a pivotal role in DEHP-induced neurobehavioral impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Safarpour
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran;,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran;,Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran;,Address correspondence to this author at the Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 4136747176, Babol, Iran; Tel/Fax: +98-11-32190557; E-mail:
| | - Samaneh Safarpour
- Department of Biochemistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Carwile JL, Seshasayee SM, Ahrens KA, Hauser R, Chavarro JE, Fleisch AF. Dietary correlates of urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations in 6-19 Year old children and adolescents. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112083. [PMID: 34582800 PMCID: PMC8678286 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children are vulnerable to adverse health effects associated with phthalates, and food is one source of exposure. A comprehensive analysis investigating urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations in relation to food type and source has yet to be undertaken. OBJECTIVES We use reduced rank regression, a dimension reduction method, to identify dietary patterns associated with urinary phthalate metabolites in children in a large US study. METHODS We used data from 2369 participants 6-19 years old from the 2011-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey who recalled their diet over the 24 h prior to urine collection. We used dietary data to estimate intake and source (i.e., prepared at a restaurant vs. purchased from a grocery store) of 136 food groups. We used reduced rank regression to identify dietary patterns explaining variation in overall urinary concentrations of ∑di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and seven phthalate metabolites. We also examined pairwise associations between food groups and urinary phthalate metabolites. RESULTS We identified eight dietary patterns that cumulatively explained 12.1% of variation in urinary phthalate metabolites, including a dietary pattern characterized by certain starchy vegetables (e.g., plantains and lima beans), quick breads, and citrus juice prepared at a restaurant. A one SD increase in this food pattern score was associated with a 37.2% higher monocarboxyoctyl phthalate (MCOP) concentration (95% CI: 30.3, 44.4). We also observed weak associations between certain food groups and urinary phthalate metabolites (e.g., a one SD increase in intake of certain starchy vegetables prepared at a restaurant was associated with a 1.8% [95% CI: 0.7, 2.8] higher MCOP). CONCLUSIONS Children whose diets were characterized by higher consumption of certain starchy vegetables, quick breads, and citrus juices prepared at a restaurant had higher urinary phthalate metabolites. More detailed information on the specific methods of food processing and details on packaging materials is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Carwile
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME, USA.
| | - Shravanthi M Seshasayee
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Katherine A Ahrens
- Muskie School of Public Service, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jorge E Chavarro
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abby F Fleisch
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME, USA; Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
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44
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Hidalgo-Serrano M, Borrull F, Marcé RM, Pocurull E. Phthalate esters in marine ecosystems: analytical methods, occurrence and distribution. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Wang SY, Wang MQ, Yang EQ, Chen XM, Pan FG. Review on Occurrence, Sources of Contamination, and Mitigation Strategies of Phthalates in Vegetable Oils. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Su Yin. Wang
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130062 PR China
| | - Man Qiu. Wang
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130062 PR China
| | - En Qi Yang
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130062 PR China
| | - Xian Mao. Chen
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130062 PR China
| | - Feng Guang. Pan
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130062 PR China
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46
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Sublethal responses of the indicator Unio species (mussel) to selected phthalate esters. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00985-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Liu Y, Song W, Zhou D, Han F, Gong X, Pan P. A new core–shell magnetic mesoporous surface molecularly imprinted composite and its application as an MSPE sorbent for determination of phthalate esters. RSC Adv 2022; 12:7253-7261. [PMID: 35424702 PMCID: PMC8982323 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09405j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new core–shell magnetic mesoporous surface molecularly imprinted polymer (Fe3O4@SiO2@mSiO2-MIPs) which has specific adsorption and rapid adsorption rate for phthalate esters (PAEs) was prepared by a convenient method. Based on this composite as a magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) material, a rapid, efficient and sensitive matrix dispersion magnetic solid-phase extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method (DMSPE-GC/MS) was developed for the determination of PAEs in multiple liquid samples. It is the first time that Fe3O4@SiO2@mSiO2-MIPs have been prepared by bonding amino groups on the surface of a double layer silicon substrate with diisononyl phthalate (DINP) as virtual template and 3-(2-aminoethyl)-aminopropyl trimethoxymethylsilane (TSD) as functional monomer. FT-IR, TEM, EDS, SEM, XRD, BET and VSM were used to characterize the composite. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics of Fe3O4@SiO2@mSiO2-MIPs showed that it possessed fast adsorption rates (approximately 5 min to reach equilibrium), high adsorption capacities (523.9 mg g−1) and good recognition of PAEs. The real samples were preconcentrated by Fe3O4@SiO2@mSiO2-MIPs, under the optimum DMSPE-GC/MS conditions. Validation experiments showed that the method presented good linearity (R2 > 0.9971), satisfactory precision (RSD < 5.7%) and high recovery (92.1–105.8%), and the limits of detection ranged from 1.17 ng L−1 to 3.03 ng L−1. The results indicated that the novel method had good sensitivity, high efficiency and wide sample application and was suitable for the determination of PAEs in liquid drink samples such as water, alcohol, beverages and so on. A new core–shell magnetic mesoporous surface molecularly imprinted polymer (Fe3O4@SiO2@mSiO2-MIPs) which has specific adsorption for phthalate esters was synthesized by a facile and convenient method.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Liu
- Technology Center of Hefei Customs, Hefei 230022, P. R. China
| | - Wei Song
- Technology Center of Hefei Customs, Hefei 230022, P. R. China
| | - Dianbing Zhou
- Technology Center of Hefei Customs, Hefei 230022, P. R. China
| | - Fang Han
- Technology Center of Hefei Customs, Hefei 230022, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Gong
- Technology Center of Jinan Customs, Jinan 250000, P. R. China
| | - Pan Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, Anhui, P. R. China
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Jiang FW, Yang ZY, Bian YF, Cui JG, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Li JL. The novel role of the aquaporin water channel in lycopene preventing DEHP-induced renal ionic homeostasis disturbance in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 226:112836. [PMID: 34601266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), an extensively used plasticizer, can cause environmental pollution and organ injury. Lycopene (LYC) is a natural carotene that has the potential to prevent chronic diseases. To reveal the effect of DEHP and/or LYC on the kidney, male mice were treated with LYC (5 mg/kg) and/or DEHP (500 mg/kg or 1000 mg/kg) by gavage for 28 days. The study indicated that DEHP caused glomerular atrophy, tubular expansion, disappearance of the mitochondrial membrane, and cristae rupture. DEHP exposure can increase the expression of aquaporin (AQP) subunits and the activity of Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase and decrease the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase, which results in ion disorder. However, LYC can relieve kidney injury by regulating the activity of ATPase, the expression of ATPase subunits, and AQP subunit expression. The results indicated that AQP was a target for LYC in antagonizing the disturbance of DEHP-induced renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Wei Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Zhou-Yi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yu-Feng Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jia-Gen Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yi Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Jin-Long Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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Huang YC, Huang PR, Lo YTC, Sun CW, Pan WH, Wang SL, Huang HB. Food Processing and Phthalate Exposure: The Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (1993-1996 and 2005-2008). Front Nutr 2021; 8:766992. [PMID: 34869535 PMCID: PMC8635797 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.766992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Phthalates esters are widely used commercially and can leach from a food container or food packaging. Few studies have been conducted in Asia regarding food processed to varying levels and human phthalate exposure. This study aimed to evaluate the association between unprocessed and ultra-processed food intake and urinary phthalate metabolite levels in the Taiwanese adult population. Methods: A total of 516 participant data were extracted from the cross-sectional 1993–1996 and 2005–2008 Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan of those aged over 18 years, where urinary measures and one 24-h dietary recall were collected. Urinary concentrations of dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites including monomethyl phthalate, monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobutyl phthalate (MBP), monobenzyl phthalate, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate were measured in spot urine samples. The NOVA food processing classification system was applied to divide all consumed foods into four mutually exclusive groups including unprocessed or minimally processed, processed culinary ingredients, processed and ultra-processed food. Generalized linear models were employed to examine the associations between the percentage quartiles (Qs) of unprocessed and ultra-processed foods in the total weight of food and the urinary phthalate metabolites. Results: Compared with participants in the lowest quartiles (Q1) of ultra-processed food intake, highest ultra-processed food intake (Q4) had 65.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.83, 162) higher urinary concentrations of MEP after adjusted for covariates. In contrast, the higher unprocessed food consumption was inversely associated with urinary concentrations of MEP and MBP (P for trend = 0.03). When compared to the lowest unprocessed food consumers (Q1), higher consumers (Q4) presented 38.6% (95% CI: −61.3, −2.59) lower MEP concentrations and 23.1% (95% CI: −38.5, −3.71) lower MBP concentrations. Conclusion: Ultra-processed food consumption was associated with increased concentrations of urinary MEP. Conversely, consuming unprocessed food was associated with lower concentrations of MEP and MBP in the Asian Taiwanese adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Huang
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ru Huang
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ting C Lo
- National Defense Medical Center, School of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wen Sun
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Harn Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- National Defense Medical Center, School of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Han-Bin Huang
- National Defense Medical Center, School of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
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Pezhhanfar S, Farajzadeh MA, Hosseini-Yazdi SA, Afshar Mogaddam MR. An MOF-based dispersive micro solid phase extraction prior to dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for analyzing plasticizers. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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