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Arroyo-Ataz G, Jones D. Overview of Lymphatic Muscle Cells in Development, Physiology, and Disease. Microcirculation 2024:e12887. [PMID: 39329178 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Lymphatic muscle cells (LMCs) are indispensable for proper functioning of the lymphatic system, as they provide the driving force for lymph transport. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate LMCs, which control rhythmic contraction and vessel tone of lymphatic vessels-traits also found in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle. In this review, we discuss the molecular pathways that orchestrate LMC-mediated contractility and summarize current knowledge about their developmental origin, which may shed light on the distinct contractile characteristics of LMCs. Further, we highlight the growing evidence implicating LMC dysregulation in the pathogenesis of lymphedema and other diseases related to lymphatic vessel dysfunction. Given the limited number and efficacy of existing therapies to treat lymphedema, LMCs present a promising focus for identifying novel therapeutic targets aimed at improving lymphatic vessel contractility. Here, we discuss LMCs in health and disease, as well as therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting them to improve lymphatic vessel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Arroyo-Ataz
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dennis Jones
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Kim HJ, Norton CE, Zawieja SD, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Davis MJ. Acute Metabolic Stress Induces Lymphatic Dysfunction Through KATP Channel Activation. FUNCTION 2024; 5:zqae033. [PMID: 39075985 PMCID: PMC11384908 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqae033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic dysfunction is an underlying component of multiple metabolic diseases, including diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. We investigated the roles of KATP channels in lymphatic contractile dysfunction in response to acute metabolic stress induced by inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Ex vivo popliteal lymphatic vessels from mice were exposed to the electron transport chain inhibitors antimycin A and rotenone, or the oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor/protonophore, CCCP. Each inhibitor led to a significant reduction in the frequency of spontaneous lymphatic contractions and calculated pump flow, without a significant change in contraction amplitude. Contraction frequency was restored by the KATP channel inhibitor, glibenclamide. Lymphatic vessels from mice with global Kir6.1 deficiency or expressing a smooth muscle-specific dominant negative Kir6.1 channel were resistant to inhibition. Antimycin A inhibited the spontaneous action potentials generated in lymphatic muscle and this effect was reversed by glibenclamide, confirming the role of KATP channels. Antimycin A, but not rotenone or CCCP, increased dihydrorhodamine fluorescence in lymphatic muscle, indicating ROS production. Pretreatment with tiron or catalase prevented the effect of antimycin A on wild-type lymphatic vessels, consistent with its action being mediated by ROS. Our results support the conclusion that KATP channels in lymphatic muscle can be directly activated by reduced mitochondrial ATP production or ROS generation, consequent to acute metabolic stress, leading to contractile dysfunction through inhibition of the ionic pacemaker controlling spontaneous lymphatic contractions. We propose that a similar activation of KATP channels contributes to lymphatic dysfunction in metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Jin Kim
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Charles E Norton
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Scott D Zawieja
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | | | - Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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3
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Arriola-Alvarez I, Jaunarena I, Izeta A, Lafuente H. Progenitor Cell Sources for 3D Bioprinting of Lymphatic Vessels and Potential Clinical Application. Tissue Eng Part A 2024; 30:353-366. [PMID: 37950710 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2023.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system maintains tissue fluid homeostasis and it is involved in the transport of nutrients and immunosurveillance. It also plays a pivotal role in both pathological and regenerative processes. Lymphatic development in the embryo occurs by polarization and proliferation of lymphatic endothelial cells from the lymph sacs, that is, lymphangiogenesis. Alternatively, lymphvasculogenesis further contributes to the formation of lymphatic vessels. In adult tissues, lymphatic formation rarely occurs under physiological conditions, being restricted to pathological processes. In lymphvasculogenesis, progenitor cells seem to be a source of lymphatic vessels. Indeed, mesenchymal stem cells, adipose stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, and colony-forming endothelial cells are able to promote lymphatic regeneration by different mechanisms, such as direct differentiation and paracrine effects. In this review, we summarize what is known on the diverse stem/progenitor cell niches available for the lymphatic system, emphasizing the potential that these cells hold for lymphatic tissue engineering through 3D bioprinting and their translation to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inazio Arriola-Alvarez
- Tissue Engineering Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ibon Jaunarena
- Gynecology Oncology Unit, Donostia University Hospital, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Department of Medical Surgical Specialties, Leioa, Spain
| | - Ander Izeta
- Tissue Engineering Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Tecnun-University of Navarra, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Héctor Lafuente
- Tissue Engineering Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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4
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Davis MJ, Zawieja SD. Pacemaking in the lymphatic system. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38520402 DOI: 10.1113/jp284752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic collecting vessels exhibit spontaneous phasic contractions that are critical for lymph propulsion and tissue fluid homeostasis. This rhythmic activity is driven by action potentials conducted across the lymphatic muscle cell (LMC) layer to produce entrained contractions. The contraction frequency of a lymphatic collecting vessel displays exquisite mechanosensitivity, with a dynamic range from <1 to >20 contractions per minute. A myogenic pacemaker mechanism intrinsic to the LMCs was initially postulated to account for pressure-dependent chronotropy. Further interrogation into the cellular constituents of the lymphatic vessel wall identified non-muscle cell populations that shared some characteristics with interstitial cells of Cajal, which have pacemaker functions in the gastrointestinal and lower urinary tracts, thus raising the possibility of a non-muscle cell pacemaker. However, recent genetic knockout studies in mice support LMCs and a myogenic origin of the pacemaker activity. LMCs exhibit stochastic, but pressure-sensitive, sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release (puffs and waves) from IP3R1 receptors, which couple to the calcium-activated chloride channel Anoctamin 1, causing depolarisation. The resulting electrical activity integrates across the highly coupled lymphatic muscle electrical syncytia through connexin 45 to modulate diastolic depolarisation. However, multiple other cation channels may also contribute to the ionic pacemaking cycle. Upon reaching threshold, a voltage-gated calcium channel-dependent action potential fires, resulting in a nearly synchronous calcium global calcium flash within the LMC layer to drive an entrained contraction. This review summarizes the key ion channels potentially responsible for the pressure-dependent chronotropy of lymphatic collecting vessels and various mechanisms of IP3R1 regulation that could contribute to frequency tuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Scott D Zawieja
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
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5
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Ruperti F, Becher I, Stokkermans A, Wang L, Marschlich N, Potel C, Maus E, Stein F, Drotleff B, Schippers KJ, Nickel M, Prevedel R, Musser JM, Savitski MM, Arendt D. Molecular profiling of sponge deflation reveals an ancient relaxant-inflammatory response. Curr Biol 2024; 34:361-375.e9. [PMID: 38181793 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
A hallmark of animals is the coordination of whole-body movement. Neurons and muscles are central to this, yet coordinated movements also exist in sponges that lack these cell types. Sponges are sessile animals with a complex canal system for filter-feeding. They undergo whole-body movements resembling "contractions" that lead to canal closure and water expulsion. Here, we combine live 3D optical coherence microscopy, pharmacology, and functional proteomics to elucidate the sequence and detail of shape changes, the tissues and molecular physiology involved, and the control of these movements. Morphometric analysis and targeted perturbation suggest that the movement is driven by the relaxation of actomyosin stress fibers in epithelial canal cells, which leads to whole-body deflation via collapse of the incurrent and expansion of the excurrent canal system. Thermal proteome profiling and quantitative phosphoproteomics confirm the control of cellular relaxation by an Akt/NO/PKG/PKA pathway. Agitation-induced deflation leads to differential phosphorylation of proteins forming epithelial cell junctions, implying their mechanosensitive role. Unexpectedly, untargeted metabolomics detect a concomitant decrease in antioxidant molecules during deflation, reflecting an increase in reactive oxygen species. Together with the secretion of proteinases, cytokines, and granulin, this indicates an inflammation-like state of the deflating sponge reminiscent of vascular endothelial cells experiencing oscillatory shear stress. These results suggest the conservation of an ancient relaxant-inflammatory response of perturbed fluid-carrying systems in animals and offer a possible mechanism for whole-body coordination through diffusible paracrine signals and mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Ruperti
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Collaboration for joint Ph.D. degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Becher
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ling Wang
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Nick Marschlich
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clement Potel
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emanuel Maus
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Stein
- Proteomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Drotleff
- Metabolomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaske J Schippers
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Nickel
- Bionic consulting Dr. Michael Nickel, 71686 Remseck am Neckar, Germany
| | - Robert Prevedel
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacob M Musser
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Mikhail M Savitski
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Proteomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Detlev Arendt
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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6
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Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya O, Fedosov I, Zaikin A, Ageev V, Ilyukov E, Myagkov D, Tuktarov D, Blokhina I, Shirokov A, Terskov A, Zlatogorskaya D, Adushkina V, Evsukova A, Dubrovsky A, Tsoy M, Telnova V, Manzhaeva M, Dmitrenko A, Krupnova V, Kurths J. Technology of the photobiostimulation of the brain's drainage system during sleep for improvement of learning and memory in male mice. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:44-58. [PMID: 38223185 PMCID: PMC10783921 DOI: 10.1364/boe.505618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
In this study on healthy male mice using confocal imaging of dye spreading in the brain and its further accumulation in the peripheral lymphatics, we demonstrate stronger effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) on the brain's drainage system in sleeping vs. awake animals. Using the Pavlovian instrumental transfer probe and the 2-objects-location test, we found that the 10-day course of PBM during sleep vs. wakefulness promotes improved learning and spatial memory in mice. For the first time, we present the technology for PBM under electroencephalographic (EEG) control that incorporates modern state of the art facilities of optoelectronics and biopotential detection and that can be built of relatively cheap and commercially available components. These findings open a new niche in the development of smart technologies for phototherapy of brain diseases during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
- Physics Department, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivan Fedosov
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Alexey Zaikin
- Department of Mathematics and Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 25 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AY, UK
- Centre for Analysis of Complex Systems, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 2, building 4, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Vasily Ageev
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Egor Ilyukov
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Dmitry Myagkov
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Dmitry Tuktarov
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Inna Blokhina
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Alexander Shirokov
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov 13, Saratov 410049, Russia
| | - Andrey Terskov
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Daria Zlatogorskaya
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Viktoria Adushkina
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Arina Evsukova
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Alexander Dubrovsky
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Maria Tsoy
- Institute of Physics, Saratov State University Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Valeria Telnova
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Maria Manzhaeva
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Alexander Dmitrenko
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Valeria Krupnova
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Jürgen Kurths
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
- Physics Department, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Centre for Analysis of Complex Systems, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 2, building 4, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg A31, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
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7
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de Jesus FN, von der Weid PY. Increased contractile activity and dilation of popliteal lymphatic vessels in the TNF-α-overexpressing TNF ΔARE/+ arthritic mouse. Life Sci 2023; 335:122247. [PMID: 37940071 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS TNF-α acute treatment has been found to disrupt lymphatic drainage in the setting of arthritis through the NF-kB-iNOS- signaling pathway. We examined whether popliteal lymphatic vessels (pLVs) contractile activity was altered in 12- and 24- week-old females of an arthritic mouse model overexpressing TNF-α (TNFΔARE/+). MAIN METHODS pLVs were prepared for intravital imaging to measure lymph flow speed, and ex vivo functional responses to a stepwise increase in transmural pressure in the absence or presence of the non-selective NOS inhibitor (L-NNA) or the selective iNOS inhibitor (1400W) were compared between TNFΔARE/+ and WT mice. Total eNOS (t-eNOS) and eNOS phosphorylated at ser1177 (p-eNOS) were evaluated by western blotting. KEY FINDINGS In vivo imaging revealed a significantly increase in lymph flow speed in TNFΔARE/+ mice in comparison to WT at both ages. Pressure myography showed an increase in contraction frequency, diameters and fractional pump flow at both ages, whereas amplitude and ejection fraction were significantly decreased in older TNFΔARE/+ mice. Additionally, contraction frequency was increased in the presence of 1400W, and systolic diameter was abolished with L-NNA in TNFΔARE/+ mice compared to WT. Significant increases in p-eNOS expression and neutrophil recruitment (MPO activity) were observed in TNFΔARE/+ mice compared to WT. SIGNIFICANCE Our data reveal functional changes in pLVs, especially in advanced stage of arthritis. These alterations may be related to eNOS and iNOS response, which can affect drainage of the inflammatory content from the joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Neto de Jesus
- Inflammation Research Network, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Pierre-Yves von der Weid
- Inflammation Research Network, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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8
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Sedaghati F, Dixon JB, Gleason RL. A 1D model characterizing the role of spatiotemporal contraction distributions on lymph transport. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21241. [PMID: 38040740 PMCID: PMC10692214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphedema is a condition in which lymph transport is compromised. The factors that govern the timing of lymphatic contractions are largely unknown; however, these factors likely play a central role in lymphatic health. Computational models have proven useful in quantifying changes in lymph transport; nevertheless, there is still much unknown regarding the regulation of contractions. The purpose of this paper is to utilize computational modeling to examine the role of pacemaking activity in lymph transport. A 1D fluid-solid modeling framework was utilized to describe the interaction between the contracting vessel and the lymph flow. The distribution of contractions along a three-lymphangion chain in time and space was determined by specifying the pacemaking sites and parameters obtained from experimentation. The model effectively replicates the contractility patterns in experiments. Quantitatively, the flow rates were measured at 5.44 and 2.29 [Formula: see text], and the EF values were 78% and less than 33% in the WT and KO models, respectively, which are consistent with the literature. Applying pacemaking parameters in this modeling framework effectively captures lymphatic contractile wave propagations and their relation to lymph transport. It can serve as a motivation for conducting novel studies to evaluate lymphatic pumping function during the development of lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farbod Sedaghati
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Brandon Dixon
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- The Wallace H. Coulter Georgia Tech/Emory Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rudolph L Gleason
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- The Wallace H. Coulter Georgia Tech/Emory Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 387 Technology Circle, Room 216F, Atlanta, GA, 30313, USA.
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9
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Bertoldi G, Caputo I, Calò L, Rossitto G. Lymphatic vessels and the renin-angiotensin-system. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 325:H837-H855. [PMID: 37565265 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00023.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is an integral part of the circulatory system and plays an important role in the fluid homeostasis of the human body. Accumulating evidence has recently suggested the involvement of lymphatic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of cardio-reno-vascular (CRV) disease. However, how the sophisticated contractile machinery of lymphatic vessels is modulated and, possibly impaired in CRV disease, remains largely unknown. In particular, little attention has been paid to the effect of the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) on lymphatics, despite the high concentration of RAS mediators that these tissue-draining vessels are exposed to and the established role of the RAS in the development of classic microvascular dysfunction and overt CRV disease. We herein review recent studies linking RAS to lymphatic function and/or plasticity and further highlight RAS-specific signaling pathways, previously shown to drive adverse arterial remodeling and CRV organ damage that have potential for direct modulation of the lymphatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bertoldi
- Emergency and Hypertension Unit, DIMED, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
- Nephrology Unit, DIMED, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caputo
- Emergency and Hypertension Unit, DIMED, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Calò
- Nephrology Unit, DIMED, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossitto
- Emergency and Hypertension Unit, DIMED, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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10
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Li D, Liu S, Yu T, Liu Z, Sun S, Bragin D, Shirokov A, Navolokin N, Bragina O, Hu Z, Kurths J, Fedosov I, Blokhina I, Dubrovski A, Khorovodov A, Terskov A, Tzoy M, Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya O, Zhu D. Photostimulation of brain lymphatics in male newborn and adult rodents for therapy of intraventricular hemorrhage. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6104. [PMID: 37775549 PMCID: PMC10541888 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41710-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage is one of the most fatal forms of brain injury that is a common complication of premature infants. However, the therapy of this type of hemorrhage is limited, and new strategies are needed to reduce hematoma expansion. Here we show that the meningeal lymphatics is a pathway to remove red blood cells from the brain's ventricular system of male human, adult and newborn rodents and is a target for non-invasive transcranial near infrared photobiomodulation. Our results uncover the clinical significance of phototherapy of intraventricular hemorrhage in 4-day old male rat pups that have the brain similar to a preterm human brain. The course of phototherapy in newborn rats provides fast recovery after intraventricular hemorrhage due to photo-improvements of lymphatic drainage and clearing functions. These findings shed light on the mechanisms of phototherapy of intraventricular hemorrhage that can be a clinically relevant technology for treatment of neonatal intracerebral bleedings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics - MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- School of Optical Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shaojun Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics - MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics - MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhang Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics - MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Silin Sun
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics - MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Denis Bragin
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
- Department of Neurology University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Alexander Shirokov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov 13, Saratov, 410049, Russia
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya str., 83, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Nikita Navolokin
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya str., 83, Saratov, 410012, Russia
- Saratov State Medical University, B. Kazachya str., 112, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Olga Bragina
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, 87108, USA
| | - Zhengwu Hu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics - MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- School of Optical Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jürgen Kurths
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya str., 83, Saratov, 410012, Russia
- Physics Department, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg A31, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 2, building 4, 119435, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Fedosov
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya str., 83, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Inna Blokhina
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya str., 83, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | | | | | - Andrey Terskov
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya str., 83, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Maria Tzoy
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya str., 83, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Oxana Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya
- Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya str., 83, Saratov, 410012, Russia.
- Physics Department, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics - MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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11
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Angeli V, Lim HY. Biomechanical control of lymphatic vessel physiology and functions. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:1051-1062. [PMID: 37264249 PMCID: PMC10469203 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ever-growing research on lymphatic biology has clearly identified lymphatic vessels as key players that maintain human health through their functional roles in tissue fluid homeostasis, immunosurveillance, lipid metabolism and inflammation. It is therefore not surprising that the list of human diseases associated with lymphatic malfunctions has grown larger, including issues beyond lymphedema, a pathology traditionally associated with lymphatic drainage insufficiency. Thus, the discovery of factors and pathways that can promote optimal lymphatic functions may offer new therapeutic options. Accumulating evidence indicates that aside from biochemical factors, biomechanical signals also regulate lymphatic vessel expansion and functions postnatally. Here, we review how mechanical forces induced by fluid shear stress affect the behavior and functions of lymphatic vessels and the mechanisms lymphatic vessels employ to sense and transduce these mechanical cues into biological signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Angeli
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Hwee Ying Lim
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Ruperti F, Becher I, Stokkermans A, Wang L, Marschlich N, Potel C, Maus E, Stein F, Drotleff B, Schippers K, Nickel M, Prevedel R, Musser JM, Savitski MM, Arendt D. Molecular profiling of sponge deflation reveals an ancient relaxant-inflammatory response. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.02.551666. [PMID: 37577507 PMCID: PMC10418225 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.02.551666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of animals is the coordination of whole-body movement. Neurons and muscles are central to this, yet coordinated movements also exist in sponges that lack these cell types. Sponges are sessile animals with a complex canal system for filter-feeding. They undergo whole-body movements resembling "contractions" that lead to canal closure and water expulsion. Here, we combine 3D optical coherence microscopy, pharmacology, and functional proteomics to elucidate anatomy, molecular physiology, and control of these movements. We find them driven by the relaxation of actomyosin stress fibers in epithelial canal cells, which leads to whole-body deflation via collapse of the incurrent and expansion of the excurrent system, controlled by an Akt/NO/PKG/A pathway. A concomitant increase in reactive oxygen species and secretion of proteinases and cytokines indicate an inflammation-like state reminiscent of vascular endothelial cells experiencing oscillatory shear stress. This suggests an ancient relaxant-inflammatory response of perturbed fluid-carrying systems in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Ruperti
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Collaboration for joint Ph.D. degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Becher
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ling Wang
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nick Marschlich
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clement Potel
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emanuel Maus
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Stein
- Proteomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Drotleff
- Metabolomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaske Schippers
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Nickel
- Bionic Consulting Dr. Michael Nickel, 71686 Remseck am Neckar, Germany
| | - Robert Prevedel
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacob M Musser
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mikhail M Savitski
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Proteomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Detlev Arendt
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya O, Penzel T, Poluektov M, Fedosov I, Tzoy M, Terskov A, Blokhina I, Sidorov V, Kurths J. Phototherapy of Alzheimer's Disease: Photostimulation of Brain Lymphatics during Sleep: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10946. [PMID: 37446135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The global number of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) doubles every 5 years. It has been established that unless an effective treatment for AD is found, the incidence of AD will triple by 2060. However, pharmacological therapies for AD have failed to show effectiveness and safety. Therefore, the search for alternative methods for treating AD is an urgent problem in medicine. The lymphatic drainage and removal system of the brain (LDRSB) plays an important role in resistance to the progression of AD. The development of methods for augmentation of the LDRSB functions may contribute to progress in AD therapy. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is considered to be a non-pharmacological and safe approach for AD therapy. Here, we highlight the most recent and relevant studies of PBM for AD. We focus on emerging evidence that indicates the potential benefits of PBM during sleep for modulation of natural activation of the LDRSB at nighttime, providing effective removal of metabolites, including amyloid-β, from the brain, leading to reduced progression of AD. Our review creates a new niche in the therapy of brain diseases during sleep and sheds light on the development of smart sleep technologies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya
- Department of Physics, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 82, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Thomas Penzel
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 82, 410012 Saratov, Russia
- Interdisziplinäres Schlafmedizinisches Zentrum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mikhail Poluektov
- Department of Nervous Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 2, Building 4, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Fedosov
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 82, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Maria Tzoy
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 82, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Andrey Terskov
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 82, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Inna Blokhina
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 82, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Viktor Sidorov
- Company "Lazma" for Research and Production Enterprise of Laser Medical Equipment, Kuusinena Str. 11, 123308 Moscow, Russia
| | - Jürgen Kurths
- Department of Physics, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 82, 410012 Saratov, Russia
- Department of Complexity Science, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg A31, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
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14
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Breslin JW. Lymphatic Clearance and Pump Function. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023; 13:a041187. [PMID: 35667711 PMCID: PMC9899645 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have an active role in draining excess interstitial fluid from organs and serving as conduits for immune cell trafficking to lymph nodes. In the central circulation, the force needed to propel blood forward is generated by the heart. In contrast, lymphatic vessels rely on intrinsic vessel contractions in combination with extrinsic forces for lymph propulsion. The intrinsic pumping features phasic contractions generated by lymphatic smooth muscle. Periodic, bicuspid valves composed of endothelial cells prevent backflow of lymph. This work provides a brief overview of lymph transport, including initial lymph formation along with cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling lymphatic vessel pumping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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15
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Davis MJ, Kim HJ, Nichols CG. K ATP channels in lymphatic function. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1018-C1035. [PMID: 35785984 PMCID: PMC9550566 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00137.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
KATP channels function as negative regulators of active lymphatic pumping and lymph transport. This review summarizes and critiques the evidence for the expression of specific KATP channel subunits in lymphatic smooth muscle and endothelium, the roles that they play in normal lymphatic function, and their possible involvement in multiple diseases, including metabolic syndrome, lymphedema, and Cantú syndrome. For each of these topics, suggestions are made for directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Hae Jin Kim
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Colin G Nichols
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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16
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Michalaki E, Nepiyushchikh Z, Rudd JM, Bernard FC, Mukherjee A, McKinney JM, Doan TN, Willett NJ, Dixon JB. Effect of Human Synovial Fluid From Osteoarthritis Patients and Healthy Individuals on Lymphatic Contractile Activity. J Biomech Eng 2022; 144:071012. [PMID: 35118490 PMCID: PMC8883121 DOI: 10.1115/1.4053749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system has been proposed to play a crucial role in preventing the development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). As OA develops and progresses, inflammatory cytokines and degradation by-products of joint tissues build up in the synovial fluid (SF) providing a feedback system to exacerbate disease. The lymphatic system plays a critical role in resolving inflammation and maintaining overall joint homeostasis; however, there is some evidence that the lymphatics can become dysfunctional during OA. We hypothesized that the functional mechanics of lymphatic vessels (LVs) draining the joint could be directly compromised due to factors within SF derived from osteoarthritis patients (OASF). Here, we utilized OASF and SF derived from healthy (non-OA) individuals (healthy SF (HSF)) to investigate potential effects of SF entering the draining lymph on migration of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in vitro, and lymphatic contractile activity of rat femoral LVs (RFLVs) ex vivo. Dilutions of both OASF and HSF containing serum resulted in a similar LEC migratory response to the physiologically endothelial basal medium-treated LECs (endothelial basal medium containing serum) in vitro. Ex vivo, OASF and HSF treatments were administered within the lumen of isolated LVs under controlled pressures. OASF treatment transiently enhanced the RFLVs tonic contractions while phasic contractions were significantly reduced after 1 h of treatment and complete ceased after overnight treatment. HSF treatment on the other hand displayed a gradual decrease in lymphatic contractile activity (both tonic and phasic contractions). The observed variations after SF treatments suggest that the pump function of lymphatic vessel draining the joint could be directly compromised in OA and thus might present a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Michalaki
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Zhanna Nepiyushchikh
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Josephine M. Rudd
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Fabrice C. Bernard
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Anish Mukherjee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 777 Atlantic Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Jay M. McKinney
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Thanh N. Doan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, 59 Executive Park South, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Nick J. Willett
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332; Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University, 59 Executive Park South, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - J. Brandon Dixon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332
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17
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Singla B, Aithabathula RV, Kiran S, Kapil S, Kumar S, Singh UP. Reactive Oxygen Species in Regulating Lymphangiogenesis and Lymphatic Function. Cells 2022; 11:1750. [PMID: 35681445 PMCID: PMC9179518 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is pivotal for immunosurveillance and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Lymphangiogenesis, the formation of new lymphatic vessels from pre-existing vessels, has both physiological and pathological roles. Recent advances in the molecular mechanisms regulating lymphangiogenesis have opened a new area of research on reparative lymphangiogenesis for the treatment of various pathological disorders comprising neurological disorders, cardiac repair, autoimmune disease, obesity, atherosclerosis, etc. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the various cell types serve as signaling molecules in several cellular mechanisms and regulate various aspects of growth-factor-mediated responses, including lymphangiogenesis. The ROS, including superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide, play both beneficial and detrimental roles depending upon their levels and cellular microenvironment. Low ROS levels are essential for lymphangiogenesis. On the contrary, oxidative stress due to enhanced ROS generation and/or reduced levels of antioxidants suppresses lymphangiogenesis via promoting lymphatic endothelial cell apoptosis and death. In this review article, we provide an overview of types and sources of ROS, discuss the role of ROS in governing lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic function, and summarize the role of lymphatics in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupesh Singla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38017, USA; (R.V.A.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (U.P.S.)
| | - Ravi Varma Aithabathula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38017, USA; (R.V.A.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (U.P.S.)
| | - Sonia Kiran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38017, USA; (R.V.A.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (U.P.S.)
| | - Shweta Kapil
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children′s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38017, USA; (R.V.A.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (U.P.S.)
| | - Udai P. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38017, USA; (R.V.A.); (S.K.); (S.K.); (U.P.S.)
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18
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Lee Y, Zawieja SD, Muthuchamy M. Lymphatic Collecting Vessel: New Perspectives on Mechanisms of Contractile Regulation and Potential Lymphatic Contractile Pathways to Target in Obesity and Metabolic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:848088. [PMID: 35355722 PMCID: PMC8959455 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.848088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic syndrome pose a significant risk for developing cardiovascular disease and remain a critical healthcare challenge. Given the lymphatic system's role as a nexus for lipid absorption, immune cell trafficking, interstitial fluid and macromolecule homeostasis maintenance, the impact of obesity and metabolic disease on lymphatic function is a burgeoning field in lymphatic research. Work over the past decade has progressed from the association of an obese phenotype with Prox1 haploinsufficiency and the identification of obesity as a risk factor for lymphedema to consistent findings of lymphatic collecting vessel dysfunction across multiple metabolic disease models and organisms and characterization of obesity-induced lymphedema in the morbidly obese. Critically, recent findings have suggested that restoration of lymphatic function can also ameliorate obesity and insulin resistance, positing lymphatic targeted therapies as relevant pharmacological interventions. There remain, however, significant gaps in our understanding of lymphatic collecting vessel function, particularly the mechanisms that regulate the spontaneous contractile activity required for active lymph propulsion and lymph return in humans. In this article, we will review the current findings on lymphatic architecture and collecting vessel function, including recent advances in the ionic basis of lymphatic muscle contractile activity. We will then discuss lymphatic dysfunction observed with metabolic disruption and potential pathways to target with pharmacological approaches to improve lymphatic collecting vessel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lee
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Scott D Zawieja
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Mariappan Muthuchamy
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, United States
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19
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Davis MJ, Scallan JP, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Kim HJ, Ying LH, Pin YK, Angeli V. Multiple aspects of lymphatic dysfunction in an ApoE -/- mouse model of hypercholesterolemia. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1098408. [PMID: 36685213 PMCID: PMC9852907 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1098408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Rodent models of cardiovascular disease have uncovered various types of lymphatic vessel dysfunction that occur in association with atherosclerosis, type II diabetes and obesity. Previously, we presented in vivo evidence for impaired lymphatic drainage in apolipoprotein E null (ApoE -/- ) mice fed a high fat diet (HFD). Whether this impairment relates to the dysfunction of collecting lymphatics remains an open question. The ApoE -/- mouse is a well-established model of cardiovascular disease, in which a diet rich in fat and cholesterol on an ApoE deficient background accelerates the development of hypercholesteremia, atherosclerotic plaques and inflammation of the skin and other tissues. Here, we investigated various aspects of lymphatic function using ex vivo tests of collecting lymphatic vessels from ApoE +/+ or ApoE -/- mice fed a HFD. Methods: Popliteal collectors were excised from either strain and studied under defined conditions in which we could quantify changes in lymphatic contractile strength, lymph pump output, secondary valve function, and collecting vessel permeability. Results: Our results show that all these aspects of lymphatic vessel function are altered in deleterious ways in this model of hypercholesterolemia. Discussion: These findings extend previous in vivo observations suggesting significant dysfunction of lymphatic endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells from collecting vessels in association with a HFD on an ApoE-deficient background. An implication of our study is that collecting vessel dysfunction in this context may negatively impact the removal of cholesterol by the lymphatic system from the skin and the arterial wall and thereby exacerbate the progression and/or severity of atherosclerosis and associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Joshua P Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | | | - Hae Jin Kim
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Lim Hwee Ying
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yeo Kim Pin
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Veronique Angeli
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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20
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Vachon L, Smaani A, Tessier N, Jean G, Demers A, Milasan A, Ardo N, Jarry S, Villeneuve L, Alikashani A, Finherty V, Ruiz M, Sorci-Thomas MG, Mayer G, Martel C. Downregulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor mRNA in lymphatic endothelial cells impairs lymphatic function through changes in intracellular lipids. Theranostics 2022; 12:1440-1458. [PMID: 35154499 PMCID: PMC8771568 DOI: 10.7150/thno.58780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Impairment in lymphatic transport is associated with the onset and progression of atherosclerosis in animal models. The downregulation of low-density-lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression, rather than increased circulating cholesterol level per se, is involved in early atherosclerosis-related lymphatic dysfunction. Enhancing lymphatic function in Ldlr-/- mice with a mutant form of VEGF-C (VEGF-C 152s), a selective VEGFR-3 agonist, successfully delayed atherosclerotic plaque onset when mice were subsequently fed a high-fat diet. However, the specific mechanisms by which LDLR protects against lymphatic function impairment is unknown. Methods and results: We have thus injected wild-type and Pcsk9-/- mice with an adeno-associated virus type 1 expressing a shRNA for silencing Ldlr in vivo. We herein report that lymphatic contractility is reduced upon Ldlr dowregulation in wild-type mice only. Our in vitro experiments reveal that a decrease in LDLR expression at the mRNA level reduces the chromosome duplication phase and the protein expression of VEGFR-3, a membrane-bound key lymphatic marker. Furthermore, it also significantly reduced the levels of 18 lipid subclasses, including key constituents of lipid rafts as well as the transcription of several genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and cellular and metabolic processes. Exogenous PCSK9 only reduces lymphatic endothelial-LDLR at the protein level and does not affect lymphatic endothelial cell integrity. This puts forward that PCSK9 may act upon lymphatic muscle cells to mediate its effect on lymphatic contraction capacity in vivo. Conclusion: Our results suggest that treatments that specifically palliate the down regulation of LDLR mRNA in lymphatic endothelial cells preserve the integrity of the lymphatic endothelium and sustain lymphatic function, a prerequisite player in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Vachon
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ali Smaani
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nolwenn Tessier
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Jean
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annie Demers
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andreea Milasan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nadine Ardo
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Stéphanie Jarry
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis Villeneuve
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Vincent Finherty
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthieu Ruiz
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Metabolomics platform, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Gaétan Mayer
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Martel
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Morris CJ, Zawieja DC, Moore JE. A multiscale sliding filament model of lymphatic muscle pumping. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:2179-2202. [PMID: 34476656 PMCID: PMC8595193 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatics maintain fluid balance by returning interstitial fluid to veins via contraction/compression of vessel segments with check valves. Disruption of lymphatic pumping can result in a condition called lymphedema with interstitial fluid accumulation. Lymphedema treatments are often ineffective, which is partially attributable to insufficient understanding of specialized lymphatic muscle lining the vessels. This muscle exhibits cardiac-like phasic contractions and smooth muscle-like tonic contractions to generate and regulate flow. To understand the relationship between this sub-cellular contractile machinery and organ-level pumping, we have developed a multiscale computational model of phasic and tonic contractions in lymphatic muscle and coupled it to a lymphangion pumping model. Our model uses the sliding filament model (Huxley in Prog Biophys Biophys Chem 7:255-318, 1957) and its adaptation for smooth muscle (Mijailovich in Biophys J 79(5):2667-2681, 2000). Multiple structural arrangements of contractile components and viscoelastic elements were trialed but only one provided physiologic results. We then coupled this model with our previous lumped parameter model of the lymphangion to relate results to experiments. We show that the model produces similar pressure, diameter, and flow tracings to experiments on rat mesenteric lymphatics. This model provides the first estimates of lymphatic muscle contraction energetics and the ability to assess the potential effects of sub-cellular level phenomena such as calcium oscillations on lymphangion outflow. The maximum efficiency value predicted (40%) is at the upper end of estimates for other muscle types. Spontaneous calcium oscillations during diastole were found to increase outflow up to approximately 50% in the range of frequencies and amplitudes tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Morris
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David C Zawieja
- College of Medicine Faculty, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - James E Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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22
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Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroimmune Crosstalk in the Pathogenesis of Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179486. [PMID: 34502395 PMCID: PMC8431165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke disrupts the homeostatic balance within the brain and is associated with a significant accumulation of necrotic cellular debris, fluid, and peripheral immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Additionally, cells, antigens, and other factors exit the brain into the periphery via damaged blood–brain barrier cells, glymphatic transport mechanisms, and lymphatic vessels, which dramatically influence the systemic immune response and lead to complex neuroimmune communication. As a result, the immunological response after stroke is a highly dynamic event that involves communication between multiple organ systems and cell types, with significant consequences on not only the initial stroke tissue injury but long-term recovery in the CNS. In this review, we discuss the complex immunological and physiological interactions that occur after stroke with a focus on how the peripheral immune system and CNS communicate to regulate post-stroke brain homeostasis. First, we discuss the post-stroke immune cascade across different contexts as well as homeostatic regulation within the brain. Then, we focus on the lymphatic vessels surrounding the brain and their ability to coordinate both immune response and fluid homeostasis within the brain after stroke. Finally, we discuss how therapeutic manipulation of peripheral systems may provide new mechanisms to treat stroke injury.
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Russell PS, Hong J, Trevaskis NL, Windsor JA, Martin ND, Phillips ARJ. Lymphatic Contractile Function: A Comprehensive Review of Drug Effects and Potential Clinical Application. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2437-2457. [PMID: 34415332 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lymphatic system and the cardiovascular system work together to maintain body fluid homeostasis. Despite that, the lymphatic system has been relatively neglected as a potential drug target and a source of adverse effects from cardiovascular drugs. Like the heart, the lymphatic vessels undergo phasic contractions to promote lymph flow against a pressure gradient. Dysfunction or failure of the lymphatic pump results in fluid imbalance and tissue oedema. While this can due to drug effects, it is also a feature of breast cancer-associated lymphoedema, chronic venous insufficiency, congestive heart failure and acute systemic inflammation. There are currently no specific drug treatments for lymphatic pump dysfunction in clinical use despite the wealth of data from pre-clinical studies. AIM To identify (1) drugs with direct effects on lymphatic tonic and phasic contractions with potential for clinical application, and (2) drugs in current clinical use that have a positive or negative side effect on lymphatic function. METHODS We comprehensively reviewed all studies that tested the direct effect of a drug on the contractile function of lymphatic vessels. RESULTS Of the 208 drugs identified from 193 studies, about a quarter had only stimulatory effects on lymphatic tone, contraction frequency and/or contraction amplitude. Of FDA-approved drugs, there were 14 that increased lymphatic phasic contractile function. The most frequently used class of drug with inhibitory effects on lymphatic pump function were the calcium channels blockers. CONCLUSION This review highlights the opportunity for specific drug treatments of lymphatic dysfunction in various disease states and for avoiding adverse drug effects on lymphatic contractile function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Russell
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jiwon Hong
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natalie L Trevaskis
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John A Windsor
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Niels D Martin
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony R J Phillips
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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24
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Brix B, Sery O, Onorato A, Ure C, Roessler A, Goswami N. Biology of Lymphedema. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040261. [PMID: 33806183 PMCID: PMC8065876 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Lymphedema is a chronic, debilitating disease of the lymphatic vasculature. Although several reviews focus on the anatomy and physiology of the lymphatic system, this review provides an overview of the lymphatic vasculature and, moreover, of lymphatic system dysfunction and lymphedema. Further, we aim at advancing the knowledge in the area of lymphatic system function and how dysfunction of the lymphatic system—as seen in lymphedema—affects physiological systems, such as the cardiovascular system, and how those might be modulated by lymphedema therapy. Abstract This narrative review portrays the lymphatic system, a poorly understood but important physiological system. While several reviews have been published that are related to the biology of the lymphatic system and lymphedema, the physiological alternations, which arise due to disturbances of this system, and during lymphedema therapy, are poorly understood and, consequently, not widely reported. We present an inclusive collection of evidence from the scientific literature reflecting important developments in lymphedema research over the last few decades. This review aims at advancing the knowledge on the area of lymphatic system function as well as how system dysfunction, as seen in lymphedema, affects physiological systems and how lymphedema therapy modulates these mechanisms. We propose that future studies should aim at investigating, in-detail, aspects that are related to fluid regulation, hemodynamic responses, and endothelial and/or vascular changes due to lymphedema and lymphedema therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Brix
- Gravitational Physiology and Medicine Research Unit, Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 3810 Graz, Austria; (B.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Omar Sery
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | | | - Christian Ure
- Wolfsberg Clinical Center for Lymphatic Disorders, Wolfsberg State Hospital, KABEG, 9400 Wolfsberg, Austria;
| | - Andreas Roessler
- Gravitational Physiology and Medicine Research Unit, Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 3810 Graz, Austria; (B.B.); (A.R.)
| | - Nandu Goswami
- Gravitational Physiology and Medicine Research Unit, Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 3810 Graz, Austria; (B.B.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-73852
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25
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Stewart RH. A Modern View of the Interstitial Space in Health and Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:609583. [PMID: 33251275 PMCID: PMC7674635 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.609583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in the volume of the interstitial space are readily recognized clinically as interstitial edema formation in the loose connective tissue of skin, mucosa, and lung. However, the contents and the hydrostatic pressure of this interstitial fluid can be very difficult to determine even in experimental settings. These difficulties have long obscured what we are beginning to appreciate is a dynamic milieu that is subject to both intrinsic and extrinsic regulation. This review examines current concepts regarding regulation of interstitial volume, pressure, and flow and utilizes that background to address three major topics of interest that impact IV fluid administration. The first of these started with the discovery that excess dietary salt can be stored non-osmotically in the interstitial space with minimal impact on vascular volume and pressures. This led to the hypothesis that, along with the kidney, the interstitial space plays an active role in the long-term regulation of blood pressure. Second, it now appears that hypovolemic shock leads to systemic inflammatory response syndrome principally through the entry of digestive enzymes into the intestinal interstitial space and the subsequent progression of enzymes and inflammatory agents through the mesenteric lymphatic system to the general circulation. Lastly, current evidence strongly supports the non-intuitive view that the primary factor leading to inflammatory edema formation is a decrease in interstitial hydrostatic pressure that dramatically increases microvascular filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph H Stewart
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Michael E. DeBakey Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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26
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Razavi MS, Dixon JB, Gleason RL. Characterization of rat tail lymphatic contractility and biomechanics: incorporating nitric oxide-mediated vasoregulation. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200598. [PMID: 32993429 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system transports lymph from the interstitial space back to the great veins via a series of orchestrated contractions of chains of lymphangions. Biomechanical models of lymph transport, validated with ex vivo or in vivo experimental results, have proved useful in revealing novel insight into lymphatic pumping; however, a need remains to characterize the contributions of vasoregulatory compounds in these modelling tools. Nitric oxide (NO) is a key mediator of lymphatic pumping. We quantified the active contractile and passive biaxial biomechanical response of rat tail collecting lymphatics and changes in the contractile response to the exogenous NO administration and integrated these findings into a biomechanical model. The passive mechanical response was characterized with a three-fibre family model. Nonlinear regression and non-parametric bootstrapping were used to identify best-fit material parameters to passive cylindrical biaxial mechanical data, assessing uniqueness and parameter confidence intervals; this model yielded a good fit (R2 = 0.90). Exogenous delivery of NO via sodium nitroprusside (SNP) elicited a dose-dependent suppression of contractions; the amplitude of contractions decreased by 30% and the contraction frequency decreased by 70%. Contractile function was characterized with a modified Rachev-Hayashi model, introducing a parameter that is related to SNP concentration; the model provided a good fit (R2 = 0.89) to changes in contractile responses to varying concentrations of SNP. These results demonstrated the significant role of NO in lymphatic pumping and provide a predictive biomechanical model to integrate the combined effect of mechanical loading and NO on lymphatic contractility and mechanical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Razavi
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30313, USA
| | - J Brandon Dixon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30313, USA.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, 313 Ferst Drive, Atanta, GA 30332, USA.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Rudolph L Gleason
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30313, USA.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, 313 Ferst Drive, Atanta, GA 30332, USA.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Regulation of lymphatic function and injury by nitrosative stress in obese mice. Mol Metab 2020; 42:101081. [PMID: 32941994 PMCID: PMC7536739 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Obesity results in lymphatic dysfunction, but the cellular mechanisms that mediate this effect remain largely unknown. Previous studies in obese mice have shown that inducible nitric oxide synthase-expressing (iNOS+) inflammatory cells accumulate around lymphatic vessels. In the current study, we therefore tested the hypothesis that increased expression of iNOS results in nitrosative stress and injury to the lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). In addition, we tested the hypothesis that lymphatic injury, independent of obesity, can modulate glucose and lipid metabolism. Methods We compared the metabolic changes and lymphatic function of wild-type and iNOS knockout mice fed a normal chow or high-fat diet for 16 weeks. To corroborate our in vivo findings, we analyzed the effects of reactive nitrogen species on isolated LECs. Finally, using a genetically engineered mouse model that allows partial ablation of the lymphatic system, we studied the effects of acute lymphatic injury on glucose and lipid metabolism in lean mice. Results The mesenteric lymphatic vessels of obese wild-type animals were dilated, leaky, and surrounded by iNOS+ inflammatory cells with resulting increased accumulation of reactive nitrogen species when compared with lean wild-type or obese iNOS knockout animals. These changes in obese wild-type mice were associated with systemic glucose and lipid abnormalities, as well as decreased mesenteric LEC expression of lymphatic-specific genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) and antioxidant genes as compared with lean wild-type or obese iNOS knockout animals. In vitro experiments demonstrated that isolated LECs were more sensitive to reactive nitrogen species than blood endothelial cells, and that this sensitivity was ameliorated by antioxidant therapies. Finally, using mice in which the lymphatics were specifically ablated using diphtheria toxin, we found that the interaction between metabolic abnormalities caused by obesity and lymphatic dysfunction is bidirectional. Targeted partial ablation of mesenteric lymphatic channels of lean mice resulted in increased accumulation of iNOS+ inflammatory cells and increased reactive nitrogen species. Lymphatic ablation also caused marked abnormalities in insulin sensitivity, serum glucose and insulin concentrations, expression of insulin-sensitive genes, lipid metabolism, and significantly increased systemic and mesenteric white adipose tissue (M-WAT) inflammatory responses. Conclusions Our studies suggest that increased iNOS production in obese animals plays a key role in regulating lymphatic injury by increasing nitrosative stress. In addition, our studies suggest that obesity-induced lymphatic injury may amplify metabolic abnormalities by increasing systemic and local inflammatory responses and regulating insulin sensitivity. These findings suggest that manipulation of the lymphatic system may represent a novel means of treating metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity. Increased iNOS+ cells around mesenteric lymphatics of high fat diet-induced obese mice. iNOS knockout mice are protected from obesity-induced lymphatic dysfunction. Lymphatic endothelial cells are highly sensitive to nitrosative stress. Nitrosative stress causes lymphatic gene regulation. Lymphatic injury alone enhances iNOS+ cells and causes insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.
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28
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Davis MJ, Kim HJ, Zawieja SD, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Gui P, Li M, Saunders BT, Zinselmeyer BH, Randolph GJ, Remedi MS, Nichols CG. Kir6.1-dependent K ATP channels in lymphatic smooth muscle and vessel dysfunction in mice with Kir6.1 gain-of-function. J Physiol 2020; 598:3107-3127. [PMID: 32372450 DOI: 10.1113/jp279612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Spontaneous contractions are essential for normal lymph transport and these contractions are exquisitely sensitive to the KATP channel activator pinacidil. KATP channel Kir6.1 and SUR2B subunits are expressed in mouse lymphatic smooth muscle (LSM) and form functional KATP channels as verified by electrophysiological techniques. Global deletion of Kir6.1 or SUR2 subunits results in severely impaired lymphatic contractile responses to pinacidil. Smooth muscle-specific expression of Kir6.1 gain-of-function mutant (GoF) subunits results in profound lymphatic contractile dysfunction and LSM hyperpolarization that is partially rescued by the KATP inhibitor glibenclamide. In contrast, lymphatic endothelial-specific expression of Kir6.1 GoF has essentially no effect on lymphatic contractile function. The high sensitivity of LSM to KATP channel GoF offers an explanation for the lymphoedema observed in patients with Cantú syndrome, a disorder caused by gain-of-function mutations in genes encoding Kir6.1 or SUR2, and suggests that glibenclamide may be an appropriate therapeutic agent. ABSTRACT This study aimed to understand the functional expression of KATP channel subunits in distinct lymphatic cell types, and assess the consequences of altered KATP channel activity on lymphatic pump function. KATP channel subunits Kir6.1 and SUR2B were expressed in mouse lymphatic muscle by PCR, but only Kir6.1 was expressed in lymphatic endothelium. Spontaneous contractions of popliteal lymphatics from wild-type (WT) (C57BL/6J) mice, assessed by pressure myography, were very sensitive to inhibition by the SUR2-specific KATP channel activator pinacidil, which hyperpolarized both mouse and human lymphatic smooth muscle (LSM). In vessels from mice with deletion of Kir6.1 (Kir6.1-/- ) or SUR2 (SUR2[STOP]) subunits, contractile parameters were not significantly different from those of WT vessels, suggesting that basal KATP channel activity in LSM is not an essential component of the lymphatic pacemaker, and does not exert a strong influence over contractile strength. However, these vessels were >100-fold less sensitive than WT vessels to pinacidil. Smooth muscle-specific expression of a Kir6.1 gain-of-function (GoF) subunit resulted in severely impaired lymphatic contractions and hyperpolarized LSM. Membrane potential and contractile activity was partially restored by the KATP channel inhibitor glibenclamide. In contrast, lymphatic endothelium-specific expression of Kir6.1 GoF subunits had negligible effects on lymphatic contraction frequency or amplitude. Our results demonstrate a high sensitivity of lymphatic contractility to KATP channel activators through activation of Kir6.1/SUR2-dependent channels in LSM. In addition, they offer an explanation for the lymphoedema observed in patients with Cantú syndrome, a disorder caused by gain-of-function mutations in genes encoding Kir6.1/SUR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Hae Jin Kim
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Scott D Zawieja
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Jorge A Castorena-Gonzalez
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Peichun Gui
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Brian T Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Maria S Remedi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Colin G Nichols
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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29
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Milasan A, Farhat M, Martel C. Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Prognostic Markers of Lymphatic Dysfunction. Front Physiol 2020; 11:476. [PMID: 32523544 PMCID: PMC7261898 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant efforts made to treat cardiovascular disease (CVD), more than half of cardiovascular events still occur in asymptomatic subjects devoid of traditional risk factors. These observations underscore the need for the identification of new biomarkers for the prevention of atherosclerosis, the main underlying cause of CVD. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and lymphatic vessel function are emerging targets in this context. EVs are small vesicles released by cells upon activation or death that are present in several biological tissues and fluids, including blood and lymph. They interact with surrounding cells to transfer their cargo, and the complexity of their biological content makes these EVs potential key players in several chronic inflammatory settings. Many studies focused on the interaction of EVs with the most well-known players of atherosclerosis such as the vascular endothelium, smooth muscle cells and monocytes. However, the fate of EVs within the lymphatic network, a crucial route in the mobilization of cholesterol out the artery wall, is not known. In this review, we aim to bring forward evidence that EVs could be at the interplay between lymphatic function and atherosclerosis by summarizing the recent findings on the characterization of EVs in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Milasan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maya Farhat
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Martel
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
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30
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Kataru RP, Park HJ, Baik JE, Li C, Shin J, Mehrara BJ. Regulation of Lymphatic Function in Obesity. Front Physiol 2020; 11:459. [PMID: 32499718 PMCID: PMC7242657 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system has many functions, including macromolecules transport, fat absorption, regulation and modulation of adaptive immune responses, clearance of inflammatory cytokines, and cholesterol metabolism. Thus, it is evident that lymphatic function can play a key role in the regulation of a wide array of biologic phenomenon, and that physiologic changes that alter lymphatic function may have profound pathologic effects. Recent studies have shown that obesity can markedly impair lymphatic function. Obesity-induced pathologic changes in the lymphatic system result, at least in part, from the accumulation of inflammatory cells around lymphatic vessel leading to impaired lymphatic collecting vessel pumping capacity, leaky initial and collecting lymphatics, alterations in lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) gene expression, and degradation of junctional proteins. These changes are important since impaired lymphatic function in obesity may contribute to the pathology of obesity in other organ systems in a feed-forward manner by increasing low-grade tissue inflammation and the accumulation of inflammatory cytokines. More importantly, recent studies have suggested that interventions that inhibit inflammatory responses, either pharmacologically or by lifestyle modifications such as aerobic exercise and weight loss, improve lymphatic function and metabolic parameters in obese mice. The purpose of this review is to summarize the pathologic effects of obesity on the lymphatic system, the cellular mechanisms that regulate these responses, the effects of impaired lymphatic function on metabolic syndrome in obesity, and the interventions that may improve lymphatic function in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu P Kataru
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hyeong Ju Park
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jung Eun Baik
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Claire Li
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jinyeon Shin
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Babak J Mehrara
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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31
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Norden PR, Kume T. The Role of Lymphatic Vascular Function in Metabolic Disorders. Front Physiol 2020; 11:404. [PMID: 32477160 PMCID: PMC7232548 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its roles in the maintenance of interstitial fluid homeostasis and immunosurveillance, the lymphatic system has a critical role in regulating transport of dietary lipids to the blood circulation. Recent work within the past two decades has identified an important relationship between lymphatic dysfunction and patients with metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, in part characterized by abnormal lipid metabolism and transport. Utilization of several genetic mouse models, as well as non-genetic models of diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome, has demonstrated that abnormal lymphangiogenesis and poor collecting vessel function, characterized by impaired contractile ability and perturbed barrier integrity, underlie lymphatic dysfunction relating to obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Despite the progress made by these models, the contribution of the lymphatic system to metabolic disorders remains understudied and new insights into molecular signaling mechanisms involved are continuously developing. Here, we review the current knowledge related to molecular mechanisms resulting in impaired lymphatic function within the context of obesity and diabetes. We discuss the role of inflammation, transcription factor signaling, vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated signaling, and nitric oxide signaling contributing to impaired lymphangiogenesis and perturbed lymphatic endothelial cell barrier integrity, valve function, and contractile ability in collecting vessels as well as their viability as therapeutic targets to correct lymphatic dysfunction and improve metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter R. Norden
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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32
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Pruitt LG. Lymphatic flow modulation as adjunct therapy for septic shock. Med Hypotheses 2020; 142:109748. [PMID: 32339860 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is an important component of human health and is critical in maintaining microcirculatory flow and immune system homeostasis. During septic shock, increased capillary permeability results in excess filtration of intravascular fluid and solutes producing interstitial edema with subsequent hydrostatic and oncotic gradient breakdown. The accumulation of interstitial fluid results in impaired solute exchange, leukocyte signaling, and aberrancy in capillary flow. Modulation of lymphatic flow during times of interstitial volume overload such as septic shock may decrease interstitial volume resulting in improved perfusion, decreased end-organ damage, and contribute to disease resolution. Multiple studies in both humans and animals have shown nitric oxide to be a potent modulator of lymphatic function. The present study suggests a hypothetical adjunct therapy for patients with septic shock through the use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors, which may improve microcirculatory flow by decreasing interstitial fluid volume via increased lymphatic fluid drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Gordon Pruitt
- Saint Anthony Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, 11567 Canterwood Boulevard Northwest, Gig Harbor, WA 98332, United States.
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Fang-Ji-Huang-Qi-Tang Attenuates Degeneration of Early-Stage KOA Mice Related to Promoting Joint Lymphatic Drainage Function. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3471681. [PMID: 32280355 PMCID: PMC7109589 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3471681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of articular cartilage, subchondral bone remodeling, and inflammation of the synovium. In this study, we investigated whether Fang-Ji-Huang-Qi-Tang (FJHQT) decoction improved the joint structure of OA or delayed the process of knee joint degeneration in OA mice by promoting lymphatic drain function. The mice were randomly divided into four groups, the sham group, the PBS group, the FJHQT-treated group, and the Mobic-treated group. The mice in each group were tested for lymphatic draining function at 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks postsurgery (WPS), then sacrificed (N = 10/group). Using a near-infrared indocyanine green (NIR-ICG) lymphatic imaging system, we found that the lymphatic drain function was significantly reduced in the PBS group compared with the sham group. After treatment with the FJHQT decoction, the lymphatic draining function improved at 4 wps and 6 wps. The results of the analysis indicated a strong correlation between lymphatic draining function (ICG clearance) and the degree of joint structural damage (OARSI score). By Alcian blue/orange G (ABOG) staining of the paraffin sections, the FJHQT-treated group exhibited less cartilage destruction and lower OARSI scores. Moreover, the result of immunohistochemical staining (IHC) shows that FJHQT decoction increased the content of type II collagen in knee joints of OA mice at 4 wps and 6 wps. By the double immunofluorescence staining of podoplanin and smooth muscle actin in the paraffin sections, the capillaries and mature lymphatics in the FJHQT group increased at 4 wps. In conclusion, the FJHQT decoction can increase lymphatic vessel number, promote joint lymphatic draining function, and postpone knee osteoarthritis pathologic progression in the early stage of a collagen-induced mouse model. Therefore, the application of sufficient lymphatic drainage in the knee joint may be a new treatment method for knee joint osteoarthritis (KOA).
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Pal S, Gasheva OY, Zawieja DC, Meininger CJ, Gashev AA. Histamine-mediated autocrine signaling in mesenteric perilymphatic mast cells. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R590-R604. [PMID: 31913658 PMCID: PMC7099465 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00255.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels play a critical role in mounting a proper immune response by trafficking peripheral immune cells to draining lymph nodes. Mast cells (MCs) are well known for their roles in type I hypersensitivity reactions, but little is known about their secretory regulation in the lymphatic niche. MCs, as innate sensor and effector cells, reside close to mesenteric lymphatic vessels (MLVs), and their activation and ability to release histamine influences the lymphatic microenvironment in a histamine-NF-κB-dependent manner. Using an established experimental protocol involving surgical isolation of rat mesenteric tissue segments, including MLVs and surrounding perilymphatic tissues, we tested the hypothesis that perilymphatic mesenteric MCs possess histamine receptors (HRs) that bind and respond to the histamine released from these same MCs. Under various experimental conditions, including inflammatory stimulation by LPS, we measured histamine in mesenteric perilymphatic tissues, evaluated expression of histidine decarboxylase in MCs along with the degree of MC degranulation, assessed the functional status of HRs in MCs, and evaluated the ability of histamine itself to induce MC activation. Finally, we evaluated the importance of MCs and HR1 and -2 for MLV-directed trafficking of CD11b/c-positive cells during acute tissue inflammation. Our data indicate the existence of a functionally potent MC-histamine autocrine regulatory loop, the elements of which are crucially important for acute inflammation-induced trafficking of the CD11b/c-positive cells toward MLVs. This MC-histamine loop serves as a first-line cellular servo control system, playing a key role in the innate and adaptive immune response as well as NF-κB-mediated maintenance of body homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Pal
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Olga Y Gasheva
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - David C Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Cynthia J Meininger
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Anatoliy A Gashev
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
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Shang T, Liang J, Kapron CM, Liu J. Pathophysiology of aged lymphatic vessels. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:6602-6613. [PMID: 31461408 PMCID: PMC6738433 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels maintain body homeostasis by recirculation of fluid and cells. Cell senescence induces lymphatic dysfunction. Impaired contractile function is caused by low muscle cell investiture and decrease of nitric oxide in aged lymphatic collectors, leading to poor drainage of lymph. Aging-induced loss of endothelial glycocalyx and production of inflammatory cytokines increases permeability of lymphatic vessels. In addition, aging-associated basal activation of mast cells delays immune response. In this review, we summarize the structural and pathological changes of aged lymphatic vessels, and discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyao Shang
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiangjiu Liang
- Department of Health Care, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Carolyn M Kapron
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Ju Liu
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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The effects of valve leaflet mechanics on lymphatic pumping assessed using numerical simulations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10649. [PMID: 31337769 PMCID: PMC6650476 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46669-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system contains intraluminal leaflet valves that function to bias lymph flow back towards the heart. These valves are present in the collecting lymphatic vessels, which generally have lymphatic muscle cells and can spontaneously pump fluid. Recent studies have shown that the valves are open at rest, can allow some backflow, and are a source of nitric oxide (NO). To investigate how these valves function as a mechanical valve and source of vasoactive species to optimize throughput, we developed a mathematical model that explicitly includes Ca2+ -modulated contractions, NO production and valve structures. The 2D lattice Boltzmann model includes an initial lymphatic vessel and a collecting lymphangion embedded in a porous tissue. The lymphangion segment has mechanically-active vessel walls and is flanked by deformable valves. Vessel wall motion is passively affected by fluid pressure, while active contractions are driven by intracellular Ca2+ fluxes. The model reproduces NO and Ca2+ dynamics, valve motion and fluid drainage from tissue. We find that valve structural properties have dramatic effects on performance, and that valves with a stiffer base and flexible tips produce more stable cycling. In agreement with experimental observations, the valves are a major source of NO. Once initiated, the contractions are spontaneous and self-sustained, and the system exhibits interesting non-linear dynamics. For example, increased fluid pressure in the tissue or decreased lymph pressure at the outlet of the system produces high shear stress and high levels of NO, which inhibits contractions. On the other hand, a high outlet pressure opposes the flow, increasing the luminal pressure and the radius of the vessel, which results in strong contractions in response to mechanical stretch of the wall. We also find that the location of contraction initiation is affected by the extent of backflow through the valves.
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Jo M, Trujillo AN, Yang Y, Breslin JW. Evidence of functional ryanodine receptors in rat mesenteric collecting lymphatic vessels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H561-H574. [PMID: 31274355 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00564.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, the potential contributions of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) to intrinsic pumping and responsiveness to substance P (SP) were investigated in isolated rat mesenteric collecting lymphatic vessels. Responses to SP were characterized in lymphatic vessels in the absence or presence of pretreatment with nifedipine to block L-type Ca2+ channels, caffeine to block normal release and uptake of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, ryanodine to block all RyR isoforms, or dantrolene to more selectively block RyR1 and RyR3. RyR expression and localization in lymphatics was also assessed by quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. The results show that SP normally elicits a significant increase in contraction frequency and a decrease in end-diastolic diameter. In the presence of nifedipine, phasic contractions stop, yet subsequent SP treatment still elicits a strong tonic contraction. Caffeine treatment gradually relaxes lymphatics, causing a loss of phasic contractions, and prevents subsequent SP-induced tonic contraction. Ryanodine also gradually diminishes phasic contractions but without causing vessel relaxation and significantly inhibits the SP-induced tonic contraction. Dantrolene treatment did not significantly impair lymphatic contractions nor the response to SP. The mRNA for all RyR isoforms is detectable in isolated lymphatics. RyR2 and RyR3 proteins are found predominantly in the collecting lymphatic smooth muscle layer. Collectively, the data suggest that SP-induced tonic contraction requires both extracellular Ca2+ plus Ca2+ release from internal stores and that RyRs play a role in the normal contractions and responsiveness to SP of rat mesenteric collecting lymphatics.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The mechanisms that govern contractions of lymphatic vessels remain unclear. Tonic contraction of lymphatic vessels caused by substance P was blocked by caffeine, which prevents normal uptake and release of Ca2+ from internal stores, but not nifedipine, which blocks L-type channel-mediated Ca2+ entry. Ryanodine, which also disrupts normal sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release and reuptake, significantly inhibited substance P-induced tonic contraction. Ryanodine receptors 2 and 3 were detected within the smooth muscle layer of collecting lymphatic vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Jo
- Department of Kampo Diagnostics, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Andrea N Trujillo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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38
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Bertram CD, Macaskill C, Moore JE. Inhibition of contraction strength and frequency by wall shear stress in a single-lymphangion model. J Biomech Eng 2019; 141:2733771. [PMID: 31074761 DOI: 10.1115/1.4043724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The phasic contractions of collecting lymphatic vessels are reduced in strength and occur at diminished frequency when the favourable pressure difference and the resulting antegrade flow create large fluid shear stresses at the luminal surface. This paper describes a minimal phenomenological model of this mechanism, that is applied to a previously validated numerical model of a phasically contracting lymphangion. The parameters of the inhibition model are quantitatively matched to observations in isolated segments of rat lymphatic vessel, first for mesenteric lymphatics then for thoracic duct, and outcomes from the numerical model are then qualitatively compared with recent observations in isolated segments of rat thoracic duct.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Bertram
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2006
| | - Charles Macaskill
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2006
| | - James E Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Mukherjee A, Hooks J, Nepiyushchikh Z, Dixon JB. Entrainment of Lymphatic Contraction to Oscillatory Flow. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5840. [PMID: 30967585 PMCID: PMC6456495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphedema, a disfiguring condition characterized by an asymmetrical swelling of the limbs, is suspected to be caused by dysfunctions in the lymphatic system. A possible source of lymphatic dysfunction is the reduced mechanosensitivity of lymphangions, the spontaneously contracting units of the lymphatic system. In this study, the entrainment of lymphangions to an oscillatory wall shear stress (OWSS) is characterized in rat thoracic ducts in relation to their shear sensitivity. The critical shear stress above which the thoracic ducts show a substantial inhibition of contraction was found to be significantly negatively correlated to the diameter of the lymphangion. The entrainment of the lymphangion to an applied OWSS was found to be significantly dependent on the difference between the applied frequency and the intrinsic frequency of contraction of the lymphangion. The strength of the entrainment was also positively correlated to the applied shear stress when the applied shear was less than the critical shear stress of the vessel. The ejection fraction and fractional pump flow were also affected by the difference between the frequency of the applied OWSS and the vessel's intrinsic contraction frequency. The results suggest an adaptation of the lymphangion contractility to the existing oscillatory shear stress as a function of its intrinsic contractility and shear sensitivity. These adaptations might be crucial to ensure synchronized contraction of lymphangions through mechanosensitive means and might help explain the lymphatic dysfunctions that result from impaired mechanosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Mukherjee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, Georgia
| | - Joshua Hooks
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, Georgia
| | - Zhanna Nepiyushchikh
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, Georgia
| | - J Brandon Dixon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, Georgia. .,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, Georgia.
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Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature plays a crucial role in regulating the inflammatory response by influencing drainage of extravasated fluid, inflammatory mediators, and leukocytes. Lymphatic vessels undergo pronounced enlargement in inflamed tissue and display increased leakiness, indicating reduced functionality. Interfering with lymphatic expansion by blocking the vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) signaling axis exacerbates inflammation in a variety of disease models, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis and skin inflammation. In contrast, stimulation of the lymphatic vasculature, e.g., by transgenic or viral overexpression as well as local injections of VEGF-C, has been shown to reduce inflammation severity in models of rheumatoid arthritis, skin inflammation, and IBD. Strikingly, the induced expansion of the lymphatic vasculature improves lymphatic function as assessed by the drainage of dyes, fluorescent tracers or inflammatory cells and labeled antigens. The drainage performance of lymphatic vessels is influenced by vascular permeability and pumping activity, which are influenced by VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signaling as well as several inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and nitric oxide. Considering the beneficial effects of lymphatic activation in inflammation, administration of pro-lymphangiogenic factors like VEGF-C, preferably in a targeted, inflammation site-specific fashion, represents a promising therapeutic approach in the setting of inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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42
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Gasheva OY, Tsoy Nizamutdinova I, Hargrove L, Gobbell C, Troyanova-Wood M, Alpini SF, Pal S, Du C, Hitt AR, Yakovlev VV, Newell-Rogers MK, Zawieja DC, Meininger CJ, Alpini GD, Francis H, Gashev AA. Prolonged intake of desloratadine: mesenteric lymphatic vessel dysfunction and development of obesity/metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G217-G227. [PMID: 30475062 PMCID: PMC6383386 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00321.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to establish mechanistic links between the prolonged intake of desloratadine, a common H1 receptor blocker (i.e., antihistamine), and development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 16 wk with desloratadine. We analyzed the dynamics of body weight gain, tissue fat accumulation/density, contractility of isolated mesenteric lymphatic vessels, and levels of blood lipids, glucose, and insulin, together with parameters of liver function. Prolonged intake of desloratadine induced development of an obesity-like phenotype and signs of metabolic syndrome. These alterations in the body included excessive weight gain, increased density of abdominal subcutaneous fat and intracapsular brown fat, high blood triglycerides with an indication of their rerouting toward portal blood, high HDL, high fasting blood glucose with normal fasting and nonfasting insulin levels (insulin resistance), high liver/body weight ratio, and liver steatosis (fatty liver). These changes were associated with dysfunction of mesenteric lymphatic vessels, specifically high lymphatic tone and resistance to flow together with diminished tonic and abolished phasic responses to increases in flow, (i.e., greatly diminished adaptive reserves to respond to postprandial increases in lymph flow). The role of nitric oxide in this flow-dependent adaptation was abolished, with remnants of these responses controlled by lymphatic vessel-derived histamine. Our current data, considered together with reports in the literature, support the notion that millions of the United States population are highly likely affected by underevaluated, lymphatic-related side effects of antihistamines and may develop obesity and metabolic syndrome due to the prolonged intake of this medication. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Prolonged intake of desloratadine induced development of obesity and metabolic syndrome associated with dysfunction of mesenteric lymphatic vessels, high lymphatic tone, and resistance to flow together with greatly diminished adaptive reserves to respond to postprandial increases in lymph flow. Data support the notion that millions of the USA population are highly likely affected by underevaluated, lymphatic-related side effects of antihistamines and may develop obesity and metabolic syndrome due to the prolonged intake of this medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Y. Gasheva
- 1Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Irina Tsoy Nizamutdinova
- 1Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Laura Hargrove
- 2Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Cassidy Gobbell
- 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Maria Troyanova-Wood
- 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | | | - Sarit Pal
- 1Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Christina Du
- 4Department of Comparative Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Angie R. Hitt
- 4Department of Comparative Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Vlad V. Yakovlev
- 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - M. Karen Newell-Rogers
- 1Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - David C. Zawieja
- 1Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Cynthia J. Meininger
- 1Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco D. Alpini
- 1Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas,2Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Heather Francis
- 1Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas,2Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Anatoliy A. Gashev
- 1Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
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Breslin JW, Yang Y, Scallan JP, Sweat RS, Adderley SP, Murfee WL. Lymphatic Vessel Network Structure and Physiology. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:207-299. [PMID: 30549020 PMCID: PMC6459625 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is comprised of a network of vessels interrelated with lymphoid tissue, which has the holistic function to maintain the local physiologic environment for every cell in all tissues of the body. The lymphatic system maintains extracellular fluid homeostasis favorable for optimal tissue function, removing substances that arise due to metabolism or cell death, and optimizing immunity against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other antigens. This article provides a comprehensive review of important findings over the past century along with recent advances in the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of lymphatic vessels, including tissue/organ specificity, development, mechanisms of lymph formation and transport, lymphangiogenesis, and the roles of lymphatics in disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:207-299, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W. Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Joshua P. Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Richard S. Sweat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Shaquria P. Adderley
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - W. Lee Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Lee Y, Chakraborty S, Meininger CJ, Muthuchamy M. Insulin resistance disrupts cell integrity, mitochondrial function, and inflammatory signaling in lymphatic endothelium. Microcirculation 2018; 25:e12492. [PMID: 30025187 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lymphatic vessel dysfunction and increased lymph leakage have been directly associated with several metabolic diseases. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms causing lymphatic dysfunction have not been determined. Aberrant insulin signaling affects the metabolic function of cells and consequently impairs tissue function. We hypothesized that insulin resistance in LECs decreases eNOS activity, disrupts barrier integrity increases permeability, and activates mitochondrial dysfunction and pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. METHODS LECs were treated with insulin and/or glucose to determine the mechanisms leading to insulin resistance. RESULTS Acute insulin treatment increased eNOS phosphorylation and NO production in LECs via activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Prolonged hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia induced insulin resistance in LECs. Insulin-resistant LECs produced less NO due to a decrease in eNOS phosphorylation and showed a significant decrease in impedance across an LEC monolayer that was associated with disruption in the adherence junctional proteins. Additionally, insulin resistance in LECs impaired mitochondrial function by decreasing basal-, maximal-, and ATP-linked OCRs and activated NF-κB nuclear translocation coupled with increased pro-inflammatory signaling. CONCLUSION Our data provide the first evidence that insulin resistance disrupts endothelial barrier integrity, decreases eNOS phosphorylation and mitochondrial function, and activates inflammation in LECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lee
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Sanjukta Chakraborty
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Cynthia J Meininger
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Mariappan Muthuchamy
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Zawieja SD, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Dixon B, Davis MJ. Experimental Models Used to Assess Lymphatic Contractile Function. Lymphat Res Biol 2018; 15:331-342. [PMID: 29252142 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2017.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen a renewed interest in studies of the lymphatic system. This review addresses the differences between in vivo and ex vivo methods for visualization and functional studies of lymphatic networks, with an emphasis on studies of collecting lymphatic vessels. We begin with a brief summary of the historical uses of both approaches. For the purpose of detailed comparisons, we subdivide in vivo methods into those visualizing lymphatic networks through the intact skin and those using surgically opened skin. We subdivide ex vivo methods into isobaric studies (using a pressure myograph) or isometric studies (using a wire myograph). For all four categories, we compile a comprehensive list of the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each preparation, with the goal of informing the research community as to the appropriate kinds of experiments best suited, and ill suited, for each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Zawieja
- 1 Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Brandon Dixon
- 2 George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael J Davis
- 1 Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
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46
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Gasheva OY, Trzeciakowski JP, Gashev AA, Zawieja DC. Temporal Dynamics of the Rat Thoracic Duct Contractility in the Presence of Imposed Flow. Lymphat Res Biol 2018; 15:324-330. [PMID: 29252139 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2017.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The initial periods of increased flow inside lymphatic vessels demonstrate specific temporary patterns of self-tuning of lymphatic vessel contractility that are heterogeneous across regional lymphatic networks. The current literature primarily refers to the immediate and fast reactions of the lymphangions to increases in basal flow. Until now, there were no available data on how the lymphatic vessels react to comparatively longer periods of imposed flow. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we measured and analyzed the contractility of the rat thoracic duct segments, isolated, cannulated, and pressurized at 3 cm H2O at no imposed flow conditions and during 4 hours of imposed flow (constant transaxial pressure gradient of 2 cm H2O). We found the development of a progressing lymphatic tonic relaxation and inhibition of the lymphatic contraction frequency over 4 hours of imposed flow. After a short initial decrease, lymphatic phasic contraction amplitude rose significantly during the first hour of imposed flow, and it demonstrated a trend to return toward control levels after 3 hours of imposed flow. As a result, the fractional pump flow (active lymph pumping per minute) of isolated thoracic duct segments reached and maintained a statistically significant decrease (from control no-flow conditions) at the end of the third hour of imposed flow. CONCLUSIONS Our new findings provide a better understanding of how lymphatic contractility changes during the development of prolonged periods of steady lymph flow. The latter may occur during the initial phases of development of an inflammatory-related tissue edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Yu Gasheva
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Temple/College Station, Texas
| | - Jerome P Trzeciakowski
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Temple/College Station, Texas
| | - Anatoliy A Gashev
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Temple/College Station, Texas
| | - David C Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Temple/College Station, Texas
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The essential role of the lymphatic system in fluid homeostasis, nutrient transport, and immune trafficking is well recognized; however, there is limited understanding of the mechanisms that regulate lymphatic function, particularly in the setting of critical illness. The lymphatics likely affect disease severity and progression in every condition, from severe systemic inflammatory states to respiratory failure. Here, we review structural and functional disorders of the lymphatic system, both congenital and acquired, as they relate to care of the pediatric patient in the intensive care setting, including novel areas of research into medical and procedural therapeutic interventions. RECENT FINDINGS The mainstay of current therapies for congenital and acquired lymphatic abnormalities has involved nonspecific medical management or surgical procedures to obstruct or divert lymphatic flow. With the development of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance lymphangiography, image-directed percutaneous intervention may largely replace surgery. Because of new insights into the mechanisms that regulate lymphatic biology, pharmacologic inhibitors of mTOR and leukotriene B4 signaling are each in Phase II clinical trials to treat abnormal lymphatic structure and function, respectively. SUMMARY As our understanding of normal lymphatic biology continues to advance, we will be able to develop novel strategies to support and augment lymphatic function during critical illness and through convalescence.
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Nitric Oxide Regulates The Lymphatic Reactivity Following Hemorrhagic Shock Through Atp-Sensitive Potassium Channel. Shock 2018; 45:668-76. [PMID: 26796572 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic reactivity has been shown to exhibit a biphasic change following hemorrhagic shock, and nitric oxide (NO) is involved in this process. However, the precise mechanism responsible for NO regulation of the lymphatic reactivity along with the progression of hemorrhagic shock is unclear. Therefore, the present study was to investigate how NO participates in regulating the shock-induced biphasic changes in lymphatic reactivity and its underlying mechanisms. First, the expressions or contents of inducible NO synthase, nitrite plus nitrate, and elements of cAMP-PKA-KATP and cGMP-PKG-KATP pathway in thoracic ducts tissue were assessed. The results revealed that levels of nitrite plus nitrate, cAMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), p-PKA, and p-PKG were increased gradually along with the process of shock. Second, the roles of cAMP-PKA-KATP and cGMP-PKG-KATP in NO regulating lymphatic response to gradient substance P were evaluated with an isolated lymphatic perfusion system. The results showed that the NOS substrate (L-Arg), PKA donor (8-Br-cAMP) decreased the reactivity of shock 0.5 h-lymphatics, and that the PKA inhibitor (H-89) and KATP inhibitor (glibenclamide) restrained the effects of L-Arg while glibenclamide abolished the effects of 8-Br-cAMP. Meanwhile, NOS antagonist (L-NAME), protein kinase G (PKG) inhibitor (KT-5823), and soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor (ODQ) increased the reactivity of shock 2 h-lymphatics, whereas KATP opener (pinacidil) inhibited these elevated effects induced by either L-NAME, ODQ, or KT-5823. Taken together, these results indicate that NO regulation of lymphatic reactivity during shock involves both cAMP-PKA-KATP and cGMP-PKG-KATP pathways. These findings have potential significance for the treatment of hemorrhagic shock through regulating lymphatic reactivity.
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Jones D, Meijer EFJ, Blatter C, Liao S, Pereira ER, Bouta EM, Jung K, Chin SM, Huang P, Munn LL, Vakoc BJ, Otto M, Padera TP. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus causes sustained collecting lymphatic vessel dysfunction. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaam7964. [PMID: 29343625 PMCID: PMC5953194 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aam7964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is a frequent cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). Lymphedema-fluid accumulation in tissue caused by impaired lymphatic vessel function-is a strong risk factor for SSTIs. SSTIs also frequently recur in patients and sometimes lead to acquired lymphedema. However, the mechanism of how SSTIs can be both the consequence and the cause of lymphatic vessel dysfunction is not known. Intravital imaging in mice revealed an acute reduction in both lymphatic vessel contractility and lymph flow after localized MRSA infection. Moreover, chronic lymphatic impairment is observed long after MRSA is cleared and inflammation is resolved. Associated with decreased collecting lymphatic vessel function was the loss and disorganization of lymphatic muscle cells (LMCs), which are critical for lymphatic contraction. In vitro, incubation with MRSA-conditioned supernatant led to LMC death. Proteomic analysis identified several accessory gene regulator (agr)-controlled MRSA exotoxins that contribute to LMC death. Infection with agr mutant MRSA resulted in sustained lymphatic function compared to animals infected with wild-type MRSA. Our findings suggest that agr is a promising target to preserve lymphatic vessel function and promote immunity during SSTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Jones
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eelco F J Meijer
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cedric Blatter
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shan Liao
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ethel R Pereira
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Echoe M Bouta
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Keehoon Jung
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shan Min Chin
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peigen Huang
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lance L Munn
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin J Vakoc
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Timothy P Padera
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Zawieja SD, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Scallan JP, Davis MJ. Differences in L-type Ca 2+ channel activity partially underlie the regional dichotomy in pumping behavior by murine peripheral and visceral lymphatic vessels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H991-H1010. [PMID: 29351458 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00499.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We identified a regional dichotomy in murine lymphatic contractile function with regard to vessel location within the periphery or visceral cavity. All vessels isolated from peripheral regions [cervical, popliteal, inguinal, axillary, and internodal inguinal axillary (Ing-Ax)] developed robust contractions with maximal ejection fractions (EFs) of 50-80% in our ex vivo isobaric myograph experiments. Conversely, vessels isolated from the visceral cavity (mesenteric, thoracic duct, and iliac) demonstrated maximal EFs of ≤10%. Using pressure myography, sharp electrode membrane potential recordings, and Ca2+ imaging, we assessed the role of L-type Ca2+ channels in this contractile dichotomy. Ing-Ax membrane potential revealed a ~2-s action potential (AP) cycle (resting -35 mV, spike -5 mV, and plateau -11 mV) with a plateau phase that was significantly lengthened by the L-type Ca2+ channel agonist Bay K8644 (BayK; 100 nM). APs recorded from mesenteric vessels, however, displayed a slower upstroke and an elongated time over threshold. BayK (100 nM) increased the mesenteric AP upstroke velocity and plateau duration but also significantly hyperpolarized the vessel. Contractions of vessels from both regions were preceded by Ca2+ flashes, detected with a smooth muscle-specific endogenous Ca2+ reporter, that typically were coordinated over the length of the vessel. Similar to the membrane potential recordings, Ca2+ flashes in mesenteric vessels were weaker and had a slower rise time but were longer lasting than those in Ing-Ax vessels. BayK (100 nM) significantly increased the Ca2+ transient amplitude and duration in both vessels and decreased time to peak Ca2+ in mesenteric vessels. However, a higher concentration (1 μM) of BayK was required to produce even a modest increase in EF in visceral lymphatics, which remained at <20%. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Lymphatic collecting vessels isolated from murine peripheral tissues, but not from the visceral cavities, display robust contractile behavior similar to lymphatic vessels from other animal models and humans. These differences are partially explained by L-type Ca2+ channel activity as revealed by the first measurements of murine lymphatic action potentials and contraction-associated Ca2+ transients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Zawieja
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Joshua P Scallan
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida
| | - Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
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