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Tendu A, Li R, Kane Y, Nalikka B, Omondi V, Bienes KM, Berthet N, Wong G. Viromes of arthropod parasites and their hosts: The case of bats and bat ectoparasites. Acta Trop 2024; 259:107375. [PMID: 39226993 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Blood feeding ectoparasites of bats have been found to contain insect-specific and vertebrate-infecting viruses of agricultural and medical importance. While it is plausible that some of these are of bat origin, those would be sourced either from the bat exterior or their blood meal. Bats, in addition to their regular diets, consume numerous ectoparasites during grooming. All microbes on and in the ectoparasites would then be introduced into the bat gut upon ingestion of the ectoparasites. To investigate the potential impact of bat ectoparasite viromes on the gut viral microbiome of bats, we compared virus sequences from bats and their blood feeding ectoparasites collected from Yunnan Province, China. Although all the co-occurring viruses were bacteriophages, we observed that bats contained a larger set of viruses than their ectoparasites, and that the set of predicted viruses present in the bats were more diverse than those present in bat ectoparasites. Our analysis suggests that despite a heavy influx of ectoparasites into the digestive tract of bats through consumption, there are only few co-occurring/shared viruses between bats and their ectoparasites, and that these ectoparasites may not be a major driver of bat virome diversity. Our findings provide necessary preliminary data for the evaluation of bat ectoparasites as a potential source of bat infecting viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tendu
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Ruiya Li
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yakhouba Kane
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Betty Nalikka
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Victor Omondi
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Kathrina Mae Bienes
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Nicolas Berthet
- Institut Pasteur - EPVO - Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogenes, Paris 75724, France; Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Paris 75015, France
| | - Gary Wong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; Virology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR.
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2
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Lulla V, Sridhar A. Understanding neurotropic enteric viruses: routes of infection and mechanisms of attenuation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:413. [PMID: 39365457 PMCID: PMC11452578 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05450-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
The intricate connection between the gut and the brain involves multiple routes. Several viral families begin their infection cycle in the intestinal tract. However, amongst the long list of viral intestinal pathogens, picornaviruses, and astroviruses stand out for their ability to transition from the intestinal epithelia to central or peripheral nervous system cells. In immunocompromised, neonates and young children, these viral infections can manifest as severe diseases, such as encephalitis, meningitis, and acute flaccid paralysis. What confers this remarkable plasticity and makes them efficient in infecting cells of the gut and the brain axes? Here, we review the current understanding of the virus infection along the gut-brain axis for some enteric viruses and discuss the molecular mechanisms of their attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Lulla
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Adithya Sridhar
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Reproduction and Development, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Emma Center for Personalized Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Talarico F, Tilocca B, Spagnuolo R, Abenavoli L, Luzza F, Roncada P. The effects of stress on gut virome: Implications on infectious disease and systemic disorders. Microbiologyopen 2024; 13:e1434. [PMID: 39311537 PMCID: PMC11418023 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of gut microbiota in health and disease is being thoroughly examined in various contexts, with a specific focus on the bacterial fraction due to its significant abundance. However, despite their lower abundance, viruses within the gut microbiota are gaining recognition for their crucial role in shaping the structure and function of the intestinal microbiota, with significant effects on the host as a whole, particularly the immune system. Similarly, environmental factors such as stress are key in modulating the host immune system, which in turn influences the composition of the gut virome and neurological functions through the bidirectional communication of the gut-brain axis. In this context, alterations in the host immune system due to stress and/or dysbiosis of the gut virome are critical factors in the development of both infectious and noninfectious diseases. The molecular mechanisms and correlation patterns between microbial species are not yet fully understood. This literature review seeks to explore the interconnected relationship between stress and the gut virome, with a focus on how this interaction is influenced by the host's immune system. We also discuss how disturbances in this finely balanced system can lead to the onset and/or progression of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Tilocca
- Department of Health SciencesUniversity “Magna Graecia”CatanzaroItaly
| | - Rocco Spagnuolo
- Department of Health SciencesUniversity “Magna Graecia”CatanzaroItaly
| | | | - Francesco Luzza
- Department of Health SciencesUniversity “Magna Graecia”CatanzaroItaly
| | - Paola Roncada
- Department of Health SciencesUniversity “Magna Graecia”CatanzaroItaly
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4
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Peiper AM, Morales Aparicio J, Hu Z, Phophi L, Helm EW, Rubinstein RJ, Phillips M, Williams CG, Subramanian S, Cross M, Iyer N, Nguyen Q, Newsome R, Jobin C, Langel SN, Bucardo F, Becker-Dreps S, Tan XD, Dawson PA, Karst SM. Metabolic immaturity and breastmilk bile acid metabolites are central determinants of heightened newborn vulnerability to norovirus diarrhea. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:1488-1501.e5. [PMID: 39214086 PMCID: PMC11392616 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The pathogenic outcome of enteric virus infections is governed by a complex interplay between the virus, intestinal microbiota, and host immune factors, with metabolites serving as a key mediator. Noroviruses bind bile acid metabolites, which are produced by the host and then modified by commensal bacteria. Paradoxically, bile acids can have both proviral and antiviral roles during norovirus infections. Working in an infant mouse model of norovirus infection, we demonstrate that microbiota and their bile acid metabolites protect from norovirus diarrhea, whereas host bile acids promote disease. We also find that maternal bile acid metabolism determines the susceptibility of newborn mice to norovirus diarrhea during breastfeeding. Finally, targeting maternal and neonatal bile acid metabolism can protect newborn mice from norovirus disease. In summary, neonatal metabolic immaturity and breastmilk bile acids are central determinants of heightened newborn vulnerability to norovirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Peiper
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Joyce Morales Aparicio
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Zhengzheng Hu
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Lufuno Phophi
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Emily W Helm
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rebecca J Rubinstein
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Matthew Phillips
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Caroline G Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Saravanan Subramanian
- Pediatric Mucosal Inflammation and Regeneration Research Program, Center for Pediatric Translational Research and Education, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Michael Cross
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Neha Iyer
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Quyen Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rachel Newsome
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Stephanie N Langel
- Department of Pathology, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Filemon Bucardo
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xiao-Di Tan
- Pediatric Mucosal Inflammation and Regeneration Research Program, Center for Pediatric Translational Research and Education, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Research & Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Paul A Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Stephanie M Karst
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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5
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Martins FH, Rosay T, Rajan A, Carter HE, Turocy T, Mejia A, Crawford JM, Maresso AW, Sperandio V. Enterococcus faecalis-derived adenine enhances enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli Type 3 Secretion System-dependent virulence. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:2448-2461. [PMID: 38965331 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Interactions between microbiota and enteric pathogens can promote colonization resistance or enhance pathogenesis. The pathobiont Enterococcus faecalis increases enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) virulence by upregulating Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS) expression, effector translocation, and attaching and effacing (AE) lesion formation on enterocytes, but the mechanisms underlying this remain unknown. Using co-infection of organoids, metabolomics, supplementation experiments and bacterial genetics, here we show that co-culture of EHEC with E. faecalis increases the xanthine-hypoxanthine pathway activity and adenine biosynthesis. Adenine or E. faecalis promoted T3SS gene expression, while transcriptomics showed upregulation of adeP expression, which encodes an adenine importer. Mechanistically, adenine relieved High hemolysin activity (Hha)-dependent repression of T3SS gene expression in EHEC and promoted AE lesion formation in an AdeP-dependent manner. Microbiota-derived purines, such as adenine, support multiple beneficial host responses; however, our data show that this metabolite also increases EHEC virulence, highlighting the complexity of pathogen-microbiota-host interactions in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando H Martins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Thibaut Rosay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anubama Rajan
- TAILOR Labs, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hannah E Carter
- TAILOR Labs, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tayah Turocy
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Institute of Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andres Mejia
- Research Animal Resources and Compliance, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jason M Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Institute of Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anthony W Maresso
- TAILOR Labs, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vanessa Sperandio
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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6
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Delgado-Ocaña S, Cuesta S. From microbes to mind: germ-free models in neuropsychiatric research. mBio 2024:e0207524. [PMID: 39207144 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02075-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut-microbiota-brain axis refers to the bidirectional communication system between the gut, its microbial community, and the brain. This interaction involves a complex interplay of neural pathways, chemical transmitters, and immunological mechanisms. Germ-free animal models have been extensively employed to investigate gut-microbiota-brain interactions, significantly contributing to our current understanding of the role of intestinal microbes in brain function. However, despite the many benefits, this absence of microbiota is not futile. Germ-free animals present physiological and neurodevelopmental alterations that can persist even after reconstitution with normal microbiota. Therefore, the main goal of this minireview is to discuss how some of the inherent limitations of this model can interfere with the conclusion obtained when using these animals to study the complex nature of neuropsychiatric disorders. Furthermore, we examine the inclusion and use of antibiotic-based treatments as an alternative in the research of gut-brain interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Delgado-Ocaña
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Santiago Cuesta
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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7
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Nian Z, Deng M, Ye L, Tong X, Xu Y, Xu Y, Chen R, Wang Y, Mao F, Xu C, Lu R, Mao Y, Xu H, Shen X, Xue X, Guo G. RNA epigenetic modifications in digestive tract cancers: Friends or foes. Pharmacol Res 2024; 206:107280. [PMID: 38914382 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Digestive tract cancers are among the most common malignancies worldwide and have high incidence and mortality rates. Thus, the discovery of more effective diagnostic and therapeutic targets is urgently required. The development of technologies to accurately detect RNA modification has led to the identification of numerous RNA chemical modifications in humans (epitranscriptomics) that are involved in the occurrence and development of digestive tract cancers. RNA modifications can cooperatively regulate gene expression to facilitate normal physiological functions of the digestive system. However, the dysfunction of relevant RNA-modifying enzymes ("writers," "erasers," and "readers") can lead to the development of digestive tract cancers. Consequently, targeting dysregulated enzyme activity could represent a potent therapeutic strategy for the treatment of digestive tract cancers. In this review, we summarize the most widely studied roles and mechanisms of RNA modifications (m6A, m1A, m5C, m7G, A-to-I editing, pseudouridine [Ψ]) in relation to digestive tract cancers, highlight the crosstalk between RNA modifications, and discuss their roles in the interactions between the digestive system and microbiota during carcinogenesis. The clinical significance of novel therapeutic methods based on RNA-modifying enzymes is also discussed. This review will help guide future research into digestive tract cancers that are resistant to current therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekai Nian
- Second Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ming Deng
- School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lele Ye
- Wenzhou Collaborative Innovation Center of Gastrointestinal Cancer in Basic Research and Precision Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Cancer-related Pathogens and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinya Tong
- Wenzhou Collaborative Innovation Center of Gastrointestinal Cancer in Basic Research and Precision Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Cancer-related Pathogens and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yixi Xu
- School of public administration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiliu Xu
- Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering & Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ruoyao Chen
- Second Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Feiyang Mao
- Second Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chenyv Xu
- Wenzhou Collaborative Innovation Center of Gastrointestinal Cancer in Basic Research and Precision Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Cancer-related Pathogens and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruonan Lu
- First Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yicheng Mao
- Ophthalmology College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hanlu Xu
- Ophthalmology College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xian Shen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Wenzhou Collaborative Innovation Center of Gastrointestinal Cancer in Basic Research and Precision Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Cancer-related Pathogens and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Gangqiang Guo
- Wenzhou Collaborative Innovation Center of Gastrointestinal Cancer in Basic Research and Precision Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Cancer-related Pathogens and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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8
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David SC, Schaub A, Terrettaz C, Motos G, Costa LJ, Nolan DS, Augugliaro M, Wynn HK, Glas I, Pohl MO, Klein LK, Luo B, Bluvshtein N, Violaki K, Hugentobler W, Krieger UK, Peter T, Stertz S, Nenes A, Kohn T. Stability of influenza A virus in droplets and aerosols is heightened by the presence of commensal respiratory bacteria. J Virol 2024; 98:e0040924. [PMID: 38869284 PMCID: PMC11264603 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00409-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Aerosol transmission remains a major challenge for control of respiratory viruses, particularly those causing recurrent epidemics, like influenza A virus (IAV). These viruses are rarely expelled alone, but instead are embedded in a consortium of microorganisms that populate the respiratory tract. The impact of microbial communities and inter-pathogen interactions upon stability of transmitted viruses is well-characterized for enteric pathogens, but is under-studied in the respiratory niche. Here, we assessed whether the presence of five different species of commensal respiratory bacteria could influence the persistence of IAV within phosphate-buffered saline and artificial saliva droplets deposited on surfaces at typical indoor air humidity, and within airborne aerosol particles. In droplets, presence of individual species or a mixed bacterial community resulted in 10- to 100-fold more infectious IAV remaining after 1 h, due to bacterial-mediated flattening of drying droplets and early efflorescence. Even when no efflorescence occurred at high humidity or the bacteria-induced changes in droplet morphology were abolished by aerosolization instead of deposition on a well plate, the bacteria remained protective. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were the most stabilizing compared to other commensals at equivalent density, indicating the composition of an individual's respiratory microbiota is a previously unconsidered factor influencing expelled virus persistence.IMPORTANCEIt is known that respiratory infections such as coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza are transmitted by release of virus-containing aerosols and larger droplets by an infected host. The survival time of viruses expelled into the environment can vary depending on temperature, room air humidity, UV exposure, air composition, and suspending fluid. However, few studies consider the fact that respiratory viruses are not alone in the respiratory tract-we are constantly colonized by a plethora of bacteria in our noses, mouth, and lower respiratory system. In the gut, enteric viruses are known to be stabilized against inactivation and environmental decay by gut bacteria. Despite the presence of a similarly complex bacterial microbiota in the respiratory tract, few studies have investigated whether viral stabilization could occur in this niche. Here, we address this question by investigating influenza A virus stabilization by a range of commensal bacteria in systems representing respiratory aerosols and droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon C. David
- Laboratory of Environmental Virology, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aline Schaub
- Laboratory of Environmental Virology, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Céline Terrettaz
- Laboratory of Environmental Virology, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ghislain Motos
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura J. Costa
- Laboratory of Environmental Virology, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel S. Nolan
- Laboratory of Environmental Virology, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marta Augugliaro
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Htet Kyi Wynn
- Laboratory of Environmental Virology, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Irina Glas
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marie O. Pohl
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Liviana K. Klein
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Beiping Luo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nir Bluvshtein
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kalliopi Violaki
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Walter Hugentobler
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich K. Krieger
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Peter
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Silke Stertz
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, Greece
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Virology, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Vassallo BG, Scheidel N, Fischer SEJ, Kim DH. Bacteria are a major determinant of Orsay virus transmission and infection in Caenorhabditis elegans. eLife 2024; 12:RP92534. [PMID: 38990923 PMCID: PMC11239179 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The microbiota is a key determinant of the physiology and immunity of animal hosts. The factors governing the transmissibility of viruses between susceptible hosts are incompletely understood. Bacteria serve as food for Caenorhabditis elegans and represent an integral part of the natural environment of C. elegans. We determined the effects of bacteria isolated with C. elegans from its natural environment on the transmission of Orsay virus in C. elegans using quantitative virus transmission and host susceptibility assays. We observed that Ochrobactrum species promoted Orsay virus transmission, whereas Pseudomonas lurida MYb11 attenuated virus transmission relative to the standard laboratory bacterial food Escherichia coli OP50. We found that pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains PA01 and PA14 further attenuated virus transmission. We determined that the amount of Orsay virus required to infect 50% of a C. elegans population on P. lurida MYb11 compared with Ochrobactrum vermis MYb71 was dramatically increased, over three orders of magnitude. Host susceptibility was attenuated even further in the presence of P. aeruginosa PA14. Genetic analysis of the determinants of P. aeruginosa required for attenuation of C. elegans susceptibility to Orsay virus infection revealed a role for regulators of quorum sensing. Our data suggest that distinct constituents of the C. elegans microbiota and potential pathogens can have widely divergent effects on Orsay virus transmission, such that associated bacteria can effectively determine host susceptibility versus resistance to viral infection. Our study provides quantitative evidence for a critical role for tripartite host-virus-bacteria interactions in determining the transmissibility of viruses among susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Vassallo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Noemie Scheidel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Sylvia E J Fischer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Dennis H Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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10
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Welsh OL, Roth AN, Sutherland DM, Dermody TS. Sequence polymorphisms in the reovirus σ1 attachment protein modulate encapsidation efficiency and replication in mice. J Virol 2024; 98:e0030524. [PMID: 38771042 PMCID: PMC11237452 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00305-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Many functions of viral attachment proteins are established, but less is known about the biological importance of viral attachment protein encapsidation efficiency. The mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) σ1 attachment protein forms filamentous trimers that incorporate into pentamers of the λ2 capsid protein. Reovirus strains vary in the efficiency of σ1 encapsidation onto progeny virions, which influences viral stability during entry into cells and the efficacy of tumor cell lysis. While the role of σ1 encapsidation has been evaluated in studies using cultured cells, the contribution of attachment protein encapsidation efficiency to viral infection in animals is less clear. Polymorphisms in reovirus σ1 at residues 22 and 249 have been implicated in viral dissemination in mice and susceptibility to proteolysis in the murine intestine, respectively. To determine whether these residues contribute to σ1 encapsidation efficiency, we engineered σ1 mutant viruses with single- and double-residue substitutions at sites 22 and 249. We found that substitutions at these sites alter the encapsidation of σ1 and that reoviruses encapsidating higher amounts of σ1 bind cells more avidly and have a modest replication advantage in a cell-type-specific manner relative to low σ1-encapsidating reoviruses. Furthermore, we found that a high σ1-encapsidating reovirus replicates and disseminates more efficiently in mice relative to a low σ1-encapsidating reovirus. These findings provide evidence of a relationship between viral attachment protein encapsidation efficiency and viral replication in cell culture and animal hosts. IMPORTANCE Viral attachment proteins can serve multiple functions during viral replication, including attachment to host cells, cell entry and disassembly, and modulation of host immune responses. The relationship between viral attachment protein encapsidation efficiency and viral replication in cells and animals is poorly understood. We engineered and characterized a panel of reoviruses that differ in the capacity to encapsidate the σ1 attachment protein. We found that strains encapsidating σ1 with higher efficiency bind cells more avidly and replicate and spread more efficiently in mice relative to those encapsidating σ1 with lower efficiency. These results highlight a function for σ1 attachment protein capsid abundance in viral replication in cells and animals, which may inform future use of reovirus as an oncolytic therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia L. Welsh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexa N. Roth
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Danica M. Sutherland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Terence S. Dermody
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Wahl A, Yao W, Liao B, Chateau M, Richardson C, Ling L, Franks A, Senthil K, Doyon G, Li F, Frost J, Whitehurst CB, Pagano JS, Fletcher CA, Azcarate-Peril MA, Hudgens MG, Rogala AR, Tucker JD, McGowan I, Sartor RB, Garcia JV. A germ-free humanized mouse model shows the contribution of resident microbiota to human-specific pathogen infection. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:905-915. [PMID: 37563299 PMCID: PMC11073568 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Germ-free (GF) mice, which are depleted of their resident microbiota, are the gold standard for exploring the role of the microbiome in health and disease; however, they are of limited value in the study of human-specific pathogens because they do not support their replication. Here, we develop GF mice systemically reconstituted with human immune cells and use them to evaluate the role of the resident microbiome in the acquisition, replication and pathogenesis of two human-specific pathogens, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Comparison with conventional (CV) humanized mice showed that resident microbiota enhance the establishment of EBV infection and EBV-induced tumorigenesis and increase mucosal HIV acquisition and replication. HIV RNA levels were higher in plasma and tissues of CV humanized mice compared with GF humanized mice. The frequency of CCR5+ CD4+ T cells throughout the intestine was also higher in CV humanized mice, indicating that resident microbiota govern levels of HIV target cells. Thus, resident microbiota promote the acquisition and pathogenesis of two clinically relevant human-specific pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Wahl
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Wenbo Yao
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Baolin Liao
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Morgan Chateau
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cara Richardson
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lijun Ling
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adrienne Franks
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Krithika Senthil
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Genevieve Doyon
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Fengling Li
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Josh Frost
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christopher B Whitehurst
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Joseph S Pagano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Craig A Fletcher
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC Microbiome Core, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael G Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Allison R Rogala
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph D Tucker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ian McGowan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Orion Biotechnology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Victor Garcia
- International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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12
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Peiper AM, Aparicio JM, Phophi L, Hu Z, Helm EW, Phillips M, Williams CG, Subramanian S, Cross M, Iyer N, Nguyen Q, Newsome R, Jobin C, Langel SN, Bucardo F, Becker-Dreps S, Tan XD, Dawson PA, Karst SM. Metabolic immaturity of newborns and breast milk bile acid metabolites are the central determinants of heightened neonatal vulnerability to norovirus diarrhea. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.01.592031. [PMID: 38746153 PMCID: PMC11092632 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.01.592031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the leading global cause of acute gastroenteritis, responsible for 685 million annual cases. While all age groups are susceptible to noroviruses, children are vulnerable to more severe infections than adults, underscored by 200 million pediatric cases and up to 200,000 deaths in children annually. Understanding the basis for the increased vulnerability of young hosts is critical to developing effective treatments. The pathogenic outcome of any enteric virus infection is governed by a complex interplay between the virus, intestinal microbiota, and host immune factors. A central mediator in these complex relationships are host- and microbiota-derived metabolites. Noroviruses bind a specific class of metabolites, bile acids, which are produced by the host and then modified by commensal bacterial enzymes. Paradoxically, bile acids can have both proviral and antiviral roles during norovirus infections. Considering these opposing effects, the microbiota-regulated balance of the bile acid pool may be a key determinant of the pathogenic outcome of a norovirus infection. The bile acid pool in newborns is unique due to immaturity of host metabolic pathways and developing gut microbiota, which could underlie the vulnerability of these hosts to severe norovirus infections. Supporting this concept, we demonstrate herein that microbiota and their bile acid metabolites protect from severe norovirus diarrhea whereas host-derived bile acids promote disease. Remarkably, we also report that maternal bile acid metabolism determines neonatal susceptibility to norovirus diarrhea during breastfeeding by delivering proviral bile acids to the newborn. Finally, directed targeting of maternal and neonatal bile acid metabolism can protect the neonatal host from norovirus disease. Altogether, these data support the conclusion that metabolic immaturity in newborns and ingestion of proviral maternal metabolites in breast milk are the central determinants of heightened neonatal vulnerability to norovirus disease.
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Raev SA, Kick MK, Chellis M, Amimo JO, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Histo-Blood Group Antigen-Producing Bacterial Cocktail Reduces Rotavirus A, B, and C Infection and Disease in Gnotobiotic Piglets. Viruses 2024; 16:660. [PMID: 38793542 PMCID: PMC11125826 DOI: 10.3390/v16050660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The suboptimal performance of rotavirus (RV) vaccines in developing countries and in animals necessitates further research on the development of novel therapeutics and control strategies. To initiate infection, RV interacts with cell-surface O-glycans, including histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). We have previously demonstrated that certain non-pathogenic bacteria express HBGA- like substances (HBGA+) capable of binding RV particles in vitro. We hypothesized that HBGA+ bacteria can bind RV particles in the gut lumen protecting against RV species A (RVA), B (RVB), and C (RVC) infection in vivo. In this study, germ-free piglets were colonized with HBGA+ or HBGA- bacterial cocktail and infected with RVA/RVB/RVC of different genotypes. Diarrhea severity, virus shedding, immunoglobulin A (IgA) Ab titers, and cytokine levels were evaluated. Overall, colonization with HBGA+ bacteria resulted in reduced diarrhea severity and virus shedding compared to the HBGA- bacteria. Consistent with our hypothesis, the reduced severity of RV disease and infection was not associated with significant alterations in immune responses. Additionally, colonization with HBGA+ bacteria conferred beneficial effects irrespective of the piglet HBGA phenotype. These findings are the first experimental evidence that probiotic performance in vivo can be improved by including HBGA+ bacteria, providing decoy epitopes for broader/more consistent protection against diverse RVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A. Raev
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.A.R.); (M.K.K.); (M.C.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Maryssa K. Kick
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.A.R.); (M.K.K.); (M.C.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Maria Chellis
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.A.R.); (M.K.K.); (M.C.); (L.J.S.)
| | | | - Linda J. Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.A.R.); (M.K.K.); (M.C.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.A.R.); (M.K.K.); (M.C.); (L.J.S.)
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14
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Jiang D, Soo N, Tan CY, Dankwa S, Wang HY, Theriot BS, Ardeshir A, Siddiqui NY, Van Rompay KKA, De Paris K, Permar SR, Goswami R, Surana NK. Commensal bacteria inhibit viral infections via a tryptophan metabolite. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.21.589969. [PMID: 38659737 PMCID: PMC11042330 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.21.589969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
There is growing appreciation that commensal bacteria impact the outcome of viral infections, though the specific bacteria and their underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Studying a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-challenged cohort of pediatric nonhuman primates, we bioinformatically associated Lactobacillus gasseri and the bacterial family Lachnospiraceae with enhanced resistance to infection. We experimentally validated these findings by demonstrating two different Lachnospiraceae isolates, Clostridium immunis and Ruminococcus gnavus, inhibited HIV replication in vitro and ex vivo. Given the link between tryptophan catabolism and HIV disease severity, we found that an isogenic mutant of C. immunis that lacks the aromatic amino acid aminotransferase (ArAT) gene, which is key to metabolizing tryptophan into 3-indolelactic acid (ILA), no longer inhibits HIV infection. Intriguingly, we confirmed that a second commensal bacterium also inhibited HIV in an ArAT-dependent manner, thus establishing the generalizability of this finding. In addition, we found that purified ILA inhibited HIV infection by agonizing the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Given that the AhR has been implicated in the control of multiple viral infections, we demonstrated that C. immunis also inhibited human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in an ArAT-dependent manner. Importantly, metagenomic analysis of individuals at-risk for HIV revealed that those who ultimately acquired HIV had a lower fecal abundance of the bacterial ArAT gene compared to individuals who did not, which indicates our findings translate to humans. Taken together, our results provide mechanistic insights into how commensal bacteria decrease susceptibility to viral infections. Moreover, we have defined a microbiota-driven antiviral pathway that offers the potential for novel therapeutic strategies targeting a broad spectrum of viral pathogens.
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15
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Manouana GP, Kuk S, Linh LTK, Pallerla SR, Niendorf S, Kremsner PG, Adegnika AA, Velavan TP. Gut microbiota in vaccine naïve Gabonese children with rotavirus A gastroenteritis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28727. [PMID: 38576575 PMCID: PMC10990958 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background While the gut microbiome modulates the pathogenesis of enteric viruses, how infections caused by rotavirus A (RVA), with or without diarrhoea, alter the gut microbiota has been sparsely studied. Methods From a cohort of 224 vaccine naïve Gabonese children with and without diarrhoea (n = 177 and n = 67, respectively), 48 stool samples were analysed: (i) RVA with diarrhoea (n = 12); (ii) RVA without diarrhoea (n = 12); (iii) diarrhoea without RVA (n = 12); (iv) healthy controls without diarrhoea and RVA (n = 12). The 16S rRNA metabarcoding using Oxford Nanopore sequencing data was analysed for taxonomic composition, abundance, alpha and beta diversity, and metabolic pathways. Findings Alpha diversity showed that children with acute diarrhoea (with and without RVA infection), and children with acute diarrhoea without RVA had low microbial diversity compared to healthy children (p = 0.001 and p = 0.006, respectively). No significant differences observed when comparing children with RVA with or without diarrhoea. Beta diversity revealed high microbial heterogeneity in children without diarrhoea. Proteobacteria (68%) and Firmicutes (69%) were most common in the diarrhoea and non-diarrhoea groups, respectively. Proteobacteria (53%) were most common in children without RVA, while Firmicutes (55%) were most common with RVA. At the genus level, Escherichia (21%), Klebsiella (10%) and Salmonella (4%) were abundant in children with diarrhoea, while Blautia (11%), Clostridium (8%), Lachnoclostridium (6%) and Ruminococcus (5%) were abundant in children without diarrhoea. Metabolites involved in amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, nucleotide, and vitamin metabolism were quantitatively altered. Interpretation Although host physiology dictates the intestinal milieu, diarrhoea per se can alter a balanced gut microbiota, whereas infectious diarrhoea disrupts the gut microbiome and reduces its diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gédéon Prince Manouana
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Salih Kuk
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Le Thi Kieu Linh
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), 10000, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | - Sandra Niendorf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter G. Kremsner
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ayola Akim Adegnika
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
- Fondation pour la Recherche Scientifique, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Thirumalaisamy P. Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), 10000, Hanoi, Viet Nam
- Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, 50000, Da Nang, Viet Nam
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16
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Zhanbo Q, Jing Z, Shugao H, Yinhang W, Jian C, Xiang Y, Feimin Z, Jian L, Xinyue W, Wei W, Shuwen H. Age and aging process alter the gut microbes. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:6839-6851. [PMID: 38613799 PMCID: PMC11087091 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbes and age are both factors that influence the development of disease. The community structure of gut microbes is affected by age. OBJECTIVE To plot time-dependent gut microbe profiles in individuals over 45 years old and explore the correlation between age and gut microbes. METHODS Fecal samples were collected from 510 healthy individuals over 45 years old. Shannon index, Simpson index, Ace index, etc. were used to analyze the diversity of gut microbes. The beta diversity analysis, including non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), was used to analyze community distribution. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and random forest (RF) algorithm were used to analyze the differences of gut microbes. Trend analysis was used to plot the abundances of characteristic gut microbes in different ages. RESULTS The individuals aged 45-49 had the highest richness of gut bacteria. Fifteen characteristic gut microbes, including Siphoviridae and Bifidobacterium breve, were screened by RF algorithm. The abundance of Ligiactobacillus and Microviridae were higher in individuals older than 65 years. Moreover, the abundance of Blautia_A massiliensis, Lubbockvirus and Enterocloster clostridioformis decreased with age and the abundance of Klebsiella variicola and Prevotella increased with age. The functional genes, such as human diseases and aging, were significantly different among different aged individuals. CONCLUSIONS The individuals in different ages have characteristic gut microbes. The changes in community structure of gut microbes may be related to age-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qu Zhanbo
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhuang Jing
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han Shugao
- The Second Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310017, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wu Yinhang
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chu Jian
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhao Feimin
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liu Jian
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wu Xinyue
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wu Wei
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han Shuwen
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
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17
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Zhang Y, Zhang H, Xu T, Zeng L, Liu F, Huang X, Liu Q. Interactions among microorganisms open up a new world for anti-infectious therapy. FEBS J 2024; 291:1615-1631. [PMID: 36527169 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The human microbiome, containing bacteria, fungi, and viruses, is a community that coexists peacefully with humans most of the time, but with the potential to cause disease under certain conditions. When the environment changes or certain stimuli are received, microbes may interact with each other, causing or increasing the severity of disease in a host. With the appropriate methods, we can make these microbiota work for us, creating new applications for human health. This review discusses the wide range of interactions between microorganisms that result in an increase in susceptibility to, severity of, and mortality of diseases, and also briefly introduces how microorganisms interact with each other directly or indirectly. The study of microbial interactions and their mechanisms has revealed a new world of treatments for infectious disease. The regulation of the balance between intestinal flora, the correct application of probiotics, and the development of effective drugs by symbiosis all demonstrate the great contributions of the microbiota to human health and its powerful potential value. Consequently, the study of interactions between microorganisms plays an essential role in identifying the causes of diseases and the development of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejia Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Hanchi Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Tian Xu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Lingbing Zeng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Fadi Liu
- The Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaotian Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
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18
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Vassallo BG, Scheidel N, Fischer SEJ, Kim DH. Bacteria Are a Major Determinant of Orsay Virus Transmission and Infection in Caenorhabditis elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.05.556377. [PMID: 37732241 PMCID: PMC10508782 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.05.556377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota is a key determinant of the physiology and immunity of animal hosts. The factors governing the transmissibility of viruses between susceptible hosts are incompletely understood. Bacteria serve as food for Caenorhabditis elegans and represent an integral part of the natural environment of C. elegans. We determined the effects of bacteria isolated with C. elegans from its natural environment on the transmission of Orsay virus in C. elegans using quantitative virus transmission and host susceptibility assays. We observed that Ochrobactrum species promoted Orsay virus transmission, whereas Pseudomonas lurida MYb11 attenuated virus transmission relative to the standard laboratory bacterial food Escherichia coli OP50. We found that pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains PA01 and PA14 further attenuated virus transmission. We determined that the amount of Orsay virus required to infect 50% of a C. elegans population on P. lurida MYb11 compared with Ochrobactrum vermis MYb71 was dramatically increased, over three orders of magnitude. Host susceptibility was attenuated even further in presence of P. aeruginosa PA14. Genetic analysis of the determinants of P. aeruginosa required for attenuation of C. elegans susceptibility to Orsay virus infection revealed a role for regulators of quorum sensing. Our data suggest that distinct constituents of the C. elegans microbiota and potential pathogens can have widely divergent effects on Orsay virus transmission, such that associated bacteria can effectively determine host susceptibility versus resistance to viral infection. Our study provides quantitative evidence for a critical role for tripartite host-virus-bacteria interactions in determining the transmissibility of viruses among susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G. Vassallo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston, 02115, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, 02139, USA
| | - Noémie Scheidel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Sylvia E. J. Fischer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Dennis H. Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston, 02115, USA
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Brogna C, Montano L, Zanolin ME, Bisaccia DR, Ciammetti G, Viduto V, Fabrowski M, Baig AM, Gerlach J, Gennaro I, Bignardi E, Brogna B, Frongillo A, Cristoni S, Piscopo M. A retrospective cohort study on early antibiotic use in vaccinated and unvaccinated COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29507. [PMID: 38504586 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The bacteriophage behavior of SARS-CoV-2 during the acute and post-COVID-19 phases appears to be an important factor in the development of the disease. The early use of antibiotics seems to be crucial to inhibit disease progression-to prevent viral replication in the gut microbiome, and control toxicological production from the human microbiome. To study the impact of specific antibiotics on recovery from COVID-19 and long COVID (LC) taking into account: vaccination status, comorbidities, SARS-CoV-2 wave, time of initiation of antibiotic therapy and concomitant use of corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). A total of 211 COVID-19 patients were included in the study: of which 59 were vaccinated with mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 while 152 were unvaccinated. Patients were enrolled in three waves: from September 2020 to October 2022, corresponding to the emergence of the pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The three criteria for enrolling patients were: oropharyngeal swab positivity or fecal findings; moderate symptoms with antibiotic intake; and measurement of blood oxygen saturation during the period of illness. The use of antibiotic combinations, such as amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (875 + 125 mg tablets, every 12 h) plus rifaximin (400 mg tablets every 12 h), as first choice, as suggested from the previous data, or azithromycin (500 mg tablets every 24 h), plus rifaximin as above, allows healthcare professionals to focus on the gut microbiome and its implications in COVID-19 disease during patient care. The primary outcome measured in this study was the estimated average treatment effect, which quantified the difference in mean recovery between patients receiving antibiotics and those not receiving antibiotics at 3 and 9 days after the start of treatment. In the analysis, both vaccinated and unvaccinated groups had a median illness duration of 7 days (interquartile range [IQR] 6-9 days for each; recovery crude hazard ratio [HR] = 0.94, p = 0.700). The median illness duration for the pre-Delta and Delta waves was 8 days (IQR 7-10 days), while it was shorter, 6.5 days, for Omicron (IQR 6-8 days; recovery crude HR = 1.71, p < 0.001). These results were confirmed by multivariate analysis. Patients with comorbidities had a significantly longer disease duration: median 8 days (IQR 7-10 days) compared to 7 days (IQR 6-8 days) for those without comorbidities (crude HR = 0.75, p = 0.038), but this result was not confirmed in multivariate analysis as statistical significance was lost. Early initiation of antibiotic therapy resulted in a significantly shorter recovery time (crude HR = 4.74, p < 0.001). Concomitant use of NSAIDs did not reduce disease duration and in multivariate analysis prolonged the disease (p = 0.041). A subgroup of 42 patients receiving corticosteroids for a median of 3 days (IQR 3-6 days) had a longer recovery time (median 9 days, IQR 8-10 days) compared to others (median 7 days, IQR 6-8 days; crude HR = 0.542, p < 0.001), as confirmed also by the adjusted HR. In this study, a statistically significant reduction in recovery time was observed among patients who received early antibiotic treatment. Early initiation of antibiotics played a crucial role in maintaining higher levels of blood oxygen saturation. In addition, it is worth noting that a significant number of patients who received antibiotics in the first 3 days and for a duration of 7 days, during the acute phase did not develop LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Brogna
- Craniomed Group Srl. Research Facility, Bresso, Italy
| | - Luigi Montano
- Andrology Unit and Service of Lifestyle Medicine in Uro-Andrology, Local Health Authority (ASL), Salerno, Italy
| | | | | | - Gianluca Ciammetti
- Otorhinolaryngology Unit, Hospital Ferdinando Veneziale Isernia, Regional Health Authority of Molise, Italy
| | | | - Mark Fabrowski
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Sussex County Hospital, University Hospitals Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Abdul M Baig
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Iapicca Gennaro
- Pineta Grande Hospital Group, Department of Urology, Santa Rita Clinic, Atripalda, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Brogna
- Department of Radiology, Moscati Hospital, Avellino, Italy
| | | | | | - Marina Piscopo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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20
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Zhang Z, Huang J, Li C, Zhao Z, Cui Y, Yuan X, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Zhu Z. The gut microbiota contributes to the infection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in mice. J Virol 2024; 98:e0203523. [PMID: 38299844 PMCID: PMC10878277 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02035-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is prevalent worldwide and causes significant economic losses. Gut microbiota is a large microbial community and has a variety of biological functions. However, whether there is a correlation between gut microbiota and BVDV infection and what kind of relation between them have not been reported. Here, we found that gut microbiota composition changed in normal mice after infecting with BVDV, but mainly the low abundance microbe was affected. Interestingly, BVDV infection significantly reduced the diversity of gut microbiota and changed its composition in gut microbiota-dysbiosis mice. Furthermore, compared with normal mice of BVDV infection, there were more viral loads in the duodenum, jejunum, spleen, and liver of the gut microbiota-dysbiosis mice. However, feces microbiota transplantation (FMT) reversed these effects. The data above indicated that the dysbiosis of gut microbiota was a key factor in the high infection rate of BVDV. It is found that the IFN-I signal was involved by investigating the underlying mechanisms. The inhibition of the proliferation and increase in the apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were also observed. However, FMT treatment reversed these changes by regulating PI3K/Akt, ERK, and Caspase-9/Caspase-3 pathways. Furthermore, the involvement of butyrate in the pathogenesis of BVDV was also further confirmed. Our results showed for the first time that gut microbiota acts as a key endogenous defense mechanism against BVDV infection; moreover, targeting regulation of gut microbiota structure and abundance may serve as a new strategy to prevent and control the disease.IMPORTANCEWhether the high infection rate of BVDV is related to gut microbiota has not been reported. In addition, most studies on BVDV focus on in vitro experiments, which limits the study of its prevention and control strategy and its pathogenic mechanism. In this study, we successfully confirmed the causal relationship between gut microbiota and BVDV infection as well as the potential molecular mechanism based on a mouse model of BVDV infection and a mouse model of gut microbiota dysbiosis. Meanwhile, a mouse model which is more susceptible to BVDV provided in this study lays an important foundation for further research on prevention and control strategy of BVDV and its pathogenesis. In addition, the antiviral effect of butyrate, the metabolites of butyrate-producing bacteria, has been further revealed. Overall, our findings provide a promising prevention and control strategy to treat this infectious disease which is distributed worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zecai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Daqing, China
- Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Heilongjiang Province, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Province Cultivating Collaborative Innovation Center for The Beidahuang Modern Agricultural Industry Technology, Daqing, China
| | - Jiang Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Agriculture and Rural Bureau of Sinan County, Sinan County, Guizhou, China
- Animal Health Supervision Institute of Sinan County, Sinan County, Guizhou, China
| | - Chuang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Daqing, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Daqing, China
| | - Yueqi Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Daqing, China
| | - Xueying Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Daqing, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Daqing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Daqing, China
- Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Heilongjiang Province, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Province Cultivating Collaborative Innovation Center for The Beidahuang Modern Agricultural Industry Technology, Daqing, China
| | - Yulong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Daqing, China
- Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Heilongjiang Province, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Province Cultivating Collaborative Innovation Center for The Beidahuang Modern Agricultural Industry Technology, Daqing, China
| | - Zhanbo Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs, Daqing, China
- Engineering Research Center for Prevention and Control of Cattle Diseases, Heilongjiang Province, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Province Cultivating Collaborative Innovation Center for The Beidahuang Modern Agricultural Industry Technology, Daqing, China
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21
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Yin L, Liu X, Yao Y, Yuan M, Luo Y, Zhang G, Pu J, Liu P. Gut microbiota-derived butyrate promotes coronavirus TGEV infection through impairing RIG-I-triggered local type I interferon responses via class I HDAC inhibition. J Virol 2024; 98:e0137723. [PMID: 38197629 PMCID: PMC10878070 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01377-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota-derived metabolites are important for the replication and pathogenesis of many viruses. However, the roles of bacterial metabolites in swine enteric coronavirus (SECoV) infection remain poorly understood. Recent studies show that SECoVs infection in vivo significantly alters the composition of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing gut microbiota. This prompted us to investigate whether and how SCFAs impact SECoV infection. Employing alphacoronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), a major cause of diarrhea in piglets, as a model, we found that SCFAs, particularly butyrate, enhanced TGEV infection both in porcine intestinal epithelial cells and swine testicular (ST) cells at the late stage of viral infection. This effect depended on the inhibited productions of virus-induced type I interferon (IFN) and downstream antiviral IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) by butyrate. Mechanistically, butyrate suppressed the expression of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), a key viral RNA sensor, and downstream mitochondrial antiviral-signaling (MAVS) aggregation, thereby impairing type I IFN responses and increasing TGEV replication. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, we showed that butyrate inhibited RIG-I-induced type I IFN signaling by suppressing class I histone deacetylase (HDAC). In summary, we identified a novel mechanism where butyrate enhances TGEV infection by suppressing RIG-I-mediated type I IFN responses. Our findings highlight that gut microbiota-derived metabolites like butyrate can be exploited by SECoV to dampen innate antiviral immunity and establish infection in the intestine.IMPORTANCESwine enteric coronaviruses (SECoVs) infection in vivo alters the composition of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing gut microbiota, but whether microbiota-derived SCFAs impact coronavirus gastrointestinal infection is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that SCFAs, particularly butyrate, substantially increased alphacoronavirus TGEV infection at the late stage of infection, without affecting viral attachment or internalization. Furthermore, enhancement of TGEV by butyrate depended on impeding virus-induced type I interferon (IFN) responses. Mechanistically, butyrate suppressed the cytoplasmic viral RNA sensor RIG-I expression and downstream type I IFN signaling activation by inhibiting class I HDAC, thereby promoting TGEV infection. Our work reveals novel functions of gut microbiota-derived SCFAs in enhancing enteric coronavirus infection by impairing RIG-I-dependent type I IFN responses. This implies that bacterial metabolites could be therapeutic targets against SECoV infection by modulating antiviral immunity in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingdan Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengqi Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Pu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pinghuang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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22
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Basu Thakur P, Mrotz VJ, Maines TR, Belser JA. Ferrets as a Mammalian Model to Study Influenza Virus-Bacteria Interactions. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:608-615. [PMID: 37739789 PMCID: PMC10922577 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferrets represent an invaluable model for the study of influenza virus pathogenicity and transmissibility. Ferrets are also employed for the study of bacterial pathogens that naturally infect humans at different anatomical sites. While viral and bacterial infection studies in isolation using animal models are important for furthering our understanding of pathogen biology and developing improved therapeutics, it is also critical to extend our knowledge to pathogen coinfections in vivo, to more closely examine interkingdom dynamics that may contribute to overall disease outcomes. We discuss how ferrets have been employed to study a diverse range of both influenza viruses and bacterial species and summarize key studies that have utilized the ferret model for primary influenza virus challenge followed by secondary bacterial infection. These copathogenesis studies have provided critical insight into the dynamic interplay between these pathogens, underscoring the utility of ferrets as a model system for investigating influenza virus-bacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Basu Thakur
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Victoria J Mrotz
- Comparative Medicine Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica A Belser
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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23
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Jesus GFA, Galvani NC, Abel JDS, Scussel R, Fagundes MĹ, Córneo EDS, Rossetto M, Sargiani D, de Ávila RAM, Michels M. Nuxcell Neo ® improves vaccine efficacy in antibody response. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1248811. [PMID: 38414656 PMCID: PMC10898353 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1248811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Current vaccination protocols raise concerns about the efficacy of immunization. There is evidence that changes in the gut microbiota can impact immune response. The formation of the gut microbiota in newborns plays a crucial role in immunity. Probiotic bacteria and prebiotics present important health-promoting and immunomodulatory properties. Thus, we hypothesize that pro and prebiotic supplementation can improve the efficacy of vaccination in newborns. In this protocol, newborn mice were used and treated with a single-dose rabies vaccine combined with Nuxcell Neo® (2 g/animal/week) for 3 weeks. Samples were collected on days 7, 14, and 21 after vaccination for analysis of cytokines and concentration of circulating antibodies. Our results show an increased concentration of antibodies in animals vaccinated against rabies and simultaneously treated with Nuxcell Neo® on days 14 and 21 when compared to the group receiving only the vaccine. In the cytokine levels analysis, it was possible to observe that there weren't relevant and significant changes between the groups, which demonstrates that the health of the animal remains stable. The results of our study confirm the promising impact of the use of Nuxcell Neo® on the immune response after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathalia Coral Galvani
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, UNESC—University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Jéssica da Silva Abel
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, UNESC—University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Rahisa Scussel
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, UNESC—University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Mírian ĺvens Fagundes
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, UNESC—University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Emily da Silva Córneo
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, UNESC—University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Monique Michels
- Biohall Consulting, Research and Innovation, Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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24
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Aghighi F, Salami M. What we need to know about the germ-free animal models. AIMS Microbiol 2024; 10:107-147. [PMID: 38525038 PMCID: PMC10955174 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2024007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota (GM), as a forgotten organ, refers to the microbial community that resides in the gastrointestinal tract and plays a critical role in a variety of physiological activities in different body organs. The GM affects its targets through neurological, metabolic, immune, and endocrine pathways. The GM is a dynamic system for which exogenous and endogenous factors have negative or positive effects on its density and composition. Since the mid-twentieth century, laboratory animals are known as the major tools for preclinical research; however, each model has its own limitations. So far, two main models have been used to explore the effects of the GM under normal and abnormal conditions: the isolated germ-free and antibiotic-treated models. Both methods have strengths and weaknesses. In many fields of host-microbe interactions, research on these animal models are known as appropriate experimental subjects that enable investigators to directly assess the role of the microbiota on all features of physiology. These animal models present biological model systems to either study outcomes of the absence of microbes, or to verify the effects of colonization with specific and known microbial species. This paper reviews these current approaches and gives advantages and disadvantages of both models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud Salami
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I. R. Iran
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25
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Xing JH, Niu TM, Zou BS, Yang GL, Shi CW, Yan QS, Sun MJ, Yu T, Zhang SM, Feng XZ, Fan SH, Huang HB, Wang JH, Li MH, Jiang YL, Wang JZ, Cao X, Wang N, Zeng Y, Hu JT, Zhang D, Sun WS, Yang WT, Wang CF. Gut microbiota-derived LCA mediates the protective effect of PEDV infection in piglets. MICROBIOME 2024; 12:20. [PMID: 38317217 PMCID: PMC10840300 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota is a critical factor in the regulation of host health, but the relationship between the differential resistance of hosts to pathogens and the interaction of gut microbes is not yet clear. Herein, we investigated the potential correlation between the gut microbiota of piglets and their disease resistance using single-cell transcriptomics, 16S amplicon sequencing, metagenomics, and untargeted metabolomics. RESULTS Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection leads to significant changes in the gut microbiota of piglets. Notably, Landrace pigs lose their resistance quickly after being infected with PEDV, but transplanting the fecal microbiota of Min pigs to Landrace pigs alleviated the infection status. Macrogenomic and animal protection models identified Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus amylovorus in the gut microbiota as playing an anti-infective role. Moreover, metabolomic screening of the secondary bile acids' deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA) correlated significantly with Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus amylovorus, but only LCA exerted a protective function in the animal model. In addition, LCA supplementation altered the distribution of intestinal T-cell populations and resulted in significantly enriched CD8+ CTLs, and in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that LCA increased SLA-I expression in porcine intestinal epithelial cells via FXR receptors, thereby recruiting CD8+ CTLs to exert antiviral effects. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings indicate that the diversity of gut microbiota influences the development of the disease, and manipulating Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus amylovorus, as well as LCA, represents a promising strategy to improve PEDV infection in piglets. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hong Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Tian-Ming Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Bo-Shi Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Gui-Lian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chun-Wei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Qing-Song Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Ming-Jie Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Tong Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Shu-Min Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xi-Ze Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Shu-Hui Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Hai-Bin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jun-Hong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Ming-Han Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yan-Long Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xin Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jing-Tao Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Wu-Sheng Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Wen-Tao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Chun-Feng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China.
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26
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Deng Y, Yang S, Zhang L, Chen C, Cheng X, Hou C. Chronic bee paralysis virus exploits host antimicrobial peptides and alters gut microbiota composition to facilitate viral infection. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae051. [PMID: 38519112 PMCID: PMC11014883 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The significance of gut microbiota in regulating animal immune response to viral infection is increasingly recognized. However, how chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) exploits host immune to disturb microbiota for its proliferation remains elusive. Through histopathological examination, we discovered that the hindgut harbored the highest level of CBPV, and displayed visible signs of damages. The metagenomic analysis showed that a notable reduction in the levels of Snodgrassella alvi and Lactobacillus apis, and a significant increase in the abundance of the opportunistic pathogens such as Enterobacter hormaechei and Enterobacter cloacae following CBPV infection. Subsequent co-inoculation experiments showed that these opportunistic pathogens facilitated the CBPV proliferation, leading to accelerated mortality in bees and exacerbation of bloated abdomen symptoms after CBPV infection. The expression level of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) was found to be significantly up-regulated by over 1000 times in response to CBPV infection, as demonstrated by subsequent transcriptome and quantitative real-time PCR investigations. In particular, through correlation analysis and a bacteriostatic test revealed that the AMPs did not exhibit any inhibitory effect against the two opportunistic pathogens. However, they did demonstrate inhibitory activity against S. alvi and L. apis. Our findings provide different evidence that the virus infection may stimulate and utilize the host's AMPs to eradicate probiotic species and facilitate the proliferation of opportunistic bacteria. This process weakens the intestinal barrier and ultimately resulting in the typical bloated abdomen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Deng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Sa Yang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chenxiao Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Xuefen Cheng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Chunsheng Hou
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
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27
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Devaux CA, Pontarotti P, Levasseur A, Colson P, Raoult D. Is it time to switch to a formulation other than the live attenuated poliovirus vaccine to prevent poliomyelitis? Front Public Health 2024; 11:1284337. [PMID: 38259741 PMCID: PMC10801389 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1284337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The polioviruses (PVs) are mainly transmitted by direct contact with an infected person through the fecal-oral route and respiratory secretions (or more rarely via contaminated water or food) and have a primary tropism for the gut. After their replication in the gut, in rare cases (far less than 1% of the infected individuals), PVs can spread to the central nervous system leading to flaccid paralysis, which can result in respiratory paralysis and death. By the middle of the 20th century, every year the wild polioviruses (WPVs) are supposed to have killed or paralyzed over half a million people. The introduction of the oral poliovirus vaccines (OPVs) through mass vaccination campaigns (combined with better application of hygiene measures), was a success story which enabled the World Health Organization (WHO) to set the global eradication of poliomyelitis as an objective. However this strategy of viral eradication has its limits as the majority of poliomyelitis cases today arise in individuals infected with circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) which regain pathogenicity following reversion or recombination. In recent years (between January 2018 and May 2023), the WHO recorded 8.8 times more cases of polio which were linked to the attenuated OPV vaccines (3,442 polio cases after reversion or recombination events) than cases linked to a WPV (390 cases). Recent knowledge of the evolution of RNA viruses and the exchange of genetic material among biological entities of the intestinal microbiota, call for a reassessment of the polio eradication vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Albert Devaux
- Laboratory Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS-SNC5039), Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Pontarotti
- Laboratory Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS-SNC5039), Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- Laboratory Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- Laboratory Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Laboratory Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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28
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Heindel DW, Figueroa Acosta DM, Goff M, Yengo CK, Jan M, Liu X, Wang XH, Petrova MI, Zhang M, Sagar M, Barnette P, Pandey S, Hessell AJ, Chan KW, Kong XP, Chen BK, Mahal LK, Bensing BA, Hioe CE. HIV-1 interaction with an O-glycan-specific bacterial lectin enhances virus infectivity and resistance to neutralization by antibodies. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-2596269. [PMID: 36824869 PMCID: PMC9949255 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2596269/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria dysbiosis has been associated with an increased risk of HIV-1 transmission and acquisition. The prevalent idea is that bacteria dysbiosis compromises mucosal integrity and promotes inflammatory conditions to cause recruitment and activation of immune cells that harbor or are targeted by HIV-1. However, it is also possible that HIV-1 directly binds bacteria or bacterial products to impact virus infectivity and transmissibility. This study evaluated HIV-1 interactions with bacteria through glycan-binding lectins. The Streptococcal Siglec-like lectin SLBR-N, which is part of the fimbriae shrouding the bacteria surface and recognizes α2,3 sialyated O-linked glycans, was noted for its ability to enhance HIV-1 infectivity in the context of cell-free infection and cell-to-cell transfer. Enhancing effects were recapitulated with O-glycan-binding plant lectins, signifying the importance of O-glycans. Conversely, N-glycan-binding bacterial lectins FimH and Msl had no effect. SLBR-N was demonstrated to capture and transfer infectious HIV-1 virions, bind to O-glycans on HIV-1 Env, and increase HIV-1 resistance to broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting different regions of Env. Hence, this study highlights the potential contribution of O-glycans in promoting HIV-1 infection through the exploitation of O-glycan-binding lectins from commensal bacteria at the mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Heindel
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dania M Figueroa Acosta
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marisa Goff
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clauvis Kunkeng Yengo
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Muzafar Jan
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Present address: Department of Biochemistry, Government Degree College Handwara, University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiao-Hong Wang
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System-Manhattan, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mariya I Petrova
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Present address: Microbiome Insights and Probiotics Consultancy, Karlovo, Bulgaria
| | - Mo Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manish Sagar
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Phillip Barnette
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Kun-Wei Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin K Chen
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lara K Mahal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Barbara A Bensing
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Catarina E Hioe
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, USA
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29
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Heindel DW, Figueroa Acosta DM, Goff M, Yengo CK, Jan M, Liu X, Wang XH, Petrova MI, Zhang M, Sagar M, Barnette P, Pandey S, Hessell AJ, Chan KW, Kong XP, Chen BK, Mahal LK, Bensing BA, Hioe CE. HIV-1 interaction with an O-glycan-specific bacterial lectin enhances virus infectivity and resistance to neutralization by antibodies. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-2596269. [PMID: 36824869 PMCID: PMC9949255 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2596269/v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/14/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria dysbiosis has been associated with an increased risk of HIV-1 transmission and acquisition. The prevalent idea is that bacteria dysbiosis compromises mucosal integrity and promotes inflammatory conditions to cause recruitment and activation of immune cells that harbor or are targeted by HIV-1. However, it is also possible that HIV-1 directly binds bacteria or bacterial products to impact virus infectivity and transmissibility. This study evaluated HIV-1 interactions with bacteria through glycan-binding lectins. The Streptococcal Siglec-like lectin SLBR-N, which is part of the fimbriae shrouding the bacteria surface and recognizes α2,3 sialyated O-linked glycans, was noted for its ability to enhance HIV-1 infectivity in the context of cell-free infection and cell-to-cell transfer. Enhancing effects were recapitulated with O-glycan-binding plant lectins, signifying the importance of O-glycans. Conversely, N-glycan-binding bacterial lectins FimH and Msl had no effect. SLBR-N was demonstrated to capture and transfer infectious HIV-1 virions, bind to O-glycans on HIV-1 Env, and increase HIV-1 resistance to broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting different regions of Env. Hence, this study highlights the potential contribution of O-glycans in promoting HIV-1 infection through the exploitation of O-glycan-binding lectins from commensal bacteria at the mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Heindel
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dania M Figueroa Acosta
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marisa Goff
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clauvis Kunkeng Yengo
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Muzafar Jan
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Present address: Department of Biochemistry, Government Degree College Handwara, University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiao-Hong Wang
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System-Manhattan, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mariya I Petrova
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Present address: Microbiome Insights and Probiotics Consultancy, Karlovo, Bulgaria
| | - Mo Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manish Sagar
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Phillip Barnette
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Kun-Wei Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin K Chen
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lara K Mahal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Barbara A Bensing
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Catarina E Hioe
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, USA
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30
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Smith SC, Krystofiak E, Ogden KM. Mammalian orthoreovirus can exit cells in extracellular vesicles. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011637. [PMID: 38206991 PMCID: PMC10807757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Several egress pathways have been defined for many viruses. Among these pathways, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to function as vehicles of non-lytic viral egress. EVs are heterogenous populations of membrane-bound structures released from cells as a form of intercellular communication. EV-mediated viral egress may enable immune evasion and collective viral transport. Strains of nonenveloped mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) differ in cell lysis phenotypes, with T3D disrupting cell membranes more efficiently than T1L. However, mechanisms of reovirus egress and the influence of transport strategy on infection are only partially understood. To elucidate reovirus egress mechanisms, we infected murine fibroblasts (L cells) and non-polarized human colon epithelial (Caco-2) cells with T1L or T3D reovirus and enriched cell culture supernatants for large EVs, medium EVs, small EVs, and free reovirus. We found that both reovirus strains exit cells in association with large and medium EVs and as free virus particles, and that EV-enriched fractions are infectious. While reovirus visually associates with large and medium EVs, only medium EVs offer protection from antibody-mediated neutralization. EV-mediated protection from neutralization is virus strain- and cell type-specific, as medium EVs enriched from L cell supernatants protect T1L and T3D, while medium EVs enriched from Caco-2 cell supernatants largely fail to protect T3D and only protect T1L efficiently. Using genetically barcoded reovirus, we provide evidence that large and medium EVs can convey multiple particles to recipient cells. Finally, T1L or T3D infection increases the release of all EV sizes from L cells. Together, these findings suggest that in addition to exiting cells as free particles, reovirus promotes egress from distinct cell types in association with large and medium EVs during lytic or non-lytic infection, a mode of exit that can mediate multiparticle infection and, in some cases, protection from antibody neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydni Caet Smith
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Evan Krystofiak
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kristen M. Ogden
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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31
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Xu L, Wu Y, Yang X, Pang X, Wu Y, Li X, Liu X, Zhao Y, Yu L, Wang P, Ye B, Jiang S, Ma J, Zhang X. The Fe-S cluster biosynthesis in Enterococcus faecium is essential for anaerobic growth and gastrointestinal colonization. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2359665. [PMID: 38831611 PMCID: PMC11152105 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2359665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The facultative anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium Enterococcus faecium is a ubiquitous member of the human gut microbiota. However, it has gradually evolved into a pathogenic and multidrug resistant lineage that causes nosocomial infections. The establishment of high-level intestinal colonization by enterococci represents a critical step of infection. The majority of current research on Enterococcus has been conducted under aerobic conditions, while limited attention has been given to its physiological characteristics in anaerobic environments, which reflects its natural colonization niche in the gut. In this study, a high-density transposon mutant library containing 26,620 distinct insertion sites was constructed. Tn-seq analysis identified six genes that significantly contribute to growth under anaerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, deletion of sufB (encoding Fe-S cluster assembly protein B) results in more extensive and significant impairments on carbohydrate metabolism compared to aerobic conditions. Consistently, the pathways involved in this utilization-restricted carbohydrates were mostly expressed at significantly lower levels in mutant compared to wild-type under anaerobic conditions. Moreover, deletion of sufB or pflA (encoding pyruvate formate lyase-activating protein A) led to failure of gastrointestinal colonization in mice. These findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms by which E. faecium maintains proliferation under anaerobic conditions and establishes colonization in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Xu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, Linyi, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Yajing Wu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangpeng Yang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Xinxin Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yansha Wu
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingshuai Li
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Xiayu Liu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuzhong Zhao
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, Linyi, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Lumin Yu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Peikun Wang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Bin Ye
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Shijin Jiang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Junfei Ma
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Xinglin Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, Linyi, China
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32
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González R, Félix MA. Naturally-associated bacteria modulate Orsay virus infection of Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011947. [PMID: 38232128 PMCID: PMC10824439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbes associated with an organism can significantly modulate its susceptibility to viral infections, but our understanding of the influence of individual microbes remains limited. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a model organism that in nature inhabits environments rich in bacteria. Here, we examine the impact of 71 naturally associated bacteria on C. elegans susceptibility to its only known natural virus, the Orsay virus. Our findings reveal that viral infection of C. elegans is significantly influenced by monobacterial environments. Compared to an Escherichia coli environmental reference, the majority of tested bacteria reduced C. elegans susceptibility to viral infection. This reduction is not caused by virion degradation or poor animal nutrition by the bacteria. The repression of viral infection by the bacterial strains Chryseobacterium JUb44 and Sphingobacterium BIGb0172 does not require the RIG-I homolog DRH-1, which is known to activate antiviral responses such as RNA interference and transcriptional regulation. Our research highlights the necessity of considering natural biotic environments in viral infection studies and opens the way future research on host-microbe-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén González
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Anne Félix
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
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Tang D, Qiu R, Qiu X, Sun M, Su M, Tao Z, Zhang L, Tao S. Dietary restriction rescues 5-fluorouracil-induced lethal intestinal toxicity in old mice by blocking translocation of opportunistic pathogens. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2355693. [PMID: 38780487 PMCID: PMC11123560 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2355693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy remains a major treatment for malignant tumors, yet the application of standard dose intensity chemotherapy is limited due to the side effects of cytotoxic drugs, especially in old populations. The underlying mechanisms of cytotoxicity and strategies to increase the safety and tolerance of chemotherapy remain to be explored. Using 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a cornerstone chemotherapeutic drug, we demonstrate that the main cause of death in ad libitum (AL) fed mice after 5-FU chemotherapy was infection caused by translocation of intestinal opportunistic pathogens. We show that these opportunistic pathogens greatly increase in the intestine after chemotherapy, which was closely related to loss of intestinal lysozyme. Of note, two weeks of dietary restriction (DR) prior to chemotherapy significantly protected the loss of lysozyme and increased the content of the beneficial Lactobacillus genera, resulting in a substantial inhibition of intestinal opportunistic pathogens and their translocation. The rescue effect of DR could be mimicked by Lysozyme or Lactobacillus gavage. Our study provides the first evidence that DR achieved a comprehensive protection of the intestinal physical, biological and chemical barriers, which significantly improved the overall survival of 5-FU-treated mice. Importantly, the above findings were more prominent in old mice. Furthermore, we show that patients over 65 years old have enriched opportunistic pathogens in their gut microbiota, especially after 5-FU based chemotherapy. Our study reveals important mechanisms for the poor chemotherapy tolerance of the elderly population, which can be significantly improved by short-term DR. This study generates new insights into methods for improving the chemotherapeutic prognosis by increasing the chemotherapy tolerance and safety of patients with malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duozhuang Tang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Rongrong Qiu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xingxing Qiu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Man Sun
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Mingyue Su
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhendong Tao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Medicine, Jiangxi Province Hospital of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liu Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Si Tao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Mosby CA, Long KJ, Phillips MB, Bartel J, Jones MK. Changes in the Murine Microbiome and Bacterial Extracellular Vesicle Production in Response to Antibiotic Treatment and Norovirus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:2443. [PMID: 38140684 PMCID: PMC10747002 DOI: 10.3390/v15122443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus infection is influenced by the presence of commensal bacteria, and both human and murine norovirus (MNV) bind to these bacteria. These virus-bacterial interactions, as well as MNV infection, promote the increased production of bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs). However, no correlation has been made between specific bacterial groups, their vesicles, and their impact on norovirus infection. The current study evaluated the impact of select bacterial compositions of murine microbiomes using antibiotic (ABX) cocktails on MNV infection and bEV production. The goal of this research was to determine if increases in bEVs following MNV infection in mice were associated with changes in specific bacterial populations. Bacterial taxa were found to be differentially abundant in both ABX-treated and untreated mice, with the greatest change in bacterial taxa seen in mice treated with a broad-spectrum ABX cocktail. Specifically, Lachnospiraeae were found to be differentially abundant between a variety of treatment factors, including MNV infection. Overall, these results demonstrate that MNV infection can alter the abundance of bacterial taxa within the microbiota, as well as their production of extracellular vesicles, and that the use of selective antibiotic treatments can allow the detection of viral impacts on the microbiome that might otherwise be masked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanel A. Mosby
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (C.A.M.); (K.J.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Kendall J. Long
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (C.A.M.); (K.J.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Matthew B. Phillips
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Julia Bartel
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (C.A.M.); (K.J.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Melissa K. Jones
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (C.A.M.); (K.J.L.); (J.B.)
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Robledo Gonzalez L, Tat RP, Greaves JC, Robinson CM. Viral-Bacterial Interactions That Impact Viral Thermostability and Transmission. Viruses 2023; 15:2415. [PMID: 38140656 PMCID: PMC10747402 DOI: 10.3390/v15122415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses are significant human pathogens that commonly cause foodborne illnesses worldwide. These viruses initiate infection in the gastrointestinal tract, home to a diverse population of intestinal bacteria. In a novel paradigm, data indicate that enteric viruses utilize intestinal bacteria to promote viral replication and pathogenesis. While mechanisms underlying these observations are not fully understood, data suggest that some enteric viruses bind directly to bacteria, stabilizing the virion to retain infectivity. Here, we discuss the current knowledge of these viral-bacterial interactions and examine the impact of these interactions on viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorimar Robledo Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.R.G.); (R.P.T.)
| | - Rachel P. Tat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.R.G.); (R.P.T.)
| | - Justin C. Greaves
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA;
| | - Christopher M. Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.R.G.); (R.P.T.)
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Zhang Y, Gao X, Gao S, Liu Y, Wang W, Feng Y, Pei L, Sun Z, Liu L, Wang C. Effect of gut flora mediated-bile acid metabolism on intestinal immune microenvironment. Immunology 2023; 170:301-318. [PMID: 37317655 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
According to reports, gut microbiota and metabolites regulate the intestinal immune microenvironment. In recent years, an increasing number of studies reported that bile acids (BAs) of intestinal flora origin affect T helper cells and regulatory T cells (Treg cells). Th17 cells play a pro-inflammatory role and Treg cells usually act in an immunosuppressive role. In this review, we emphatically summarised the influence and corresponding mechanism of different configurations of lithocholic acid (LCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA) on intestinal Th17 cells, Treg cells and intestinal immune microenvironment. The regulation of BAs receptors G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1/TGR5) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) on immune cells and intestinal environment are elaborated. Furthermore, the potential clinical applications above were also concluded in three aspects. The above will help researchers better understand the effects of gut flora on the intestinal immune microenvironment via BAs and contribute to the development of new targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Institute of Interconnected Intelligent Health Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xueyan Gao
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Institute of Interconnected Intelligent Health Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuochen Gao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenkang Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yudi Feng
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liping Pei
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhenqiang Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Institute of Interconnected Intelligent Health Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chengzeng Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Institute of Interconnected Intelligent Health Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Ponziani FR, Coppola G, Rio P, Caldarelli M, Borriello R, Gambassi G, Gasbarrini A, Cianci R. Factors Influencing Microbiota in Modulating Vaccine Immune Response: A Long Way to Go. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1609. [PMID: 37897011 PMCID: PMC10611107 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine immunogenicity still represents an unmet need in specific populations, such as people from developing countries and "edge populations". Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as the environment, age, and dietary habits, influence cellular and humoral immune responses. The human microbiota represents a potential key to understanding how these factors impact the immune response to vaccination, with its modulation being a potential step to address vaccine immunogenicity. The aim of this narrative review is to explore the intricate interactions between the microbiota and the immune system in response to vaccines, highlighting the state of the art in gut microbiota modulation as a novel therapeutic approach to enhancing vaccine immunogenicity and laying the foundation for future, more solid data for its translation to the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rossella Cianci
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy (G.C.); (P.R.); (M.C.); (R.B.); (G.G.); (A.G.)
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38
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Jung K, Wang Q, Chang KO, Saif LJ. Intestinal colonization with Escherichia fergusonii enhances infectivity of GII.12 human norovirus in gnotobiotic pigs. Virus Res 2023; 336:199219. [PMID: 37683935 PMCID: PMC10504090 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The role of gut microbiota [especially, histo-blood group antigen (HBGA)-expressing bacteria] in influencing human norovirus (HuNoV) infections is unclear. We investigated if infectivity of GII.12 HuNoV in gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs is altered by intestinal colonization with Escherichia fergusonii known to express HBGA A and H on their cell surface. Fifteen piglets were randomly grouped: (1) E. fergusonii + HuNoV (n = 6), (2) HuNoV alone (n = 6), and (3) Mock-inoculated (n = 3). Pigs (8-11-day-old) were inoculated orally with GII.12 HuNoV strain HS206 (9.5 log10 genomic equivalents/pig) or mock. For 2 days prior to viral inoculation, pigs were inoculated orally with E. fergusonii [8 log10 colony forming units/pig/day]. Daily fecal consistency, fecal viral RNA or E. fergusonii shedding, and histopathology (at euthanasia) were evaluated. Unlike the reduced infectivity of GII.4 HuNoV observed previously in Gn pigs colonized with Enterobacter cloacae known to express HBGA A, B, and H on the surface, E. fergusonii + HuNoV pigs exhibited significantly higher cumulative fecal HuNoV RNA shedding at PIDs 6-14 and 1-21 compared with HuNoV alone pigs. Mean days of fecal HuNoV RNA shedding were also significantly greater in E. fergusonii + HuNoV pigs (11.8 ± 1.6 days) compared with HuNoV alone pigs (7.0 ± 1.0 days). By immunofluorescent staining, HuNoV antigen-positive bacteria were detected on the surface of the intestinal epithelium, possibly enhancing attachment of HuNoV to enterocytes, suggesting a potential mechanism by which intestinal colonization with E. fergusonii promoted infectivity of GII.12 HuNoV in Gn pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwonil Jung
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA.
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA.
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Bernard-Raichon L, Cadwell K. Immunomodulation by Enteric Viruses. Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:477-502. [PMID: 37380186 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-112317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses display intricate adaptations to the host mucosal immune system to successfully reproduce in the gastrointestinal tract and cause maladies ranging from gastroenteritis to life-threatening disease upon extraintestinal dissemination. However, many viral infections are asymptomatic, and their presence in the gut is associated with an altered immune landscape that can be beneficial or adverse in certain contexts. Genetic variation in the host and environmental factors including the bacterial microbiota influence how the immune system responds to infections in a remarkably viral strain-specific manner. This immune response, in turn, determines whether a given virus establishes acute versus chronic infection, which may have long-lasting consequences such as susceptibility to inflammatory disease. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in the interaction between enteric viruses and the immune system that underlie the impact of these ubiquitous infectious agents on our health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bernard-Raichon
- Cell Biology Department, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
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Abstract
The mammalian gastrointestinal tract (GIT) hosts a diverse and highly active microbiota composed of bacteria, eukaryotes, archaea, and viruses. Studies of the GIT microbiota date back more than a century, although modern techniques, including mouse models, sequencing technology, and novel therapeutics in humans, have been foundational to our understanding of the roles of commensal microbes in health and disease. Here, we review the impacts of the GIT microbiota on viral infection, both within the GIT and systemically. GIT-associated microbes and their metabolites alter the course of viral infection through a variety of mechanisms, including direct interactions with virions, alteration of the GIT landscape, and extensive regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Mechanistic understanding of the full breadth of interactions between the GIT microbiota and the host is still lacking in many ways but will be vital for the development of novel therapeutics for viral and nonviral diseases alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA;
| | - Yuhao Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Harshad Ingle
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA;
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA;
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Singer ZS, Pabón J, Huang H, Rice CM, Danino T. Engineered bacteria launch and control an oncolytic virus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.28.559873. [PMID: 37808855 PMCID: PMC10557668 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.28.559873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability of bacteria and viruses to selectively replicate in tumors has led to synthetic engineering of new microbial therapies. Here we design a cooperative strategy whereby S. typhimurium bacteria transcribe and deliver the Senecavirus A RNA genome inside host cells, launching a potent oncolytic viral infection. Then, we engineer the virus to require a bacterially delivered protease in order to achieve virion maturation, demonstrating bacterial control over the virus. This work extends bacterially delivered therapeutics to viral genomes, and the governing of a viral population through engineered microbial interactions. One-Sentence Summary Bacteria are engineered to act as a synthetic "capsid" delivering Senecavirus A genome and controlling its spread.
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Wu Y, Pei S, Wu J, Tu X, Ren L, Ji Y, Yao Y, Liu Y. The Abnormal Accumulation of Lipopolysaccharide Secreted by Enriched Gram-Negative Bacteria Increases the Risk of Rotavirus Colonization in Young Adults. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2280. [PMID: 37764124 PMCID: PMC10535061 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is an enteric virus that causes infantile diarrhea. However, the risk factors contributing to HRV colonization in young adults have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we compared the differences in dietary habits and composition of gut microbiota between asymptomatic HRV-infected young adults and their healthy counterparts and investigated potential risk factors contributing to HRV colonization. Our results indicated that asymptomatic HRV-infected adults had an excessive intake of milk and dairy and high levels of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) and preferred veterinary antibiotic (PVAs) residues in urine samples. Their gut microbiota is characterized by abundant Gram-negative (G-) bacteria and high concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Several opportunistic pathogens provide discriminatory power to asymptomatic, HRV-infected adults. Finally, we observed an association between HRV colonization and disrupted gut microbiota caused by the exposure to VAs and PVAs. Our study reveals the traits of disrupted gut microbiota in asymptomatic HRV-infected adults and provides a potential avenue for gut microbiota-based prevention strategies for HRV colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wu
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Shuang Pei
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Xinru Tu
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Lingling Ren
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Yanli Ji
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Yuyou Yao
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Yehao Liu
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
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Smith SC, Krystofiak E, Ogden KM. Mammalian orthoreovirus can exit cells in extracellular vesicles. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.29.555250. [PMID: 37693509 PMCID: PMC10491149 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.555250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Several egress pathways have been defined for many viruses. Among these pathways, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to function as vehicles of non-lytic viral egress. EVs are heterogenous populations of membrane-bound structures released from cells as a form of intercellular communication. EV-mediated viral egress may enable immune evasion and collective viral transport. Strains of nonenveloped mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) differ in cell lysis phenotypes, with T3D disrupting cell membranes more efficiently than T1L. However, mechanisms of reovirus egress and the influence of transport strategy on infection are only partially understood. To elucidate reovirus egress mechanisms, we infected murine fibroblasts (L cells) and non-polarized human colon epithelial (Caco-2) cells with T1L or T3D reovirus and enriched cell culture supernatants for large EVs, medium EVs, small EVs, and free reovirus. We found that both reovirus strains exit cells in association with large and medium EVs and as free virus particles, and that EV-enriched fractions are infectious. While reovirus visually associates with large and medium EVs, only medium EVs offer protection from antibody-mediated neutralization. EV-mediated protection from neutralization is virus strain- and cell type-specific, as medium EVs enriched from L cell supernatants protect T1L and T3D, while medium EVs enriched from Caco-2 cell supernatants largely fail to protect T3D and only protect T1L efficiently. Using genetically barcoded reovirus, we provide evidence that large and medium EVs can convey multiple particles to recipient cells. Finally, T1L or T3D infection increases the release of all EV sizes from L cells. Together, these findings suggest that in addition to exiting cells as free particles, reovirus promotes egress from distinct cell types in association with large and medium EVs during lytic or non-lytic infection, a mode of exit that can mediate multiparticle infection and, in some cases, protection from antibody neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydni Caet Smith
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Evan Krystofiak
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University
| | - Kristen M. Ogden
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
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Hughey MC, Warne R, Dulmage A, Reeve RE, Curtis GH, Whitfield K, Schock DM, Crespi E. Diet- and salinity-induced modifications of the gut microbiota are associated with differential physiological responses to ranavirus infection in Rana sylvatica. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220121. [PMID: 37305908 PMCID: PMC10258663 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Greater knowledge of how host-microbiome interactions vary with anthropogenic environmental change and influence pathogenic infections is needed to better understand stress-mediated disease outcomes. We investigated how increasing salinization in freshwaters (e.g. due to road de-icing salt runoff) and associated increases in growth of nutritional algae influenced gut bacterial assembly, host physiology and responses to ranavirus exposure in larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica). Elevating salinity and supplementing a basic larval diet with algae increased larval growth and also increased ranavirus loads. However, larvae given algae did not exhibit elevated kidney corticosterone levels, accelerated development or weight loss post-infection, whereas larvae fed a basic diet did. Thus, algal supplementation reversed a potentially maladaptive stress response to infection observed in prior studies in this system. Algae supplementation also reduced gut bacterial diversity. Notably, we observed higher relative abundances of Firmicutes in treatments with algae-a pattern consistent with increased growth and fat deposition in mammals-that may contribute to the diminished stress responses to infection via regulation of host metabolism and endocrine function. Our study informs mechanistic hypotheses about the role of microbiome mediation of host responses to infection that can be tested in future experiments in this host-pathogen system. This article is part of the theme issue 'Amphibian immunity: stress, disease and ecoimmunology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra C. Hughey
- Department of Biology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | - Robin Warne
- School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Alexa Dulmage
- School of Biological Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Robyn E. Reeve
- School of Biological Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Grace H. Curtis
- School of Biological Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Kourtnie Whitfield
- School of Biological Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | | | - Erica Crespi
- School of Biological Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Yang S, Liu G, Savelkoul HFJ, Jansen CA, Li B. Mini-review: microbiota have potential to prevent PEDV infection by improved intestinal barrier. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1230937. [PMID: 37503350 PMCID: PMC10369048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1230937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection poses a significant threat to the global pig industry. Current prevention and control strategies are inadequate in protecting pigs from new PEDV variants. This review aims to examine the relationship between PEDV and intestinal microbes, and investigate whether modulating intestinal microbes could affect PEDV infection. The mechanisms by which various intestinal microbes affect viral infection were initially introduced. Intestinal microbes can influence enteric viral infection through direct contact, such as binding, or by affecting interferons (IFNs) production and the intestinal barrier. Influencing the intestinal barrier by microbes can impact PEDV infection in young piglets. To narrow down the range of microbes that may influence PEDV infection, this review summarized microbes that change after infection. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bacterial cell components, and toxins from microbes were identified as important mediators affecting PEDV infection. SCFAs primarily strengthen the intestinal barrier and inhibit intestinal inflammation, while bacterial cell components and toxins are more likely to damage the intestinal barrier. Therefore, this review hypothesizes that fecal transplantation, which allows the host to colonize more SCFAs-producing microbes, may prevent PEDV infection. However, these hypotheses require further proof, and the transplantation of intestinal microbes in pigs requires more exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Guangliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Huub F. J. Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Christine A. Jansen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Toprak K, Inanır M, Memioğlu T, Kaplangoray M, Palice A, Tascanov MB. Could Zonulin and Presepsin Be Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Acute Myocarditis? Arq Bras Cardiol 2023; 120:e20230017. [PMID: 37556677 PMCID: PMC10464857 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20230017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of acute myocarditis is usually made with clinical and laboratory parameters. This can sometimes be mixed up with diseases that have similar clinical features, making the diagnosis difficult. Therefore, the use of more specific biomarkers, in addition to the classically used biomarkers such as troponin, will accelerate the diagnosis. In addition, these biomarkers may help us to understand the mechanism of myocarditis development and thus predict unpredictable clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE This study aims to reveal the possible relationship between intestinal permeability and acute myocarditis. METHODS In this study, we wanted to evaluate serum levels of zonulin and presepsin in 138 consecutive subjects, including 68 patients with myocarditis and another 70 as the control group, matched for age, gender, and cardiovascular risk factors. P-values <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS Compared to the control group, zonulin and presepsin were significantly higher in the patient group with myocarditis (p < 0.001, for all). Zonulin levels were positively correlated with presepsin, peak CK-MB, and peak troponin levels (r = 0.461, p < 0.001; r = 0.744, p < 0.001; r = 0.627, p < 0.001; respectively). In regression analysis, presepsin and zonulin were determined as independent predictors for myocarditis (OR 1.002, 95% CI 1.001-1.003, p = 0.025; OR 12.331, 95% CI 4.261-35.689; p < 0.001; respectively). The predictive value of acute myocarditis of presepsin and zonulin in ROC curve analysis was statistically significant (p < 0.001, for both). CONCLUSION This study showed that zonulin and presepsin could be biomarkers that can be used in the diagnosis of myocarditis, and they can also be therapeutic targets by shedding light on the developmental mechanism of myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Toprak
- Harran UniversityFaculty of MedicineDepartment of CardiologySanliurfaTurquiaHarran University Faculty of Medicine – Department of Cardiology, Sanliurfa – Turquia
| | - Mehmet Inanır
- Abant Izzet Baysal University HospitalBoluTurquiaAbant Izzet Baysal University Hospital – Cardiology, Bolu – Turquia
| | - Tolga Memioğlu
- Abant Izzet Baysal University HospitalBoluTurquiaAbant Izzet Baysal University Hospital – Cardiology, Bolu – Turquia
| | - Mustafa Kaplangoray
- Sanliurfa Mehmet Akif Inan Training and ResearchSanliurfaTurquiaSanliurfa Mehmet Akif Inan Training and Research – Cardiology, Sanliurfa – Turquia
| | - Ali Palice
- Sanliurfa Mehmet Akif Inan Training and ResearchSanliurfaTurquiaSanliurfa Mehmet Akif Inan Training and Research – Cardiology, Sanliurfa – Turquia
| | - Mustafa Begenc Tascanov
- Harran UniversityFaculty of MedicineDepartment of CardiologySanliurfaTurquiaHarran University Faculty of Medicine – Department of Cardiology, Sanliurfa – Turquia
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Zhu SY, Jiang YZ, Shen N, Li M, Yin HJ, Qiao JB. Changes in the intestinal microbiota of children with hand, foot, and mouth disease under 3 years old. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33687. [PMID: 37145009 PMCID: PMC10158917 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of intestinal microbiota in children with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) under 3 years old. Fresh feces were collected from 54 children with HFMD and 30 healthy children. All of them were <3 years old. Sequencing of the 16S rDNA amplicons was performed. Between the 2 groups, the richness, diversity, and structure of the intestinal microbiota were analyzed by α-diversity and β-diversity. Linear discriminant analysis and LEfSe analyses were used to compare different bacterial classifications. The sex and age of the children in the 2 groups were not statistically significant (P = .92 and P = .98, respectively). Compared to healthy children, the Shannon index, Ace index, and Chao index were lower in children with HFMD (P = .027, P = .012, and P = .012, respectively). Based on the weighted or unweighted UniFrac distance analysis, the structure of the intestinal microbiota in HFMD was also significantly changed (P = .002 and P < .001, respectively). Linear discriminant analysis and LEfSe analysis showed that the changes of key bacteria were manifested as a decrease in Prevotella and Clostridium_XIVa (P < .001 and P < .001, respectively), while Escherichia and Bifidobacterium increased (P = .025 and P = .001, respectively). Children with HFMD under 3 years of age have intestinal microbiota disorder and show a decrease in diversity and richness. The decrease in the abundance of Prevotella and Clostridium, which can produce short-chain fatty acids, is also one of the characteristics of the change. These results can offer a theoretical foundation for the pathogenesis and microecological treatment of HFMD in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yue Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Suqian Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya Zhou Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Suqian Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, Suqian Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Jun Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Suqian Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ji Bing Qiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Suqian Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu, China
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Znaidia M, de Souza-Angelo Y, Létoffé S, Staropoli I, Grzelak L, Ghigo JM, Schwartz O, Casartelli N. Exposure to Secreted Bacterial Factors Promotes HIV-1 Replication in CD4 + T Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0431322. [PMID: 36853052 PMCID: PMC10100953 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04313-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial translocation is associated with systemic immune activation in HIV-1 disease. Circulating T cells can encounter microbial products in the bloodstream and lymph nodes, where viral replication takes place. The mechanisms by which bacteria contribute to HIV-associated pathogenesis are not completely deciphered. Here, we examined how bacteria may impact T cell function and viral replication. We established cocultures between a panel of live bacteria and uninfected or HIV-1-infected activated peripheral blood CD4-positive (CD4+) T cells. We show that some bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii, sustain lymphocyte activation and enhance HIV-1 replication. Bacteria secrete soluble factors that upregulate CD25 and ICAM-1 cell surface levels and activate NF-κB nuclear translocation. Our data also demonstrate that CD25 polarizes at the virological synapse, suggesting a previously unappreciated role of CD25 during viral replication. These findings highlight how interactions between bacterial factors and T cells may promote T cell activation and HIV-1 replication. IMPORTANCE People living with HIV suffer from chronic immune activation despite effective antiretroviral therapy. Early after infection, HIV-1 actively replicates in the gut, causing the breakage of the intestinal epithelial barrier and microbial translocation. Microbial translocation and chronic immune activation have been proven linked; however, gaps in our knowledge on how bacteria contribute to the development of HIV-related diseases remain. Whether T cells in the peripheral blood react to bacterial products and how this affects viral replication are unknown. We show that some bacteria enriched in people living with HIV activate T cells and favor HIV-1's spread. Bacteria release soluble factors that cause the overexpression of cellular molecules related to their activation state. T cells overexpressing these molecules also replicate HIV-1 more efficiently. These results help us learn more about how HIV-1, T cells, and bacteria interact with each other, as well as the mechanisms behind chronic immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Znaidia
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR CNRS 3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Y. de Souza-Angelo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR CNRS 3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - S. Létoffé
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR CNRS 6047, Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - I. Staropoli
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR CNRS 3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - L. Grzelak
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR CNRS 3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - J. M. Ghigo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR CNRS 6047, Genetics of Biofilms Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - O. Schwartz
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR CNRS 3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - N. Casartelli
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, UMR CNRS 3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
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Brogna C, Costanzo V, Brogna B, Bisaccia DR, Brogna G, Giuliano M, Montano L, Viduto V, Cristoni S, Fabrowski M, Piscopo M. Analysis of Bacteriophage Behavior of a Human RNA Virus, SARS-CoV-2, through the Integrated Approach of Immunofluorescence Microscopy, Proteomics and D-Amino Acid Quantification. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3929. [PMID: 36835341 PMCID: PMC9965620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, one of the human RNA viruses, is widely studied around the world. Significant efforts have been made to understand its molecular mechanisms of action and how it interacts with epithelial cells and the human microbiome since it has also been observed in gut microbiome bacteria. Many studies emphasize the importance of surface immunity and also that the mucosal system is critical in the interaction of the pathogen with the cells of the oral, nasal, pharyngeal, and intestinal epithelium. Recent studies have shown how bacteria in the human gut microbiome produce toxins capable of altering the classical mechanisms of interaction of viruses with surface cells. This paper presents a simple approach to highlight the initial behavior of a novel pathogen, SARS-CoV-2, on the human microbiome. The immunofluorescence microscopy technique can be combined with spectral counting performed at mass spectrometry of viral peptides in bacterial cultures, along with identification of the presence of D-amino acids within viral peptides in bacterial cultures and in patients' blood. This approach makes it possible to establish the possible expression or increase of viral RNA viruses in general and SARS-CoV-2, as discussed in this study, and to determine whether or not the microbiome is involved in the pathogenetic mechanisms of the viruses. This novel combined approach can provide information more rapidly, avoiding the biases of virological diagnosis and identifying whether a virus can interact with, bind to, and infect bacteria and epithelial cells. Understanding whether some viruses have bacteriophagic behavior allows vaccine therapies to be focused either toward certain toxins produced by bacteria in the microbiome or toward finding inert or symbiotic viral mutations with the human microbiome. This new knowledge opens a scenario on a possible future vaccine: the probiotics vaccine, engineered with the right resistance to viruses that attach to both the epithelium human surface and gut microbiome bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Brogna
- Department of Research, Craniomed Group Facility Srl., 20091 Bresso, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Costanzo
- Biogem, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Barbara Brogna
- Department of Radiology, Moscati Hospital, Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Giancarlo Brogna
- Department of Research, Craniomed Group Facility Srl., 20091 Bresso, Italy
| | - Marino Giuliano
- Marsanconsulting Srl. Public Health Company, Via dei Fiorentini, 80133 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Montano
- Andrology Unit and Service of LifeStyle Medicine in Uro-Andrology, Local Health Authority (ASL), 84124 Salerno, Italy
| | - Valentina Viduto
- Long COVID-19 Foundation, Brookfield Court, Garforth, Leeds LS25 1NB, UK
| | | | - Mark Fabrowski
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Royal Sussex County Hospital, University Hospitals Sussex, Eastern Road, Brighton BN2 5BE, UK
| | - Marina Piscopo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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50
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Spring J, Beilinson V, DeFelice BC, Sanchez JM, Fischbach M, Chervonsky A, Golovkina T. Retroviral Infection and Commensal Bacteria Dependently Alter the Metabolomic Profile in a Sterile Organ. Viruses 2023; 15:386. [PMID: 36851600 PMCID: PMC9967258 DOI: 10.3390/v15020386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Both viruses and bacteria produce "pathogen associated molecular patterns" that may affect microbial pathogenesis and anti-microbial responses. Additionally, bacteria produce metabolites, while viruses could change the metabolic profiles of the infected cells. Here, we used an unbiased metabolomics approach to profile metabolites in spleens and blood of murine leukemia virus-infected mice monocolonized with Lactobacillus murinus to show that viral infection significantly changes the metabolite profile of monocolonized mice. We hypothesize that these changes could contribute to viral pathogenesis or to the host response against the virus and thus open a new avenue for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Spring
- Committee on Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Vera Beilinson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Fischbach
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexander Chervonsky
- Committee on Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tatyana Golovkina
- Committee on Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics and System Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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