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Kendil W, Dergal F, Tefiani I, Mahdad YM, Benladghem Z, Ziani-Cherif C, Seddiki SML. Improvement of a low-cost protocol for a simultaneous comparative evaluation of hydrolytic activity between sessile and planktonic cells: Candida albicans as a study model. BIOFOULING 2024; 40:431-445. [PMID: 38973173 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2024.2376637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Candida albicans is often implicated in nosocomial infections with fatal consequences. Its virulence is contributed to hydrolytic enzymes and biofilm formation. Previous research focused on studying these virulence factors individually. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of biofilm formation on the hydrolytic activity using an adapted low-cost method. Eleven strains of C. albicans were used. The biofilms were formed on pre-treated silicone discs using 24-well plates and then deposited on the appropriate agar to test each enzyme, while the planktonic cells were conventionally seeded. Biofilms were analysed using Raman spectroscopy, fluorescent and scanning electron microscopy. The adapted method provided an evaluation of hydrolytic enzymes activity in C. albicans biofilm and showed that sessile cells had a higher phospholipase and proteinase activities compared with planktonic cells. These findings were supported by spectroscopic and microscopic analyses, which provided valuable insights into the virulence mechanisms of C. albicans during biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Kendil
- Antifungal Antibiotic: Physico-Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activity Laboratory (LAPSAB), Biology Department, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Fayçal Dergal
- Scientific and Technical Research Center in Physico-Chemical Analysis (CRAPC), Tipaza, Algeria
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Synthesis in Organic Chemistry (LCSCO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Ikram Tefiani
- Antifungal Antibiotic: Physico-Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activity Laboratory (LAPSAB), Biology Department, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Yassine Moustafa Mahdad
- Laboratory for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas, University Center of Naâma, Naâma, Algeria
- Laboratory of Applied Genetic in Agriculture, Ecology and Public Health, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Zakaria Benladghem
- Antifungal Antibiotic: Physico-Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activity Laboratory (LAPSAB), Biology Department, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
- Department of Biology, University of Tamanrasset, Tamanrasset, Algeria
| | - Chewki Ziani-Cherif
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Synthesis in Organic Chemistry (LCSCO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Sidi Mohammed Lahbib Seddiki
- Antifungal Antibiotic: Physico-Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activity Laboratory (LAPSAB), Biology Department, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
- Laboratory for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas, University Center of Naâma, Naâma, Algeria
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Silva NBS, Menezes RP, Gonçalves DS, Santiago MB, Conejo NC, Souza SL, Santos ALO, da Silva RS, Ramos SB, Ferro EAV, Martins CHG. Exploring the antifungal, antibiofilm and antienzymatic potential of Rottlerin in an in vitro and in vivo approach. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11132. [PMID: 38750088 PMCID: PMC11096346 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida species have been responsible for a high number of invasive infections worldwide. In this sense, Rottlerin has demonstrated a wide range of pharmacological activities. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antifungal, antibiofilm and antivirulence activity of Rottlerin in vitro against Candida spp. and its toxicity and antifungal activity in vivo. Rottlerin showed antifungal activity against all yeasts evaluated, presenting Minimum Inhibitory and Fungicidal Concentration (MIC and MFC) values of 7.81 to > 1000 µg/mL. Futhermore, it was able to significantly inhibit biofilm production, presenting Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (MICB50) values that ranged from 15.62 to 250 µg/mL and inhibition of the cell viability of the biofilm by 50% (IC50) from 2.24 to 12.76 µg/mL. There was a considerable reduction in all hydrolytic enzymes evaluated, with emphasis on hemolysin where Rottlerin showed a reduction of up to 20%. In the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, Rottlerin was able to completely inhibit filamentation by C. albicans. Regarding in vivo tests, Rottlerin did not demonstrate toxicity at the therapeutic concentrations demonstrated here and was able to increase the survival of C. elegans larvae infected. The results herein presented are innovative and pioneering in terms of Rottlerin's multipotentiality against these fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagela Bernadelli Sousa Silva
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Av. Pará, 1720 - Umuarama, Uberlândia, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Ralciane Paula Menezes
- Technical School of Health (ESTES), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Daniela Silva Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Av. Pará, 1720 - Umuarama, Uberlândia, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Mariana Brentini Santiago
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Av. Pará, 1720 - Umuarama, Uberlândia, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Noemi Chagas Conejo
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Av. Pará, 1720 - Umuarama, Uberlândia, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Sara Lemes Souza
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Av. Pará, 1720 - Umuarama, Uberlândia, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Anna Lívia Oliveira Santos
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Av. Pará, 1720 - Umuarama, Uberlândia, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Robinson Sabino da Silva
- Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanotheranostics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Salvador Boccaletti Ramos
- Department of Engineering and Exact Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences - Jaboticabal (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Amália Vieira Ferro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Gomes Martins
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Av. Pará, 1720 - Umuarama, Uberlândia, 38405-320, Brazil.
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Roberts K, Osme A, De Salvo C, Zoli E, Herrada J, McCormick TS, Ghannoum M, Cominelli F, Di Martino L. Candida tropicalis Affects Candida albicans Virulence by Limiting Its Capacity to Adhere to the Host Intestinal Surface, Leading to Decreased Susceptibility to Colitis in Mice. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:245. [PMID: 38667916 PMCID: PMC11051055 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida (C.) infections represent a serious health risk for people affected by inflammatory bowel disease. An important fungal virulence factor is the capacity of the fungus to form biofilms on the colonized surface of the host. This research study aimed to determine the effect of a C. tropicalis and C. albicans co-infection on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. The colitis severity was evaluated using histology and a colonoscopy. The mice were mono-inoculated with C. albicans or C. tropicalis or co-challenged with both species. The mice were administered 3% DSS to induce acute colitis. The biofilm activity was assessed using (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl] 2H-tetrazoliumhydroxide (XTT) and dry-weight assays. The abundance of C. albicans in the colon tissues was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The co-challenged mice showed a decreased colitis severity compared to the mono-inoculated mice. The dry-weight assay demonstrated a marked decrease in C. albicans biofilm production in a C. albicans culture incubated with C. tropicalis supernatant. Immunohistochemical staining showed that C. albicans was more abundant in the mucosa of C. albicans mono-inoculated mice compared to the co-inoculated group. These data indicate an antagonistic microbial interaction between the two Candida species, where C. tropicalis may produce molecules capable of limiting the ability of C. albicans to adhere to the host intestinal surface, leading to a reduction in biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Roberts
- Center for Medical Mycology and Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (K.R.); (J.H.); (T.S.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Abdullah Osme
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Carlo De Salvo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (C.D.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Eleonora Zoli
- Case Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Janet Herrada
- Center for Medical Mycology and Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (K.R.); (J.H.); (T.S.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Thomas S. McCormick
- Center for Medical Mycology and Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (K.R.); (J.H.); (T.S.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Mahmoud Ghannoum
- Center for Medical Mycology and Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (K.R.); (J.H.); (T.S.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (C.D.S.); (F.C.)
- Case Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Luca Di Martino
- Case Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Darmani H, Al-Saleh DRH. Oral Rinses: Some Kill and Some Cripple Candida albicans. Med Princ Pract 2024; 33:000538368. [PMID: 38498997 PMCID: PMC11324223 DOI: 10.1159/000538368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oral healthcare professionals play a crucial role in guiding patients toward evidence-based choices among the many available oral rinses. In this study, we explored how specific oral rinse formulations affect the viability and modulate critical virulence traits of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans. MATERIALS AND METHODS We assessed the effects of these oral rinses on the production of germ tube, production of phospholipase and hemolysin, as well as biofilm formation. RESULTS We found that oral rinses containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and chlorhexidine (CHX) showed the greatest fungicidal activity with the lowest MFCs (0.38% and 0.78%, respectively). Oral rinses based on zinc chloride and sodium fluoride with Miswak bark extract (MIS) or essential oils (EO) had much lower fungicidal activity (8-16 times lower) compared to CHX and CPC. However, they had a significantly greater impact on the virulence traits of C. albicans. They reduced germ tube production by 86% - 89% (versus 42% for CHX and 29% for CPC), completely inhibited phospholipase and hemolysin production, and together with the CPC-based oral rinse, exerted the greatest reductions in biofilm formation across all tested concentrations. This was in contrast to both the controls and CHX, which had a minimal effect on biofilm formation. CONCLUSION By inhibiting the virulence factors the oral rinse can have a crippling effect on C. albicans, weakening this opportunistic pathogen and hindering its potential to cause infection.
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David H, Solomon AP. Molecular association of Candida albicans and vulvovaginal candidiasis: focusing on a solution. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1245808. [PMID: 37900321 PMCID: PMC10611527 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1245808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans-mediated vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a significant challenge in clinical settings, owing to the inefficacy of current antifungals in modulating virulence, development of resistance, and poor penetration into the biofilm matrix. Various predisposition factors are molecular drivers that lead to the dysbiosis of normal microflora of the vagina, upregulation of central metabolic pathways, morphogenesis, hyphal extension, adhesion, invasion, and biofilm formation leading to chronic infection and recurrence. Hence, it is crucial to understand the molecular mechanism behind the virulence pathways driven by those drivers to decode the drug targets. Finding innovative solutions targeting fungal virulence/biofilm may potentiate the antifungals at low concentrations without affecting the recurrence of resistance. With this background, the present review details the critical molecular drivers and associated network of virulence pathways, possible drug targets, target-specific inhibitors, and probable mode of drug delivery to cross the preclinical phase by appropriate in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adline Princy Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
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Agrawal S. Spectrum of signs, symptoms, and treatment in amphotericin B-resistant Trichosporon endophthalmitis: A series of ten cases of post-cataract surgery cluster endophthalmitis. Indian J Ophthalmol 2022; 70:4004-4009. [PMID: 36308145 PMCID: PMC9907238 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1938_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to present the signs, symptoms, management, and outcome of a series of cases of cluster endophthalmitis caused by a multi-drug resistant fungus, Trichosporon. Methods This was a retrospective, non-randomized, consecutive interventional case series. Ten cases of postoperative endophthalmitis operated by a surgeon on three consecutive operation theater (OT) days presented 3-5 months after their surgery. All cases were microbiologically confirmed. The pathogen was found to be resistant to most antifungals, including amphotericin B. The cases had a latent period of around 45 days. Management of endophthalmitis included intravitreal injections, anterior chamber (AC) lavage, Pars Plana vitrectomy (PPV), posterior capsulotomy, IOL, and capsular bag removal. Multiple intravitreal injections were required due to recurrence of infections after initial improvement with voriconazole injections. Results Structural integrity was maintained and infection-free status was achieved in all the eyes. The presenting vision ranged from 6/60 to PL (perception of light). Seven out of 10 had improvement in their final vision over the presenting vision. Final outcome of four patients had vision of 6/24 or better, 4 patients had vision in the range of 2/60 to 6/36 and 2 patients had PL. Conclusion Trichosporon can cause devasting infections even in the immunocompetent, especially in association with implants and catheters. Triazoles form the mainstay of treatment of Trichosporon infection due to the high susceptibility of the organism in vitro. A regimen including voriconazole and amphotericin B may prove to be the most effective. This is the first report of an outbreak of cluster endophthalmitis caused by Trichosporon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Agrawal
- Sukriti Eye Clinic, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India,Correspondence to: Dr. Saurabh Agrawal, Sukriti Eye Clinic, B-3, Kapoorthala Bagh, Kursi Road, Lucknow-226 024, Uttar Pradesh, India. E-mail:
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Fathi F, Zarei Mahmoudabadi A, Fatahinia M. A comparative study on the production of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes of C. albicans and non- albicans Candida species isolated from HIV +/AIDS patients and healthy individuals. Curr Med Mycol 2022; 8:32-39. [PMID: 36654790 PMCID: PMC9825789 DOI: 10.18502/cmm.8.2.10330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Oropharyngeal candidiasis is the most prevalent opportunistic fungal infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as other immunodeficiency disorders, which is caused by various Candida species, mostly Candida albicans. Studies have shown that Candida isolates differ in their pathogenicity. These variations are attributed to virulence factors, host characteristics, and the target tissue. This study aimed to determine and compare the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes in C. albicans and non-albicans Candida species isolated from HIV+/AIDS patients and healthy individuals. Materials and Methods Samples were taken from 201 patients with HIV and 118 healthy individuals. The samples were identified by macroscopic, phenotypic, and molecular methods, and virulence factors were subsequently measured. Statistical differences in enzymatic activity of various Candida isolates were calculated (P<0.0001). Results In total, 95 samples (47.20%) from patients and 46 samples (38.90%) from healthy individuals were positive for the growth of different Candida species. There were 39 (41.10%) and 36 (78.30%) C. albicans in patients and healthy individuals, respectively, as well as 56 (58.90%) and 10 (21.70%) non-albicans species in patients and healthy subjects, respectively. All the enzymes produced by Candida species enzymes were at low, medium, and high levels. Hemolysin activity in Candida species isolated from patients was significantly higher, compared to healthy individuals. Moreover, the activity of all C. albicans enzymes in patients was significantly higher than other Candida species. Conclusion The C. albicans isolated from HIV-positive individuals secreted higher amounts of exoenzymes, and can cause oropharyngeal candidiasis and become a source of candidiasis for the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Fathi
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Zarei Mahmoudabadi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute and Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Fatahinia
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute and Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Kanjanapruthipong T, Sukphopetch P, Reamtong O, Isarangkul D, Muangkaew W, Thiangtrongjit T, Sansurin N, Fongsodsri K, Ampawong S. Cytoskeletal Alteration Is an Early Cellular Response in Pulmonary Epithelium Infected with Aspergillus fumigatus Rather than Scedosporium apiospermum. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 83:216-235. [PMID: 33890146 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis and scedosporiosis are life-threatening fungal infections with similar clinical manifestations in immunocompromised patients. Contrarily, Scedosporium apiospermum is susceptible to some azole derivative but often resistant to amphotericin B. Histopathological examination alone cannot diagnose these two fungal species. Pathogenesis studies could contribute to explore candidate protein markers for new diagnosis and treatment methods leading to a decrease in mortality. In the present study, proteomics was conducted to identify significantly altered proteins in A549 cells infected with or without Aspergillus fumigatus and S. apiospermum as measured at initial invasion. Protein validation was performed with immunogold labelling alongside immunohistochemical techniques in infected A549 cells and lungs from murine models. Further, cytokine production was measured, using the Bio-Plex-Multiplex immunoassay. The cytoskeletal proteins HSPA9, PA2G4, VAT1, PSMA2, PEX1, PTGES3, KRT1, KRT9, CLIP1 and CLEC20A were mainly changed during A. fumigatus infection, while the immunologically activated proteins WNT7A, GAPDH and ANXA2 were principally altered during S. apiospermum infection. These proteins are involved in fungal internalisation and structural destruction leading to pulmonary disorders. Interleukin (IL)-21, IL-1α, IL-22, IL-2, IL-8, IL-12, IL-17A, interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α were upregulated in both aspergillosis and scedosporiosis, although more predominately in the latter, in accordance with chitin synthase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase levels. Our results demonstrated that during invasion, A. fumigatus primarily altered host cellular integrity, whereas S. apiospermum chiefly induced and extensively modulated host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapanee Kanjanapruthipong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Passanesh Sukphopetch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetic, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Duangnate Isarangkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Watcharamat Muangkaew
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Tipparat Thiangtrongjit
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetic, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Nichapa Sansurin
- Northeast Laboratory Animal Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Kamonpan Fongsodsri
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Faria-Gonçalves P, Rolo J, Gaspar C, Palmeira-de-Oliveira R, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A. Virulence Factors as Promoters of Chronic Vulvovaginal Candidosis: A Review. Mycopathologia 2021; 186:755-773. [PMID: 34613569 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-021-00592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The vast majority of the species of the genus Candida spp. is commensal in humans; however, some are opportunistic pathogens that can cause infection, called candidosis. Among the different types of candidosis, we highlight the vulvovaginal (VVC) which can occur in two main clinical variants: chronic (cVVC) and episodic or sporadic. The incidence of cVVC has been worrying the scientific community, promoting the research on genotypic and phenotypic causes of its occurrence. We summarize important findings on factors that favor chronic vulvovaginal candidosis with respect to molecular epidemiology and the expression of various virulence factors, while clarifying the terminology involving these infections. AIM AND METHODOLOGY The aim of this review was to gather research that linked virulence factors to VVC and its persistence and recurrence, using two databases (Pubmed and Google Scholar). Predisposing factors in women for the occurrence of cVVC and some studies that refer new preventive and alternative therapies were also included, where appropriate. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Several studies have been shedding light on the increasing number of persistence and recurrences of VVC. The expression of virulence factors has been related to both chronic forms of VVC and antifungal resistance. Other studies report mutations occurring in the genome of Candida spp. during the infection phase which may be important indications for new therapies. The introduction of preventive therapies and new therapies has revealed great importance and is also highlighted here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Faria-Gonçalves
- Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University Mandume Ya Ndemufayo, Lubango, Angola.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Joana Rolo
- Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Gaspar
- Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Health Products Research and Development Lda, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Rita Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Health Products Research and Development Lda, Covilhã, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Martinez-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Health Products Research and Development Lda, Covilhã, Portugal
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Ardizzoni A, Wheeler RT, Pericolini E. It Takes Two to Tango: How a Dysregulation of the Innate Immunity, Coupled With Candida Virulence, Triggers VVC Onset. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:692491. [PMID: 34163460 PMCID: PMC8215348 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.692491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a symptomatic inflammation of the vagina mainly caused by C. albicans. Other species, such as C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei, are mainly associated to the recurrent form of the disease (RVVC), although with a lower frequency. In its yeast form, C. albicans is tolerated by the vaginal epithelium, but switching to the invasive hyphal form, co-regulated with the expression of genes encoding virulence factors such as secreted aspartyl proteases (Sap) and candidalysin, allows for tissue damage. Vaginal epithelial cells play an important role by impairing C. albicans tissue invasion through several mechanisms such as epithelial shedding, secretion of mucin and strong interepithelial cell connections. However, morphotype switching coupled to increasing of the fungal burden can overcome the tolerance threshold and trigger an intense inflammatory response. Pathological inflammation is believed to be facilitated by an altered vaginal microbiome, i.e., Lactobacillus dysbiosis. Notwithstanding the damage caused by the fungus itself, the host response to the fungus plays an important role in the onset of VVC, exacerbating fungal-mediated damage. This response can be triggered by host PRR-fungal PAMP interaction and other more complex mechanisms (i.e., Sap-mediated NLRP3 activation and candidalysin), ultimately leading to strong neutrophil recruitment. However, recruited neutrophils appear to be ineffective at reducing fungal burden and invasion; therefore, they seem to contribute more to the symptoms associated with vaginitis than to protection against the disease. Recently, two aspects of the vulvovaginal environment have been found to associate with VVC and induce neutrophil anergy in vitro: perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) and heparan sulfate. Interestingly, CAGTA antibodies have also been found with higher frequency in VVC as compared to asymptomatic colonized women. This review highlights and discusses recent advances on understanding the VVC pathogenesis mechanisms as well as the role of host defenses during the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ardizzoni
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Robert T Wheeler
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Eva Pericolini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Graduate School of Microbiology and Virology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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11
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Garcia-Ceron D, Bleackley MR, Anderson MA. Fungal Extracellular Vesicles in Pathophysiology. Subcell Biochem 2021; 97:151-177. [PMID: 33779917 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67171-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens are a concern in medicine and agriculture that has been exacerbated by the emergence of antifungal-resistant varieties that severely threaten human and animal health, as well as food security. This had led to the search for new and sustainable treatments for fungal diseases. Innovative solutions require a deeper understanding of the interactions between fungal pathogens and their hosts, and the key determinants of fungal virulence. Recently, a link has emerged between the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and fungal virulence that may contribute to finding new methods for fungal control. Fungal EVs carry pigments, carbohydrates, protein, nucleic acids and other macromolecules with similar functions as those found in EVs from other organisms, however certain fungal features, such as the fungal cell wall, impact EV release and cargo. Fungal EVs modulate immune responses in the host, have a role in cell-cell communication and transport molecules that function in virulence. Understanding the function of fungal EVs will expand our knowledge of host-pathogen interactions and may provide new and specific targets for antifungal drugs and agrichemicals.
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12
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Valand N, Girija UV. Candida Pathogenicity and Interplay with the Immune System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1313:241-272. [PMID: 34661898 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67452-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Candida species are opportunistic fungal pathogens that are part of the normal skin and mucosal microflora. Overgrowth of Candida can cause infections such as thrush or life-threatening invasive candidiasis in immunocompromised patients. Though Candida albicans is highly prevalent, several non-albicans species are also isolated from nosocomial infections. Candida sp. are over presented in the gut of people with Crohn's disease and certain types of neurological disorders, with hyphal form and biofilms being the most virulent states. In addition, Candida uses several secreted and cell surface molecules such as pH related antigen 1, High affinity glucose transporter, Phosphoglycerate mutase 1 and lipases to establish pathogenicity. A strong innate immune response is elicited against Candida via dendritic cells, neutrophils and macrophages. All three complement pathways are also activated. Production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-12 signal differentiation of CD4+ cells into Th1 and Th2 cells, whereas IL-6, IL-17 and IL-23 induce Th17 cells. Importance of T-lymphocytes is reflected in depleted T-cell count patients being more prone to Candidiasis. Anti- Candida antibodies also play a role against candidiasis using various mechanisms such as targeting virulent enzymes and exhibiting direct candidacidal activity. However, the significance of antibody response during infection remains controversial. Furthermore, some of the Candida strains have evolved molecular strategies to evade the sophisticated host attack by proteolysis of components of immune system and interfering with immune signalling pathways. Emergence of several non-albicans species that are resistant to current antifungal agents makes treatment more difficult. Therefore, deeper insight into interactions between Candida and the host immune system is required for discovery of novel therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Valand
- Leicester School of Allied Health and Life sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Umakhanth Venkatraman Girija
- Leicester School of Allied Health and Life sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
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13
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Aspartyl Proteinase and Phospholipase Activities of Candida albicans Isolated From Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.105200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Candida albicans is one of the most important members of the human normal flora that can cause opportunistic fungal infections. Hydrolytic enzymes are one of the main virulence factors in the pathogenesis of Candida species. Objectives: This study was carried out to determine proteolytic activities, and their related gene expressions in C. albicans isolates obtained from oropharyngeal candidiasis in head and neck cancer patients. Methods: Thirty-two C. albicans clinical isolates were included in this study. Secreted aspartyl protease and phospholipase activities were analyzed by appropriate agar media and precipitation zones. The expression levels of SAP1, 3 and PLB1, 2 genes were evaluated by real-time PCR. Results: All the 32 isolates exhibited proteinase activity while 28 of them showed phospholipase activity. All the strains possessed all SAPs genes; however, PLBs genes were not expressed in four isolates. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that the clinical strains of C. albicans had strong proteolytic activity and high expression levels of the pertaining genes.
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Nakamura Y, Ngo AH. Non-specific phospholipase C (NPC): an emerging class of phospholipase C in plant growth and development. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2020; 133:489-497. [PMID: 32372398 PMCID: PMC7862535 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-specific phospholipase C (NPC) is a novel class of phospholipase C found only in bacteria and higher plants. NPC hydrolyzes major phospholipid classes such as phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to produce diacylglycerol (DAG) and a corresponding phosphate-containing polar head group. Originally known as a toxin in certain bacteria to invade the host cell, this class of phospholipase has been well-investigated in bacteriology. Since the first discovery of eukaryotic NPC in Arabidopsis in 2005, this emerging class of phospholipase has received greater attention in plant biology in elucidating the biochemical characteristics and physiological function in the context of plant growth regulation and stress response. Particularly in the last few years, there has been significant progress made in understanding the fundamental character of 6 NPC isoforms in Arabidopsis, as well as novel function in other plant models. Now that research with plant NPC is entering into a new phase, this review aims to summarize recent progress in plant NPC along with some future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Anh H Ngo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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15
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Cruz ILR, Freitas DFS, de Macedo PM, Gutierrez-Galhardo MC, do Valle ACF, Almeida MDA, Coelho RA, Brito-Santos F, Figueiredo-Carvalho MHG, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Almeida-Paes R. Evolution of virulence-related phenotypes of Sporothrix brasiliensis isolates from patients with chronic sporotrichosis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 52:5-18. [PMID: 32440844 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis in immunocompromised patients has a high morbidity and may cause deaths. Particularly, patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with low T CD4 counts develop a chronic disease, with severe and widespread forms. Recently, the ability of Sporothrix brasiliensis, the main agent of zoonotic sporotrichosis, to increase its virulence in a diabetic patient without HIV infection was described. Since it was a unique finding, it is not known how often this occurs in patients with chronic and refractory sporotrichosis. The aim of this study is to compare sequential Sporothrix isolates obtained from patients with sporotrichosis and AIDS in order to detect changes in virulence-related phenotypes and acquisition of antifungal resistance during the evolution of the disease. Fungal growth in different substrates, antifungal susceptibility, thermotolerance, resistance to oxidative stress, and production of hydrolytic enzymes were evaluated. Correlations were assessed between clinical and phenotypic variables. Sixteen isolates, all identified as S. brasiliensis, obtained from five patients were studied. They grew well on glucose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, but poorly on lactate. Except from isolates collected from two patients, which were non-wild type for terbinafine, they were considered wild type for the antifungal drugs tested. Thermotolerance of the isolates was moderate to high. Except for phytase and phospholipase, isolates were able to produce virulence-related enzymes on different levels. Changes in all studied phenotypes were observed during the course of the disease in some patients. The results show that the HIV-driven immunosuppression is more relevant than fungal phenotypes on the unfavorable outcomes of disseminated sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Ludmila Rodrigues Cruz
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Dayvison Francis Saraiva Freitas
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatologia Infecciosa, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Priscila Marques de Macedo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatologia Infecciosa, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara Gutierrez-Galhardo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatologia Infecciosa, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Francesconi do Valle
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatologia Infecciosa, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos de Abreu Almeida
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Rowena Alves Coelho
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio Brito-Santos
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Galdino Figueiredo-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil.
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ElBaradei A. A decade after the emergence of Candida auris: what do we know? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1617-1627. [PMID: 32297040 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03886-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Candida auris is a remarkable emerging pathogen. It has emerged separately, yet simultaneously in different parts of the world, establishing four phylogenetic and geographic distinct clades with a potential fifth clade that was recently reported. C. auris is often perceived as a pathogen in disguise, due to its frequent misidentification and its immune evasion. On the other hand, many of the recovered isolates are multidrug-resistant. In fact, some of these isolates are resistant to the three main antifungal classes: echinocandins, azoles, and polyenes. Moreover, C. auris has the ability to persist and survive on different objects for a long time, aided by different adhering mechanisms including aggregation and biofilm formation, thereby causing outbreaks of invasive infections in hospital settings. However, C. auris ability to maintain its pathogenicity at high temperatures remains among its most unique properties. This is why C. auris represents a challenging threat, and more studies are needed to meet this challenge. This review highlights different characteristics of this emerging yeast with emphasis on its antifungal resistance, its ability to persistent on different surfaces, and its immune evasion capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira ElBaradei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt. .,Alexandria University Hospital, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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17
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Ganapathy B, Yahya A, Ibrahim N. Bioremediation of palm oil mill effluent (POME) using indigenous Meyerozyma guilliermondii. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:11113-11125. [PMID: 30788704 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite being a key Malaysian economic contributor, the oil palm industry generates a large quantity of environmental pollutant known as palm oil mill effluent (POME). Therefore, the need to remediate POME has drawn a mounting interest among environmental scientists. This study has pioneered the application of Meyerozyma guilliermondii with accession number (MH 374161) that was isolated indigenously in accessing its potential to degrade POME. This strain was able to treat POME in shake flask experiments under aerobic condition by utilising POME as a sole source of carbon. However, it has also been shown that the addition of suitable carbon and nitrogen sources has significantly improved the degradation potential of M. guilliermondii. The remediation of POME using this strain resulted in a substantial reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 72%, total nitrogen of 49.2% removal, ammonical nitrogen of 45.1% removal, total organic carbon of 46.6% removal, phosphate of 60.6% removal, and 92.4% removal of oil and grease after 7 days of treatment period. The strain also exhibited an extracellular lipase activity which promotes better wastewater treatment. Additionally, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses have specifically shown that M. guilliermondii strain can degrade hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and phenolic compounds present in the POME. Ultimately, this study has demonstrated that M. guilliermondii which was isolated indigenously exhibits an excellent degrading ability. Therefore, this strain is suitable to be employed in the remediation of POME, contributing to a safe discharge of the effluent into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birintha Ganapathy
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biosciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Adibah Yahya
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biosciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Norahim Ibrahim
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biosciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
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18
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Meijer HJG, Schoina C, Wang S, Bouwmeester K, Hua C, Govers F. Phytophthora infestans small phospholipase D-like proteins elicit plant cell death and promote virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:180-193. [PMID: 30171659 PMCID: PMC6637911 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The successful invasion of host tissue by (hemi-)biotrophic plant pathogens is dependent on modifications of the host plasma membrane to facilitate the two-way transfer of proteins and other compounds. Haustorium formation and the establishment of extrahaustorial membranes are probably dependent on a variety of enzymes that modify membranes in a coordinated fashion. Phospholipases, enzymes that hydrolyse phospholipids, have been implicated as virulence factors in several pathogens. The oomycete Phytophthora infestans is a hemibiotrophic pathogen that causes potato late blight. It possesses different classes of phospholipase D (PLD) proteins, including small PLD-like proteins with and without signal peptide (sPLD-likes and PLD-likes, respectively). Here, we studied the role of sPLD-like-1, sPLD-like-12 and PLD-like-1 in the infection process. They are expressed in expanding lesions on potato leaves and during in vitro growth, with the highest transcript levels in germinating cysts. When expressed in planta in the presence of the silencing suppressor P19, all three elicited a local cell death response that was visible at the microscopic level as autofluorescence and strongly boosted in the presence of calcium. Moreover, inoculation of leaves expressing the small PLD-like genes resulted in increased lesion growth and greater numbers of sporangia, but this was abolished when mutated PLD-like genes were expressed with non-functional PLD catalytic motifs. These results show that the three small PLD-likes are catalytically active and suggest that their enzymatic activity is required for the promotion of virulence, possibly by executing membrane modifications to support the growth of P. infestans in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold J. G. Meijer
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 16Wageningen6700AAthe Netherlands
- Wageningen Plant ResearchWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 16Wageningen6700AAthe Netherlands
| | - Charikleia Schoina
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 16Wageningen6700AAthe Netherlands
| | - Shutong Wang
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 16Wageningen6700AAthe Netherlands
- College of Plant ProtectionAgricultural University of HebeiBaoding071001China
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 16Wageningen6700AAthe Netherlands
| | - Chenlei Hua
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 16Wageningen6700AAthe Netherlands
- Present address:
Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP)Eberhard‐Karls‐University TübingenTübingenD‐72076Germany
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 16Wageningen6700AAthe Netherlands
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Khodavandi A, Alizadeh F, Jafarzadeh M. Synergistic Interaction of Fluconazole/Amphotericin B on Inhibition of Enzymes Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Candida Tropicalis. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.15171/ps.2018.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Candidiasis has gained much attention in recent decades due to its increasing prevalence in immunocompromised patients. Usually, antifungals such as fluconazole and amphotricin B are used for treatment of candidiasis, but one of the major clinical problems is the emergence of antifungal resistance. Combination antifungal therapy is one of the most commonly used methods to alleviate the problem of antifungal resistance. Methods: The effect of fluconazole alone and in combination with amphotericin B on C. tropicalis isolates were performed using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) reference method. Eventually hypha formation, time kill study, proteinase and phospholipase activity and expression of PLB and SAP2 genes were carried out to investigate the enzymes inhibitory properties of antifungal tested against C. tropicalis. Results: Results showed the significant synergic effect of fluconazole in combination with amphotericin B in inhibiting the growth of C. tropicalis isolates, with fractional inhibitory concentration indices ranging from 0.06 to 0.5. The combination of fluconazole with amphotericin B reduced the number of yeast form and inhibited the yeast to hyphae transition in C. tropicalis. The antifungals tested were able to show the effect of down regulating expression of the selected genes significantly in fluconazole/amphotericin B ranging from 1.42- to 2.27-fold. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that the synergistic interaction of fluconazole/amphotericin B would be worth exploring for the management of candidiasis. In addition, PLB and SAP2 genes could be probable molecular targets in the synergistic interaction of fluconazole/amphotericin B in C. tropicalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Khodavandi
- Department of Biology, Gachsaran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Alizadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Yasooj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasooj, Iran
| | - Mahsa Jafarzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Yasooj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasooj, Iran
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20
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Dabiri S, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. Comparative analysis of proteinase, phospholipase, hydrophobicity and biofilm forming ability in Candida species isolated from clinical specimens. J Mycol Med 2018; 28:437-442. [PMID: 29778633 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Candida species are the commensal organisms of human and animal mucosa that cause a wide range of debilitating diseases in immunocompromised patients and other susceptible individuals. The present study aimed to investigate the ability of clinical isolates of various Candida species to produce proteinase and phospholipase, hydrophobicity and biofilm forming ability that assumed to have a vital role in Candida pathogenicity. Eighty-four Candida strains belonged to Candida albicans (44.1%), C. glabrata (5.9%), C. guilliermondii (5.9%), C. krusei (10.8%), C. parapsilosis (26.2%), and C. tropicalis (7.1%) were examined for proteinase and phospholipase production, cell surface hydrophobicity and biofilm forming ability. The production of proteinase and phospholipase was detected in 81 (96.4%) and 79 (94.1%) of the strains, respectively. C. albicans showed the highest proteinase and phospholipase activity (mean Pz values of 0.42±0.25 and 0.72±0.28) and biofilm formation ability (0.66±0.22). C. parapsilosis had the highest hydrophobicity (42.97±16.1), which showed a good correlation with biofilm formation ability. A considerable percentage of non-albicans Candida strains produced significant amounts of proteinase and phospholipase with a good ability of biofilm formation in vitro. Taken together, our results further substantiated that enzymatic activity, hydrophobicity and the ability for biofilm formation are important virulence factors which may be account for pathogenicity of various Candida species distributed in albicans and non-albicans groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dabiri
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-331, Iran
| | - M Shams-Ghahfarokhi
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-331, Iran.
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Kounatidis I, Ames L, Mistry R, Ho HL, Haynes K, Ligoxygakis P. A Host-Pathogen Interaction Screen Identifies ada2 as a Mediator of Candida glabrata Defenses Against Reactive Oxygen Species. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2018; 8:1637-1647. [PMID: 29535147 PMCID: PMC5940155 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Candida glabrata (C. glabrata) forms part of the normal human gut microbiota but can cause life-threatening invasive infections in immune-compromised individuals. C. glabrata displays high resistance to common azole antifungals, which necessitates new treatments. In this investigation, we identified five C. glabrata deletion mutants (∆ada2, ∆bas1, ∆hir3, ∆ino2 and ∆met31) from a library of 196 transcription factor mutants that were unable to grow and activate an immune response in Drosophila larvae. This highlighted the importance of these transcription factors in C. glabrata infectivity. Further ex vivo investigation into these mutants revealed the requirement of C. glabrata ADA2 for oxidative stress tolerance. We confirmed this observation in vivo whereby growth of the C. glabrata Δada2 strain was permitted only in flies with suppressed production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Conversely, overexpression of ADA2 promoted C. glabrata replication in infected wild type larvae resulting in larval killing. We propose that ADA2 orchestrates the response of C. glabrata against ROS-mediated immune defenses during infection. With the need to find alternative antifungal treatment for C. glabrata infections, genes required for survival in the host environment, such as ADA2, provide promising potential targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Kounatidis
- Cell Biology, Development and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU UK
| | - Lauren Ames
- Exeter Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Rupal Mistry
- Cell Biology, Development and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU UK
| | - Hsueh-Lui Ho
- Exeter Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ken Haynes
- Exeter Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Cell Biology, Development and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU UK
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Lecithinase-producing bacteria in commercial and home-made foods: Evaluation of toxic properties and identification of potent producers. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ku TSN, Walraven CJ, Lee SA. Candida auris: Disinfectants and Implications for Infection Control. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:726. [PMID: 29706945 PMCID: PMC5906573 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is a rapidly emerging pathogen and is able to cause severe infections with high mortality rates. It is frequently misidentified in most clinical laboratories, thus requiring more specialized identification techniques. Furthermore, several clinical isolates have been found to be multidrug resistant and there is evidence of nosocomial transmission in outbreak fashion. Appropriate infection control measures will play a major role in controlling the management and spread of this pathogen. Unfortunately, there are very few data available on the effectiveness of disinfectants against C. auris. Chlorine-based products appear to be the most effective for environmental surface disinfection. Other disinfectants, although less effective than chlorine-based products, may have a role as adjunctive disinfectants. A cleaning protocol will also need to be established as the use of disinfectants alone may not be sufficient for maximal decontamination of patient care areas. Furthermore, there are fewer data on the effectiveness of antiseptics against C. auris for patient decolonization and hand hygiene for healthcare personnel. Chlorhexidine gluconate has shown some efficacy in in vitro studies but there are reports of patients with persistent colonization despite twice daily body washes with this disinfectant. Hand hygiene using soap and water, with or without chlorhexidine gluconate, may require the subsequent use of alcohol-based hand sanitizer for maximal disinfection. Further studies will be needed to validate the currently studied disinfectants for use in real-world settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsun S N Ku
- Section of Infectious Disease, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Carla J Walraven
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Samuel A Lee
- Section of Infectious Disease, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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VdPLP, A Patatin-Like Phospholipase in Verticillium dahliae, Is Involved in Cell Wall Integrity and Required for Pathogenicity. Genes (Basel) 2018. [PMID: 29534051 PMCID: PMC5867883 DOI: 10.3390/genes9030162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The soil-borne ascomycete fungus Verticillium dahliae causes vascular wilt disease and can seriously diminish the yield and quality of important crops. Functional analysis of growth- and pathogenicity-related genes is essential for revealing the pathogenic molecular mechanism of V. dahliae. Phospholipase is an important virulence factor in fungi that hydrolyzes phospholipids into fatty acid and other lipophilic substances and is involved in hyphal development. Thus far, only a few V. dahliae phospholipases have been identified, and their involvement in V. dahliae development and pathogenicity remains unknown. In this study, the function of the patatin-like phospholipase gene in V. dahliae (VdPLP, VDAG_00942) is characterized by generating gene knockout and complementary mutants. Vegetative growth and conidiation of VdPLP deletion mutants (ΔVdPLP) were significantly reduced compared with wild type and complementary strains, but more microsclerotia formed. The ΔVdPLP mutants were very sensitive to the cell-wall-perturbing agents: calcofluor white (CFW) and Congo red (CR). The transcriptional level of genes related to the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway and chitin synthesis were downregulated, suggesting that VdPLP has a pivotal role in the CWI pathway and chitin synthesis in V. dahliae. ΔVdPLP strains were distinctly impaired in in their virulence and ability to colonize Nicotiana benthamiana roots. Our results demonstrate that VdPLP regulates hyphal growth and conidial production and is involved in stabilizing the cell wall, thus mediating the pathogenicity of V. dahliae.
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Leonov VV, Mironov AY, Bulatov IA, Pachganov SA, Leonova LV. On the Question of the Nature of Hemolytic Activity of Candida albicans. BIONANOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-017-0479-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Treviño-Rangel RDJ, Espinosa-Pérez JF, Villanueva-Lozano H, Montoya AM, Andrade A, Bonifaz A, González GM. First report of Candida bracarensis in Mexico: hydrolytic enzymes and antifungal susceptibility pattern. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018; 63:517-523. [PMID: 29488180 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-0592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Candida bracarensis is an emerging cryptic species within the Candida glabrata clade. To date, little is known about its epidemiology, virulence, and antifungal susceptibility. This study documents the occurrence of C. bracarensis for the first time in Mexico and focuses on its in vitro production of hydrolytic enzymes, as well as antifungal susceptibility to echinocandins. This strain was isolated from a vaginal swab of a female with vulvovaginal candidosis; exhibited a very strong activity of aspartyl proteinase, phospholipase, and hemolysin; and was susceptible to caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin (MIC = 0.031 μg/mL). Data obtained could contribute to the knowledge of the epidemiology and virulence attributes of this yeast as a fungal opportunistic human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio de J Treviño-Rangel
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I. Madero and Dr. Eduardo A. Pequeño, s/n. Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - José F Espinosa-Pérez
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I. Madero and Dr. Eduardo A. Pequeño, s/n. Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Hiram Villanueva-Lozano
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I. Madero and Dr. Eduardo A. Pequeño, s/n. Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Alexandra M Montoya
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I. Madero and Dr. Eduardo A. Pequeño, s/n. Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Angel Andrade
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I. Madero and Dr. Eduardo A. Pequeño, s/n. Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Alexandro Bonifaz
- Dermatology Service and Mycology Department, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gloria M González
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I. Madero and Dr. Eduardo A. Pequeño, s/n. Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
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Candida-Epithelial Interactions. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4010022. [PMID: 29419738 PMCID: PMC5872325 DOI: 10.3390/jof4010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A plethora of intricate and dynamic molecular interactions occur between microbes and the epithelial cells that form the mucosal surfaces of the human body. Fungi, particularly species of Candida, are commensal members of our microbiota, continuously interacting with epithelial cells. Transient and localised perturbations to the mucosal environment can facilitate the overgrowth of fungi, causing infection. This minireview will examine the direct and indirect mechanisms by which Candida species and epithelial cells interact with each other, and explore the factors involved in the central processes of adhesion, invasion, and destruction of host mucosal surfaces.
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Abstract
Cryptococcus is among the most common invasive fungal pathogens globally and is one of the leading causes of acquired immunodeficiency virus-related deaths. Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are the most clinically relevant species and account for most cryptococcal disease. Pulmonary manifestations can range from mild symptoms to life-threatening infection. Treatment is tailored based on the severity of pulmonary infection, the presence of disseminated or central nervous system disease, and patient immune status. Amphotericin B and flucytosine followed by fluconazole remain the standard agents for the treatment of severe cryptococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Skolnik
- Division of Respirology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rockyview General Hospital, University of Calgary, Respirology Offices, 7007 14th Street Southwest, Calgary, Alberta T2V 1P9, Canada
| | - Shaunna Huston
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Research Innovation Centre, University of Calgary, Room 4AA08, 3330 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christopher H Mody
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Health Research Innovation Centre, University of Calgary, Room 4AA14, 3330 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Health Research Innovation Centre, University of Calgary, Room 4AA14, 3330 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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29
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Targeting Candida spp. to develop antifungal agents. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:802-814. [PMID: 29353694 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are a complex challenge throughout the world because of their high incidence, mainly in critically ill patients, and high mortality rates. The antifungal agents currently available are limited; thus, there is a need for the rapid development of new drugs. In silico methods are a modern strategy to explore interactions between new compounds and specific fungal targets, but they depend on precise genetic information. Here, we discuss the main Candida spp. target genes, including information about null mutants, virulence, cytolocalization, co-regulatory genes, and compounds that are related to protein expression. These data will provide a basis for the future in silico development of antifungal drugs.
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Treviño-Rangel RDJ, Bodden-Mendoza BA, Montoya AM, Villanueva-Lozano H, Elizondo-Zertuche M, Robledo-Leal E, González GM. Phenotypical characterization and molecular identification of clinical isolates of Candida tropicalis. Rev Iberoam Micol 2017; 35:17-21. [PMID: 29287631 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida tropicalis is an increasingly important human pathogen which usually affects neutropenic oncology patients with common hematogenous seeding to peripheral organs and high mortality rates. Candida pathogenicity is facilitated by several virulence attributes, including secretion of hydrolytic enzymes; however, little is known regarding the C. tropicalis ability to secrete them and their role in the disease. AIMS To confirm by molecular means the identification of 187 clinical isolates (127 from blood, 52 from urine, and 8 from diverse clinical origins) phenotypically identified as C. tropicalis, and to investigate their in vitro aspartyl proteinase, phospholipase, esterase, hemolysin, DNase and coagulase activities. METHODS The molecular confirmation was performed by ITS sequencing, and the enzymatic determinations were conducted using plate assays with specific substrates, with the exception of coagulase, which was determined by the classical tube test. RESULTS The majority of the strains exhibited a very strong or strong activity of aspartyl proteinase, phospholipase and esterase. A 4.7% of the bloodstream isolates were hemolysin producers, and all were negative for the coagulase and DNase assays. CONCLUSIONS Very strong activities of aspartyl proteinase, phospholipase and esterase profiles were detected, and a statistical association between phospholipase production and blood and urine isolates was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio de J Treviño-Rangel
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Byron A Bodden-Mendoza
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Alexandra M Montoya
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Hiram Villanueva-Lozano
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Mariana Elizondo-Zertuche
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Efrén Robledo-Leal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Gloria M González
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
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31
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Ma’ayeh SY, Liu J, Peirasmaki D, Hörnaeus K, Bergström Lind S, Grabherr M, Bergquist J, Svärd SG. Characterization of the Giardia intestinalis secretome during interaction with human intestinal epithelial cells: The impact on host cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006120. [PMID: 29228011 PMCID: PMC5739509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia intestinalis is a non-invasive protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis in humans, the most common form of parasite-induced diarrhea. Disease mechanisms are not completely defined and very few virulence factors are known. METHODOLOGY To identify putative virulence factors and elucidate mechanistic pathways leading to disease, we have used proteomics to identify the major excretory-secretory products (ESPs) when Giardia trophozoites of WB and GS isolates (assemblages A and B, respectively) interact with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in vitro. FINDINGS The main parts of the IEC and parasite secretomes are constitutively released proteins, the majority of which are associated with metabolism but several proteins are released in response to their interaction (87 and 41 WB and GS proteins, respectively, 76 and 45 human proteins in response to the respective isolates). In parasitized IECs, the secretome profile indicated effects on the cell actin cytoskeleton and the induction of immune responses whereas that of Giardia showed anti-oxidation, proteolysis (protease-associated) and induction of encystation responses. The Giardia secretome also contained immunodominant and glycosylated proteins as well as new candidate virulence factors and assemblage-specific differences were identified. A minor part of Giardia ESPs had signal peptides (29% for both isolates) and extracellular vesicles were detected in the ESPs fractions, suggesting alternative secretory pathways. Microscopic analyses showed ESPs binding to IECs and partial internalization. Parasite ESPs reduced ERK1/2 and P38 phosphorylation and NF-κB nuclear translocation. Giardia ESPs altered gene expression in IECs, with a transcriptional profile indicating recruitment of immune cells via chemokines, disturbances in glucose homeostasis, cholesterol and lipid metabolism, cell cycle and induction of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study identifying Giardia ESPs and evaluating their effects on IECs. It highlights the importance of host and parasite ESPs during interactions and reveals the intricate cellular responses that can explain disease mechanisms and attenuated inflammatory responses during giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showgy Y. Ma’ayeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dimitra Peirasmaki
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Hörnaeus
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Bergström Lind
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Manfred Grabherr
- Department of Medical Biochemsitry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan G. Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Noori M, Dakhili M, Sepahvand A, Davari N. Evaluation of esterase and hemolysin activities of different Candida species isolated from vulvovaginitis cases in Lorestan Province, Iran. Curr Med Mycol 2017; 3:1-5. [PMID: 29707672 PMCID: PMC5917094 DOI: 10.29252/cmm.3.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Annually affecting millions of women, vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is commonly described by signs and symptoms of vulvovaginal inflammation in the presence of Candida species. Today, the detection of the virulence factors plays a major role in the understanding of pathogenesis of candidiasis and helps produce new anticandidial drugs to improve its treatment efficiency. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the esterase and hemolysin activities of the vaginal isolates of Candida and their relationship with the presence of VVC. Materials and Methods One-hundred vaginal clinical specimens were randomly collected during September-December 2016. The target population consisted of married women suspected of VVC who presented to health centers in Lorestan Province, Iran. In this study, the esterase activity and hemolysin production of Candida clinical isolates were evaluated using the Tween 80 opacity test and the plate assay, respectively. Results The most frequent Candida species was C. albicans (66; 66%), followed by C. glabrata (11; 11%) and C. tropicalis (11; 11%). The highest esterase activity was found in C. krusei (75%), followed by C. albicans (68.2%) and C. glabrata (54.5%). The greater part of the positive esterase isolates had Pz 4+ scores. Among the Candida species, C. albicans (22.7%), C. glabrata (63.6%), and C. krusei (50%) were found to have the highest rates of alpha, beta, and gamma hemolysin production, respectively. The level of hemolytic activity in 51% of the Candida species was Pz 4+ scores. Conclusion According to our results, the higher expression rates of both enzymes in C. albicans species relative to those of non-albicans Candidate species can partly reflect the role of the virulence factors involved in C. albicans pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Noori
- Faculty of Medicine, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Dakhili
- Faculty of Medicine, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - Asghar Sepahvand
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Nader Davari
- Department of Hematology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Mazumdar R, Endler L, Monoyios A, Hess M, Bilic I. Establishment of a de novo Reference Transcriptome of Histomonas meleagridis Reveals Basic Insights About Biological Functions and Potential Pathogenic Mechanisms of the Parasite. Protist 2017; 168:663-685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Liu X, Li T, Wang D, Yang Y, Sun W, Liu J, Sun S. Synergistic Antifungal Effect of Fluconazole Combined with Licofelone against Resistant Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2101. [PMID: 29163396 PMCID: PMC5681995 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is one of the important opportunistic fungal pathogens that is closely associated with disseminated or chronic infections. The objective of this study is to evaluate the synergistic antifungal effect of licofelone, which is dual microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase/lipoxygenase (mPGES-1/LOX) inhibitor in combination with fluconazole against C. albicans. Here our results showed that licofelone (16 μg/mL) can synergistically work with fluconazole (1 μg/mL) against planktonic cells of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans. The two-drug combination inhibited the C. albicans biofilm formation over 12 h, and reduced the expression of extracellular phospholipase genes, biofilm-specific genes and RAS/cAMP/PKA pathway related genes. In addition, the two-drug combination inhibited the transition from yeast to hyphal growth form, and decreased the secreted aspartyl proteinase activity, while not affecting the drug efflux pumps activity. Galleria mellonella model was also used to confirm the antifungal activity of the drug combination in vivo. This study first indicates that the combination of fluconazole and licofelone has synergistic effect against resistant C. albicans and could be a promising therapeutic strategy for the antifungal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinning Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China.,Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Li
- Intensive Care Unit, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Decai Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Yilei Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenwen Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Jianqiao Liu
- General Practice, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Lee KH, Park SJ, Choi SJ, Park JY. Proteus vulgaris and Proteus mirabilis Decrease Candida albicans Biofilm Formation by Suppressing Morphological Transition to Its Hyphal Form. Yonsei Med J 2017; 58:1135-1143. [PMID: 29047237 PMCID: PMC5653478 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2017.58.6.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Proteus species are causative agents in a variety of opportunistic nosocomial infections, and their ability to form biofilms is known to be a virulence factor. In this study, the influence of co-cultivation with Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris) and Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) on C. albicans biofilm formation and its underlying mechanisms were examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS XTT reduction assays were adopted to measure biofilm formation, and viable colony counts were performed to quantify yeast growth. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the expression of yeast-specific genes (rhd1 and rbe1), filament formation inhibiting genes (tup1 and nrg1), and hyphae-related genes (als3, ece1, hwp1, and sap5). RESULTS Candida biofilm formation was markedly inhibited by treatment with either living or heat-killed P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis. Proteus-cultured supernatant also inhibited Candida biofilm formation. Likewise, treatment with live P. vulgaris or P. mirabilis or with Proteus-cultured supernatant decreased expression of hyphae-related C. albicans genes, while the expression of yeast-specific genes and the filament formation inhibiting genes of C. albicans were increased. Heat-killed P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis treatment, however, did not affect the expression of C. albicans morphology-related genes. CONCLUSION These results suggest that secretory products from P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis regulate the expression of genes related to morphologic changes in C. albicans such that transition from the yeast form to the hyphal form can be inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ho Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Su Jung Park
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Sun Ju Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Joo Young Park
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.
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Zuza-Alves DL, Silva-Rocha WP, Chaves GM. An Update on Candida tropicalis Based on Basic and Clinical Approaches. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1927. [PMID: 29081766 PMCID: PMC5645804 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida tropicalis has emerged as one of the most important Candida species. It has been widely considered the second most virulent Candida species, only preceded by C. albicans. Besides, this species has been recognized as a very strong biofilm producer, surpassing C. albicans in most of the studies. In addition, it produces a wide range of other virulence factors, including: adhesion to buccal epithelial and endothelial cells; the secretion of lytic enzymes, such as proteinases, phospholipases, and hemolysins, bud-to-hyphae transition (also called morphogenesis) and the phenomenon called phenotypic switching. This is a species very closely related to C. albicans and has been easily identified with both phenotypic and molecular methods. In addition, no cryptic sibling species were yet described in the literature, what is contradictory to some other medically important Candida species. C. tropicalis is a clinically relevant species and may be the second or third etiological agent of candidemia, specifically in Latin American countries and Asia. Antifungal resistance to the azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins has already been described. Apart from all these characteristics, C. tropicalis has been considered an osmotolerant microorganism and this ability to survive to high salt concentration may be important for fungal persistence in saline environments. This physiological characteristic makes this species suitable for use in biotechnology processes. Here we describe an update of C. tropicalis, focusing on all these previously mentioned subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guilherme M. Chaves
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Mycology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Nutritional Requirements and Their Importance for Virulence of Pathogenic Cryptococcus Species. Microorganisms 2017; 5:microorganisms5040065. [PMID: 28974017 PMCID: PMC5748574 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus sp. are basidiomycete yeasts which can be found widely, free-living in the environment. Interactions with natural predators, such as amoebae in the soil, are thought to have promoted the development of adaptations enabling the organism to survive inside human macrophages. Infection with Cryptococcus in humans occurs following inhalation of desiccated yeast cells or spore particles and may result in fatal meningoencephalitis. Human disease is caused almost exclusively by the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex, which predominantly infects immunocompromised patients, and the Cryptococcus gattii species complex, which is capable of infecting immunocompetent individuals. The nutritional requirements of Cryptococcus are critical for its virulence in animals. Cryptococcus has evolved a broad range of nutrient acquisition strategies, many if not most of which also appear to contribute to its virulence, enabling infection of animal hosts. In this review, we summarise the current understanding of nutritional requirements and acquisition in Cryptococcus and offer perspectives to its evolution as a significant pathogen of humans.
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Lu M, Yu C, Cui X, Shi J, Yuan L, Sun S. Gentamicin synergises with azoles against drug-resistant Candida albicans. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 51:107-114. [PMID: 28943366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Candida spp. are the primary opportunistic pathogens of nosocomial fungal infections, causing both superficial and life-threatening systemic infections. Combination therapy for fungal infections has attracted considerable attention, especially for those caused by drug-resistant fungi. Gentamicin (GM), an aminoglycoside antibiotic, has weak antifungal activity against Fusarium spp. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactions of GM with azoles against Candida spp. and the underlying mechanisms. In a chequerboard assay, GM was found not only to work synergistically with azoles against planktonic cells of drug-resistant Candida albicans with a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of 0.13-0.14, but also synergised with fluconazole (FLC) against C. albicans biofilms pre-formed in <12 h. Synergism of GM with FLC was also confirmed in vivo in a Galleria mellonella infection model. In addition, mechanism studies showed that GM not only suppressed the efflux pump of resistant C. albicans in a dose-dependent manner but also inhibited extracellular phospholipase activity of resistant C. albicans when combined with FLC. These findings suggest that GM enhances the efficacy of azoles against resistant C. albicans via efflux inhibition and decreased activity of extracellular phospholipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cuixiang Yu
- Respiration Medicine, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xueyan Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jinyi Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Baodi People's Hospital, Baodi 301800, Tianjin, China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250014, Shandong Province, China.
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Gyanfosu L, Koffuor GA, Kyei S, Ababio-Danso B, Peprah-Donkor K, Nyansah WB, Asare F. Efficacy and safety of extemporaneously prepared miconazole eye drops in Candida albicans-induced keratomycosis. Int Ophthalmol 2017; 38:2089-2100. [PMID: 28900810 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-017-0707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Extemporaneously prepared miconazole eye drops (EPMD) are used by some eye care practitioners to manage keratomycosis in Ghana. This study therefore aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of EPMD using in vitro and in vivo experimental models. METHODS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of EPMD was determined by the agar-well diffusion method. In vivo, the activity of EPMD on corneal ulcer, neovascularization, clouding, edema, carring and on keratomycotic conjunctivitis and corneal scarring (clinical features) associated with Candida albicans-induced keratomycosis in rabbits was determined by treating them with 0.034-1.08% (weight-in-volume) EPMD for a period of 30 days. The safety of EPMD on the healthy eye was determined by instilling various concentrations into the intact eye of the rabbits. RESULTS The MIC of EPMD on Candida albicans was 1.08% (zone of inhibition of 13 mm ± 0.578), which resulted in significantly better improvements (p ≤ 0.001) in clinical findings than eyes treated with sterile water (p > 0.05), and showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) compared to eyes treated with 0.3% fluconazole. There were no visible signs of ocular toxicity on instilling it into healthy eyes of rabbits. CONCLUSION The extemporaneously prepared miconazole eye drops are effective and safe to use in keratomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Gyanfosu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,St. Michael's Catholic Hospital, Pramso, Bosomtwe District, Ashanti Region, Ghana
| | - George Asumeng Koffuor
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Samuel Kyei
- Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ben Ababio-Danso
- St. Michael's Catholic Hospital, Pramso, Bosomtwe District, Ashanti Region, Ghana
| | - Kwabena Peprah-Donkor
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Wilson Bright Nyansah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Frederick Asare
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Pritchard M, Jack A, Powell L, Sadh H, Rye P, Hill K, Thomas D. Alginate oligosaccharides modify hyphal infiltration ofCandida albicansin anin vitromodel of invasive human candidosis. J Appl Microbiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M.F. Pritchard
- Advanced Therapies Group; Cardiff University School of Dentistry; College of Biomedical and Life Sciences; Cardiff UK
| | - A.A. Jack
- Advanced Therapies Group; Cardiff University School of Dentistry; College of Biomedical and Life Sciences; Cardiff UK
| | - L.C. Powell
- Advanced Therapies Group; Cardiff University School of Dentistry; College of Biomedical and Life Sciences; Cardiff UK
| | - H. Sadh
- Advanced Therapies Group; Cardiff University School of Dentistry; College of Biomedical and Life Sciences; Cardiff UK
| | | | - K.E. Hill
- Advanced Therapies Group; Cardiff University School of Dentistry; College of Biomedical and Life Sciences; Cardiff UK
| | - D.W. Thomas
- Advanced Therapies Group; Cardiff University School of Dentistry; College of Biomedical and Life Sciences; Cardiff UK
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Khan AN, Shair F, Malik K, Hayat Z, Khan MA, Hafeez FY, Hassan MN. Molecular Identification and Genetic Characterization of Macrophomina phaseolina Strains Causing Pathogenicity on Sunflower and Chickpea. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1309. [PMID: 28769890 PMCID: PMC5515817 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophomina phaseolina is the most devastating pathogen which causes charcoal rot and root rot diseases in various economically important crops. Three strains M. phaseolina 1156, M. phaseolina 1160, and M. phaseolina PCMC/F1 were tested for their virulence on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The strains showed high virulence on both hosts with a disease score of 2 on chickpea and sunflower. The strains also increased the hydrogen per oxide (H2O2) content by 1.4- to 1.6-fold in root as well as shoot of chickpea and sunflower. A significant increase in antioxidant enzymes was observed in fungal infected plants which indicated prevalence of oxidative stress during pathogen propagation. The M. phaseolina strains also produced hydrolytic enzymes such as lipase, amylase, and protease with solubilization zone of 5-43 mm, 5-45 mm, and 12-35 mm, respectively. The M. phaseolina strains were identified by 18S rRNA and analyzed for genetic diversity by using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The findings based on RAPD markers and 18S rRNA sequence analysis clearly indicate genetic variation among the strains collected from different hosts. The genetically diverse strains were found to be pathogenic to sunflower and chickpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali N. Khan
- COMSATS Institute of Information TechnologyIslamabad, Pakistan
| | - Faluk Shair
- COMSATS Institute of Information TechnologyIslamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Malik
- COMSATS Institute of Information TechnologyIslamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Hayat
- COMSATS Institute of Information TechnologyIslamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ayub Khan
- Oilseed Section, National Agriculture Research CouncilIslamabad, Pakistan
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Luo F, Zhong Z, Liu L, Igarashi Y, Xie D, Li N. Metabolomic differential analysis of interspecific interactions among white rot fungi Trametes versicolor, Dichomitus squalens and Pleurotus ostreatus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5265. [PMID: 28706236 PMCID: PMC5509712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05669-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific fungal antagonism occurred commonly in the interaction zone of different white rot fungi. This competitive interaction could markedly influence the metabolic pathway of intracellular metabolites, which was associated with the fungal morphology change and growth restriction. So far, it remains unknown on intracellular metabolite regulation during fungal competitive interaction. Herein, we performed the metabolomic analysis of the in vivo metabolite changes during competitive interaction between each two of the three white rot fungi Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus and Dichomitus squalens and identified differential metabolites in the interaction zone compared to each two isolates. Many metabolites in the carnitine, lipid, ethylene and trehalose metabolic pathways were significantly up-regulated. These metabolic pathways are all involved in defensive response to abiotic and/or biotic stressful condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Luo
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Zhong
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yasuo Igarashi
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Deti Xie
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Nannan Li
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
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Sutto-Ortiz P, Camacho-Ruiz MDLA, Kirchmayr MR, Camacho-Ruiz RM, Mateos-Díaz JC, Noiriel A, Carrière F, Abousalham A, Rodríguez JA. Screening of phospholipase A activity and its production by new actinomycete strains cultivated by solid-state fermentation. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3524. [PMID: 28695068 PMCID: PMC5501967 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel microbial phospholipases A (PLAs) can be found in actinomycetes which have been poorly explored as producers of this activity. To investigate microbial PLA production, efficient methods are necessary such as high-throughput screening (HTS) assays for direct search of PLAs in microbial cultures and cultivation conditions to promote this activity. About 200 strains isolated with selected media for actinomycetes and mostly belonging to Streptomyces (73%) and Micromonospora (10%) genus were first screened on agar-plates containing the fluorophore rhodamine 6G and egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (PC) to detect strains producing phospholipase activity. Then, a colorimetric HTS assay for general PLA activity detection (cHTS-PLA) using enriched PC (≈60%) as substrate and cresol red as indicator was developed and applied; this cHTS-PLA assay was validated with known PLAs. For the first time, actinomycete strains were cultivated by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using PC as inductor and sugar-cane bagasse as support to produce high PLA activity (from 207 to 2,591 mU/g of support). Phospholipase activity of the enzymatic extracts from SSF was determined using the implemented cHTS-PLA assay and the PC hydrolysis products obtained, were analyzed by TLC showing the presence of lyso-PC. Three actinomycete strains of the Streptomyces genus that stood out for high accumulation of lyso-PC, were selected and analyzed with the specific substrate 1,2-α-eleostearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (EEPC) in order to confirm the presence of PLA activity in their enzymatic extracts. Overall, the results obtained pave the way toward the HTS of PLA activity in crude microbial enzymatic extracts at a larger scale. The cHTS-PLA assay developed here can be also proposed as a routine assay for PLA activity determination during enzyme purification,directed evolution or mutagenesis approaches. In addition, the production of PLA activity by actinomycetes using SSF allow find and produce novel PLAs with potential applications in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Sutto-Ortiz
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.,Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), UMR 5246, Métabolisme, Enzymes et Mécanismes Moléculaires (MEM2), Villeurbanne Cedex, France.,CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, UMR 7282, Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, Marseille, France
| | - María de Los Angeles Camacho-Ruiz
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.,Departamento de Fundamentos del Conocimiento, Centro Universitario del Norte, Universidad de Guadalajara, Colotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Manuel R Kirchmayr
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Camacho-Ruiz
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Mateos-Díaz
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alexandre Noiriel
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), UMR 5246, Métabolisme, Enzymes et Mécanismes Moléculaires (MEM2), Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Carrière
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, UMR 7282, Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, Marseille, France
| | - Abdelkarim Abousalham
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), UMR 5246, Métabolisme, Enzymes et Mécanismes Moléculaires (MEM2), Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Jorge A Rodríguez
- Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
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The Emerging Pathogen Candida auris: Growth Phenotype, Virulence Factors, Activity of Antifungals, and Effect of SCY-078, a Novel Glucan Synthesis Inhibitor, on Growth Morphology and Biofilm Formation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02396-16. [PMID: 28223375 PMCID: PMC5404565 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02396-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidaauris, a new multidrug-resistant Candida spp. which is associated with invasive infection and high rates of mortality, has recently emerged. Here, we determined the virulence factors (germination, adherence, biofilm formation, phospholipase and proteinase production) of 16 C. auris isolates and their susceptibilities to 11 drugs belonging to different antifungal classes, including a novel orally bioavailable 1,3-β-d-glucan synthesis inhibitor (SCY-078). We also examined the effect of SCY-078 on the growth, ultrastructure, and biofilm-forming abilities of C. auris. Our data showed that while the tested strains did not germinate, they did produce phospholipase and proteinase in a strain-dependent manner and had a significantly reduced ability to adhere and form biofilms compared to that of Candida albicans (P = 0.01). C. auris isolates demonstrated reduced susceptibility to fluconazole and amphotericin B, while, in general, they were susceptible to the remaining drugs tested. SCY-078 had an MIC90 of 1 mg/liter against C. auris and caused complete inhibition of the growth of C. auris and C. albicans. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that SCY-078 interrupted C. auris cell division, with the organism forming abnormal fused fungal cells. Additionally, SCY-078 possessed potent antibiofilm activity, wherein treated biofilms demonstrated significantly reduced metabolic activity and a significantly reduced thickness compared to the untreated control (P < 0.05 for both comparisons). Our study shows that C. auris expresses several virulence determinants (albeit to a lesser extent than C. albicans) and is resistant to fluconazole and amphotericin B. SCY-078, the new orally bioavailable antifungal, had potent antifungal/antibiofilm activity against C. auris, indicating that further evaluation of this antifungal is warranted.
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Barman A, Tamuli R. The pleiotropic vegetative and sexual development phenotypes of Neurospora crassa arise from double mutants of the calcium signaling genes plc-1, splA2, and cpe-1. Curr Genet 2017; 63:861-875. [PMID: 28265741 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated phenotypes of the double mutants of the calcium (Ca2+) signaling genes plc-1, splA2, and cpe-1 encoding for a phospholipase C1 (PLC-1), a secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), and a Ca2+/H+ exchanger (CPE-1), respectively, to understand the cell functions regulated by their genetic interactions. Mutants lacking plc-1 and either splA2 or cpe-1 exhibited numerous defects including reduced colonial growth, stunted aerial hyphae, premature conidiation on plates with delayed germination, inappropriate conidiation in submerged culture, and lesser mycelial pigmentation. Moreover, the ∆plc-1; ∆splA2 and ∆plc-1; ∆cpe-1 double mutants were female-sterile when crossed with wild type as the male parent. In addition, ∆plc-1, ∆splA2, and ∆cpe-1 single mutants displayed higher carotenoid accumulation and an increased level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, the pleiotropic phenotype of the double mutants of plc-1, splA2, and cpe-1 suggested that the genetic interaction of these genes plays a critical role for normal vegetative and sexual development in N. crassa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Barman
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781 039, India
| | - Ranjan Tamuli
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781 039, India.
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Cauchie M, Desmet S, Lagrou K. Candida and its dual lifestyle as a commensal and a pathogen. Res Microbiol 2017; 168:802-810. [PMID: 28263903 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Candida spp. are part of the normal vaginal microflora in 20-30% of healthy women. However, if the balance between these yeasts and the host is disturbed, Candida spp. can cause vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), with Candida albicans being the major causative agent. Different studies have been performed in order to better understand Candida's dual lifestyle in the vagina. The potential of C. albicans to switch from the yeast cell morphology to its hyphal form is considered a key element in VVC pathogenesis. Candida spp. also express other virulence factors, such as hydrolytic extracellular enzymes and heat shock proteins and can form biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Cauchie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Stefanie Desmet
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Enzymatic characterization of clinical and environmental Cryptococcus neoformans strains isolated in Italy. Rev Iberoam Micol 2017; 34:77-82. [PMID: 28215482 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast causing mainly opportunistic infections. The virulence factors involved in cryptococcosis pathogenesis include the presence and the size of the polysaccharide capsule, the production of melanin by phenoloxidase, the growth at 37°C and the enzyme secretion like proteinase, phospholipase and urease. Many other enzymes are secreted by C. neoformans but their role in the fungus virulence is not yet known. AIMS In order to investigate this topic, we compared the phospholipase production between strains from patients and from bird droppings, and we examined its relationship to phenoloxidase production. We further characterized the strains by determining the activity of 19 different extracellular enzymes. METHODS Two hundred and five Italian C. neoformans clinical isolates and 32 environmental isolates were tested. Phenoloxidase production was determined by the development of brown colonies on Staib's agar. Extracellular phospholipase activity was performed using the semiquantitative egg-yolk plate method. API ZYM commercial kit was used to observe the production and the activity of 19 different extracellular enzymes. RESULTS Statistical analysis of the results showed a significantly higher phospholipase activity in the clinical isolates than in the environmental isolates. No significant difference about the phenoloxidase production between both groups was found. Regarding the 19 extracellular enzymes tested using the API ZYM commercial kit, acid phosphatase showed the highest enzymatic activity in both groups. Concerning the enzyme α-glucosidase, the clinical isolates presented a significantly higher positivity percentage than the environmental isolates. A hundred percent positivity in the enzyme leucine arylamidase production was observed in both groups, but the clinical isolates metabolized a significantly greater amount of substrate. CONCLUSIONS The higher phospholipase production in the clinical isolates group confirms the possible role of this enzyme in the cryptococcosis pathogenesis. The extracellular activities of the enzymes acid phosphatase, α-glucosidase and leucine arylamidase, tested by means of the API ZYM commercial kit, appear to be very interesting. Many studies indicate that these enzymes are involved in the virulence of bacteria and parasites; our results suggest their possible role as virulence factors in Cryptococcus infections too.
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Zhu H, Liu P, Du J, Wang J, Jing Y, Zhang J, Gu W, Wang W, Meng Q. Identification of lysophospholipase protein from Spiroplasma eriocheiris and verification of its function. Microbiology (Reading) 2017; 163:175-184. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Huanxi Zhu
- Laboratory of Animal Improvement and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jie Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yunting Jing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Wei Gu
- Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Wen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Qingguo Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
- Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, PR China
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Lambie SC, Kretschmer M, Croll D, Haslam TM, Kunst L, Klose J, Kronstad JW. The putative phospholipase Lip2 counteracts oxidative damage and influences the virulence of Ustilago maydis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:210-221. [PMID: 26950180 PMCID: PMC6638309 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ustilago maydis is an obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen which causes common smut disease of corn. To proliferate in host tissue, U. maydis must gain access to nutrients and overcome plant defence responses, such as the production of reactive oxygen species. The elucidation of the mechanisms by which U. maydis meets these challenges is critical for the development of strategies to combat smut disease. In this study, we focused on the contributions of phospholipases (PLs) to the pathogenesis of corn smut disease. We identified 11 genes encoding putative PLs and characterized the transcript levels for these genes in the fungus grown in culture and during infection of corn tissue. To assess the contributions of specific PLs, we focused on two genes, lip1 and lip2, which encode putative phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ) enzymes with similarity to platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases. PLA2 enzymes are known to counteract oxidative damage to lipids in other organisms. Consistent with a role in the mitigation of oxidative damage, lip2 mutants were sensitive to oxidative stress provoked by hydrogen peroxide and by increased production of reactive oxygen species caused by inhibitors of mitochondrial functions. Importantly, mutants defective in lip2, but not lip1, were attenuated for virulence in corn seedlings. Finally, a comparative analysis of fatty acid and cardiolipin profiles in the wild-type strain and a lip2 mutant revealed differences consistent with a protective role for Lip2 in maintaining lipid homeostasis and mitochondrial health during proliferation in the hostile host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. Lambie
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z3BCCanada
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z4BCCanada
| | - Matthias Kretschmer
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z4BCCanada
| | - Daniel Croll
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z4BCCanada
- Present address:
Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich8092 ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Tegan M. Haslam
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z4BCCanada
| | - Ljerka Kunst
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z4BCCanada
| | - Jana Klose
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z3BCCanada
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z4BCCanada
| | - James W. Kronstad
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z3BCCanada
- The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1Z4BCCanada
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Su L, Ji D, Tao X, Yu L, Wu J, Xia Y. Recombinant expression, characterization, and application of a phospholipase B from Fusarium oxysporum. J Biotechnol 2017; 242:92-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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