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Leistikow KR, May DS, Suh WS, Vargas Asensio G, Schaenzer AJ, Currie CR, Hristova KR. Bacillus subtilis-derived peptides disrupt quorum sensing and biofilm assembly in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. mSystems 2024; 9:e0071224. [PMID: 38990088 PMCID: PMC11334493 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00712-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most clinically important pathogens in the world, with infections leading to high rates of morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals. The ability of S. aureus to form biofilms protects cells from antibiotics and promotes the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes; therefore, new strategies aimed at inhibiting biofilm growth are urgently needed. Probiotic species, including Bacillus subtilis, are gaining interest as potential therapies against S. aureus for their ability to reduce S. aureus colonization and virulence. Here, we search for strains and microbially derived compounds with strong antibiofilm activity against multidrug-resistant S. aureus by isolating and screening Bacillus strains from a variety of agricultural environments. From a total of 1,123 environmental isolates, we identify a single strain B. subtilis 6D1, with a potent ability to inhibit biofilm growth, disassemble mature biofilm, and improve antibiotic sensitivity of S. aureus biofilms through an Agr quorum sensing interference mechanism. Biochemical and molecular networking analysis of an active organic fraction revealed multiple surfactin isoforms, and an uncharacterized peptide was driving this antibiofilm activity. Compared with commercial high-performance liquid chromatography grade surfactin obtained from B. subtilis, we show these B. subtilis 6D1 peptides are significantly better at inhibiting biofilm formation in all four S. aureus Agr backgrounds and preventing S. aureus-induced cytotoxicity when applied to HT29 human intestinal cells. Our study illustrates the potential of exploring microbial strain diversity to discover novel antibiofilm agents that may help combat multidrug-resistant S. aureus infections and enhance antibiotic efficacy in clinical and veterinary settings. IMPORTANCE The formation of biofilms by multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, increases these microorganisms' virulence and decreases the efficacy of common antibiotic regimens. Probiotics possess a variety of strain-specific strategies to reduce biofilm formation in competing organisms; however, the mechanisms and compounds responsible for these phenomena often go uncharacterized. In this study, we identified a mixture of small probiotic-derived peptides capable of Agr quorum sensing interference as one of the mechanisms driving antibiofilm activity against S. aureus. This collection of peptides also improved antibiotic killing and protected human gut epithelial cells from S. aureus-induced toxicity by stimulating an adaptive cytokine response. We conclude that purposeful strain screening and selection efforts can be used to identify unique probiotic strains that possess specially desired mechanisms of action. This information can be used to further improve our understanding of the ways in which probiotic and probiotic-derived compounds can be applied to prevent bacterial infections or improve bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics in clinical and agricultural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R. Leistikow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Daniel S. May
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Washington College, Chestertown, Maryland, USA
| | - Won Se Suh
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Adam J. Schaenzer
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cameron R. Currie
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Emiliano JVDS, Fusieger A, Camargo AC, Rodrigues FFDC, Nero LA, Perrone ÍT, Carvalho AFD. Staphylococcus aureus in Dairy Industry: Enterotoxin Production, Biofilm Formation, and Use of Lactic Acid Bacteria for Its Biocontrol. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024. [PMID: 39021233 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a well-known pathogen capable of producing enterotoxins during bacterial growth in contaminated food, and the ingestion of such preformed toxins is one of the major causes of food poisoning around the world. Nowadays 33 staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) and SE-like toxins have been described, but nearly 95% of confirmed foodborne outbreaks are attributed to classical enterotoxins SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, and SEE. The natural habitat of S. aureus includes the skin and mucous membranes of both humans and animals, allowing the contamination of milk, its derivatives, and the processing facilities. S. aureus is well known for the ability to form biofilms in food processing environments, which contributes to its persistence and cross-contamination in food. The biocontrol of S. aureus in foods by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and their bacteriocins has been studied for many years. Recently, LAB and their metabolites have also been explored for controlling S. aureus biofilms. LAB are used in fermented foods since in ancient times and nowadays characterized strains (or their purified bacteriocin) can be intentionally added to prolong food shelf-life and to control the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria. Regarding the use of these microorganism and their metabolites (such as organic acids and bacteriocins) to prevent biofilm development or for biofilm removal, it is possible to conclude that a complex network behind the antagonistic activity remains poorly understood at the molecular level. The use of approaches that allow the characterization of these interactions is necessary to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms that govern the inhibitory activity of LAB against S. aureus biofilms in food processing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Victor Dos Santos Emiliano
- InovaLeite - Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leites e Derivados, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Andressa Fusieger
- InovaLeite - Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leites e Derivados, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Anderson Carlos Camargo
- InovaLeite - Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leites e Derivados, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- InsPOA - Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Faria da Cruz Rodrigues
- InovaLeite - Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leites e Derivados, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Luís Augusto Nero
- InsPOA - Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Tuler Perrone
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Antônio Fernandes de Carvalho
- InovaLeite - Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leites e Derivados, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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3
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Podkowik M, Perault AI, Putzel G, Pountain A, Kim J, DuMont AL, Zwack EE, Ulrich RJ, Karagounis TK, Zhou C, Haag AF, Shenderovich J, Wasserman GA, Kwon J, Chen J, Richardson AR, Weiser JN, Nowosad CR, Lun DS, Parker D, Pironti A, Zhao X, Drlica K, Yanai I, Torres VJ, Shopsin B. Quorum-sensing agr system of Staphylococcus aureus primes gene expression for protection from lethal oxidative stress. eLife 2024; 12:RP89098. [PMID: 38687677 PMCID: PMC11060713 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The agr quorum-sensing system links Staphylococcus aureus metabolism to virulence, in part by increasing bacterial survival during exposure to lethal concentrations of H2O2, a crucial host defense against S. aureus. We now report that protection by agr surprisingly extends beyond post-exponential growth to the exit from stationary phase when the agr system is no longer turned on. Thus, agr can be considered a constitutive protective factor. Deletion of agr resulted in decreased ATP levels and growth, despite increased rates of respiration or fermentation at appropriate oxygen tensions, suggesting that Δagr cells undergo a shift towards a hyperactive metabolic state in response to diminished metabolic efficiency. As expected from increased respiratory gene expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulated more in the agr mutant than in wild-type cells, thereby explaining elevated susceptibility of Δagr strains to lethal H2O2 doses. Increased survival of wild-type agr cells during H2O2 exposure required sodA, which detoxifies superoxide. Additionally, pretreatment of S. aureus with respiration-reducing menadione protected Δagr cells from killing by H2O2. Thus, genetic deletion and pharmacologic experiments indicate that agr helps control endogenous ROS, thereby providing resilience against exogenous ROS. The long-lived 'memory' of agr-mediated protection, which is uncoupled from agr activation kinetics, increased hematogenous dissemination to certain tissues during sepsis in ROS-producing, wild-type mice but not ROS-deficient (Cybb-/-) mice. These results demonstrate the importance of protection that anticipates impending ROS-mediated immune attack. The ubiquity of quorum sensing suggests that it protects many bacterial species from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Podkowik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Andrew I Perault
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Gregory Putzel
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Microbial Computational Genomic Core Lab, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Andrew Pountain
- Institute for Systems Genetics; NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jisun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical SchoolNewarkUnited States
| | - Ashley L DuMont
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Erin E Zwack
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Robert J Ulrich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Theodora K Karagounis
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology; NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Chunyi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Andreas F Haag
- School of Medicine, University of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Julia Shenderovich
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Gregory A Wasserman
- Department of Surgery, Northwell Health Lenox Hill HospitalNew YorkUnited States
| | - Junbeom Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - John Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Anthony R Richardson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - Jeffrey N Weiser
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Carla R Nowosad
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Desmond S Lun
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and Department of Computer Science, Rutgers UniversityCamdenUnited States
| | - Dane Parker
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical SchoolNewarkUnited States
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Microbial Computational Genomic Core Lab, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Xilin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Karl Drlica
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers UniversityNew YprkUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers UniversityNewarkUnited States
| | - Itai Yanai
- Institute for Systems Genetics; NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Victor J Torres
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
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4
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Lu L, Zhao Y, Li M, Wang X, Zhu J, Liao L, Wang J. Contemporary strategies and approaches for characterizing composition and enhancing biofilm penetration targeting bacterial extracellular polymeric substances. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:100906. [PMID: 38634060 PMCID: PMC11022105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) constitutes crucial elements within bacterial biofilms, facilitating accelerated antimicrobial resistance and conferring defense against the host's immune cells. Developing precise and effective antibiofilm approaches and strategies, tailored to the specific characteristics of EPS composition, can offer valuable insights for the creation of novel antimicrobial drugs. This, in turn, holds the potential to mitigate the alarming issue of bacterial drug resistance. Current analysis of EPS compositions relies heavily on colorimetric approaches with a significant bias, which is likely due to the selection of a standard compound and the cross-interference of various EPS compounds. Considering the pivotal role of EPS in biofilm functionality, it is imperative for EPS research to delve deeper into the analysis of intricate compositions, moving beyond the current focus on polymeric materials. This necessitates a shift from heavy reliance on colorimetric analytic methods to more comprehensive and nuanced analytical approaches. In this study, we have provided a comprehensive summary of existing analytical methods utilized in the characterization of EPS compositions. Additionally, novel strategies aimed at targeting EPS to enhance biofilm penetration were explored, with a specific focus on highlighting the limitations associated with colorimetric methods. Furthermore, we have outlined the challenges faced in identifying additional components of EPS and propose a prospective research plan to address these challenges. This review has the potential to guide future researchers in the search for novel compounds capable of suppressing EPS, thereby inhibiting biofilm formation. This insight opens up a new avenue for exploration within this research domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Yuting Zhao
- Meishan Pharmaceutical Vocational College, School of Pharmacy, Meishan, Sichuan, 620200, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Hepatobiliary Surgery, Langzhong People's Hospital, Langzhong, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Li Liao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Jingya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610000, China
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5
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Aboelnaga N, Elsayed SW, Abdelsalam NA, Salem S, Saif NA, Elsayed M, Ayman S, Nasr M, Elhadidy M. Deciphering the dynamics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation: from molecular signaling to nanotherapeutic advances. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:188. [PMID: 38519959 PMCID: PMC10958940 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) represents a global threat, necessitating the development of effective solutions to combat this emerging superbug. In response to selective pressures within healthcare, community, and livestock settings, MRSA has evolved increased biofilm formation as a multifaceted virulence and defensive mechanism, enabling the bacterium to thrive in harsh conditions. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms contributing to biofilm formation across its developmental stages, hence representing a step forward in developing promising strategies for impeding or eradicating biofilms. During staphylococcal biofilm development, cell wall-anchored proteins attach bacterial cells to biotic or abiotic surfaces; extracellular polymeric substances build scaffolds for biofilm formation; the cidABC operon controls cell lysis within the biofilm, and proteases facilitate dispersal. Beside the three main sequential stages of biofilm formation (attachment, maturation, and dispersal), this review unveils two unique developmental stages in the biofilm formation process for MRSA; multiplication and exodus. We also highlighted the quorum sensing as a cell-to-cell communication process, allowing distant bacterial cells to adapt to the conditions surrounding the bacterial biofilm. In S. aureus, the quorum sensing process is mediated by autoinducing peptides (AIPs) as signaling molecules, with the accessory gene regulator system playing a pivotal role in orchestrating the production of AIPs and various virulence factors. Several quorum inhibitors showed promising anti-virulence and antibiofilm effects that vary in type and function according to the targeted molecule. Disrupting the biofilm architecture and eradicating sessile bacterial cells are crucial steps to prevent colonization on other surfaces or organs. In this context, nanoparticles emerge as efficient carriers for delivering antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents throughout the biofilm architecture. Although metal-based nanoparticles have been previously used in combatting biofilms, its non-degradability and toxicity within the human body presents a real challenge. Therefore, organic nanoparticles in conjunction with quorum inhibitors have been proposed as a promising strategy against biofilms. As nanotherapeutics continue to gain recognition as an antibiofilm strategy, the development of more antibiofilm nanotherapeutics could offer a promising solution to combat biofilm-mediated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmeen Aboelnaga
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Salma W Elsayed
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nehal Adel Abdelsalam
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salma Salem
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nehal A Saif
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Manar Elsayed
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shehab Ayman
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elhadidy
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt.
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt.
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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6
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Shi L, Lin W, Cai Y, Chen F, Zhang Q, Liang D, Xiu Y, Lin S, He B. Oxidative Stress-Mediated Repression of Virulence Gene Transcription and Biofilm Formation as Antibacterial Action of Cinnamomum burmannii Essential Oil on Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3078. [PMID: 38474323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to identify the chemical compounds of Cinnamomum burmannii leaf essential oil (CBLEO) and to unravel the antibacterial mechanism of CBLEO at the molecular level for developing antimicrobials. CBLEO had 37 volatile compounds with abundant borneol (28.40%) and showed good potential to control foodborne pathogens, of which Staphylococcus aureus had the greatest inhibition zone diameter (28.72 mm) with the lowest values of minimum inhibitory concentration (1.0 μg/mL) and bactericidal concentration (2.0 μg/mL). To unravel the antibacterial action of CBLEO on S. aureus, a dynamic exploration of antibacterial growth, material leakage, ROS formation, protein oxidation, cell morphology, and interaction with genome DNA was conducted on S. aureus exposed to CBLEO at different doses (1/2-2×MIC) and times (0-24 h), indicating that CBLEO acts as an inducer for ROS production and the oxidative stress of S. aureus. To highlight the antibacterial action of CBLEO on S. aureus at the molecular level, we performed a comparative association of ROS accumulation with some key virulence-related gene (sigB/agrA/sarA/icaA/cidA/rsbU) transcription, protease production, and biofilm formation in S. aureus subjected to CBLEO at different levels and times, revealing that CBLEO-induced oxidative stress caused transcript suppression of virulence regulators (RsbU and SigB) and its targeted genes, causing a protease level increase destined for the biofilm formation and growth inhibition of S. aureus, which may be a key bactericidal action. Our findings provide valuable information for studying the antibacterial mechanism of essential oil against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Shi
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wei Lin
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanling Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Dongcheng Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Yu Xiu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shanzhi Lin
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Boxiang He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
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7
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Podkowik M, Perault AI, Putzel G, Pountain A, Kim J, Dumont A, Zwack E, Ulrich RJ, Karagounis TK, Zhou C, Haag AF, Shenderovich J, Wasserman GA, Kwon J, Chen J, Richardson AR, Weiser JN, Nowosad CR, Lun DS, Parker D, Pironti A, Zhao X, Drlica K, Yanai I, Torres VJ, Shopsin B. Quorum-sensing agr system of Staphylococcus aureus primes gene expression for protection from lethal oxidative stress. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.06.08.544038. [PMID: 37333372 PMCID: PMC10274873 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.08.544038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The agr quorum-sensing system links Staphylococcus aureus metabolism to virulence, in part by increasing bacterial survival during exposure to lethal concentrations of H2O2, a crucial host defense against S. aureus. We now report that protection by agr surprisingly extends beyond post-exponential growth to the exit from stationary phase when the agr system is no longer turned on. Thus, agr can be considered a constitutive protective factor. Deletion of agr increased both respiration and fermentation but decreased ATP levels and growth, suggesting that Δagr cells assume a hyperactive metabolic state in response to reduced metabolic efficiency. As expected from increased respiratory gene expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulated more in the agr mutant than in wild-type cells, thereby explaining elevated susceptibility of Δagr strains to lethal H2O2 doses. Increased survival of wild-type agr cells during H2O2 exposure required sodA, which detoxifies superoxide. Additionally, pretreatment of S. aureus with respiration-reducing menadione protected Δagr cells from killing by H2O2. Thus, genetic deletion and pharmacologic experiments indicate that agr helps control endogenous ROS, thereby providing resilience against exogenous ROS. The long-lived "memory" of agr-mediated protection, which is uncoupled from agr activation kinetics, increased hematogenous dissemination to certain tissues during sepsis in ROS-producing, wild-type mice but not ROS-deficient (Nox2-/-) mice. These results demonstrate the importance of protection that anticipates impending ROS-mediated immune attack. The ubiquity of quorum sensing suggests that it protects many bacterial species from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Podkowik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew I. Perault
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory Putzel
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Microbial Computational Genomic Core Lab, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Pountain
- Institute for Systems Genetics; NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jisun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Ashley Dumont
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin Zwack
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert J. Ulrich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Theodora K. Karagounis
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology; NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chunyi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andreas F. Haag
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Julia Shenderovich
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Junbeom Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anthony R. Richardson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Weiser
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carla R. Nowosad
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Desmond S. Lun
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Dane Parker
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Microbial Computational Genomic Core Lab, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xilin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Karl Drlica
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Itai Yanai
- Institute for Systems Genetics; NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Hauserman MR, Ferraro MJ, Carroll RK, Rice KC. Altered quorum sensing and physiology of Staphylococcus aureus during spaceflight detected by multi-omics data analysis. NPJ Microgravity 2024; 10:2. [PMID: 38191486 PMCID: PMC10774393 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00343-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus colonizes the nares of approximately 30% of humans, a risk factor for opportunistic infections. To gain insight into S. aureus virulence potential in the spaceflight environment, we analyzed RNA-Seq, cellular proteomics, and metabolomics data from the "Biological Research in Canisters-23" (BRIC-23) GeneLab spaceflight experiment, a mission designed to measure the response of S. aureus to growth in low earth orbit on the international space station. This experiment used Biological Research in Canisters-Petri Dish Fixation Units (BRIC-PDFUs) to grow asynchronous ground control and spaceflight cultures of S. aureus for 48 h. RNAIII, the effector of the Accessory Gene Regulator (Agr) quorum sensing system, was the most highly upregulated gene transcript in spaceflight relative to ground controls. The agr operon gene transcripts were also highly upregulated during spaceflight, followed by genes encoding phenol-soluble modulins and secreted proteases, which are positively regulated by Agr. Upregulated spaceflight genes/proteins also had functions related to urease activity, type VII-like Ess secretion, and copper transport. We also performed secretome analysis of BRIC-23 culture supernatants, which revealed that spaceflight samples had increased abundance of secreted virulence factors, including Agr-regulated proteases (SspA, SspB), staphylococcal nuclease (Nuc), and EsxA (secreted by the Ess system). These data also indicated that S. aureus metabolism is altered in spaceflight conditions relative to the ground controls. Collectively, these data suggest that S. aureus experiences increased quorum sensing and altered expression of virulence factors in response to the spaceflight environment that may impact its pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Hauserman
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mariola J Ferraro
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ronan K Carroll
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Kelly C Rice
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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9
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Sukmarini L, Atikana A, Hertiani T. Antibiofilm activity of marine microbial natural products: potential peptide- and polyketide-derived molecules from marine microbes toward targeting biofilm-forming pathogens. J Nat Med 2024; 78:1-20. [PMID: 37930514 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Controlling and treating biofilm-related infections is challenging because of the widespread presence of multidrug-resistant microbes. Biofilm, a naturally occurring matrix of microbial aggregates, has developed intricate and diverse resistance mechanisms against many currently used antibiotics. This poses a significant problem, especially for human health, including clinically chronic infectious diseases. Thus, there is an urgent need to search for and develop new and more effective antibiotics. As the marine environment is recognized as a promising reservoir of new biologically active molecules with potential pharmacological properties, marine natural products, particularly those of microbial origin, have emerged as a promising source of antibiofilm agents. Marine microbes represent an untapped source of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, marine natural products, owing to their self-defense mechanisms and adaptation to harsh conditions, encompass a wide range of chemical compounds, including peptides and polyketides, which are primarily found in microbes. These molecules can be exploited to provide novel and unique structures for developing alternative antibiotics as effective antibiofilm agents. This review focuses on the possible antibiofilm mechanism of these marine microbial molecules against biofilm-forming pathogens. It provides an overview of biofilm development, its recalcitrant mode of action, strategies for the development of antibiofilm agents, and their assessments. The review also revisits some selected peptides and polyketides from marine microbes reported between 2016 and 2023, highlighting their moderate and considerable antibiofilm activities. Moreover, their antibiofilm mechanisms, such as adhesion modulation/inhibition targeting biofilm-forming pathogens, quorum sensing intervention and inhibition, and extracellular polymeric substance disruption, are highlighted herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sukmarini
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST Soekarno, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, West Java, 16911, Indonesia.
- Indonesian Biofilm Research Collaboration Center, Jl. Farmako Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Akhirta Atikana
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), KST Soekarno, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, West Java, 16911, Indonesia
- Indonesian Biofilm Research Collaboration Center, Jl. Farmako Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Triana Hertiani
- Indonesian Biofilm Research Collaboration Center, Jl. Farmako Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
- Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
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10
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Al-Tameemi HM, Al-Hraishawi H, Al-Hejjaj MY, Abdulah NS, Alrafas HR, Dawood YA. Whole genome sequence and comparative genomics analysis of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus xylosus NM36 isolated from a cow with mastitis in Basrah city. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:163. [PMID: 38060084 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus xylosus is a coagulase-negative, gram-positive coccus that is found in the environment and as a commensal organism on the skin and mucosal surfaces of animals. Despite the fact that S. xylosus is considered a nonpathogenic bacterium, several studies have linked S. xylosus to opportunistic infections in both animals and humans. During an investigation of mastitis-causing agents in the governorate of Basrah, Iraq, we identified an antibiotic-resistant strain of S. xylosus NM36 from a milk sample from a cow with chronic mastitis. In addition to robust biofilm formation, multiple antibiotic resistance phenotypes were found. To further understand the genetic background for these phenotypes, the full genome of S. xylosus NM36 was analyzed. RESULTS The genome consisted of a single circular 2,668,086 base pairs chromosome containing 32.8% G + C. There were 2454 protein-coding sequences, 4 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 50 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes in the genome. In addition, genetic variation was studied by searching sequence data against a representative reference genome. Consequently, single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis was conducted and showed that there were 46,610 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 523 insertions, and 551 deletions. In order to overcome antibiotics, S. xylosus NM36 had been armed with several antibiotic resistance genes from several groups and families. The genome annotation service in PathoSystems Resource Integration Center (PATRIC) and Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology (RAST) annotation servers showed that there are multiple antimicrobial resistance elements, including antibiotic inactivation enzymes (BlaZ family, FosB), antibiotic resistance gene clusters (TcaB, TcaB2, TcaR), proteins involved in methicillin resistance (LytH, FmtA, FemC, HmrB, HmrA), TetR family transcriptional regulators, and efflux pumps conferring antibiotic resistance (NorA). In addition, we investigated and categorized the biofilm and quorum-sensing elements of the NM36 strain and found that it has multiple subsets of biofilm regulators, confirming its pathogenic nature. CONCLUSIONS These findings necessitate a reevaluation of microbial and clinical interventions when dealing with coagulase-negative staphylococci, particularly in the context of studies pertaining to public health. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that the entire genome of S. xylosus has been sequenced in Iraq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan M Al-Tameemi
- Microbiology Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Basrah University, Basrah, 61004, Iraq.
| | - Husam Al-Hraishawi
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine, Misan University, Amarah, Misan, Iraq
| | - Murtakab Y Al-Hejjaj
- Microbiology Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Basrah University, Basrah, 61004, Iraq
| | | | - Haider R Alrafas
- Microbiology Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Basrah University, Basrah, 61004, Iraq
| | - Yessar A Dawood
- Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, College of Pharmacy, Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq
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11
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Cosetta CM, Niccum B, Kamkari N, Dente M, Podniesinski M, Wolfe BE. Bacterial-fungal interactions promote parallel evolution of global transcriptional regulators in a widespread Staphylococcus species. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:1504-1516. [PMID: 37524910 PMCID: PMC10432416 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies of microbial evolution have largely focused on monocultures of model organisms, but most microbes live in communities where interactions with other species may impact rates and modes of evolution. Using the cheese rind model microbial community, we determined how species interactions shape the evolution of the widespread food- and animal-associated bacterium Staphylococcus xylosus. We evolved S. xylosus for 450 generations alone or in co-culture with one of three microbes: the yeast Debaryomyces hansenii, the bacterium Brevibacterium aurantiacum, and the mold Penicillium solitum. We used the frequency of colony morphology mutants (pigment and colony texture phenotypes) and whole-genome sequencing of isolates to quantify phenotypic and genomic evolution. The yeast D. hansenii strongly promoted diversification of S. xylosus. By the end of the experiment, all populations co-cultured with the yeast were dominated by pigment and colony morphology mutant phenotypes. Populations of S. xylosus grown alone, with B. aurantiacum, or with P. solitum did not evolve novel phenotypic diversity. Whole-genome sequencing of individual mutant isolates across all four treatments identified numerous unique mutations in the operons for the SigB, Agr, and WalRK global regulators, but only in the D. hansenii treatment. Phenotyping and RNA-seq experiments highlighted altered pigment and biofilm production, spreading, stress tolerance, and metabolism of S. xylosus mutants. Fitness experiments revealed antagonistic pleiotropy, where beneficial mutations that evolved in the presence of the yeast had strong negative fitness effects in other biotic environments. This work demonstrates that bacterial-fungal interactions can have long-term evolutionary consequences within multispecies microbiomes by facilitating the evolution of strain diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey M Cosetta
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Brittany Niccum
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Nick Kamkari
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Michael Dente
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | | | - Benjamin E Wolfe
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
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12
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Fu T, Fan Z, Li Y, Li Z, Zhao H, Feng Y, Xue G, Cui J, Yan C, Gan L, Feng J, Yuan J, You F. Roles of the Crp/Fnr Family Regulator ArcR in the Hemolysis and Biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1656. [PMID: 37512829 PMCID: PMC10384999 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic human pathogen that is often involved in severe infections such as pneumonia and sepsis in which bacterial virulence factors play a key role. Infections caused by S. aureus are often difficult to eradicate, particularly when they are associated with biofilm. The physiological roles of the Crp/Fnr family regulator ArcR are elusive in S. aureus. In this study, it was found that the deletion of arcR increased the hemolytic ability and biofilm formation in S. aureus. Differential gene expression analysis by RNA-seq and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR showed that genes associated with hemolytic ability (hla and hlb) and biofilm formation (icaA, icaB, icaC and icaD) were significantly upregulated compared with those in the wild-type strain. The results revealed that ArcR regulated the expression of the hla and ica operon by binding to their promoter regions, respectively. This study provided new insights into the functional importance of ArcR in regulating the virulence and biofilm of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Fu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100020, China
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Zheng Fan
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Department of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhoufei Li
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Hanqing Zhao
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yanling Feng
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Guanhua Xue
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Jinghua Cui
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Lin Gan
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Junxia Feng
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Fuping You
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100020, China
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13
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Patel H, Rawat S. A genetic regulatory see-saw of biofilm and virulence in MRSA pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1204428. [PMID: 37434702 PMCID: PMC10332168 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1204428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common opportunistic human pathogens causing several infectious diseases. Ever since the emergence of the first methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain decades back, the organism has been a major cause of hospital-acquired infections (HA-MRSA). The spread of this pathogen across the community led to the emergence of a more virulent subtype of the strain, i.e., Community acquired Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). Hence, WHO has declared Staphylococcus aureus as a high-priority pathogen. MRSA pathogenesis is remarkable because of the ability of this "superbug" to form robust biofilm both in vivo and in vitro by the formation of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), extracellular DNA (eDNA), wall teichoic acids (WTAs), and capsule (CP), which are major components that impart stability to a biofilm. On the other hand, secretion of a diverse array of virulence factors such as hemolysins, leukotoxins, enterotoxins, and Protein A regulated by agr and sae two-component systems (TCS) aids in combating host immune response. The up- and downregulation of adhesion genes involved in biofilm formation and genes responsible for synthesizing virulence factors during different stages of infection act as a genetic regulatory see-saw in the pathogenesis of MRSA. This review provides insight into the evolution and pathogenesis of MRSA infections with a focus on genetic regulation of biofilm formation and virulence factors secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seema Rawat
- Microbiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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14
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Li Q, Liu Q, Wang Z, Zhang X, Ma R, Hu X, Mei J, Su Z, Zhu W, Zhu C. Biofilm Homeostasis Interference Therapy via 1 O 2 -Sensitized Hyperthermia and Immune Microenvironment Re-Rousing for Biofilm-Associated Infections Elimination. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300592. [PMID: 36850031 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The recurrence of biofilm-associated infections (BAIs) remains high after implant-associated surgery. Biofilms on the implant surface reportedly shelter bacteria from antibiotics and evade innate immune defenses. Moreover, little is currently known about eliminating residual bacteria that can induce biofilm reinfection. Herein, novel "interference-regulation strategy" based on bovine serum albumin-iridium oxide nanoparticles (BIONPs) as biofilm homeostasis interrupter and immunomodulator via singlet oxygen (1 O2 )-sensitized mild hyperthermia for combating BAIs is reported. The catalase-like BIONPs convert abundant H2 O2 inside the biofilm-microenvironment (BME) to sufficient oxygen gas (O2 ), which can efficiently enhance the generation of 1 O2 under near-infrared irradiation. The 1 O2 -induced biofilm homeostasis disturbance (e.g., sigB, groEL, agr-A, icaD, eDNA) can disrupt the sophisticated defense system of biofilm, further enhancing the sensitivity of biofilms to mild hyperthermia. Moreover, the mild hyperthermia-induced bacterial membrane disintegration results in protein leakage and 1 O2 penetration to kill bacteria inside the biofilm. Subsequently, BIONPs-induced immunosuppressive microenvironment re-rousing successfully re-polarizes macrophages to pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype in vivo to devour residual biofilm and prevent biofilm reconstruction. Collectively, this 1 O2 -sensitized mild hyperthermia can yield great refractory BAIs treatment via biofilm homeostasis interference, mild-hyperthermia, and immunotherapy, providing a novel and effective anti-biofilm strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianming Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Zhengxi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Xianzuo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Ruixiang Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Xianli Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Su
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Wanbo Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, P. R. China
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15
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Lamret F, Lemaire A, Lagoutte M, Varin-Simon J, Abraham L, Colin M, Braux J, Velard F, Gangloff SC, Reffuveille F. Approaching prosthesis infection environment: Development of an innovative in vitro Staphylococcus aureus biofilm model. Biofilm 2023; 5:100120. [PMID: 37125394 PMCID: PMC10130472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The major role and implication of bacterial biofilms in the case of bone and prosthesis infections have been highlighted and often linked to implant colonization. Management strategies of these difficult-to-treat infections consist in surgeries and antibiotic treatment, but the rate of relapse remains high, especially if Staphylococcus aureus, a high-virulent pathogen, is involved. Therapeutic approaches are not adapted to the specific features of biofilm in bone context whereas infectious environment is known to importantly influence biofilm structure. In the present study, we aim to characterize S. aureus SH1000 (methicillin-sensitive strain, MSSA) and USA300 (methicillin-resistant strain, MRSA) biofilm on different surfaces mimicking the periprosthetic environment. As expected, protein adsorption on titanium enhanced the number of adherent bacteria for both strains. On bone explant, USA300 adhered more than SH1000. The simultaneous presence of two different surfaces was also found to change the bacterial behaviour. Thus, proteins adsorption on titanium and bone samples (from bank or directly recovered after an arthroplasty) were found to be key parameters that influence S. aureus biofilm formation: adhesion, matrix production and biofilm-related gene regulation. These results highlighted the need for new biofilm models, more relevant with the infectious environment by using adapted culture medium and presence of surfaces that are representative of in situ conditions to better evaluate therapeutic strategies against biofilm.
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16
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Patel R, Soni M, Soyantar B, Shivangi S, Sutariya S, Saraf M, Goswami D. A clash of quorum sensing vs quorum sensing inhibitors: an overview and risk of resistance. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:107. [PMID: 36881156 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Indiscriminate use of antibiotics to treat microbial pathogens has caused emergence of multiple drug resistant strains. Most infectious diseases are caused by microbes that are capable of intercommunication using signaling molecules, which is known as quorum sensing (QS). Such pathogens express their pathogenicity through various QS-regulated virulence factors. Interference of QS could lead to decisive results in controlling such pathogenicity. Hence, QS inhibition has become an attractive new approach for the development of novel drugs. Many quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs) of diverse origins have been reported. It is imperative that more such anti-QS compounds be found and studied, as they have significant effect on microbial pathogenicity. This review attempts to give a brief account of QS mechanism, its inhibition and describes some compounds with anti-QS potential. Also discussed is the possibility of emergence of quorum sensing resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Mansi Soni
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Bilv Soyantar
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Suruchi Shivangi
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Swati Sutariya
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Meenu Saraf
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Dweipayan Goswami
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India.
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17
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Staphylococcus aureus Behavior on Artificial Surfaces Mimicking Bone Environment. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030384. [PMID: 36986306 PMCID: PMC10056644 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections, which interfere with bone regeneration, may be a critical issue to consider during the development of biomimetic material. Calcium phosphate (CaP) and type I collagen substrates, both suitable for bone-regeneration dedicated scaffolds, may favor bacterial adhesion. Staphylococcus aureus possesses adhesins that allow binding to CaP or collagen. After their adhesion, bacteria may develop structures highly tolerant to immune system attacks or antibiotic treatments: the biofilms. Thus, the choice of material used for scaffolds intended for bone sites is essential to provide devices with the ability to prevent bone and joint infections by limiting bacterial adhesion. In this study, we compared the adhesion of three different S. aureus strains (CIP 53.154, SH1000, and USA300) on collagen- and CaP-coating. Our objective was to evaluate the capacity of bacteria to adhere to these different bone-mimicking coated supports to better control the risk of infection. The three strains were able to adhere to CaP and collagen. The visible matrix components were more important on CaP- than on collagen-coating. However, this difference was not reflected in biofilm gene expression for which no change was observed between the two tested surfaces. Another objective was to evaluate these bone-mimicking coatings for the development of an in vitro model. Thus, CaP, collagen-coatings, and the titanium-mimicking prosthesis were simultaneously tested in the same bacterial culture. No significant differences were found compared to adhesion on surfaces independently tested. In conclusion, these coatings used as bone substitutes can easily be colonized by bacteria, especially CaP-coating, and must be used with an addition of antimicrobial molecules or strategies to avoid bacterial biofilm development.
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18
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He X, Zhang W, Cao Q, Li Y, Bao G, Lin T, Bao J, Chang C, Yang C, Yin Y, Xu J, Ren Z, Jin Y, Lu F. Global Downregulation of Penicillin Resistance and Biofilm Formation by MRSA Is Associated with the Interaction between Kaempferol Rhamnosides and Quercetin. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0278222. [PMID: 36354319 PMCID: PMC9769653 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02782-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) drug resistance and the formation of biofilms seriously challenge the clinical application of classic antibiotics. Extracts of the traditional herb Chenopodium ambrosioides L. were found to have strong antibiofilm activity against MRSA, but their mechanism of action remains poorly understood. This study was designed to investigate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against MRSA of flavonoids identified from C. ambrosioides L. in combination with classic antibiotics, including ceftazidime, erythromycin, levofloxacin, penicillin G, and vancomycin. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to analyze the nonvolatile chemical compositions. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was used to investigate potential multitargets of flavonoids based on global transcriptional responses of virulence and antibiotic resistance. A synergistic antibacterial and biofilm-inhibiting activity of the alcoholic extract of the ear of C. ambrosioides L. in combination with penicillin G was observed against MRSA, which proved to be closely related to the interaction of the main components of kaempferol rhamnosides with quercetin. In regard to the mechanism, the increased sensitivity of MRSA to penicillin G was shown to be related to the downregulation of penicillinase with SarA as a potential drug target, while the antibiofilm activity was mainly related to downregulation of various virulence factors involved in the initial and mature stages of biofilm development, with SarA and/or σB as drug targets. This study provides a theoretical basis for further exploration of the medicinal activity of kaempferol rhamnosides and quercetin and their application in combination with penicillin G against MRSA biofilm infection. IMPORTANCE In this study, the synergistic antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of the traditional herb C. ambrosioides L. and the classic antibiotic penicillin G on MRSA provide a potential strategy to deal with the rapid development of MRSA antibiotic resistance. This study also provides a theoretical basis for further optimizing the combined effect of kaempferol rhamnosides, quercetin, and penicillin G and exploring anti-MRSA biofilm infection research with SarA and σB as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong He
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingchao Cao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinyue Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Bao
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Lin
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao Bao
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caiwang Chang
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changshui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Yin
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Ren
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingshan Jin
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Turner AB, Gerner E, Firdaus R, Echeverz M, Werthén M, Thomsen P, Almqvist S, Trobos M. Role of sodium salicylate in Staphylococcus aureus quorum sensing, virulence, biofilm formation and antimicrobial susceptibility. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:931839. [PMID: 35992652 PMCID: PMC9384861 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.931839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread threat of antibiotic resistance requires new treatment options. Disrupting bacterial communication, quorum sensing (QS), has the potential to reduce pathogenesis by decreasing bacterial virulence. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of sodium salicylate (NaSa) on Staphylococcus aureus QS, virulence production and biofilm formation. In S. aureus ATCC 25923 (agr III), with or without serum, NaSa (10 mM) downregulated the agr QS system and decreased the secretion levels of alpha-hemolysin, staphopain A and delta-hemolysin. Inhibition of agr expression caused a downregulation of delta-hemolysin, decreasing biofilm dispersal and increasing biofilm formation on polystyrene and titanium under static conditions. In contrast, NaSa did not increase biofilm biomass under flow but caused one log10 reduction in biofilm viability on polystyrene pegs, resulting in biofilms being twice as susceptible to rifampicin. A concentration-dependent effect of NaSa was further observed, where high concentrations (10 mM) decreased agr expression, while low concentrations (≤0.1 mM) increased agr expression. In S. aureus 8325-4 (agr I), a high concentration of NaSa (10 mM) decreased hla expression, and a low concentration of NaSa (≤1 mM) increased rnaIII and hla expression. The activity of NaSa on biofilm formation was dependent on agr type and material surface. Eight clinical strains isolated from prosthetic joint infection (PJI) or wound infection belonging to each of the four agr types were evaluated. The four PJI S. aureus strains did not change their biofilm phenotype with NaSa on the clinically relevant titanium surface. Half of the wound strains (agr III and IV) did not change the biofilm phenotype in the 3D collagen wound model. In addition, compared to the control, ATCC 25923 biofilms formed with 10 mM NaSa in the collagen model were more susceptible to silver. It is concluded that NaSa can inhibit QS in S. aureus, decreasing the levels of toxin production with certain modulation of biofilm formation. The effect on biofilm formation was dependent on the strain and material surface. It is suggested that the observed NaSa inhibition of bacterial communication is a potential alternative or adjuvant to traditional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Benedict Turner
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Gerner
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Mölnlycke Health Care AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rininta Firdaus
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maite Echeverz
- Microbial Pathogenesis Research Unit, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Werthén
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Thomsen
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Margarita Trobos
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Margarita Trobos,
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20
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An Overview of Biofilm Formation-Combating Strategies and Mechanisms of Action of Antibiofilm Agents. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081110. [PMID: 35892912 PMCID: PMC9394423 DOI: 10.3390/life12081110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation on surfaces via microbial colonization causes infections and has become a major health issue globally. The biofilm lifestyle provides resistance to environmental stresses and antimicrobial therapies. Biofilms can cause several chronic conditions, and effective treatment has become a challenge due to increased antimicrobial resistance. Antibiotics available for treating biofilm-associated infections are generally not very effective and require high doses that may cause toxicity in the host. Therefore, it is essential to study and develop efficient anti-biofilm strategies that can significantly reduce the rate of biofilm-associated healthcare problems. In this context, some effective combating strategies with potential anti-biofilm agents, including plant extracts, peptides, enzymes, lantibiotics, chelating agents, biosurfactants, polysaccharides, organic, inorganic, and metal nanoparticles, etc., have been reviewed to overcome biofilm-associated healthcare problems. From their extensive literature survey, it can be concluded that these molecules with considerable structural alterations might be applied to the treatment of biofilm-associated infections, by evaluating their significant delivery to the target site of the host. To design effective anti-biofilm molecules, it must be assured that the minimum inhibitory concentrations of these anti-biofilm compounds can eradicate biofilm-associated infections without causing toxic effects at a significant rate.
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21
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Sionov RV, Banerjee S, Bogomolov S, Smoum R, Mechoulam R, Steinberg D. Targeting the Achilles' Heel of Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by the Endocannabinoid Anandamide. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7798. [PMID: 35887146 PMCID: PMC9319909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a major health issue that requires new therapeutic approaches. Accumulating data suggest that it is possible to sensitize these bacteria to antibiotics by combining them with inhibitors targeting efflux pumps, the low-affinity penicillin-binding protein PBP2a, cell wall teichoic acid, or the cell division protein FtsZ. We have previously shown that the endocannabinoid Anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine; AEA) could sensitize drug-resistant S. aureus to a variety of antibiotics, among others, through growth arrest and inhibition of drug efflux. Here, we looked at biochemical alterations caused by AEA. We observed that AEA increased the intracellular drug concentration of a fluorescent penicillin and augmented its binding to membrane proteins with concomitant altered membrane distribution of these proteins. AEA also prevented the secretion of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and reduced the cell wall teichoic acid content, both processes known to require transporter proteins. Notably, AEA was found to inhibit membrane ATPase activity that is necessary for transmembrane transport. AEA did not affect the membrane GTPase activity, and the GTPase cell division protein FtsZ formed the Z-ring of the divisome normally in the presence of AEA. Rather, AEA caused a reduction in murein hydrolase activities involved in daughter cell separation. Altogether, this study shows that AEA affects several biochemical processes that culminate in the sensitization of the drug-resistant bacteria to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (S.B.); (S.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Shreya Banerjee
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (S.B.); (S.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Sergei Bogomolov
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (S.B.); (S.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Reem Smoum
- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (R.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (R.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Doron Steinberg
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (S.B.); (S.B.); (D.S.)
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22
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Menard G, Silard C, Suriray M, Rouillon A, Augagneur Y. Thirty Years of sRNA-Mediated Regulation in Staphylococcus aureus: From Initial Discoveries to In Vivo Biological Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137346. [PMID: 35806357 PMCID: PMC9266662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a widespread livestock and human pathogen that colonizes diverse microenvironments within its host. Its adaptation to the environmental conditions encountered within humans relies on coordinated gene expression. This requires a sophisticated regulatory network, among which regulatory RNAs (usually called sRNAs) have emerged as key players over the last 30 years. In S. aureus, sRNAs regulate target genes at the post-transcriptional level through base–pair interactions. The functional characterization of a subset revealed that they participate in all biological processes, including virulence, metabolic adaptation, and antibiotic resistance. In this review, we report 30 years of S. aureus sRNA studies, from their discovery to the in-depth characterizations of some of them. We also discuss their actual in vivo contribution, which is still lagging behind, and their place within the complex regulatory network. These shall be key aspects to consider in order to clearly uncover their in vivo biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Menard
- CHU Rennes, INSERM, BRM (Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine), SB2H (Service de Bactériologie Hygiène-Hospitalière), University Rennes, UMR_S 1230, F-35000 Rennes, France; (G.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Chloé Silard
- INSERM, BRM (Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine), University Rennes, UMR_S 1230, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Marie Suriray
- CHU Rennes, INSERM, BRM (Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine), SB2H (Service de Bactériologie Hygiène-Hospitalière), University Rennes, UMR_S 1230, F-35000 Rennes, France; (G.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Astrid Rouillon
- INSERM, BRM (Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine), University Rennes, UMR_S 1230, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Yoann Augagneur
- INSERM, BRM (Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine), University Rennes, UMR_S 1230, F-35000 Rennes, France; (C.S.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-223234631
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23
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Sionov RV, Steinberg D. Targeting the Holy Triangle of Quorum Sensing, Biofilm Formation, and Antibiotic Resistance in Pathogenic Bacteria. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1239. [PMID: 35744757 PMCID: PMC9228545 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic and recurrent bacterial infections are frequently associated with the formation of biofilms on biotic or abiotic materials that are composed of mono- or multi-species cultures of bacteria/fungi embedded in an extracellular matrix produced by the microorganisms. Biofilm formation is, among others, regulated by quorum sensing (QS) which is an interbacterial communication system usually composed of two-component systems (TCSs) of secreted autoinducer compounds that activate signal transduction pathways through interaction with their respective receptors. Embedded in the biofilms, the bacteria are protected from environmental stress stimuli, and they often show reduced responses to antibiotics, making it difficult to eradicate the bacterial infection. Besides reduced penetration of antibiotics through the intricate structure of the biofilms, the sessile biofilm-embedded bacteria show reduced metabolic activity making them intrinsically less sensitive to antibiotics. Moreover, they frequently express elevated levels of efflux pumps that extrude antibiotics, thereby reducing their intracellular levels. Some efflux pumps are involved in the secretion of QS compounds and biofilm-related materials, besides being important for removing toxic substances from the bacteria. Some efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) have been shown to both prevent biofilm formation and sensitize the bacteria to antibiotics, suggesting a relationship between these processes. Additionally, QS inhibitors or quenchers may affect antibiotic susceptibility. Thus, targeting elements that regulate QS and biofilm formation might be a promising approach to combat antibiotic-resistant biofilm-related bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- The Biofilm Research Laboratory, The Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, The Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
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24
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Guerreiro DN, Wu J, McDermott E, Garmyn D, Dockery P, Boyd A, Piveteau P, O’Byrne CP. In Vitro Evolution of Listeria monocytogenes Reveals Selective Pressure for Loss of SigB and AgrA Function at Different Incubation Temperatures. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0033022. [PMID: 35583325 PMCID: PMC9195950 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00330-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The alternative sigma factor B (σB) contributes to the stress tolerance of the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes by upregulating the general stress response. We previously showed that σB loss-of-function mutations arise frequently in strains of L. monocytogenes and suggested that mild stresses might favor the selection of such mutations. In this study, we performed in vitro evolution experiments (IVEE) where L. monocytogenes was allowed to evolve over 30 days at elevated (42°C) or lower (30°C) incubation temperatures. Isolates purified throughout the IVEE revealed the emergence of sigB operon mutations at 42°C. However, at 30°C, independent alleles in the agr locus arose, resulting in the inactivation of Agr quorum sensing. Colonies of both sigB mutants and agr mutants exhibited a greyer coloration on 7-days-old agar plates than those of the parental strain. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a more complex colony architecture in the wild type than in the mutant strains. sigB mutant strains outcompeted the parental strain at 42°C but not at 30°C, while agr mutant strains showed a small increase in competitive fitness at 30°C. Analysis of 40,080 L. monocytogenes publicly available genome sequences revealed a high occurrence rate of premature stop codons in both the sigB and agrCA loci. An analysis of a local L. monocytogenes strain collection revealed 5 out of 168 strains carrying agrCA alleles. Our results suggest that the loss of σB or Agr confer an increased competitive fitness in some specific conditions and this likely contributes to the emergence of these alleles in strains of L. monocytogenes. IMPORTANCE To withstand environmental aggressions, L. monocytogenes upregulates a large regulon through the action of the alternative sigma factor B (σB). However, σB becomes detrimental for L. monocytogenes growth under mild stresses, which confer a competitive advantage to σB loss-of-function alleles. Temperatures of 42°C, a mild stress, are often employed in mutagenesis protocols of L. monocytogenes and promote the emergence of σB loss-of-function alleles in the sigB operon. In contrast, lower temperatures of 30°C promote the emergence of Agr loss-of-function alleles, a cell-cell communication mechanism in L. monocytogenes. Our findings demonstrate that loss-of-function alleles emerge spontaneously in laboratory-grown strains. These alleles rise in the population as a consequence of the trade-off between growth and survival imposed by the activation of σB in L. monocytogenes. Additionally, our results demonstrate the importance of identifying unwanted hitchhiker mutations in newly constructed mutant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte N. Guerreiro
- Bacterial Stress Response Group, Microbiology, Ryan Institute, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jialun Wu
- Bacterial Stress Response Group, Microbiology, Ryan Institute, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Emma McDermott
- Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, Anatomy School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dominique Garmyn
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, University Bourgogne, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Peter Dockery
- Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, Anatomy School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aoife Boyd
- Pathogenic Mechanisms Research Group, Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Conor P. O’Byrne
- Bacterial Stress Response Group, Microbiology, Ryan Institute, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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25
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Wang H, Hou X, Shen J, Wang W, Ye Y, Yu J, Xue T. Alternative sigma factor B reduces biofilm formation and stress response in milk-derived Staphylococcus aureus. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Ong ZX, Kannan B, Becker DL. Exploiting transposons in the study of Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis and virulence. Crit Rev Microbiol 2022; 49:297-317. [PMID: 35438613 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2052794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus has an extremely complex relationship with humans. While the bacteria can exist as a commensal in many, it can cause a wide range of diseases and infections when turned pathogenic. Its presence is a determinant of chronicity and poor prognosis in numerous diseases, and its genomic plasticity causes S. aureus antimicrobial resistance to be one of the most dire contemporary medical problems to solve. Genetic manipulation of S. aureus has led to numerous findings that are vital in the fight against its pathogenesis. The utilisation of transposon mutant libraries for the systematic inspection of the S. aureus genome led to many landmark discoveries pertaining to the bacteria's pathogenicity, antimicrobial resistance acquisition, and virulence regulation. In this review, we describe mutant libraries, and their significant contributions, from various S. aureus strains created with commonly used transposons. The general workflow for the construction of libraries will be presented, along with a discussion of the challenges of undertaking the task of large-scale library construction. As the accessibility of transposon mutant library construction, screening, and analysis increases, this genetic tool could be further exploited in the study of the S. aureus genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Xin Ong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Skin Research Institute, Singapore.,Nanyang Institute of Technology in Health and Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Bavani Kannan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Skin Research Institute, Singapore
| | - David L Becker
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Skin Research Institute, Singapore
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27
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de Vor L, van Dijk B, van Kessel K, Kavanaugh JS, de Haas C, Aerts PC, Viveen MC, Boel EC, Fluit AC, Kwiecinski JM, Krijger GC, Ramakers RM, Beekman FJ, Dadachova E, Lam MGEH, Vogely HC, van der Wal BCH, van Strijp JAG, Horswill AR, Weinans H, Rooijakkers SHM. Human monoclonal antibodies against Staphylococcus aureus surface antigens recognize in vitro and in vivo biofilm. eLife 2022; 11:e67301. [PMID: 34989676 PMCID: PMC8751199 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Implant-associated Staphylococcus aureus infections are difficult to treat because of biofilm formation. Bacteria in a biofilm are often insensitive to antibiotics and host immunity. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) could provide an alternative approach to improve the diagnosis and potential treatment of biofilm-related infections. Here, we show that mAbs targeting common surface components of S. aureus can recognize clinically relevant biofilm types. The mAbs were also shown to bind a collection of clinical isolates derived from different biofilm-associated infections (endocarditis, prosthetic joint, catheter). We identify two groups of antibodies: one group that uniquely binds S. aureus in biofilm state and one that recognizes S. aureus in both biofilm and planktonic state. Furthermore, we show that a mAb recognizing wall teichoic acid (clone 4497) specifically localizes to a subcutaneously implanted pre-colonized catheter in mice. In conclusion, we demonstrate the capacity of several human mAbs to detect S. aureus biofilms in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne de Vor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Bruce van Dijk
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Kok van Kessel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Jeffrey S Kavanaugh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Carla de Haas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Piet C Aerts
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Marco C Viveen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Edwin C Boel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Ad C Fluit
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Jakub M Kwiecinski
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Gerard C Krijger
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Ruud M Ramakers
- MILabs B.VUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical CenterUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of TechnologyDelftNetherlands
| | - Freek J Beekman
- MILabs B.VUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical CenterUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of TechnologyDelftNetherlands
| | - Ekaterina Dadachova
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of SaskatchewanSaskatoonCanada
| | - Marnix GEH Lam
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - H Charles Vogely
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Bart CH van der Wal
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Jos AG van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Health Care SystemDenverUnited States
| | - Harrie Weinans
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Biomechanical engineering, TU DelftDelftNetherlands
| | - Suzan HM Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
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28
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Wang X, Qiu H, Yang N, Xie H, Liang W, Lin J, Zhu H, Zhou Y, Wang N, Tan X, Zhou J, Cui W, Teng D, Wang J, Liang H. Fascaplysin derivatives binding to DNA via unique cationic five-ring coplanar backbone showed potent antimicrobial/antibiofilm activity against MRSA in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114099. [PMID: 35007859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is considered as one of the most dangerous clinical pathogens. Biofilms forming ability of MRSA is also a major cause of drug resistance. Hence, it is in urgent need to develop novel antibacterial/antibiofilm drugs. Fascaplysin with a unique cationic five-ring coplanar backbone is emerging as a potential antibacterial compound. In this study, aiming at developing novel and more effective agents, a series of fascaplysin derivatives and their corresponding β-carboline precursors have been synthesized. Then their antibacterial/antibiofilm activity and mechanisms against MRSA were investigated for the first time. The results showed that most fascaplysins rather than β-carboline precursors exhibit superior antimicrobial activity against MRSA ATCC43300, demonstrating the important role of cationic five-ring coplanar backbone playing in antibacterial activity. Among them, 14 and 18 are the most potent compounds with MIC value of 0.098 μg/ml (10-fold lower than vancomycin), and 18 featuring the lowest toxicity. Subsequent mechanisms exploration indicates that 18 has relatively stronger ability to destroy bacterial cell wall and membrane, higher binding affinity to bacterial genomic DNA. Molecular docking study revealed that besides the key role of cationic five-ring coplanar backbone, introduction of N-aryl amide at 9-position of fascaplysin promoted the combination of compound 18 and DNA via additional π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding of the naphthyl group. Moreover, fascaplysins could inhibit MRSA biofilm formation in vitro and bacterial infection in vivo. All these results illustrate that fascaplysin derivative 18 is a strong and safe multi-target antibacterial agent, which makes it an attractive candidate for the treatment of MRSA and its biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Hongda Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Na Yang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Haoji Xie
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Weida Liang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jiayu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Haifeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyi Tan
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Jiale Zhou
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Da Teng
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Hongze Liang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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29
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Carvalho SM, Freitas CS, Oliveira AS, Saraiva LM. Staphylococcus aureus flavohaemoglobin contributes to early stage biofilm development under nitrosative stress. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6402901. [PMID: 34665259 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium with capacity to form biofilms, which constitute an important resistance mechanism and virulence factor. Flavohaemoglobin (Hmp) is a major nitric oxide (NO) detoxifier of several bacteria, including S. aureus. Although Hmp has a well-known physiological role linked to response of planktonic cells to nitrosative stress, its contribution to biofilm formation remains unaddressed. Hence, in this work, we investigated the role of Hmp in biofilm development of a methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain. For this purpose, we exposed the hmp mutant to nitrosative stress and examined its behaviour along biofilm development. We observed that cells inactivated in hmp and grown under nitrosative stress conditions have significantly impaired capacity to develop early stage biofilms. Furthermore, the wild-type biofilm phenotype was fully restored by trans-complementation of hmp in the hmp mutant. Coculture studies of NO-producing macrophages with S. aureus revealed that the hmp mutant has significantly lower capacity to develop biofilm biomass when compared with the wild type. Thus, we concluded that the pathogen S. aureus relies on Hmp to establish viable biofilms in the presence of cells of the host innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Carvalho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cláudia S Freitas
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana S Oliveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Lígia M Saraiva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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30
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Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: an Antimicrobial and Host-Directed Therapy for Complex Infectious Diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0006421. [PMID: 34612662 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00064-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new antimicrobial strategies for treating complex infections and emerging pathogens. Human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent cells with antimicrobial properties, mediated through direct bactericidal activity and modulation of host innate and adaptive immune cells. More than 30 in vivo studies have reported on the use of human MSCs for the treatment of infectious diseases, with many more studies of animal MSCs in same-species models of infection. MSCs demonstrate potent antimicrobial effects against the major classes of human pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) across a wide range of infection models. Mechanistic studies have yielded important insight into their immunomodulatory and bactericidal activity, which can be enhanced through various forms of preconditioning. MSCs are being investigated in over 80 clinical trials for difficult-to-treat infectious diseases, including sepsis and pulmonary, intra-abdominal, cutaneous, and viral infections. Completed trials consistently report MSCs to be safe and well tolerated, with signals of efficacy against some infectious diseases. Although significant obstacles must be overcome to produce a standardized, affordable, clinical-grade cell therapy, these studies suggest that MSCs may have particular potential as an adjunct therapy in complex or resistant infections.
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31
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Pant N, Eisen DP. Non-Antimicrobial Adjuvant Strategies to Tackle Biofilm-Related Staphylococcus aureus Prosthetic Joint Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091060. [PMID: 34572641 PMCID: PMC8465242 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus frequently causes community- and hospital-acquired infections. S. aureus attachment followed by biofilm formation on tissues and medical devices plays a significant role in the establishment of chronic infections. Staphylococcal biofilms encase bacteria in a matrix and protect the cells from antimicrobials and the immune system, resulting in infections that are highly resistant to treatment. The biology of biofilms is complex and varies between organisms. In this review, we focus our discussion on S. aureus biofilms and describe the stages of their formation. We particularly emphasize genetic and biochemical processes that may be vulnerable to novel treatment approaches. Against this background, we discuss treatment strategies that have been successful in animal models of S. aureus biofilm-related infection and consider their possible use for the prevention and eradication of biofilm-related S. aureus prosthetic joint infection.
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Abstract
Most Staphylococcus aureus strains can grow as a multicellular biofilm, a phenotype of utmost importance to clinical infections such as endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and implanted medical device infection. As biofilms are inherently more tolerant to the host immune system and antibiotics, understanding the S. aureus genes and regulatory circuits that contribute to biofilm development is an active and on-going field of research. This chapter details a high-throughput and standardized way to grow S. aureus biofilms using a classical microtiter plate assay. Biofilms can be quantified using crystal violet or by confocal microscopy imaging and COMSTAT analysis.
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33
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Warrier A, Satyamoorthy K, Murali TS. Quorum-sensing regulation of virulence factors in bacterial biofilm. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:1003-1021. [PMID: 34414776 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic polymicrobial wound infections are often characterized by the presence of bacterial biofilms. They show considerable structural and functional heterogeneity, which influences the choice of antimicrobial therapy and wound healing dynamics. The hallmarks of biofilm-associated bacterial infections include elevated antibiotic resistance and extreme pathogenicity. Biofilm helps bacteria to evade the host defense mechanisms and persist longer in the host. Quorum-sensing (QS)-mediated cell signaling primarily regulates biofilm formation in chronic infections and plays a major role in eliciting virulence. This review focuses on the QS mechanisms of two major bacterial pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and explains how they interact in the wound microenvironment to regulate biofilm development and virulence. The review also provides an insight into the treatment modalities aimed at eradicating polymicrobial biofilms. This information will help us develop better diagnostic modalities and devise effective treatment regimens to successfully manage and overcome severe life-threatening bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Warrier
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Thokur Sreepathy Murali
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases (MAC ID), Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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34
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Xia W, Li N, Shan H, Lin Y, Yin F, Yu X, Zhou Z. Gallium Porphyrin and Gallium Nitrate Reduce the High Vancomycin Tolerance of MRSA Biofilms by Promoting Extracellular DNA-Dependent Biofilm Dispersion. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2565-2582. [PMID: 34346692 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms, structured communities of bacterial cells embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix (ECM) which consists of proteins, polysaccharide intercellular adhesins (PIAs), and extracellular DNA (eDNA), play a key role in clinical infections and are associated with an increased morbidity and mortality by protecting the embedded bacteria against drug and immune response. The high levels of antibiotic tolerance render classical antibiotic therapies impractical for biofilm-related infections. Thus, novel drugs and strategies are required to reduce biofilm tolerance and eliminate biofilm-protected bacteria. Here, we showed that gallium, an iron mimetic metal, can lead to nutritional iron starvation and act as dispersal agent triggering the reconstruction and dispersion of mature methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms in an eDNA-dependent manner. The extracellular matrix, along with the integral bacteria themselves, establishes the integrated three-dimensional structure of the mature biofilm. The structures and compositions of gallium-treated mature biofilms differed from those of natural or antibiotic-survived mature biofilms but were similar to those of immature biofilms. Similar to immature biofilms, gallium-treated biofilms had lower levels of antibiotic tolerance, and our in vitro tests showed that treatment with gallium agents reduced the antibiotic tolerance of mature MRSA biofilms. Thus, the sequential administration of gallium agents (gallium porphyrin and gallium nitrate) and relatively low concentrations of vancomycin (16 mg/L) effectively eliminated mature MRSA biofilms and eradicated biofilm-enclosed bacteria within 1 week. Our results suggested that gallium agents may represent a potential treatment for refractory biofilm-related infections, such as prosthetic joint infections (PJI) and osteomyelitis, and provide a novel basis for future biofilm treatments based on the disruption of normal biofilm-development processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyang Xia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Niya Li
- Department of Laboratory, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital East Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Haojie Shan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yiwei Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Fuli Yin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaowei Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zubin Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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35
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Nasser A, Dallal MMS, Jahanbakhshi S, Azimi T, Nikouei L. Staphylococcus aureus: biofilm formation and strategies against it. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:664-678. [PMID: 34238148 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210708171123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The formation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm causes significant infections in the human body. Biofilm forms through the aggregation of bacterial species and brings about many complications. It mediates drug resistance and persistence and facilitates the recurrence of infection at the end of antimicrobial therapy. Biofilm formation goes through a series of steps to complete, and any interference in these steps can disrupt its formation. Such interference may occur at any stage of biofilm production, including attachment, monolayer formation, and accumulation. Interfering agents can act as quorum sensing inhibitors and interfere in the functionality of quorum sensing receptors, attachment inhibitors and affect the cell hydrophobicity. Among these inhibiting strategies, attachment inhibitors could serve as the best agents against biofilm formation. If pathogens abort the attachment, the following stages of biofilm formation, e.g., accumulation and dispersion, will fail to materialize. Inhibition at this stage leads to suppression of virulence factors and invasion. One of the best-known inhibitors is a chelator that collects metal, Fe+, Zn+, and magnesium critical for biofilm formation. These influential factors in the binding and formation of biofilm are investigated, and the coping strategy is discussed. This review examines the stages of biofilm formation and determines what factors interfere in the continuity of these steps. Finally, the inhibition strategies are investigated, reviewed, and discussed. Keywords: Biofilm, Staphylococcus, Biofilm inhibitor, Dispersion, Antibiofilm agent, EPS, PIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Nasser
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shiva Jahanbakhshi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taher Azimi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Nikouei
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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36
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Sahoo A, Swain SS, Behera A, Sahoo G, Mahapatra PK, Panda SK. Antimicrobial Peptides Derived From Insects Offer a Novel Therapeutic Option to Combat Biofilm: A Review. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:661195. [PMID: 34248873 PMCID: PMC8265172 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.661195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms form a complex layer with defined structures, that attach on biotic or abiotic surfaces, are tough to eradicate and tend to cause some resistance against most antibiotics. Several studies confirmed that biofilm-producing bacteria exhibit higher resistance compared to the planktonic form of the same species. Antibiotic resistance factors are well understood in planktonic bacteria which is not so in case of biofilm producing forms. This may be due to the lack of available drugs with known resistance mechanisms for biofilms. Existing antibiotics cannot eradicate most biofilms, especially of ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species). Insects produce complex and diverse set of chemicals for survival and defense. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), produced by most insects, generally have a broad spectrum of activity and the potential to bypass the resistance mechanisms of classical antibiotics. Besides, AMPs may well act synergistically with classical antibiotics for a double-pronged attack on infections. Thus, AMPs could be promising alternatives to overcome medically important biofilms, decrease the possibility of acquired resistance and treatment of multidrug-resistant pathogens including ESKAPE. The present review focuses on insect-derived AMPs with special reference to anti-biofilm-based strategies. It covers the AMP composition, pathways and mechanisms of action, the formation of biofilms, impact of biofilms on human diseases, current strategies as well as therapeutic options to combat biofilm with antimicrobial peptides from insects. In addition, the review also illustrates the importance of bioinformatics tools and molecular docking studies to boost the importance of select bioactive peptides those can be developed as drugs, as well as suggestions for further basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaka Sahoo
- Department of Skin & VD, Institute of Medical Sciences, SUM Hospital, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Shasank Sekhar Swain
- Division of Microbiology & NCDs, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ayusman Behera
- Department of Zoology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, India
| | - Gunanidhi Sahoo
- Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Sujogya Kumar Panda
- Centre of Environment, Climate Change and Public Health, RUSA 2.0, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, India
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37
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Ong JS, Taylor TD, Yong CC, Khoo BY, Sasidharan S, Choi SB, Ohno H, Liong MT. Lactobacillus plantarum USM8613 Aids in Wound Healing and Suppresses Staphylococcus aureus Infection at Wound Sites. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:125-137. [PMID: 30659503 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the targets and mechanisms of anti-staphylococcal effects from bioactive metabolites produced by lactic acid bacteria. We aimed to better understand the safety and efficacy of these bioactive metabolites in in vivo systems, typically at topical sites. The cell-free supernatant and protein-rich fraction from Lactobacillus plantarum USM8613 inhibited staphyloxanthin biosynthesis, reduced (p < 0.05) the cell number of Staphylococcus aureus by 106 CFU/mL and reduced biofilm thickness by 55% in S. aureus-infected porcine skins. Genome-wide analysis and gene expression analysis illustrated the production of several plantaricins, especially the plantaricins EF and JK that enhanced the anti-staphylococcal effects of L. plantarum USM8613. In vivo data using rats showed that the protein-rich fraction from L. plantarum USM8613 exerted wound healing properties via direct inhibition of S. aureus and promoted innate immunity, in which the expression of β-defensin was significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated by 3.8-fold. The protein fraction from L. plantarum USM8613 also significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) the production of cytokines and chemokines through various stages of wound recovery. Using ∆atl S. aureus, the protein-rich fraction from L. plantarum USM8613 exerted inhibitory activity via targeting the atl gene in S. aureus. Taken altogether, our present study illustrates the potential of L. plantarum USM8613 in aiding wound healing, suppressing of S. aureus infection at wound sites and promoting host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sin Ong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Todd D Taylor
- Laboratory for Microbiome Sciences, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Cheng Chung Yong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Boon Yin Khoo
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sy Bing Choi
- School of Data Sciences, Perdana University, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia. .,Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Min Tze Liong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia. .,USM-RIKEN International Centre for Ageing Science (URICAS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
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38
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Sargison FA, Fitzgerald JR. Advances in Transposon Mutagenesis of Staphylococcus aureus: Insights into Pathogenesis and Antimicrobial Resistance. Trends Microbiol 2021; 29:282-285. [PMID: 33279382 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our capacity to investigate the biology of the major human and animal pathogen Staphylococcus aureus has been greatly enhanced by technological advances in transposon (Tn) mutagenesis. Here we provide a perspective on how these advances can further our understanding of pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Sargison
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - J Ross Fitzgerald
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.
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39
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Design of a novel antimicrobial peptide 1018M targeted ppGpp to inhibit MRSA biofilm formation. AMB Express 2021; 11:49. [PMID: 33770266 PMCID: PMC7997937 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its biofilm infection were considered as one of the main international health issues. There are still many challenges for treatment using traditional antibiotics. In this study, a mutant peptide of innate defense regulator (IDR-)1018 named 1018M was designed based on molecular docking and amino acid substitution technology. The antibacterial/biofilm activity and mechanisms against MRSA of 1018M were investigated for the first time. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1018M was reduced 1 time (MIC = 2 μg/mL) compared to IDR-1018. After treatment with 32 μg/mL 1018M for 24 h, the percentage of biofilm decreased by 78.9%, which was more effective than the parental peptide. The results of mechanisms exploration showed that 1018M was more potent than IDR-1018 at destructing bacterial cell wall, permeating cell membrane (20.4%–50.1% vs 1.45%–10.6%) and binding to stringent response signaling molecule ppGpp (increased 27.9%). Additionally, the peptides could also exert their activity by disrupting genomic DNA, regulating the expression of ppGpp metabolism and biofilm forming related genes (RSH, relP, relQ, rsbU, sigB, spA, codY, agrA and icaD). Moreover, the higher temperature, pH and pepsase stabilities provide 1018M better processing, storage and internal environmental tolerance. These data indicated that 1018M may be a potential candidate peptide for the treatment of MRSA and its biofilm infections.
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40
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Alkam D, Jenjaroenpun P, Ramirez AM, Beenken KE, Spencer HJ, Smeltzer MS. The Increased Accumulation of Staphylococcus aureus Virulence Factors Is Maximized in a purR Mutant by the Increased Production of SarA and Decreased Production of Extracellular Proteases. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e00718-20. [PMID: 33468580 PMCID: PMC8090970 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00718-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation of purR was previously shown to enhance the virulence of Staphylococcus aureus in a murine sepsis model, and this cannot be fully explained by increased expression of genes within the purine biosynthesis pathway. Rather, the increased production of specific S. aureus virulence factors, including alpha toxin and the fibronectin-binding proteins, was shown to play an important role. Mutation of purR was also shown previously to result in increased abundance of SarA. Here, we demonstrate by transposon sequencing that mutation of purR in the USA300 strain LAC increases fitness in a biofilm while mutation of sarA has the opposite effect. Therefore, we assessed the impact of sarA on reported purR-associated phenotypes by characterizing isogenic purR, sarA, and sarA/purR mutants. The results confirmed that mutation of purR results in increased abundance of alpha toxin, protein A, the fibronectin-binding proteins, and SarA, decreased production of extracellular proteases, an increased capacity to form a biofilm, and increased virulence in an osteomyelitis model. Mutation of sarA had the opposite effects on all of these phenotypes and, other than bacterial burdens in the bone, all of the phenotypes of sarA/purR mutants were comparable to those of sarA mutants. Limiting the production of extracellular proteases reversed all of the phenotypes of sarA mutants and most of those of sarA/purR mutants. We conclude that a critical component defining the virulence of a purR mutant is the enhanced production of SarA, which limits protease production to an extent that promotes the accumulation of critical S. aureus virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duah Alkam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Piroon Jenjaroenpun
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Aura M Ramirez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Karen E Beenken
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Horace J Spencer
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Mark S Smeltzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Sato T, Uno T, Kawamura M, Fujimura S. In vitro Tolerability of Biofilm-Forming Trimethoprim-/Sulfamethoxazole-Resistant Small Colony Variants of Staphylococcus aureus Against Various Antimicrobial Agents. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 27:1282-1289. [PMID: 33689487 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimethoprim-/sulfamethoxazole-resistant small colony variants (SCVs) of Staphylococcus aureus, which are selected by use of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, are involved in intractable biofilm-forming infection. This study aimed to determine the biofilm formation ability in trimethoprim-/sulfamethoxazole-resistant SCVs of S. aureus and investigate the bactericidal activity of differential antimicrobial agents to its biofilm-forming S. aureus. Between 32 S. aureus wild type (WT) and 32 SCVs selected from its WT, the amount of formed biofilm was compared. Vancomycin, daptomycin, rifampicin, and minocycline were exposed to biofilm-forming S. aureus to determine viable bacterial counts and its susceptibility. The biofilm-producing quantify of SCVs was approximately twice that formed by its WT. Vancomycin and daptomycin reduce 4 logs the bacterial counts of biofilm-forming WT at 24 hours, but did not affect SCVs. Rifampicin and minocycline considerably decreased both WT and SCVs; however, both bacterial counts recovered to an initial number 48 hours later. These survival strains showed resistance to each drug, and rpoB mutation or tet38 mRNA overexpression was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Sato
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases and Chemotherapy, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Uno
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases and Chemotherapy, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masato Kawamura
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases and Chemotherapy, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigeru Fujimura
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases and Chemotherapy, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
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Tan X, Xie H, Zhang B, Zhou J, Dou Z, Wang X, Wang N. A Novel Ivermectin-Derived Compound D4 and Its Antimicrobial/Biofilm Properties against MRSA. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020208. [PMID: 33672669 PMCID: PMC7924331 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its biofilms infection is still a serious threat to global health. It is urgent to develop efficient drugs by repositioning or designing drugs to solve this problem. In this study, the antibacterial/biofilm activity and mechanisms of ivermectin (D) and its 4″-position amino substitution derivative (D4) against MRSA were investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of D was 20 μg/mL, which is four times higher than D4 (MIC = 5 μg/mL). The mechanism research demonstrated that D4 was more potent than D at destroying bacterial cell wall, permeating cell membrane (6.25-36.0% vs 1.92-6.04%) and binding to MRSA genomic DNA. Moreover, after incubation with 10-40 μg/mL D4 for 24 h, the percentages of biofilm decreased by 21.2-92.9%, which was more effective than D (no significant change at 40 μg/mL). The antibiofilm effect is achieved by regulating the expression of related genes (RSH, relQ, rsbU, sigB, spA, and icaD). Additionally, though the higher hemolysis makes D4 a safety risk for intravenous injection, other administration options could be considered as well. Therefore, all the results have indicated that D4 may be a potential candidate compound for the treatment of MRSA and its biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Tan
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; (X.T.); (H.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Haoji Xie
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; (X.T.); (H.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Bin Zhang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, Zhejiang, China; (B.Z.); (Z.D.)
| | - Jiale Zhou
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; (X.T.); (H.X.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhende Dou
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, Zhejiang, China; (B.Z.); (Z.D.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- Immunology Innovation Team, School of medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; (X.T.); (H.X.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (N.W.)
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (N.W.)
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Schulze A, Mitterer F, Pombo JP, Schild S. Biofilms by bacterial human pathogens: Clinical relevance - development, composition and regulation - therapeutical strategies. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2021; 8:28-56. [PMID: 33553418 PMCID: PMC7841849 DOI: 10.15698/mic2021.02.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Notably, bacterial biofilm formation is increasingly recognized as a passive virulence factor facilitating many infectious disease processes. In this review we will focus on bacterial biofilms formed by human pathogens and highlight their relevance for diverse diseases. Along biofilm composition and regulation emphasis is laid on the intensively studied biofilms of Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus spp., which are commonly used as biofilm model organisms and therefore contribute to our general understanding of bacterial biofilm (patho-)physiology. Finally, therapeutical intervention strategies targeting biofilms will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Schulze
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
- A.S. and F.M. contributed equally to this work
| | - Fabian Mitterer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
- A.S. and F.M. contributed equally to this work
| | - Joao P. Pombo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Schild
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence Biohealth – University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Nassar R, Hachim M, Nassar M, Kaklamanos EG, Jamal M, Williams D, Senok A. Microbial Metabolic Genes Crucial for S. aureus Biofilms: An Insight From Re-analysis of Publicly Available Microarray Datasets. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:607002. [PMID: 33584569 PMCID: PMC7876462 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.607002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are microbial lifestyles found in all environments. Up to 80% of human infections and 60–70% of hospital-acquired infections have a biofilm origin, with Staphylococcus aureus one of the leading causes of these infections. Microorganisms in biofilms exhibit significant antimicrobial resistance which poses important treatment challenges, hence the urgent need to identify novel antibiofilm strategies. Microbes form biofilms in response to various factors, and once these 3-dimentional structures form they are highly recalcitrant to removal. The switch from planktonic lifestyle to the biofilm protected mode of growth results in a phenotypic shift in the behavior of the microorganisms in terms of growth rate and gene expression. Given these changes, investigation of microbial gene expression and their modulation at different stages of biofilm maturation is needed to provide vital insight into the behavior of biofilm cells. In this study, we analyzed publicly available transcriptomic dataset of S. aureus biofilms at different stages of maturation to identify consistently upregulated genes irrespective of the biofilm maturation stage. Our reanalysis identified a total of 6 differentially expressed genes upregulated in both 48 and 144-h old S. aureus biofilms. Functional analysis revealed that these genes encode for proteins which play a role in key microbial metabolic pathways. However, these genes, as yet, are unrelated or fully studied in the context of biofilm. Moreover, the findings of this in silico work, suggest that these genes may represent potential novel targets for the development of more effective antibiofilm strategies against S. aureus biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Nassar
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.,School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mahmood Hachim
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohannad Nassar
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eleftherios G Kaklamanos
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Jamal
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - David Williams
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Abiola Senok
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Diclofenac May Induce PIA-Independent Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus aureus Strains. Int J Microbiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/8823775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen commonly resistant to antibiotics. Biofilm formation is one of the important factors related to its virulence. Non-antibiotics drugs, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs), have been studied as an alternative for treating infections by multiresistant pathogens and biofilm-associated infections. In this study, the effects of NSAID sodium diclofenac on growth inhibition and biofilm formation of S. aureus were evaluated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of diclofenac for fifty isolates ranged from 200 to 400 μg/mL. Diclofenac sub-MICs induced biofilm in 32.3% of biofilm-negative strains in tryptic soy broth. All biofilms induced by the drug showed a PIA- (polysaccharide intercellular adhesion-) independent composition, and the scanning electron microscopy showed that the induced biofilm presented a very discrete matrix. The combination of diclofenac with rifampicin sub-MICs induced strong production of PIA-dependent biofilm in three of four strains, while combination of NSAID with NaCl induced the formation of partially polysaccharide biofilm in two strains and PIA-independent biofilm in another strain. The combination of NSAID with glucose resulted in PIA-independent biofilms in all four strains tested. The results showed that diclofenac can commonly induce biofilm production by a PIA-independent pathway. However, when this NSAID is combined with other types of inducing agents, the composition of the biofilm produced may vary.
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Sinha D, Sinha D, Dutta A, Chakraborty T, Mondal R, Seal S, Poddar A, Chatterjee S, Sau S. Alternative Sigma Factor of Staphylococcus aureus Interacts with the Cognate Antisigma Factor Primarily Using Its Domain 3. Biochemistry 2021; 60:135-151. [PMID: 33406357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
σB, an alternative sigma factor, is usually employed to tackle the general stress response in Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive bacteria. This protein, involved in S. aureus-mediated pathogenesis, is typically blocked by RsbW, an antisigma factor having serine kinase activity. σB, a σ70-like sigma factor, harbors three conserved domains designated σB2, σB3, and σB4. To better understand the interaction between RsbW and σB or its domains, we have studied their recombinant forms, rRsbW, rσB, rσB2, rσB3, and rσB4, using different probes. The results show that none of the rσB domains, unlike rσB, showed binding to a cognate DNA in the presence of a core RNA polymerase. However, both rσB2 and rσB3, like rσB, interacted with rRsbW, and the order of their rRsbW binding affinity looks like rσB > rσB3 > rσB2. Furthermore, the reaction between rRsbW and rσB or rσB3 was exothermic and occurred spontaneously. rRsbW and rσB3 also associate with each other at a stoichiometry of 2:1, and different types of noncovalent bonds might be responsible for their interaction. A structural model of the RsbW-σB3 complex that has supported our experimental results indicated the binding of rσB3 at the putative dimeric interface of RsbW. A genetic study shows that the tentative dimer-forming region of RsbW is crucial for preserving its rσB binding ability, serine kinase activity, and dimerization ability. Additionally, a urea-induced equilibrium unfolding study indicated a notable thermodynamic stabilization of σB3 in the presence of RsbW. Possible implications of the stabilization data in drug discovery were discussed at length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Debasmita Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Anindya Dutta
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Tushar Chakraborty
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Rajkrishna Mondal
- Department of Biotechnology, Nagaland University, Dimapur, Nagaland 797112, India
| | - Soham Seal
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - Asim Poddar
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | | | - Subrata Sau
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
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Ramirez AM, Beenken KE, Byrum SD, Tackett AJ, Shaw LN, Gimza BD, Smeltzer MS. SarA plays a predominant role in controlling the production of extracellular proteases in the diverse clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus LAC and UAMS-1. Virulence 2020; 11:1738-1762. [PMID: 33258416 PMCID: PMC7738309 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1855923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Using DNA affinity chromatography we demonstrate that the S. aureus regulatory proteins MgrA, Rot, SarA, and SarS bind DNA baits derived from the promoter regions associated with the genes encoding aureolysin, ScpAB, SspABC, and SplA-F. Three of four baits also bound SarR and SarZ, the exception in both cases being the ScpAB-associated bait. Using the USA300, methicillin-resistant strain LAC and the USA200, methicillin-sensitive strain UAMS-1, we generated mutations in the genes encoding each of these proteins alone and in combination with sarA and examined the impact on protease production, the accumulation of high molecular weight proteins, and biofilm formation. These studies confirmed that multiple regulatory loci are involved in limiting protease production to a degree that impacts all of these phenotypes, but also demonstrate that sarA plays a predominant role in this regard. Using sarA mutants unable to produce individual proteases alone and in combination with each other, we also demonstrate that the increased production of aureolysin and ScpA is particularly important in defining the biofilm-deficient phenotype of LAC and UAMS-1 sarA mutants, while aureolysin alone plays a key role in defining the reduced accumulation of alpha toxin and overall cytotoxicity as assessed using both osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura M. Ramirez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Karen E. Beenken
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Stephanie D. Byrum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Alan J. Tackett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Lindsey N. Shaw
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Brittney D. Gimza
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Mark S. Smeltzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Wang B, Yao Y, Wei P, Song C, Wan S, Yang S, Zhu GM, Liu HM. Housefly Phormicin inhibits Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA by disrupting biofilm formation and altering gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:1424-1434. [PMID: 33202277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The increasing drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria is a crisis that threatens public health. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been suggested to be potentially effective alternatives to solve this problem. Here, we tested housefly Phormicin-derived peptides for effects on Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in vitro and in vivo. A decreased bacterial load of MRSA was observed in the mouse scald model after treatment with Phormicin and in the positive control group (vancomycin). A mouse scrape model indicated that Phormicin helps the host fight drug-resistant MRSA infections. The protective effect of Phormicin on MRSA was confirmed in the Hermetia illucens larvae model. Phormicin also disrupted the formation of S. aureus and MRSA biofilms. Furthermore, this effect coincided with the downregulation of biofilm formation-related gene expression (agrC, sigB, RNAIII, altA, rbf, hla, hld, geh and psmɑ). Notably, virulence genes and several regulatory factors were also altered by Phormicin treatment. Based on these findings, housefly Phormicin helps the host inhibit MRSA infection through effects on biofilm formation and related gene networks. Therefore, housefly Phormicin potential represents a candidate agent for clinical MRSA chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, China Ministry of Education (Guizhou Medical University), Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Yang Yao
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - PengWei Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - ChaoRong Song
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Shan Wan
- Department of Microbial Immunology, The first affiliated hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - SuWen Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Gui Ming Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, China Ministry of Education (Guizhou Medical University), Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Hong Mei Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Medical Biotechnology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China; School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China.
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Antibiofilm effects of N,O-acetals derived from 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone are associated with downregulation of important global virulence regulators in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19631. [PMID: 33184312 PMCID: PMC7661526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the existing antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance is a major challenge. Consequently, the development of new drugs remains in great demand. Quinones is part of a broad group of molecules that present antibacterial activity besides other biological properties. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibiofilm activities of synthetic N,O-acetals derived from 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone [7a: 2-(methoxymethyl)-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone; 7b: 2-(ethoxymethyl)-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone; and 7c: 2-(propynyloxymethyl)-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone] against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The derivatives 7b and 7c, specially 7b, caused strong impact on biofilm accumulation. This inhibition was linked to decreased expression of the genes fnbA, spa, hla and psmα3. More importantly, this downregulation was paralleled by the modulation of global virulence regulators. The substitution of 2-ethoxymethyl (7b) in comparison with 2-propynyloxymethyl (7c) enhanced sarA-agr inhibition, decreased fnbA transcripts (positively regulated by sarA) and strongly impaired biofilm accumulation. Indeed, 7b triggered intensive autolysis and was able to eliminate vancomycin-persistent cells. Consequently, 7b is a promising molecule displaying not only antimicrobial effects, but also antibiofilm and antipersistence activities. Therefore, 7b is a good candidate for further studies involving the development of novel and more rational antimicrobials able to act in chronic and recalcitrant infections, associated with biofilm formation.
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50
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Ranganathan N, Johnson R, Edwards AM. The general stress response of Staphylococcus aureus promotes tolerance of antibiotics and survival in whole human blood. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2020; 166:1088-1094. [PMID: 33095698 PMCID: PMC7723259 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause of invasive human infections such as bacteraemia and infective endocarditis. These infections frequently relapse or become chronic, suggesting that the pathogen has mechanisms to tolerate the twin threats of therapeutic antibiotics and host immunity. The general stress response of S. aureus is regulated by the alternative sigma factor B (σB) and provides protection from multiple stresses including oxidative, acidic and heat. σB also contributes to virulence, intracellular persistence and chronic infection. However, the protective effect of σB on bacterial survival during exposure to antibiotics or host immune defences is poorly characterized. We found that σB promotes the survival of S. aureus exposed to the antibiotics gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin and daptomycin, but not oxacillin or clindamycin. We also found that σB promoted staphylococcal survival in whole human blood, most likely via its contribution to oxidative stress resistance. Therefore, we conclude that the general stress response of S. aureus may contribute to the development of chronic infection by conferring tolerance to both antibiotics and host immune defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Ranganathan
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Present address: Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham, Palace Road, W6 8RF, UK
| | - Rebecca Johnson
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Present address: Horizon Discovery, Waterbeach, Cambridge, CB25 9TL, UK
| | - Andrew M. Edwards
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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