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Crosby HA, Keim K, Kwiecinski JM, Langouët-Astrié CJ, Oshima K, LaRivière WB, Schmidt EP, Horswill AR. Host-derived protease promotes aggregation of Staphylococcus aureus by cleaving the surface protein SasG. mBio 2024; 15:e0348323. [PMID: 38511930 PMCID: PMC11005337 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03483-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading causes of hospital-acquired infections, many of which begin following attachment and accumulation on indwelling medical devices or diseased tissue. These infections are often linked to the establishment of biofilms, but another often overlooked key characteristic allowing S. aureus to establish persistent infection is the formation of planktonic aggregates. Such aggregates are physiologically similar to biofilms and protect pathogens from innate immune clearance and increase antibiotic tolerance. The cell-wall-associated protein SasG has been implicated in biofilm formation via mechanisms of intercellular aggregation but the mechanism in the context of disease is largely unknown. We have previously shown that the expression of cell-wall-anchored proteins involved in biofilm formation is controlled by the ArlRS-MgrA regulatory cascade. In this work, we demonstrate that the ArlRS two-component system controls aggregation, by repressing the expression of sasG by activation of the global regulator MgrA. We also demonstrate that SasG must be proteolytically processed by a non-staphylococcal protease to induce aggregation and that strains expressing functional full-length sasG aggregate significantly upon proteolysis by a mucosal-derived host protease found in human saliva. We used fractionation and N-terminal sequencing to demonstrate that human trypsin within saliva cleaves within the A domain of SasG to expose the B domain and induce aggregation. Finally, we demonstrated that SasG is involved in virulence during mouse lung infection. Together, our data point to SasG, its processing by host proteases, and SasG-driven aggregation as important elements of S. aureus adaptation to the host environment.IMPORTANCEHere, we demonstrate that the Staphylococcus aureus surface protein SasG is important for cell-cell aggregation in the presence of host proteases. We show that the ArlRS two-component regulatory system controls SasG levels through the cytoplasmic regulator MgrA. We identified human trypsin as the dominant protease triggering SasG-dependent aggregation and demonstrated that SasG is important for S. aureus lung infection. The discovery that host proteases can induce S. aureus aggregation contributes to our understanding of how this pathogen establishes persistent infections. The observations in this study demonstrate the need to strengthen our knowledge of S. aureus surface adhesin function and processing, regulation of adhesin expression, and the mechanisms that promote biofilm formation to develop strategies for preventing chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A. Crosby
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Klara Keim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jakub M. Kwiecinski
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Christophe J. Langouët-Astrié
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kaori Oshima
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wells B. LaRivière
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric P. Schmidt
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander R. Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado, USA
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2
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Zehr EP, Erzen CL, Oshima K, Langouet-Astrie CJ, LaRiviere WB, Shi D, Zhang F, McCollister BD, Windham SL, Rizzo AN, Bastarache JA, Horswill AR, Schmidt EP, Kwiecinski JM, Colbert JF. Bacterial pneumonia-induced shedding of epithelial heparan sulfate inhibits the bactericidal activity of cathelicidin in a murine model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L206-L212. [PMID: 38113313 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00178.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia is a common clinical syndrome leading to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the current study, we investigate a novel, multidirectional relationship between the pulmonary epithelial glycocalyx and antimicrobial peptides in the setting of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pneumonia. Using an in vivo pneumonia model, we demonstrate that highly sulfated heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharides are shed into the airspaces in response to MRSA pneumonia. In vitro, these HS oligosaccharides do not directly alter MRSA growth or gene transcription. However, in the presence of an antimicrobial peptide (cathelicidin), increasing concentrations of HS inhibit the bactericidal activity of cathelicidin against MRSA as well as other nosocomial pneumonia pathogens (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) in a dose-dependent manner. Surface plasmon resonance shows avid binding between HS and cathelicidin with a dissociation constant of 0.13 μM. These findings highlight a complex relationship in which shedding of airspace HS may hamper host defenses against nosocomial infection via neutralization of antimicrobial peptides. These findings may inform future investigation into novel therapeutic targets designed to restore local innate immune function in patients suffering from primary bacterial pneumonia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Primary Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia causes pulmonary epithelial heparan sulfate (HS) shedding into the airspace. These highly sulfated HS fragments do not alter bacterial growth or transcription, but directly bind with host antimicrobial peptides and inhibit the bactericidal activity of these cationic polypeptides. These findings highlight a complex local interaction between the pulmonary epithelial glycocalyx and antimicrobial peptides in the setting of bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P Zehr
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Christopher L Erzen
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Kaori Oshima
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | | | - Wells B LaRiviere
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Deling Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States
| | - Bruce D McCollister
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Samuel L Windham
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Alicia N Rizzo
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Julie A Bastarache
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
- Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Eric P Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - James F Colbert
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
- Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States
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3
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Weig AW, O'Conner PM, Kwiecinski JM, Marciano OM, Nunag A, Gutierrez AT, Melander RJ, Horswill AR, Melander C. A structure activity relationship study of 3,4'-dimethoxyflavone for ArlRS inhibition in Staphylococcus aureus. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:3373-3380. [PMID: 37013457 PMCID: PMC10192164 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00123g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are difficult to treat due to their resistance to many β-lactam antibiotics, and their highly coordinated excretion of virulence factors. One way in which MRSA accomplishes this is by responding to environmental stimuli using two-component systems (TCS). The ArlRS TCS has been identified as having a key role in regulating virulence in both systemic and local infections caused by S. aureus. We recently disclosed 3,4'-dimethoxyflavone as a selective ArlRS inhibitor. In this study we explore the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the flavone scaffold for ArlRS inhibition and identify several compounds with increased activity compared to the parent. Additionally, we identify a compound that suppresses oxacillin resistance in MRSA, and begin to probe the mechanism of action behind this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Weig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Patrick M O'Conner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Jakub M Kwiecinski
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Orry M Marciano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Angelica Nunag
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Andrew T Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Roberta J Melander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Christian Melander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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4
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Langouët-Astrié C, Oshima K, McMurtry SA, Yang Y, Kwiecinski JM, LaRivière WB, Kavanaugh JS, Zakharevich I, Hansen KC, Shi D, Zhang F, Boguslawski KM, Perelman SS, Su G, Torres VJ, Liu J, Horswill AR, Schmidt EP. The influenza-injured lung microenvironment promotes MRSA virulence, contributing to severe secondary bacterial pneumonia. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111721. [PMID: 36450248 PMCID: PMC10082619 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza infection is substantially worsened by the onset of secondary pneumonia caused by bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The bidirectional interaction between the influenza-injured lung microenvironment and MRSA is poorly understood. By conditioning MRSA ex vivo in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected from mice at various time points of influenza infection, we found that the influenza-injured lung microenvironment dynamically induces MRSA to increase cytotoxin expression while decreasing metabolic pathways. LukAB, a SaeRS two-component system-dependent cytotoxin, is particularly important to the severity of post-influenza MRSA pneumonia. LukAB's activity is likely shaped by the post-influenza lung microenvironment, as LukAB binds to (and is activated by) heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharide sequences shed from the epithelial glycocalyx after influenza. Our findings indicate that post-influenza MRSA pneumonia is shaped by bidirectional host-pathogen interactions: host injury triggers changes in bacterial expression of toxins, the activity of which may be shaped by host-derived HS fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaori Oshima
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sarah A McMurtry
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Yimu Yang
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jakub M Kwiecinski
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30387, Poland
| | - Wells B LaRivière
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Kavanaugh
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Igor Zakharevich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Deling Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Kristina M Boguslawski
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sofya S Perelman
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gouwei Su
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Eric P Schmidt
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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5
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de Vor L, van Dijk B, van Kessel K, Kavanaugh JS, de Haas C, Aerts PC, Viveen MC, Boel EC, Fluit AC, Kwiecinski JM, Krijger GC, Ramakers RM, Beekman FJ, Dadachova E, Lam MGEH, Vogely HC, van der Wal BCH, van Strijp JAG, Horswill AR, Weinans H, Rooijakkers SHM. Human monoclonal antibodies against Staphylococcus aureus surface antigens recognize in vitro and in vivo biofilm. eLife 2022; 11:e67301. [PMID: 34989676 PMCID: PMC8751199 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Implant-associated Staphylococcus aureus infections are difficult to treat because of biofilm formation. Bacteria in a biofilm are often insensitive to antibiotics and host immunity. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) could provide an alternative approach to improve the diagnosis and potential treatment of biofilm-related infections. Here, we show that mAbs targeting common surface components of S. aureus can recognize clinically relevant biofilm types. The mAbs were also shown to bind a collection of clinical isolates derived from different biofilm-associated infections (endocarditis, prosthetic joint, catheter). We identify two groups of antibodies: one group that uniquely binds S. aureus in biofilm state and one that recognizes S. aureus in both biofilm and planktonic state. Furthermore, we show that a mAb recognizing wall teichoic acid (clone 4497) specifically localizes to a subcutaneously implanted pre-colonized catheter in mice. In conclusion, we demonstrate the capacity of several human mAbs to detect S. aureus biofilms in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne de Vor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Bruce van Dijk
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Kok van Kessel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Jeffrey S Kavanaugh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Carla de Haas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Piet C Aerts
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Marco C Viveen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Edwin C Boel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Ad C Fluit
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Jakub M Kwiecinski
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Gerard C Krijger
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Ruud M Ramakers
- MILabs B.VUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical CenterUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of TechnologyDelftNetherlands
| | - Freek J Beekman
- MILabs B.VUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical CenterUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of TechnologyDelftNetherlands
| | - Ekaterina Dadachova
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of SaskatchewanSaskatoonCanada
| | - Marnix GEH Lam
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - H Charles Vogely
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Bart CH van der Wal
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Jos AG van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Health Care SystemDenverUnited States
| | - Harrie Weinans
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Biomechanical engineering, TU DelftDelftNetherlands
| | - Suzan HM Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
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6
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Kwiecinski JM, Kratofil RM, Parlet CP, Surewaard BGJ, Kubes P, Horswill AR. Staphylococcus aureus uses the ArlRS and MgrA cascade to regulate immune evasion during skin infection. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109462. [PMID: 34320352 PMCID: PMC8450000 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is one of the most common sites of host immune response against Staphylococcus aureus infection. Here, through a combination of in vitro assays, mouse models, and intravital imaging, we find that S. aureus immune evasion in skin is controlled by a cascade composed of the ArlRS two-component regulatory system and its downstream effector, MgrA. S. aureus lacking either ArlRS or MgrA is less virulent and unable to form correct abscess structure due to de-repression of a giant surface protein, Ebh. These S. aureus mutants also have decreased expression of immune evasion factors (leukocidins, chemotaxis-inhibitory protein of S. aureus [CHIPS], staphylococcal complement inhibitor [SCIN], and nuclease) and are unable to kill neutrophils, block their chemotaxis, degrade neutrophil extracellular traps, and survive direct neutrophil attack. The combination of disrupted abscess structure and reduced immune evasion factors makes S. aureus susceptible to host defenses. ArlRS and MgrA are therefore the main regulators of S. aureus immune evasion and promising treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub M Kwiecinski
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30387, Poland
| | - Rachel M Kratofil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Corey P Parlet
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Bas G J Surewaard
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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7
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Nakamura K, Williams MR, Kwiecinski JM, Horswill AR, Gallo RL. Staphylococcus aureus Enters Hair Follicles Using Triacylglycerol Lipases Preserved through the Genus Staphylococcus. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2094-2097. [PMID: 33705795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Michael R Williams
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jakub M Kwiecinski
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
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8
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Lee B, Olaniyi R, Kwiecinski JM, Wardenburg JB. Staphylococcus aureus toxin suppresses antigen-specific T cell responses. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:1122-1127. [PMID: 31873074 DOI: 10.1172/jci130728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus remains a leading cause of human infection. These infections frequently recur when the skin is a primary site of infection, especially in infants and children. In contrast, invasive staphylococcal disease is less commonly associated with reinfection, suggesting that tissue-specific mechanisms govern the development of immunity. Knowledge of how S. aureus manipulates protective immunity has been hampered by a lack of antigen-specific models to interrogate the T cell response. Using a chicken egg OVA-expressing S. aureus strain to analyze OVA-specific T cell responses, we demonstrated that primary skin infection was associated with impaired development of T cell memory. Conversely, invasive infection induced antigen-specific memory and protected against reinfection. This defect in adaptive immunity following skin infection was associated with a loss of DCs, attributable to S. aureus α-toxin (Hla) expression. Gene- and immunization-based approaches to protect against Hla during skin infection restored the T cell response. Within the human population, exposure to α-toxin through skin infection may modulate the establishment of T cell-mediated immunity, adversely affecting long-term protection. These studies prompt consideration that vaccination targeting S. aureus may be most effective if delivered prior to initial contact with the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Lee
- Committee on Immunology, UChicago Biosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Reuben Olaniyi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jakub M Kwiecinski
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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9
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Kwiecinski JM, Horswill AR. Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections: pathogenesis and regulatory mechanisms. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 53:51-60. [PMID: 32172183 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that normally colonizes the human anterior nares. At the same time, this pathogen is one of the leading causes of life-threatening bloodstream infections, such as sepsis and endocarditis. In this review we will present the current understanding of the pathogenesis of these invasive infections, focusing on the mechanisms of S. aureus clearance from the bloodstream by the immune system, and how this pathogen hijacks the host defense and coagulation systems and further interacts with the blood vessel endothelium. Additionally, we will delve into the regulatory mechanisms S. aureus employs during an invasive infection. These new insights into host-pathogen interactions show promising avenues for the development of novel therapies for treating bloodstream infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub M Kwiecinski
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, USA.
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10
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Kwiecinski JM. Merit Ptah, "The First Woman Physician": Crafting of a Feminist History with an Ancient Egyptian Setting. J Hist Med Allied Sci 2020; 75:83-106. [PMID: 31755919 DOI: 10.1093/jhmas/jrz058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Merit Ptah is widely described as "the first woman physician and scientist" on the Internet and in popular history books. This essay explores the origins of this figure, showing that Merit Ptah came into being in the 1930s when Kate Campbell Hurd-Mead misinterpreted a report about an authentic ancient Egyptian healer. Merit Ptah gradually became a prominent figure in popular historical accounts during second-wave of feminism, and, in the twenty-first century she appeared in Wikipedia and subsequently spread throughout the Internet as a female (sometimes black African) founding figure. The history of Merit Ptah reveals powerful mechanisms of knowledge creation in the network of amateur historians, independently from the scholarly community. The case of Merit Ptah also pinpoints factors enabling the spread of erroneous historical accounts: the absence of professional audience, the development of echo chambers due to an obscured chain of knowledge transmission, the wide reach of the Internet, the coherence with existing preconceptions, the emotional charge of heritage, and even - in the case of ancient Egypt - the tendency to perceive certain pasts through a legendary lens. At the same time, the story of Merit Ptah reveals how important role models have been for women entering science and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub M Kwiecinski
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine; Department of the History of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
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Crosby HA, Tiwari N, Kwiecinski JM, Xu Z, Dykstra A, Jenul C, Fuentes EJ, Horswill AR. The Staphylococcus aureus ArlRS two-component system regulates virulence factor expression through MgrA. Mol Microbiol 2020; 113:103-122. [PMID: 31618469 PMCID: PMC7175635 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, is a versatile pathogen that can sense and adapt to a wide variety of environments within the human host, in part through its 16 two-component regulatory systems. The ArlRS two-component system has been shown to affect many cellular processes in S. aureus, including autolysis, biofilm formation, capsule synthesis and virulence. Yet the molecular details of this regulation remained largely unknown. We used RNA sequencing to identify the ArlRS regulon, and found 70% overlap with that of the global regulator MgrA. These genes included cell wall-anchored adhesins (ebh, sdrD), polysaccharide and capsule synthesis genes, cell wall remodeling genes (lytN, ddh), the urease operon, genes involved in metal transport (feoA, mntH, sirA), anaerobic metabolism genes (adhE, pflA, nrdDG) and a large number of virulence factors (lukSF, lukAB, nuc, gehB, norB, chs, scn and esxA). We show that ArlR directly activates expression of mgrA and identify a probable ArlR-binding site (TTTTCTCAT-N4 -TTTTAATAA). A highly similar sequence is also found in the spx P2 promoter, which was recently shown to be regulated by ArlRS. We also demonstrate that ArlS has kinase activity toward ArlR in vitro, although it has slower kinetics than other similar histidine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A. Crosby
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Nitija Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Jakub M. Kwiecinski
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Allison Dykstra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Christian Jenul
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Ernesto J Fuentes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Alexander R. Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, CO
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Kwiecinski JM, Jacobsson G, Horswill AR, Josefsson E, Jin T. Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates correlates with the infection type. Infect Dis (Lond) 2019. [PMID: 30985241 DOI: 10.1080/2374423520191593499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilms are involved in many Staphylococcus aureus infections, but relation of biofilm formation and the infection types or the clinical outcomes remain unclear. METHODS We measured biofilm formation, with a microtiter plate assay, of a collection of methicillin-sensitive clinical isolates from 159 invasive S. aureus infections, encompassing all cases occurring within a hospital catchment area during two years, and from additional 49 non-invasive skin infections from the same region. Results were related to available clinical and microbiological documentation. RESULTS Isolates from medical device infections (intravenous line-associated and prosthetic joint infections), as well as isolates from superficial skin infections, were particularly proficient in forming biofilms. No increased biofilm-forming capacity was seen in isolates from endocarditis, osteomyelitis, or other infections. There was also a correlation of biofilm formation with the agr type of the isolates. Thicker biofilms were more resistant to antibiotic treatment in vitro. No correlation between biofilm formation and clinical outcomes was noted. CONCLUSIONS S. aureus isolates from 'classical' biofilm-related infections, but also from superficial skin infections, are especially proficient in forming biofilms. There is, however, no obvious relation of biofilm-forming capacity of isolates and the clinical outcome of the infection, and more studies on this issue are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub M Kwiecinski
- a Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research , Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden.,b Department of Immunology and Microbiology , University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Gunnar Jacobsson
- c Department of Infectious Diseases , Skaraborg Hospital , Skövde , Sweden
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- b Department of Immunology and Microbiology , University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora , CO , USA.,d Department of Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Healthcare System , Denver , CO , USA
| | - Elisabet Josefsson
- a Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research , Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- a Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research , Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden.,e Department of Rheumatology , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg , Sweden
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Kwiecinski JM, Crosby HA, Valotteau C, Hippensteel JA, Nayak MK, Chauhan AK, Schmidt EP, Dufrêne YF, Horswill AR. Staphylococcus aureus adhesion in endovascular infections is controlled by the ArlRS-MgrA signaling cascade. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007800. [PMID: 31116795 PMCID: PMC6548404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of endovascular infections. This bacterial pathogen uses a diverse array of surface adhesins to clump in blood and adhere to vessel walls, leading to endothelial damage, development of intravascular vegetations and secondary infectious foci, and overall disease progression. In this work, we describe a novel strategy used by S. aureus to control adhesion and clumping through activity of the ArlRS two-component regulatory system, and its downstream effector MgrA. Utilizing a combination of in vitro cellular assays, and single-cell atomic force microscopy, we demonstrated that inactivation of this ArlRS—MgrA cascade inhibits S. aureus adhesion to a vast array of relevant host molecules (fibrinogen, fibronectin, von Willebrand factor, collagen), its clumping with fibrinogen, and its attachment to human endothelial cells and vascular structures. This impact on S. aureus adhesion was apparent in low shear environments, and in physiological levels of shear stress, as well as in vivo in mouse models. These effects were likely mediated by the de-repression of giant surface proteins Ebh, SraP, and SasG, caused by inactivation of the ArlRS—MgrA cascade. In our in vitro assays, these giant proteins collectively shielded the function of other surface adhesins and impaired their binding to cognate ligands. Finally, we demonstrated that the ArlRS—MgrA regulatory cascade is a druggable target through the identification of a small-molecule inhibitor of ArlRS signaling. Our findings suggest a novel approach for the pharmacological treatment and prevention of S. aureus endovascular infections through targeting the ArlRS—MgrA regulatory system. Adhesion is central to the success of Staphylococcus aureus as a bacterial pathogen. We describe a novel mechanism through which S. aureus alters adhesion to ligands by regulating expression of giant inhibitory surface proteins. These giant proteins shield normal surface adhesins, preventing binding to ligands commonly found in the bloodstream and vessel walls. Using this unique regulatory scheme, S. aureus can bypass the need for individualized regulation of numerous adhesins to control overall adhesive properties. Our study establishes the importance of these giant proteins for S. aureus pathogenesis and demonstrates that a single regulatory cascade can be targeted for treating infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub M. Kwiecinski
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Heidi A. Crosby
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Claire Valotteau
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Joseph A. Hippensteel
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Manasa K. Nayak
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Anil K. Chauhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Eric P. Schmidt
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Yves F. Dufrêne
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Wallonia, Belgium
| | - Alexander R. Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kwiecinski JM, Jacobsson G, Horswill AR, Josefsson E, Jin T. Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates correlates with the infection type. Infect Dis (Lond) 2019; 51:446-451. [PMID: 30985241 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2019.1593499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilms are involved in many Staphylococcus aureus infections, but relation of biofilm formation and the infection types or the clinical outcomes remain unclear. METHODS We measured biofilm formation, with a microtiter plate assay, of a collection of methicillin-sensitive clinical isolates from 159 invasive S. aureus infections, encompassing all cases occurring within a hospital catchment area during two years, and from additional 49 non-invasive skin infections from the same region. Results were related to available clinical and microbiological documentation. RESULTS Isolates from medical device infections (intravenous line-associated and prosthetic joint infections), as well as isolates from superficial skin infections, were particularly proficient in forming biofilms. No increased biofilm-forming capacity was seen in isolates from endocarditis, osteomyelitis, or other infections. There was also a correlation of biofilm formation with the agr type of the isolates. Thicker biofilms were more resistant to antibiotic treatment in vitro. No correlation between biofilm formation and clinical outcomes was noted. CONCLUSIONS S. aureus isolates from 'classical' biofilm-related infections, but also from superficial skin infections, are especially proficient in forming biofilms. There is, however, no obvious relation of biofilm-forming capacity of isolates and the clinical outcome of the infection, and more studies on this issue are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub M Kwiecinski
- a Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research , Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden.,b Department of Immunology and Microbiology , University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Gunnar Jacobsson
- c Department of Infectious Diseases , Skaraborg Hospital , Skövde , Sweden
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- b Department of Immunology and Microbiology , University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora , CO , USA.,d Department of Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Healthcare System , Denver , CO , USA
| | - Elisabet Josefsson
- a Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research , Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- a Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research , Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden.,e Department of Rheumatology , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg , Sweden
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