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Savino W, Durães J, Maldonado-Galdeano C, Perdigon G, Mendes-da-Cruz DA, Cuervo P. Thymus, undernutrition, and infection: Approaching cellular and molecular interactions. Front Nutr 2022; 9:948488. [PMID: 36225882 PMCID: PMC9549110 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.948488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Undernutrition remains a major issue in global health. Low protein-energy consumption, results in stunting, wasting and/or underweight, three deleterious forms of malnutrition that affect roughly 200 million children under the age of five years. Undernutrition compromises the immune system with the generation of various degrees of immunodeficiency, which in turn, renders undernourished individuals more sensitive to acute infections. The severity of various infectious diseases including visceral leishmaniasis (VL), influenza, and tuberculosis is associated with undernutrition. Immunosuppression resulting from protein-energy undernutrition severely impacts primary and secondary lymphoid organs involved in the response to related pathogens. The thymus-a primary lymphoid organ responsible for the generation of T lymphocytes-is particularly compromised by both undernutrition and infectious diseases. In this respect, we will discuss herein various intrathymic cellular and molecular interactions seen in undernutrition alone or in combination with acute infections. Many examples illustrated in studies on humans and experimental animals clearly revealed that protein-related undernutrition causes thymic atrophy, with cortical thymocyte depletion. Moreover, the non-lymphoid microenvironmental compartment of the organ undergoes important changes in thymic epithelial cells, including their secretory products such as hormones and extracellular matrix proteins. Of note, deficiencies in vitamins and trace elements also induce thymic atrophy. Interestingly, among the molecular interactions involved in the control of undernutrition-induced thymic atrophy is a hormonal imbalance with a rise in glucocorticoids and a decrease in leptin serum levels. Undernutrition also yields a negative impact of acute infections upon the thymus, frequently with the intrathymic detection of pathogens or their antigens. For instance, undernourished mice infected with Leishmania infantum (that causes VL) undergo drastic thymic atrophy, with significant reduction in thymocyte numbers, and decreased levels of intrathymic chemokines and cytokines, indicating that both lymphoid and microenvironmental compartments of the organ are affected. Lastly, recent data revealed that some probiotic bacteria or probiotic fermented milks improve the thymus status in a model of malnutrition, thus raising a new field for investigation, namely the thymus-gut connection, indicating that probiotics can be envisioned as a further adjuvant therapy in the control of thymic changes in undernutrition accompanied or not by infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Durães
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory on Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Maldonado-Galdeano
- Laboratory of Immunology, Reference Center for Lactobacilli Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, National University of Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Perdigon
- Laboratory of Immunology, Reference Center for Lactobacilli Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, National University of Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Cuervo
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory on Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Type I and Type II Interferon Antagonism Strategies Used by Paramyxoviridae: Previous and New Discoveries, in Comparison. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051107. [PMID: 35632848 PMCID: PMC9145045 DOI: 10.3390/v14051107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviridae is a viral family within the order of Mononegavirales; they are negative single-strand RNA viruses that can cause significant diseases in both humans and animals. In order to replicate, paramyxoviruses–as any other viruses–have to bypass an important protective mechanism developed by the host’s cells: the defensive line driven by interferon. Once the viruses are recognized, the cells start the production of type I and type III interferons, which leads to the activation of hundreds of genes, many of which encode proteins with the specific function to reduce viral replication. Type II interferon is produced by active immune cells through a different signaling pathway, and activates a diverse range of genes with the same objective to block viral replication. As a result of this selective pressure, viruses have evolved different strategies to avoid the defensive function of interferons. The strategies employed by the different viral species to fight the interferon system include a number of sophisticated mechanisms. Here we analyzed the current status of the various strategies used by paramyxoviruses to subvert type I, II, and III interferon responses.
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Sakamoto K, Satoh Y, Takahashi KI, Wakimoto H, Kitagawa Y, Gotoh B, Ayata M, Itoh M. Upregulation of viral RNA polymerase activity promotes adaptation of SSPE virus to neuronal cells. Virology 2022; 573:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Siering O, Cattaneo R, Pfaller CK. C Proteins: Controllers of Orderly Paramyxovirus Replication and of the Innate Immune Response. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010137. [PMID: 35062341 PMCID: PMC8778822 DOI: 10.3390/v14010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Particles of many paramyxoviruses include small amounts of proteins with a molecular weight of about 20 kDa. These proteins, termed “C”, are basic, have low amino acid homology and some secondary structure conservation. C proteins are encoded in alternative reading frames of the phosphoprotein gene. Some viruses express nested sets of C proteins that exert their functions in different locations: In the nucleus, they interfere with cellular transcription factors that elicit innate immune responses; in the cytoplasm, they associate with viral ribonucleocapsids and control polymerase processivity and orderly replication, thereby minimizing the activation of innate immunity. In addition, certain C proteins can directly bind to, and interfere with the function of, several cytoplasmic proteins required for interferon induction, interferon signaling and inflammation. Some C proteins are also required for efficient virus particle assembly and budding. C-deficient viruses can be grown in certain transformed cell lines but are not pathogenic in natural hosts. C proteins affect the same host functions as other phosphoprotein gene-encoded proteins named V but use different strategies for this purpose. Multiple independent systems to counteract host defenses may ensure efficient immune evasion and facilitate virus adaptation to new hosts and tissue environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Siering
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany;
| | - Roberto Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55906, USA
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (C.K.P.)
| | - Christian K. Pfaller
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany;
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (C.K.P.)
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Iwasaki M. [Molecular basis for the multiplication of negative-strand RNA viruses: basic research and potential applications in vaccine development]. Uirusu 2022; 72:67-78. [PMID: 37899232 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.72.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Viruses achieve their efficient reproduction by utilizing their limited components (nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins) and host cell machineries. A detailed understanding of virus-virus and virus-host interactions will lead to the elucidation of mechanisms underlying viral pathogenesis and the development of novel medical countermeasures. We elucidated the details of several such interactions and their roles in the multiplication of negative-strand RNA viruses, measles virus, and Lassa virus. These discoveries were harnessed to develop a novel genetic approach for the generation of live-attenuated vaccine candidates with a well-defined molecular mechanism of attenuation. This article describes our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Diseases, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Linjie L, Xiaoling S, Xiaoxia M, Xin C, Ali A, Jialin B. Peste des petits ruminants virus non-structural C protein inhibits the induction of interferon-β by potentially interacting with MAVS and RIG-I. Virus Genes 2021; 57:60-71. [PMID: 33389635 PMCID: PMC7870622 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes an acute and highly contagious disease in domestic and wild small ruminants throughout the world, mainly by invoking immunosuppression in its natural hosts. It has been suggested that the non-structural C protein of PPRV helps in evading host responses but the molecular mechanisms by which it antagonizes the host responses have not been fully characterized. Here, we report the antagonistic effect of PPRV C protein on the expression of interferon-β (IFN-β) through both MAVS and RIG-I mediated pathways in vitro. Dual luciferase reporter assay and direct expression of IFN-β mRNA analysis indicated that PPRV C significantly down regulates IFN-β via its potential interaction with MAVS and RIG-I signaling molecules. Results further indicated that PPRV C protein significantly suppresses endogenous and exogenous IFN-β-induced anti-viral effects in PPRV, EMCV and SVS infections in vitro. Moreover, PPRV C protein not only down regulates IFN-β but also the downstream cytokines of interferon stimulated genes 56 (ISG56), ISG15, C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL10) and RIG-I mediated activation of IFN promoter elements of ISRE and NF-κB. Further, this study deciphers that PPRV C protein could significantly inhibit the phosphorylation of STAT1 and interferes with the signal transmission in JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Collectively, this study indicates that PPRV C protein is important for innate immune evasion and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Linjie
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Shi Xiaoling
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ma Xiaoxia
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Cao Xin
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Amjad Ali
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Bai Jialin
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
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Meignié A, Combredet C, Santolini M, Kovács IA, Douché T, Gianetto QG, Eun H, Matondo M, Jacob Y, Grailhe R, Tangy F, Komarova AV. Proteomic Analysis Uncovers Measles Virus Protein C Interaction With p65-iASPP Protein Complex. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100049. [PMID: 33515806 PMCID: PMC7950213 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses manipulate the central machineries of host cells to their advantage. They prevent host cell antiviral responses to create a favorable environment for their survival and propagation. Measles virus (MV) encodes two nonstructural proteins MV-V and MV-C known to counteract the host interferon response and to regulate cell death pathways. Several molecular mechanisms underlining MV-V regulation of innate immunity and cell death pathways have been proposed, whereas MV-C host-interacting proteins are less studied. We suggest that some cellular factors that are controlled by MV-C protein during viral replication could be components of innate immunity and the cell death pathways. To determine which host factors are targeted by MV-C, we captured both direct and indirect host-interacting proteins of MV-C protein. For this, we used a strategy based on recombinant viruses expressing tagged viral proteins followed by affinity purification and a bottom-up mass spectrometry analysis. From the list of host proteins specifically interacting with MV-C protein in different cell lines, we selected the host targets that belong to immunity and cell death pathways for further validation. Direct protein interaction partners of MV-C were determined by applying protein complementation assay and the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer approach. As a result, we found that MV-C protein specifically interacts with p65–iASPP protein complex that controls both cell death and innate immunity pathways and evaluated the significance of these host factors on virus replication. Measles virus controls immune response and cell death pathways to achieve replication. Host proteins interaction network with measles virulence factor C protein. Cellular p65–iASPP complex is targeted by measles virus C protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Meignié
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Combredet
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
| | - Marc Santolini
- Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity (CRI), Université de Paris, INSERM U1284, Paris, France; Network Science Institute and Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - István A Kovács
- Network Science Institute and Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA; Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Thibaut Douché
- Proteomics platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit (MSBio), Institut Pasteur, CNRS USR 2000, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Giai Gianetto
- Proteomics platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit (MSBio), Institut Pasteur, CNRS USR 2000, Paris, France; Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Computational Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, CNRS USR 3756, Paris, France
| | - Hyeju Eun
- Technology Development Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Proteomics platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit (MSBio), Institut Pasteur, CNRS USR 2000, Paris, France
| | - Yves Jacob
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
| | - Regis Grailhe
- Technology Development Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France.
| | - Anastassia V Komarova
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France.
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Takeda M, Seki F, Yamamoto Y, Nao N, Tokiwa H. Animal morbilliviruses and their cross-species transmission potential. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 41:38-45. [PMID: 32344228 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Like measles virus (MV), whose primary hosts are humans, non-human animal morbilliviruses use SLAM (signaling lymphocytic activation molecule) and PVRL4 (nectin-4) expressed on immune and epithelial cells, respectively, as receptors. PVRL4's amino acid sequence is highly conserved across species, while that of SLAM varies significantly. However, non-host animal SLAMs often function as receptors for different morbilliviruses. Uniquely, human SLAM is somewhat specific for MV, but canine distemper virus, which shows the widest host range among morbilliviruses, readily gains the ability to use human SLAM. The host range for morbilliviruses is also modulated by their ability to counteract the host's innate immunity, but the risk of cross-species transmission of non-human animal morbilliviruses to humans could occur if MV is successfully eradicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Fumio Seki
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yuta Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Rikkyo University, Nishi-Ikebukuro 3-34-1, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tokiwa
- Department of Chemistry, Rikkyo University, Nishi-Ikebukuro 3-34-1, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
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The C Protein Is Recruited to Measles Virus Ribonucleocapsids by the Phosphoprotein. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01733-19. [PMID: 31748390 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01733-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV), like all viruses of the order Mononegavirales, utilizes a complex consisting of genomic RNA, nucleoprotein, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and a polymerase cofactor, the phosphoprotein (P), for transcription and replication. We previously showed that a recombinant MeV that does not express another viral protein, C, has severe transcription and replication deficiencies, including a steeper transcription gradient than the parental virus and generation of defective interfering RNA. This virus is attenuated in vitro and in vivo However, how the C protein operates and whether it is a component of the replication complex remained unclear. Here, we show that C associates with the ribonucleocapsid and forms a complex that can be purified by immunoprecipitation or ultracentrifugation. In the presence of detergent, the C protein is retained on purified ribonucleocapsids less efficiently than the P protein and the polymerase. The C protein is recruited to the ribonucleocapsid through its interaction with the P protein, as shown by immunofluorescence microscopy of cells expressing different combinations of viral proteins and by split luciferase complementation assays. Forty amino-terminal C protein residues are dispensable for the interaction with P, and the carboxyl-terminal half of P is sufficient for the interaction with C. Thus, the C protein, rather than being an "accessory" protein as qualified in textbooks so far, is a ribonucleocapsid-associated protein that interacts with P, thereby increasing replication accuracy and processivity of the polymerase complex.IMPORTANCE Replication of negative-strand RNA viruses relies on two components: a helical ribonucleocapsid and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase composed of a catalytic subunit, the L protein, and a cofactor, the P protein. We show that the measles virus (MeV) C protein is an additional component of the replication complex. We provide evidence that the C protein is recruited to the ribonucleocapsid by the P protein and map the interacting segments of both C and P proteins. We conclude that the primary function of MeV C is to improve polymerase processivity and accuracy, rather than uniquely to antagonize the type I interferon response. Since most viruses of the Paramyxoviridae family express C proteins, their primary function may be conserved.
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Cyclical adaptation of measles virus quasispecies to epithelial and lymphocytic cells: To V, or not to V. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007605. [PMID: 30768648 PMCID: PMC6395005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) is dual-tropic: it replicates first in lymphatic tissues and then in epithelial cells. This switch in tropism raises the question of whether, and how, intra-host evolution occurs. Towards addressing this question, we adapted MeV either to lymphocytic (Granta-519) or epithelial (H358) cells. We also passaged it consecutively in both human cell lines. Since passaged MeV had different replication kinetics, we sought to investigate the underlying genetic mechanisms of growth differences by performing deep-sequencing analyses. Lymphocytic adaptation reproducibly resulted in accumulation of variants mapping within an 11-nucleotide sequence located in the middle of the phosphoprotein (P) gene. This sequence mediates polymerase slippage and addition of a pseudo-templated guanosine to the P mRNA. This form of co-transcriptional RNA editing results in expression of an interferon antagonist, named V, in place of a polymerase co-factor, named P. We show that lymphocytic-adapted MeV indeed produce minimal amounts of edited transcripts and V protein. In contrast, parental and epithelial-adapted MeV produce similar levels of edited and non-edited transcripts, and of V and P proteins. Raji, another lymphocytic cell line, also positively selects V-deficient MeV genomes. On the other hand, in epithelial cells V-competent MeV genomes rapidly out-compete the V-deficient variants. To characterize the mechanisms of genome re-equilibration we rescued four recombinant MeV carrying individual editing site-proximal mutations. Three mutations interfered with RNA editing, resulting in almost exclusive P protein expression. The fourth preserved RNA editing and a standard P-to-V protein expression ratio. However, it altered a histidine involved in Zn2+ binding, inactivating V function. Thus, the lymphocytic environment favors replication of V-deficient MeV, while the epithelial environment has the opposite effect, resulting in rapid and thorough cyclical quasispecies re-equilibration. Analogous processes may occur in natural infections with other dual-tropic RNA viruses. Key questions in infectious disease are how pathogens adapt to different cells of their hosts, and how the interplay between the virus and host factors controls the outcome of infection. Human measles virus (MeV) and related animal morbilliviruses provide important models of pathogenesis because they are dual-tropic: they replicate first in immune cells for spread through the body, and then in epithelial cells for transmission. We sought here to define the underlying molecular and evolutionary processes that allow MeV to spread rapidly in either lymphocytic or epithelial cells. We discovered unexpectedly rapid and thorough genome adaptation to these two tissues. Genome variants that cannot express functional V protein, an innate immunity control protein, are rapidly selected in lymphocytic cells. These variants express only the P protein, a polymerase co-factor, instead of expressing P and V at similar levels. Upon passaging in epithelial cells, V-competent MeV genome variants rapidly re-gain dominance. These results suggest that cyclical quasispecies re-equilibration may occur in acute MeV infections of humans, and that suboptimal variants in one environment constitute a low frequency reservoir for adaptation to the other, where they become dominant.
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11
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Sanz Bernardo B, Goodbourn S, Baron MD. Control of the induction of type I interferon by Peste des petits ruminants virus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177300. [PMID: 28475628 PMCID: PMC5419582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a morbillivirus that produces clinical disease in goats and sheep. We have studied the induction of interferon-β (IFN-β) following infection of cultured cells with wild-type and vaccine strains of PPRV, and the effects of such infection with PPRV on the induction of IFN-β through both MDA-5 and RIG-I mediated pathways. Using both reporter assays and direct measurement of IFN-β mRNA, we have found that PPRV infection induces IFN-β only weakly and transiently, and the virus can actively block the induction of IFN-β. We have also generated mutant PPRV that lack expression of either of the viral accessory proteins (V&C) to characterize the role of these proteins in IFN-β induction during virus infection. Both PPRV_ΔV and PPRV_ΔC were defective in growth in cell culture, although in different ways. While the PPRV V protein bound to MDA-5 and, to a lesser extent, RIG-I, and over-expression of the V protein inhibited both IFN-β induction pathways, PPRV lacking V protein expression can still block IFN-β induction. In contrast, PPRV C bound to neither MDA-5 nor RIG-I, but PPRV lacking C protein expression lost the ability to block both MDA-5 and RIG-I mediated activation of IFN-β. These results shed new light on the inhibition of the induction of IFN-β by PPRV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen Goodbourn
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Millar EL, Rennick LJ, Weissbrich B, Schneider-Schaulies J, Duprex WP, Rima BK. The phosphoprotein genes of measles viruses from subacute sclerosing panencephalitis cases encode functional as well as non-functional proteins and display reduced editing. Virus Res 2015; 211:29-37. [PMID: 26428304 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Products expressed from the second (P/V/C) gene are important in replication and abrogating innate immune responses during acute measles virus (MV) infection. Thirteen clone sets were derived from the P/V/C genes of measles virus (MV) RNA extracted from brains of a unique collection of seven cases of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) caused by persistent MV in the central nervous system (CNS). Whether these functions are fully maintained when MV replicates in the CNS has not been previously determined. Co-transcriptional editing of the P mRNAs by non-template insertion of guanine (G) nucleotides, which generates mRNAs encoding the viral V protein, occurs much less frequently (9%) in the SSPE derived samples than during the acute infection (30-50%). Thus it is likely that less V protein, which is involved in combatting the innate immune response, is produced. The P genes in MV from SSPE cases were not altered by biased hypermutation but exhibited a high degree of variation within each case. Most but not all SSPE derived phospho-(P) proteins were functional in mini genome replication/transcription assays. An eight amino acid truncation of the carboxyl-terminus made the P protein non-functional while the insertion of an additional glycine residue by insertion of G nucleotides at the editing site had no effect on protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Millar
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland, UK
| | - L J Rennick
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland, UK; Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - B Weissbrich
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straβe 7, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - J Schneider-Schaulies
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Straβe 7, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - W P Duprex
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland, UK; Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - B K Rima
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland, UK.
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13
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Nishie T, Nagata K. Measles virus C protein facilitates transcription by the control of N protein-viral genomic RNA interaction in early phases of infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:1262-6. [PMID: 26093303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) C protein has been known a multifunctional protein involved in anti-IFN response, viral RNA synthesis, and so on. Recent studies have clarified that double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is derived from viral genomic RNA (vRNA), and the amount of dsRNA was increased in an MV lacking C protein (MV(C-))-infected cells, suggesting that C protein blocks viral RNA synthesis. However, detailed roles of C protein in viral RNA synthesis remain unknown. Here, we have confirmed through time course experiments using Vero/hSLAM cells that as reported previously, the amount of mRNA is increased in MV(C-)-infected cells at 36 h post infection (hpi). In contrast, we found that the transcription level is lower in MV(C-)-infected cells than wild-type MV-infected cells in early phases of infection. Immunoprecipitation assays were performed to find an interactor(s) of C protein, revealed that C protein interacts with N protein in the absence of vRNA and P protein. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays showed that the interaction between N protein and vRNA was increased in MV(C-)-infected cells. These results suggest that in early phases of infection C protein facilitates viral transcription to control the formation of nascent nucleocapsid composed of N protein and vRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Nishie
- Department of Infection Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Nagata
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan.
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14
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Ludlow M, McQuaid S, Milner D, de Swart RL, Duprex WP. Pathological consequences of systemic measles virus infection. J Pathol 2014; 235:253-65. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ludlow
- Department of Microbiology; Boston University School of Medicine; MA USA
| | - Stephen McQuaid
- Tissue Pathology Laboratories; Belfast Health and Social Care Trust; Northern Ireland
| | - Dan Milner
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases; Harvard School of Public Health; Boston MA USA
- Department of Pathology; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston MA USA
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Viroscience; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - W Paul Duprex
- Department of Microbiology; Boston University School of Medicine; MA USA
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15
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16
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Otsuki N, Nakatsu Y, Kubota T, Sekizuka T, Seki F, Sakai K, Kuroda M, Yamaguchi R, Takeda M. The V protein of canine distemper virus is required for virus replication in human epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82343. [PMID: 24358174 PMCID: PMC3866114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) becomes able to use human receptors through a single amino acid substitution in the H protein. In addition, CDV strains possessing an intact C protein replicate well in human epithelial H358 cells. The present study showed that CDV strain 007Lm, which was isolated from lymph node tissue of a dog with distemper, failed to replicate in H358 cells, although it possessed an intact C protein. Sequence analyses suggested that a cysteine-to-tyrosine substitution at position 267 of the V protein caused this growth defect. Analyses using H358 cells constitutively expressing the CDV V protein showed that the V protein with a cysteine, but not that with a tyrosine, at this position effectively blocked the interferon-stimulated signal transduction pathway, and supported virus replication of 007Lm in H358 cells. Thus, the V protein as well as the C protein appears to be functional and essential for CDV replication in human epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Otsuki
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuichiro Nakatsu
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Kubota
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjyuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumio Seki
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouji Sakai
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjyuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yamaguchi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Richetta C, Grégoire IP, Verlhac P, Azocar O, Baguet J, Flacher M, Tangy F, Rabourdin-Combe C, Faure M. Sustained autophagy contributes to measles virus infectivity. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003599. [PMID: 24086130 PMCID: PMC3784470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between autophagy and intracellular pathogens is intricate as autophagy is an essential cellular response to fight against infections, whereas numerous microbes have developed strategies to escape this process or even exploit it to their own benefit. The fine tuned timing and/or selective molecular pathways involved in the induction of autophagy upon infections could be the cornerstone allowing cells to either control intracellular pathogens, or be invaded by them. We report here that measles virus infection induces successive autophagy signallings in permissive cells, via distinct and uncoupled molecular pathways. Immediately upon infection, attenuated measles virus induces a first transient wave of autophagy, via a pathway involving its cellular receptor CD46 and the scaffold protein GOPC. Soon after infection, a new autophagy signalling is initiated which requires viral replication and the expression of the non-structural measles virus protein C. Strikingly, this second autophagy signalling can be sustained overtime within infected cells, independently of the expression of C, but via a third autophagy input resulting from cell-cell fusion and the formation of syncytia. Whereas this sustained autophagy signalling leads to the autophagy degradation of cellular contents, viral proteins escape from degradation. Furthermore, this autophagy flux is ultimately exploited by measles virus to limit the death of infected cells and to improve viral particle formation. Whereas CD150 dependent virulent strains of measles virus are unable to induce the early CD46/GOPC dependent autophagy wave, they induce and exploit the late and sustained autophagy. Overall, our work describes distinct molecular pathways for an induction of self-beneficial sustained autophagy by measles virus. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal dependent degradative pathway for recycling of long-lived proteins and damaged organelles. Autophagy is also an essential cellular response to fight infection by destroying infectious pathogens trapped within autophagosomes and plays a key role in the induction of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Numerous viruses have evolved strategies to counteract autophagy in order to escape from degradation or/and to inhibit immune signals. The kinetic and molecular pathways involved in the induction of autophagy upon infections might determine if cells would be able to control pathogens or would be invaded by them. We showed that measles virus (MeV) infection induces successive autophagy signallings in cells via distinct molecular pathways. A first autophagy wave is induced by the engagement of the MeV cellular receptor CD46 and the scaffold protein GOPC. A second wave is initiated after viral replication by the expression of the non-structural MeV protein C and is sustained overtime within infected cells thanks to the formation of syncytia. This sustained autophagy is exploited by MeV to limit the death of infected cells and to improve viral particle formation. We describe new molecular pathways by which MeV hijacks autophagy to promote its infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Richetta
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Isabel P. Grégoire
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Verlhac
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Olga Azocar
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Joël Baguet
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Monique Flacher
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, CNRS URA-3015, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Rabourdin-Combe
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Mathias Faure
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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Measles virus nonstructural C protein modulates viral RNA polymerase activity by interacting with host protein SHCBP1. J Virol 2013; 87:9633-42. [PMID: 23804634 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00714-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most viruses possess strategies to circumvent host immune responses. The measles virus (MV) nonstructural C protein suppresses the interferon response, thereby allowing efficient viral growth, but its detailed mechanism has been unknown. We identified Shc Src homology 2 domain-binding protein 1 (SHCBP1) as one of the host proteins interacting with the C protein. Knockdown of SHCBP1 using a short-hairpin RNA greatly reduced MV growth. SHCBP1 was found to be required for viral RNA synthesis in the minigenome assay and to bind to the MV phosphoprotein, a subunit of the viral RNA polymerase. A stretch of 12 amino acid residues in the C protein were sufficient for SHCBP1 binding, and the peptide containing these 12 residues could suppress MV RNA synthesis, like the full-length C protein. The central region of SHCBP1 was found to bind to the C protein, as well as the phosphoprotein, but the two viral proteins did not compete for SHCBP1 binding. Our results indicate that the C protein modulates MV RNA polymerase activity by binding to the host protein SHCBP1. SHCBP1 may be exploited as a target of antiviral compounds.
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Okamoto Y, Vricella LA, Moss WJ, Griffin DE. Immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes are preferentially infected by measles virus in human thymic organ cultures. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45999. [PMID: 23029357 PMCID: PMC3454364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells of the human immune system are important target cells for measles virus (MeV) infection and infection of these cells may contribute to the immunologic abnormalities and immune suppression that characterize measles. The thymus is the site for production of naïve T lymphocytes and is infected during measles. To determine which populations of thymocytes are susceptible to MeV infection and whether strains of MeV differ in their ability to infect thymocytes, we used ex vivo human thymus organ cultures to assess the relative susceptibility of different subpopulations of thymocytes to infection with wild type and vaccine strains of MeV. Thymocytes were susceptible to MeV infection with the most replication in immature CD4+CD8+ double positive cells. Susceptibility correlated with the level of expression of the MeV receptor CD150. Wild type strains of MeV infected thymocytes more efficiently than the Edmonston vaccine strain. Thymus cultures from children ≥3 years of age were less susceptible to MeV infection than cultures from children 5 to 15 months of age. Resistance in one 7 year-old child was associated with production of interferon-gamma suggesting that vaccination may result in MeV-specific memory T cells in the thymus. We conclude that immature thymocytes are susceptible to MeV infection and thymocyte infection may contribute to the immunologic abnormalities associated with measles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Okamoto
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Luca A. Vricella
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William J. Moss
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Diane E. Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Nonstructural Nipah virus C protein regulates both the early host proinflammatory response and viral virulence. J Virol 2012; 86:10766-75. [PMID: 22837207 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01203-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic, negative-strand RNA paramyxovirus that has recently emerged from flying foxes to cause serious human disease. We have analyzed the role of the nonstructural NiV C protein in viral immunopathogenesis using recombinant virus lacking the expression of NiV C (NiVΔC). While wild-type NiV was highly pathogenic in the hamster animal model, NiVΔC was strongly attenuated. Replication of NiVΔC was followed by the production of NiV-specific antibodies and associated with higher recruitment of inflammatory cells and less intensive histopathological lesions in different organs than in wild-type-NiV-infected animals. To analyze the molecular basis of NiVΔC attenuation, we studied early changes in gene expression in infected primary human endothelial cells, a major cellular target of NiV infection. The transcriptomic approach revealed the striking difference between wild-type and mutant NiV in the expression of genes involved in immunity, with the particularly interesting differential patterns of proinflammatory cytokines. Compared to wild-type virus, NiVΔC induced increased expression of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-8, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL6, CCL20, and beta interferon. Furthermore, the expression of NiV C in stably transfected cells decreased the production of the same panel of cytokines, revealing a role of the C protein in the regulation of cytokine balance. Together, these results suggest that NiV C regulates expression of proinflammatory cytokines, therefore providing a signal responsible for the coordination of leukocyte recruitment and the chemokine-induced immune response and controlling the lethal outcome of the infection.
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21
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Kato SI, Nagata K, Takeuchi K. Cell tropism and pathogenesis of measles virus in monkeys. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:14. [PMID: 22363320 PMCID: PMC3277276 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) is an enveloped negative strand RNA virus belonging to the family of Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus, and causes one of the most contagious diseases in humans. Experimentally infected non-human primates are used as animal models for studies of the pathogenesis of human measles. We established a reverse genetics system based on a highly pathogenic wild-type MV. Infection of monkeys with recombinant MV strains generated by reverse genetics enabled analysis of the molecular basis of MV pathogenesis. The essential in vivo function of accessory genes was indicated by infecting monkeys with recombinant MV strains deficient in the expression of accessory genes. Furthermore, recombinant wild-type MV strains expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein enabled visual tracking of MV-infected cells in vitro and in vivo. To date, three different molecules have been identified as receptors for MV. Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM, also called CD150), expressed on immune cells, is a major receptor for MV. CD46, ubiquitously expressed in all nucleated cells in humans and monkeys, is a receptor for vaccine and laboratory-adapted strains of MV. The newly identified nectin-4 (also called poliovirus-receptor-like-4) is an epithelial cell receptor for MV. However, recent findings have indicated that CD46 acts as an MV receptor in vitro but not in vivo. The impact of the receptor usage of MV in vivo on the disease outcome is now under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei-ich Kato
- Division of Biomedical Science, Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of TsukubaTsukuba, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Nagata
- Division of Biomedical Science, Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of TsukubaTsukuba, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takeuchi
- Division of Biomedical Science, Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of TsukubaTsukuba, Japan
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Takeda M, Tahara M, Nagata N, Seki F. Wild-Type Measles Virus is Intrinsically Dual-Tropic. Front Microbiol 2012; 2:279. [PMID: 22347873 PMCID: PMC3276359 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles is a highly contagious disease that causes temporary and severe immunosuppression in patients. Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) expressed on cells of the immune system functions as a receptor for measles virus (MV). In addition to SLAM, vaccine strains of MV also use a ubiquitously expressed complement regulatory protein, CD46, as a receptor, whereas wild-type (wt) MV strains do not use this receptor. However, recent studies have indicated that SLAM is not the sole receptor for wt MV strains. These strains have an intrinsic ability to enter both immune and epithelial cells using distinct receptor binding sites in their hemagglutinin (H) protein. Recently, a clear answer was obtained through the identification of an epithelial MV receptor, nectin4, expressed at adherens junctions, thereby greatly improving our knowledge of MV receptors. It is now clear that MV specifically targets two cell types, immune cells and epithelial cells, using SLAM and nectin4, respectively. MV loses the ability to use either SLAM or nectin4 when it possesses specific mutations in the H protein. However, nectin4-blind MV still infects SLAM-positive immune cells efficiently (SLAM-tropic), and conversely, SLAM-blind MV infects nectin4-positive epithelial cells efficiently (nectin4-tropic). In this regard, MV is intrinsically dual-tropic to immune cells and epithelial cells. Although many aspects and molecular mechanisms underlying immunosuppressive effects and a highly contagious nature of MV still remain to be elucidated, analyses of physiological functions of these two receptors would provide deep insights into MV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Wild-type measles virus with the hemagglutinin protein of the edmonston vaccine strain retains wild-type tropism in macaques. J Virol 2012; 86:3027-37. [PMID: 22238320 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06517-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major difference between vaccine and wild-type strains of measles virus (MV) in vitro is the wider cell specificity of vaccine strains, resulting from the receptor usage of the hemagglutinin (H) protein. Wild-type H proteins recognize the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) (CD150), which is expressed on certain cells of the immune system, whereas vaccine H proteins recognize CD46, which is ubiquitously expressed on all nucleated human and monkey cells, in addition to SLAM. To examine the effect of the H protein on the tropism and attenuation of MV, we generated enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing recombinant wild-type MV strains bearing the Edmonston vaccine H protein (MV-EdH) and compared them to EGFP-expressing wild-type MV strains. In vitro, MV-EdH replicated in SLAM(+) as well as CD46(+) cells, including primary cell cultures from cynomolgus monkey tissues, whereas the wild-type MV replicated only in SLAM(+) cells. However, in macaques, both wild-type MV and MV-EdH strains infected lymphoid and respiratory organs, and widespread infection of MV-EdH was not observed. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that SLAM(+) lymphocyte cells were infected preferentially with both strains. Interestingly, EGFP expression of MV-EdH in tissues and lymphocytes was significantly weaker than that of the wild-type MV. Taken together, these results indicate that the CD46-binding activity of the vaccine H protein is important for determining the cell specificity of MV in vitro but not the tropism in vivo. They also suggest that the vaccine H protein attenuates MV growth in vivo.
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The nucleocapsid protein of measles virus blocks host interferon response. Virology 2012; 424:45-55. [PMID: 22226324 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) belongs to the genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. A number of paramyxoviruses inhibit host interferon (IFN) signaling pathways in host immune systems by various mechanisms. Inhibition mechanisms have been described for many paramyxoviruses. Although there are inconsistencies among previous reports concerning MV, it appears that P/V/C proteins interfere with the pathways. In this study, we confirmed the effects of MV P gene products of a wild MV strain on IFN pathways and examined that of other viral proteins on it. Interestingly, we found that N protein acts as an IFN-α/β and γ-antagonist as strong as P gene products. We further investigated the mechanisms of MV-N inhibition, and revealed that MV-N blocks the nuclear import of activated STAT without preventing STAT and Jak activation or STAT degradation, and that the nuclear translocation of MV-N is important for the inhibition. The inhibitory effect of the N protein was observed as a common feature of other morbilliviruses. The results presented in this report suggest that N protein of MV as well as P/V/C proteins is involved in the inhibition of host IFN signaling pathways.
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25
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Rima BK, Duprex WP. New concepts in measles virus replication: Getting in and out in vivo and modulating the host cell environment. Virus Res 2011; 162:47-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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26
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Bankamp B, Takeda M, Zhang Y, Xu W, Rota PA. Genetic characterization of measles vaccine strains. J Infect Dis 2011; 204 Suppl 1:S533-48. [PMID: 21666210 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete genomic sequences of 9 measles vaccine strains were compared with the sequence of the Edmonston wild-type virus. AIK-C, Moraten, Rubeovax, Schwarz, and Zagreb are vaccine strains of the Edmonston lineage, whereas CAM-70, Changchun-47, Leningrad-4 and Shanghai-191 were derived from 4 different wild-type isolates. Nucleotide substitutions were found in the noncoding regions of the genomes as well as in all coding regions, leading to deduced amino acid substitutions in all 8 viral proteins. Although the precise mechanisms involved in the attenuation of individual measles vaccines remain to be elucidated, in vitro assays of viral protein functions and recombinant viruses with defined genetic modifications have been used to characterize the differences between vaccine and wild-type strains. Although almost every protein contributes to an attenuated phenotype, substitutions affecting host cell tropism, virus assembly, and the ability to inhibit cellular antiviral defense mechanisms play an especially important role in attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Bankamp
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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27
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Ito C, Ohgimoto S, Kato S, Sharma LB, Ayata M, Komase K, Takeuchi K, Ihara T, Ogura H. Remarkable similarity in genome nucleotide sequences between the Schwarz FF-8 and AIK-C measles virus vaccine strains and apparent nucleotide differences in the phosphoprotein gene. Microbiol Immunol 2011; 55:518-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Haralambieva IH, Ovsyannikova IG, Dhiman N, Vierkant RA, Jacobson RM, Poland GA. Differential cellular immune responses to wild-type and attenuated edmonston tag measles virus strains are primarily defined by the viral phosphoprotein gene. J Med Virol 2011; 82:1966-75. [PMID: 20872725 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The measles virus phosphoprotein (P) gene encodes the P, V, and C proteins, which have multiple functions including type I interferon (IFN) inhibition. With a focus on viral immune modulation, we conducted a study on healthy vaccinees (n=179) to compare cytokine secretion patterns/cell frequencies and gene expression after in vitro encounter with a highly attenuated strain of measles virus (MVEdmtag), wild-type MV (MVwt) or recombinant MVEdmtag expressing the wild-type P gene (MVwtP). Cytokines were quantified by ELISA and Elispot. Gene expression profiling was performed using real-time PCR. We found differential MV-specific cytokine responses to all detected cytokines characterized by significantly higher cytokine levels (P<0.001) and higher frequencies (P<0.0001) of cytokine-producing cells after stimulation with the highly attenuated MVEdmtag strain in comparison with MVwt or MVwtP. Furthermore, gene expression profiling revealed significant cytokine suppression at the transcriptional level for viruses encoding the functional wt P gene, compared to attenuated MVEdmtag (P<0.05). Using lentivirus-mediated stable expression of P gene-encoded proteins in human cell lines, we demonstrated that the expression of the functional wt V protein significantly down-modulated the induction of IFNs type I, II, and III in lymphocytes and monocytes. Taken together our results indicate that Th1, Th2, and innate/inflammatory cytokine responses in vaccinees are suppressed both at the protein and transcriptional level by viruses expressing the functional wt P gene products. The functional P gene-encoded viral proteins (particularly V proteins) emerge as crucial immune evasion factors for modulating and shaping the measles virus-specific cytokine responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana H Haralambieva
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Takaki H, Watanabe Y, Shingai M, Oshiumi H, Matsumoto M, Seya T. Strain-to-strain difference of V protein of measles virus affects MDA5-mediated IFN-β-inducing potential. Mol Immunol 2010; 48:497-504. [PMID: 21071089 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory-adapted and vaccine strains of measles virus (MV) induce type I interferon (IFN) in infected cells to a far greater extent than wild-type strains. We investigated the mechanisms for this differential type I IFN production in cells infected with representative MV strains. The overexpression of the wild-type V protein suppressed melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5)-induced IFN-β promoter activity, while this was not seen in A549 cells expressing CD150 transfected with the V protein of the vaccine strain. The V proteins of the wild-type also suppressed poly I:C-induced IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) dimerization. The V proteins of the wild-type and vaccine strain did not affect retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I)- or toll-IL-1R homology domain-containing adaptor molecule 1 (TICAM-1)-induced IFN-β promoter activation. We identified an amino acid substitution of the cysteine residue at position 272 (which is conserved among paramyxoviruses) to an arginine residue in the V protein of the vaccine strain. Only the V protein possessing the 272C residue binds to MDA5. The mutation introduced into the wild-type V protein (C272R) was unable to suppress MDA5-induced IRF-3 nuclear translocation and IFN-β promoter activation as seen in the V proteins of the vaccine strain, whereas the mutation introduced in the vaccine strain V protein (R272C) was able to inhibit MDA5-induced IRF-3 and IFN-β promoter activation. The other 6 residues of the vaccine strain V sequence inconsistent with the authentic sequence of the wild-type V protein barely affected the IRF-3 nuclear translocation. These data suggested that the structural difference of laboratory-adapted [corrected] MV V protein hampers MDA5 blockade and acts as a nidus for the spread/amplification of type I IFN induction. Ultimately, measles vaccine strains have two modes of IFN-β-induction for their attenuation: V protein mutation and production of defective interference (DI) RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Takaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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Abstract
Measles is an important cause of child mortality that has a seemingly paradoxical interaction with the immune system. In most individuals, the immune response is successful in eventually clearing measles virus (MV) infection and in establishing life-long immunity. However, infection is also associated with persistence of viral RNA and several weeks of immune suppression, including loss of delayed type hypersensitivity responses and increased susceptibility to secondary infections. The initial T-cell response includes CD8+ and T-helper 1 CD4+ T cells important for control of infectious virus. As viral RNA persists, there is a shift to a T-helper 2 CD4+ T-cell response that likely promotes B-cell maturation and durable antibody responses but may suppress macrophage activation and T-helper 1 responses to new infections. Suppression of mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation can be induced by lymphocyte infection with MV or by lymphocyte exposure to a complex of the hemagglutinin and fusion surface glycoproteins without infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) are susceptible to infection and can transmit infection to lymphocytes. MV-infected DCs are unable to stimulate a mixed lymphocyte reaction and can induce lymphocyte unresponsiveness through expression of MV glycoproteins. Thus, multiple factors may contribute both to measles-induced immune suppression and to the establishment of durable protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Goodbourn S, Randall RE. The regulation of type I interferon production by paramyxoviruses. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 29:539-47. [PMID: 19702509 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2009.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimentally, paramyxoviruses are conventionally considered good inducers of type I interferons (IFN-alpha/beta), and have been used as agents in the commercial production of human IFN-alpha. However, in the last few years it has become clear that viruses in general mount a major challenge to the IFN system, and paramyxoviruses are no exception. Indeed, most paramyxoviruses encode mechanisms to inhibit both the production of, and response to, type I IFN. Here we review our knowledge of the type I IFN-inducing signals (by so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMPs) produced during paramyxovirus infections, and discuss how paramyxoviruses limit the production of PAMPs and inhibit the cellular responses to PAMPs by interfering with the activities of the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), mda-5, and RIG-I, as well as downstream components in the type I IFN induction cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Goodbourn
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Ramachandran A, Horvath CM. Paramyxovirus disruption of interferon signal transduction: STATus report. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 29:531-7. [PMID: 19694544 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2009.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses in the paramyxovirus family have evolved a number of strategies to escape host cell surveillance and antiviral responses. One mechanism exploited by a number of viruses in this family is direct targeting of cytokine-inducible transcription regulators in the STAT family. Diverse members of this large virus family effectively suppress STAT signaling by the actions of their V proteins, or the related proteins derived from alternate viral mRNAs. These viral proteins have distinct means of targeting STATs, resulting in a variety of negative effects on STATs and their signal transduction. Recent developments in understanding STAT targeting will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Ramachandran
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Ikegame S, Takeda M, Ohno S, Nakatsu Y, Nakanishi Y, Yanagi Y. Both RIG-I and MDA5 RNA helicases contribute to the induction of alpha/beta interferon in measles virus-infected human cells. J Virol 2010; 84:372-9. [PMID: 19846522 PMCID: PMC2798399 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01690-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV), a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, is a nonsegmented negative-strand RNA virus. The RNA helicases retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) are differentially involved in the detection of cytoplasmic viral RNAs and induction of alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta). RIG-I is generally believed to play a major role in the recognition of paramyxoviruses, whereas many viruses of this family produce V proteins that can inhibit MDA5. To determine the individual roles of MDA5 and RIG-I in IFN induction after MV infection, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of MDA5 or RIG-I was performed in the human epithelial cell line H358, which is susceptible to wild-type MV isolates. The production of IFN-beta mRNA in response to MV infection was greatly reduced in RIG-I knockdown clones compared to that in H358 cells, confirming the importance of RIG-I in the detection of MV. The IFN-beta mRNA levels were also moderately reduced in MDA5 knockdown clones, even though these clones retained fully functional RIG-I. A V protein-deficient recombinant MV (MVDeltaV) induced higher amounts of IFN-beta mRNA at the early stage of infection in H358 cells compared to the parental virus. The reductions in the IFN-beta mRNA levels in RIG-I knockdown clones were less pronounced after infection with MVDeltaV than after infection with the parental virus. Taken together, the present results indicate that RIG-I and MDA5 both contribute to the recognition of MV and that the V protein promotes MV growth at least partly by inhibiting the MDA5-mediated IFN responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ikegame
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shinji Ohno
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nakatsu
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakanishi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yanagi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Measles virus infection of alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells precedes spread to lymphatic organs in transgenic mice expressing human signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM, CD150). J Virol 2009; 84:3033-42. [PMID: 20042501 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01559-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies of primate models suggest that wild-type measles virus (MV) infects immune cells located in the airways before spreading systemically, but the identity of these cells is unknown. To identify cells supporting primary MV infection, we took advantage of mice expressing the MV receptor human signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM, CD150) with human-like tissue specificity. We infected these mice intranasally (IN) with a wild-type MV expressing green fluorescent protein. One, two, or three days after inoculation, nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), the lungs, several lymph nodes (LNs), the spleen, and the thymus were collected and analyzed by microscopy and flow cytometry, and virus isolation was attempted. One day after inoculation, MV replication was documented only in the airways, in about 2.5% of alveolar macrophages (AM) and 0.5% of dendritic cells (DC). These cells expressed human SLAM, and it was observed that MV infection temporarily enhanced SLAM expression. Later, MV infected other immune cell types, including B and T lymphocytes. Virus was isolated from lymphatic tissue as early as 2 days post-IN inoculation; the mediastinal lymph node was an early site of replication and supported high levels of infection. Three days after intraperitoneal inoculation, 1 to 8% of the mediastinal LN cells were infected. Thus, MV infection of alveolar macrophages and subepithelial dendritic cells in the airways precedes infection of lymphocytes in lymphatic organs of mice expressing human SLAM with human-like tissue specificity.
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Nakatsu Y, Takeda M, Iwasaki M, Yanagi Y. A highly attenuated measles virus vaccine strain encodes a fully functional C protein. J Virol 2009; 83:11996-2001. [PMID: 19726523 PMCID: PMC2772723 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00791-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The P, V, and C proteins of measles virus are encoded in overlapping reading frames of the P gene, which makes it difficult to analyze the functions of the individual proteins in the context of virus infection. We established a system to analyze the C protein independently from the P and V proteins by placing its gene in an additional transcription unit between the H and L genes. Analyses with this system indicated that a highly attenuated Edmonston lineage vaccine strain encodes a fully functional C protein, and the P and/or V protein is involved in the attenuated phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Nakatsu
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masaharu Iwasaki
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yanagi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Chambers R, Takimoto T. Antagonism of innate immunity by paramyxovirus accessory proteins. Viruses 2009; 1:574-593. [PMID: 21994561 PMCID: PMC3185518 DOI: 10.3390/v1030574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramyxovirinae, a subfamily of Paramyxoviridae, are negative strand RNA viruses comprised of many important human and animal pathogens, which share a high degree of genetic and structural homology. The accessory proteins expressed from the P/V/C gene are major factors in the pathogenicity of the viruses, because of their ability to abrogate various facets of type I interferon (IFN) induction and signaling. Most of the paramyxoviruses exhibit a commonality in their ability to antagonize innate immunity by blocking IFN induction and the Jak/STAT pathway. However, the manner in which the accessory proteins inhibit the pathway differs among viruses. Similarly, there are variations in the capability of the viruses to counteract intracellular detectors (RNA helicases, mda-5 and RIG-I). Furthermore, a functional specificity in the antagonism of the IFN response has been reported, suggesting that specificity in the circumvention of innate immunity restricts viral host range. Available evidence indicates that paramyxoviruses employ specific strategies to antagonize the IFN response of their specific hosts, which is one of the major factors that determine viral pathogenicity and host range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toru Takimoto
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-585-273-2856; Fax: +1-585-473-9573
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37
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Differential regulation of type I interferon and epidermal growth factor pathways by a human Respirovirus virulence factor. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000587. [PMID: 19806178 PMCID: PMC2736567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of paramyxoviruses are responsible for acute respiratory infections in children, elderly and immuno-compromised individuals, resulting in airway inflammation and exacerbation of chronic diseases like asthma. To understand the molecular pathogenesis of these infections, we searched for cellular targets of the virulence protein C of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hPIV3-C). We found that hPIV3-C interacts directly through its C-terminal domain with STAT1 and GRB2, whereas C proteins from measles or Nipah viruses failed to do so. Binding to STAT1 explains the previously reported capacity of hPIV3-C to block type I interferon signaling, but the interaction with GRB2 was unexpected. This adaptor protein bridges Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) receptor to MAPK/ERK pathway, a signaling cascade recently found to be involved in airway inflammatory response. We report that either hPIV3 infection or transient expression of hPIV3-C both increase cellular response to EGF, as assessed by Elk1 transactivation and phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2, 40S ribosomal subunit protein S6 and translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). Furthermore, inhibition of MAPK/ERK pathway with U0126 prevented viral protein expression in infected cells. Altogether, our data provide molecular basis to explain the role of hPIV3-C as a virulence factor and determinant of pathogenesis and demonstrate that Paramyxoviridae have evolved a single virulence factor to block type I interferon signaling and to boost simultaneous cellular response to growth factors. Respiroviruses are important pathogens responsible for acute respiratory tract infections associated with severe airway inflammation in children, elderly and immuno-compromised individuals. Their RNA genome encodes for structural proteins that compose viral particles, but also for virulence factors that alter cell biology to enhance virus replication and spreading. Among them, the C protein plays a critical role by blocking cellular response to type I interferons, the main antiviral cytokines secreted during virus infections. To provide molecular basis to this activity, we found that the C protein of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hPIV3-C), the most frequent human Respirovirus, interacts with STAT1, a key component of type I interferon receptor complex. But hPIV3-C was also found to interact with GRB2, an adaptor molecule involved in cellular response to Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), and to enhance cell response to this cytokine. This pathway increases protein translation, promotes cell survival and contributes to airway inflammation and mucus secretion. Thus, our findings show that hPIV3-C not only inhibits the antiviral response but also stimulates cellular response to EGF, which benefits virus replication and induces an excessive inflammation of airways during infection.
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38
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Nielsen L, Søgaard M, Jensen TH, Andersen MK, Aasted B, Blixenkrone-Møller M. Lymphotropism and host responses during acute wild-type canine distemper virus infections in a highly susceptible natural host. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2157-65. [PMID: 19494053 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.010744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms behind the in vivo virulence of immunosuppressive wild-type morbillivirus infections are still not fully understood. To investigate lymphotropism and host responses, we have selected the natural host model of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection in mink. This model displays multisystemic infection, similar to measles virus and rinderpest virus infections in their susceptible natural hosts. The wild-type CDVs investigated provoked marked virulence differences, inducing mild versus marked to severe acute disease. The mildly virulent wild-type virus induced transient lymphopenia, despite the development of massive infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) exceeding that determined for the highly virulent wild-type virus, indicating an inverse relationship between acute virulence and the extent of viraemia in the investigated wild-type viruses. Single-cell cytokine production in PBMCs was investigated throughout the acute infections. We observed Th1- and Th2-type cytokine responses beginning in the prodromal phase, and late inflammatory responses were shared between the wild-type infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Lo MK, Harcourt BH, Mungall BA, Tamin A, Peeples ME, Bellini WJ, Rota PA. Determination of the henipavirus phosphoprotein gene mRNA editing frequencies and detection of the C, V and W proteins of Nipah virus in virus-infected cells. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:398-404. [PMID: 19141449 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.007294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The henipaviruses, Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV), are highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxoviruses. Like many other paramyxoviruses, henipaviruses employ a process of co-transcriptional mRNA editing during transcription of the phosphoprotein (P) gene to generate additional mRNAs encoding the V and W proteins. The C protein is translated from the P mRNA, but in an alternate reading frame. Sequence analysis of multiple, cloned mRNAs showed that the mRNA editing frequencies of the P genes of the henipaviruses are higher than those reported for other paramyxoviruses. Antisera to synthetic peptides from the P, V, W and C proteins of NiV were generated to study their expression in infected cells. All proteins were detected in both infected cells and purified virions. In infected cells, the W protein was detected in the nucleus while P, V and C were found in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Lo
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Vaccines and Immunity, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.,The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.,Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Herpesviruses Laboratory Branch, 1600 Clifton Road, MS-C-22, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Brian H Harcourt
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Herpesviruses Laboratory Branch, 1600 Clifton Road, MS-C-22, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Bruce A Mungall
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, East Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Azaibi Tamin
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Herpesviruses Laboratory Branch, 1600 Clifton Road, MS-C-22, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Mark E Peeples
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.,The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Vaccines and Immunity, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - William J Bellini
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Herpesviruses Laboratory Branch, 1600 Clifton Road, MS-C-22, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Paul A Rota
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Herpesviruses Laboratory Branch, 1600 Clifton Road, MS-C-22, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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40
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Abstract
Because viruses are obligate parasites, numerous partnerships between measles virus and cellular molecules can be expected. At the entry level, measles virus uses at least two cellular receptors, CD150 and a yet to be identified epithelial receptor to which the virus H protein binds. This dual receptor strategy illuminates the natural infection and inter-human propagation of this lymphotropic virus. The attenuated vaccine strains use CD46 as an additional receptor, which results in a tropism alteration. Surprisingly, the intracellular viral and cellular protein partnership leading to optimal virus life cycle remains mostly a black box, while the interactions between viral proteins that sustain the RNA-dependant RNA polymerase activity (i.e., transcription and replication), the particle assembly and the polarised virus budding are documented. Hsp72 is the only cellular protein that is known to regulate the virus transcription and replication through its interaction with the viral N protein. The viral P protein is phosphorylated by the casein kinase II with undetermined functional consequences. The cellular partnership that controls the intracellular trafficking of viral components, the assembly and/or the budding of measles virus, remains unknown. The virus to cell innate immunity war is better documented. The 5' triphosphate-ended virus leader transcript is recognised by RIG-I, a cellular helicase, and induces the interferon response. Measles virus V protein binds to the MDAS helicase and prevents the MDA5-mediated activation of interferon. By interacting with STAT1 and Jak1, the viral P and V proteins prevent the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR) signalling. The virus N protein interacts with eIF3-p40 to inhibit the translation of cellular mRNA. The H protein binds to TLR2, which then transduces an activation signal and CD150 expression in monocytes. The P protein activates the expression of the ubiquitin modifier A20, thus blocking the TLR4-mediated signalling. Few other partnerships between measles virus components and cellular proteins have been postulated or demonstrated, and they need further investigations to understand their physiopathological outcome.
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41
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Boxer EL, Nanda SK, Baron MD. The rinderpest virus non-structural C protein blocks the induction of type 1 interferon. Virology 2008; 385:134-42. [PMID: 19108859 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response, in particular the production of type 1 interferons, is an essential part of the mammalian host response to viral infection. We have previously shown that rinderpest virus, a morbillivirus closely related to the human pathogen measles virus, blocks the actions of type 1 and type 2 interferons. We show here that this virus can also block the induction of type 1 interferon. The viral non-structural C protein appears to be the active agent, since expressing this protein in cells makes them resistant to activation of the interferon-beta promoter while recombinant virus that does not express the C protein activates this promoter much more than virus expressing the C protein. In addition, differences in activation of the interferon-beta promoter by different strains of rinderpest virus are reflected in differing abilities of their respective C proteins to block activation of the promoter by dsRNA. The C protein blocks the activation of this promoter induced by either cytoplasmic dsRNA or by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection, as well as activation induced by overexpression of several elements of the signalling pathway, including mda-5, RIG-I and IRF-3. The RPV C protein also blocks transcription from promoters responsive individually to the three transcription factors that make up the interferon-beta promoter enhanceosome, although it does not appear to block the activation of IRF-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Boxer
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
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42
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Pfaller CK, Conzelmann KK. Measles virus V protein is a decoy substrate for IkappaB kinase alpha and prevents Toll-like receptor 7/9-mediated interferon induction. J Virol 2008; 82:12365-73. [PMID: 18922877 PMCID: PMC2593327 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01321-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The central role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) in activating host immune responses stems from their high capacity to express alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) after stimulation of Toll-like receptors 7 and 9 (TLR7 and -9). This involves the adapter MyD88 and the kinases interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), IRAK4, and IkappaB kinase alpha (IKKalpha), which activates IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) and is independent of the canonical kinases TBK1 and IKKepsilon. We have recently shown that the immunosuppressive measles virus (MV) abolishes TLR7/9/MyD88-dependent IFN induction in human pDC (Schlender et al., J. Virol. 79:5507-5515, 2005), but the molecular mechanisms remained elusive. Here, we have reconstituted the pathway in cell lines and identified IKKalpha and IRF7 as specific targets of the MV V protein (MV-V). Binding of MV-V to IKKalpha resulted in phosphorylation of V on the expense of IRF7 phosphorylation by IKKalpha in vitro and in living cells. This corroborates the role of IKKalpha as the kinase phosphorylating IRF7. MV-V in addition bound to IRF7 and to phosphomimetic IRF7 and inhibited IRF7 transcriptional activity. Binding to both IKKalpha and IRF7 required the 68-amino-acid unique C-terminal domain of V. Inhibition of TLR/MyD88-dependent IFN induction by MV-V is unique among paramyxovirus V proteins and should contribute to the unique immunosuppressive phenotype of measles. The mechanisms employed by MV-V inspire strategies to interfere with immunopathological TLR/MyD88 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian K Pfaller
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute & Gene Center, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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Protein kinase PKR mediates the apoptosis induction and growth restriction phenotypes of C protein-deficient measles virus. J Virol 2008; 83:961-8. [PMID: 19004947 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01669-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The measles virus (MV) accessory proteins V and C play important roles in MV replication and pathogenesis. Infection with recombinant MV lacking either V or C causes more cell death than infection with the parental vaccine-equivalent virus (MVvac), and C-deficient virus grows poorly relative to the parental virus. Here, we show that a major effector of the C phenotype is the RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR. Using human HeLa cells stably deficient in PKR as a result of RNA interference-mediated knockdown (PKR(kd) cells), we demonstrated that a reduction in PKR partially rescued the growth defect of C knockout (C(ko)) virus but had no effect on the growth of either wild-type (WT) or V knockout (V(ko)) virus. Increased growth of the C(ko) virus in PKR(kd) cells correlated with increased viral protein expression, while defective growth and decreased protein expression in PKR-sufficient cells correlated with increased phosphorylation of PKR and the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2. Furthermore, infection with WT, V(ko), or especially C(ko) virus caused significantly less apoptosis in PKR(kd) cells than in PKR-sufficient cells. Although apoptosis induced by C(ko) virus infection in PKR-sufficient cells was blocked by a caspase antagonist, the growth of C(ko) virus was not restored to the WT level by treatment with this pharmacologic inhibitor. Taken together, these results indicate that PKR plays an important antiviral role during MV infection but that the virus growth restriction by PKR is not dependent upon the induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, the results establish that a principal function of the MV C protein is to antagonize the proapoptotic and antiviral activities of PKR.
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Caignard G, Bouraï M, Jacob Y, Tangy F, Vidalain PO. Inhibition of IFN-alpha/beta signaling by two discrete peptides within measles virus V protein that specifically bind STAT1 and STAT2. Virology 2008; 383:112-20. [PMID: 19007958 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The V protein of measles virus (MV-V) is a potent inhibitor of IFN-alpha/beta signaling pathway. We previously reported that when physically dissociated, the N-terminal and C-terminal regions of MV-V (PNT and VCT, respectively) could independently impair signal transduction. The PNT region inhibited IFN-alpha/beta signaling by interacting with at least two components of this pathway: Jak1 and STAT1. Here we report a direct interaction between the VCT of MV-V and STAT2, a third component of IFN-alpha/beta transduction machinery. This interaction with STAT2 is carried by the cysteine-constrained peptide of 49 amino acids localized in the VCT region, and is essential to the inhibition of IFN-alpha/beta signaling. In parallel, we also mapped STAT1 binding site in the PNT region and identified a minimal peptide of only 11 amino acids. IFN-alpha/beta signaling was impaired in human cells treated with this MV-V peptide fused to a cell-penetrating sequence. Finally, we show that signaling downstream of IFN-lambda, a recently identified cytokine that also relies on STAT1, STAT2 and Jak1 to transduce, is blocked by MV-V. Altogether, our results illustrate how a single viral protein has evolved to achieve a robust inhibition of the antiviral response by interacting with several signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Caignard
- Laboratoire de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, CNRS URA 3015, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Bankamp B, Fontana JM, Bellini WJ, Rota PA. Adaptation to cell culture induces functional differences in measles virus proteins. Virol J 2008; 5:129. [PMID: 18954437 PMCID: PMC2582235 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Live, attenuated measles virus (MeV) vaccine strains were generated by adaptation to cell culture. The genetic basis for the attenuation of the vaccine strains is unknown. We previously reported that adaptation of a pathogenic, wild-type MeV to Vero cells or primary chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) resulted in a loss of pathogenicity in rhesus macaques. The CEF-adapted virus (D-CEF) contained single amino acid changes in the C and matrix (M) proteins and two substitutions in the shared amino terminal domain of the phosphoprotein (P) and V protein. The Vero-adapted virus (D-VI) had a mutation in the cytoplasmic tail of the hemagglutinin (H) protein. Results In vitro assays were used to test the functions of the wild-type and mutant proteins. The substitution in the C protein of D-CEF decreased its ability to inhibit mini-genome replication, while the wild-type and mutant M proteins inhibited replication to the same extent. The substitution in the cytoplasmic tail of the D-VI H protein resulted in reduced fusion in a quantitative fusion assay. Co-expression of M proteins with wild-type fusion and H proteins decreased fusion activity, but the mutation in the M protein of D-CEF did not affect this function. Both mutations in the P and V proteins of D-CEF reduced the ability of these proteins to inhibit type I and II interferon signaling. Conclusion Adaptation of a wild-type MeV to cell culture selected for genetic changes that caused measurable functional differences in viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Bankamp
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Herpesvirus Laboratory Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS C-22, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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Measles virus circumvents the host interferon response by different actions of the C and V proteins. J Virol 2008; 82:8296-306. [PMID: 18562542 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00108-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles is an acute febrile infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality. The genome of measles virus (MV), the causative agent, encodes two accessory products, V and C proteins, that play important roles in MV virulence. The V but not the C protein of the IC-B strain (a well-characterized virulent strain of MV) has been shown to block the Jak/Stat signaling pathway and counteract the cellular interferon (IFN) response. We have recently shown that a recombinant IC-B strain that lacks C protein expression replicates poorly in certain cell lines, and its growth defect is related to translational inhibition and strong IFN induction. Here, we show that the V protein of the MV IC-B strain also blocks the IFN induction pathway mediated by the melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 product, thus actively interfering with the host IFN response at two different steps. On the other hand, the C protein per se possesses no activity to block the IFN induction pathway. Our data indicate that the C protein acts as a regulator of viral RNA synthesis, thereby acting indirectly to suppress IFN induction. Since recombinant MVs with C protein defective in modulating viral RNA synthesis or lacking C protein expression strongly stimulate IFN production, in spite of V protein production, both the C and V proteins must be required for MV to fully circumvent the host IFN response.
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Attenuation of V- or C-defective measles viruses: infection control by the inflammatory and interferon responses of rhesus monkeys. J Virol 2008; 82:5359-67. [PMID: 18385234 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00169-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients recruited in virus-based cancer clinical trials and immunocompromised individuals in need of vaccination would profit from viral strains with defined attenuation mechanisms. We generated measles virus (MV) strains defective for the expression of either the V protein, a modulator of the innate immune response, or the C protein, which has multiple functions. The virulence of these strains was compared with that of the parental wild-type MV in a natural host, Macaca mulatta. Skin rash, viremia, and the strength of the innate and adaptive immune responses were characterized in groups of six animals. Replication of V- or C-protein-defective viruses was short-lived and reached lower levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymphatic organs compared to the wild-type virus; none of the mutants reverted to the wild type. The neutralizing antibody titers and MV-specific T-cell responses were equivalent in monkeys infected with the viral strains tested, documenting strong adaptive immune responses. In contrast, the inflammatory response was better controlled by wild-type MV, as revealed by inhibition of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha transcription. The interferon response was also better controlled by the wild-type virus than by the defective viruses. Since V- and C-defective MVs induce strong adaptive immune responses while spreading less efficiently, they may be developed as vaccines for immunocompromised individuals. Moreover, MV unable to interact with single innate immunity proteins may be developed for preferential replication in tumors with specific contexts of vulnerability.
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Regulation of interferon signaling by the C and V proteins from attenuated and wild-type strains of measles virus. Virology 2008; 374:71-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Druelle J, Sellin CI, Waku-Kouomou D, Horvat B, Wild FT. Wild type measles virus attenuation independent of type I IFN. Virol J 2008; 5:22. [PMID: 18241351 PMCID: PMC2275253 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Measles virus attenuation has been historically performed by adaptation to cell culture. The current dogma is that attenuated virus strains induce more type I IFN and are more resistant to IFN-induced protection than wild type (wt). Results The adaptation of a measles virus isolate (G954-PBL) by 13 passages in Vero cells induced a strong attenuation of this strain in vivo. The adapted virus (G954-V13) differs from its parental strain by only 5 amino acids (4 in P/V/C and 1 in the M gene). While a vaccine strain, Edmonston Zagreb, could replicate equally well in various primate cells, both G954 strains exhibited restriction to the specific cell type used initially for their propagation. Surprisingly, we observed that both G954 strains induced type I IFN, the wt strain inducing even more than the attenuated ones, particularly in human plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. Type I IFN-induced protection from the infection of both G954 strains depended on the cell type analyzed, being less efficient in the cells used to grow the viral strain. Conclusion Thus, mutations in M and P/V/C proteins can critically affect MV pathogenicity, cellular tropism and lead to virus attenuation without interfering with the α/β IFN system.
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Sakaguchi T, Kato A, Kiyotani K, Yoshida T, Nagai Y. Studies on the paramyxovirus accessory genes by reverse genetics in the Sendai virus-mouse system. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2008; 84:439-451. [PMID: 19075516 PMCID: PMC3720547 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.84.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide sequencing of the entire genomes was completed in the 1980s for most members of the Paramyxoviridae. It then became a new common task with challenge for researchers in the field to establish a system to recover the virus entirely from cDNA, thereby allowing reverse genetics (free manipulation of the viral genome). Using Sendai virus, we established a system of incomparable virus recovery efficiency early on. This technology was then fully exploited in answering a series of long-held questions. In particular, two accessory genes whose functions had remained enigmatic were demonstrated to encode special functions critical in viral in vivo pathogenesis producing fatal pneumonia in mice, although dispensable in virus replication at the in vitro cellular level. Their in vivo functions were found to counteract the two respective facets of the antiviral state induced by interferons and an interferon regulatory factor 3-dependent but yet unknown effector. These achievements appear to have facilitated a scientific trend where the accessory genes are a focus of active investigation in studies on other paramyxoviruses and opened up a new common ground shared between virology and immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takemasa Sakaguchi
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University,
Japan
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases,
Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Kiyotani
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University,
Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoshida
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima International University,
Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Nagai
- Center of Research Network for Infectious Diseases, RIKEN,
Japan
- Recipient of
Japan Academy Prize in 2008
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