1
|
Mascanzoni F, Ayala I, Iannitti R, Luini A, Colanzi A. The Golgi checkpoint: Golgi unlinking during G2 is necessary for spindle formation and cytokinesis. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302469. [PMID: 38479814 PMCID: PMC10941482 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Entry into mitosis requires not only correct DNA replication but also extensive cell reorganization, including the separation of the Golgi ribbon into isolated stacks. To understand the significance of pre-mitotic Golgi reorganization, we devised a strategy to first block Golgi segregation, with the consequent G2-arrest, and then force entry into mitosis. We found that the cells forced to enter mitosis with an intact Golgi ribbon showed remarkable cell division defects, including spindle multipolarity and binucleation. The spindle defects were caused by reduced levels at the centrosome of the kinase Aurora-A, a pivotal spindle formation regulator controlled by Golgi segregation. Overexpression of Aurora-A rescued spindle formation, indicating a crucial role of the Golgi-dependent recruitment of Aurora-A at the centrosome. Thus, our results reveal that alterations of the pre-mitotic Golgi segregation in G2 have profound consequences on the fidelity of later mitotic processes and represent potential risk factors for cell transformation and cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Mascanzoni
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Inmaculada Ayala
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Iannitti
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Luini
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino Colanzi
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mărunţelu I, Constantinescu AE, Covache-Busuioc RA, Constantinescu I. The Golgi Apparatus: A Key Player in Innate Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4120. [PMID: 38612929 PMCID: PMC11012725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus, long recognized for its roles in protein processing and vesicular trafficking, has recently been identified as a crucial contributor to innate immune signaling pathways. This review discusses our expanding understanding of the Golgi apparatus's involvement in initiating and activating these pathways. It highlights the significance of membrane connections between the Golgi and other organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, endosomes, and autophagosomes. These connections are vital for the efficient transmission of innate immune signals and the activation of effector responses. Furthermore, the article delves into the Golgi apparatus's roles in key immune pathways, including the inflammasome-mediated activation of caspase-1, the cGAS-STING pathway, and TLR/RLR signaling. Overall, this review aims to provide insights into the multifunctional nature of the Golgi apparatus and its impact on innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ion Mărunţelu
- Immunology and Transplant Immunology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Centre of Immunogenetics and Virology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra-Elena Constantinescu
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-E.C.); (R.-A.C.-B.)
- “Emil Palade” Center of Excellence for Young Researchers (EP-CEYR), Romanian Academy of Scientists (AOSR), 050094 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan-Adrian Covache-Busuioc
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-E.C.); (R.-A.C.-B.)
| | - Ileana Constantinescu
- Immunology and Transplant Immunology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Centre of Immunogenetics and Virology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
- “Emil Palade” Center of Excellence for Young Researchers (EP-CEYR), Romanian Academy of Scientists (AOSR), 050094 Bucharest, Romania
- Romanian Academy of Scientists (AOSR), 050094 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shirai R, Yamauchi J. Emerging Evidence of Golgi Stress Signaling for Neuropathies. Neurol Int 2024; 16:334-348. [PMID: 38525704 PMCID: PMC10961782 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint16020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is an intracellular organelle that modifies cargo, which is transported extracellularly through the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane in order. First, the general function of the Golgi is reviewed and, then, Golgi stress signaling is discussed. In addition to the six main Golgi signaling pathways, two pathways that have been increasingly reported in recent years are described in this review. The focus then shifts to neurological disorders, examining Golgi stress reported in major neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. The review also encompasses findings related to other diseases, including hypomyelinating leukodystrophy, frontotemporal spectrum disorder/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, microcephaly, Wilson's disease, and prion disease. Most of these neurological disorders cause Golgi fragmentation and Golgi stress. As a result, strong signals may act to induce apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sansaria R, Das KD, Poulose A. Quantification of golgi dispersal and classification using machine learning models. Micron 2024; 176:103547. [PMID: 37839330 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2023.103547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi body is a critical organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for processing and modifying proteins and lipids. Under certain conditions, such as stress, disease, or ageing, the Golgi structure alters. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate Golgi dispersion has significant research contributions to identifying disease. However, there is a lack of tools to quantify the Golgi dispersion datasets. In this paper, we aim to automate the process of quantification of Golgi dispersion and use extracted features to classify dispersed Golgi images from undispersed Golgi images using machine learning models. First, we collected confocal microscopy images of transiently transfected HeLa cells expressing Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT)- green fluorescent protein (GFP) to quantify Golgi dispersal and classification. For the quantification, we introduced automated image processing and segmentation by applying mean and Gaussian filters. Then we used Otsu thresholding on preprocessed images and watershed segmentation to refine the segmentation of dispersed Golgi particles. In the case of classification, we extracted features from the Golgi dispersal images and classified them into empty vector (EV) versus CARP1 ring mutant (CARP1 RM) and empty vector (EV) versus CARP1 wildtype (CARP1 WT) classes. Our approach used machine-learning models, including logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, Naive Bayes, k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and gradient boosting for dispersed Golgi image classification. The experiment results show that our quantification technique on Golgi dispersal images reached 65% classification accuracy when the system uses a gradient boosting classifier for EV vs. CARP1 WT classification. Furthermore, our approach achieved 65% classification accuracy using a random forest classifier for EV vs. CARP1 RM classification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rutika Sansaria
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India
| | - Krishanu Dey Das
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India
| | - Alwin Poulose
- School of Data Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISE R TVM), Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guo C, Wu M, Guo Z, Zhang R, Wang Z, Peng X, Dong J, Sun X, Zhang Z, Xiao P, Gong T. Hypoxia-Responsive Golgi-Targeted Prodrug Assembled with Anthracycline for Improved Antitumor and Antimetastasis Efficacy. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24972-24987. [PMID: 38093174 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is an intricate multistep process regulated via various proteins and enzymes modified and secreted by swollen Golgi apparatus in tumor cells. Thus, Golgi complex is considered as an important target for the remedy of metastasis. Currently, Golgi targeting technologies are mostly employed in Golgi-specific fluorescent probes for diagnosis, but their applications in therapy are rarely reported. Herein, we proposed a prodrug (INR) that can target and destroy the Golgi apparatus, which consisted of indomethacin (IMC) as the Golgi targeting moiety and retinoic acid (RA), a Golgi disrupting agent. The linker between IMC and RA was designed as a hypoxia-responsive nitroaromatic structure, which ensured the release of the prototype drugs in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, INR could be assembled with pirarubicin (THP), an anthracycline, to form a carrier-free nanoparticle (NP) by emulsion-solvent evaporation method. A small amount of mPEG2000-DSPE was added to shield the positive charges and improve the stability of the nanoparticle to obtain PEG-modified nanoparticle (PNP). It was proved that INR released the prototype drugs in tumor cells and hypoxia promoted the release. The Golgi destructive effect of RA in INR was amplified owing to the Golgi targeting ability of IMC, and IMC also inhibited the protumor COX-2/PGE2 signaling. Finally, PNP exhibited excellent curative efficacy on 4T1 primary tumor and its pulmonary and hepatic metastasis. The small molecular therapeutic prodrug targeting Golgi apparatus could be adapted to multifarious drug delivery systems and disease models, which expanded the application of Golgi targeting tactics in disease treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenqi Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mengying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhaofei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rongping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jianxia Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Peihong Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vitali T, Sanchez-Alvarez R, Witkos TM, Bantounas I, Cutiongco MFA, Dudek M, Yan G, Mironov AA, Swift J, Lowe M. Vimentin intermediate filaments provide structural stability to the mammalian Golgi complex. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260577. [PMID: 37732478 PMCID: PMC10617613 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi complex comprises a connected ribbon of stacked cisternal membranes localized to the perinuclear region in most vertebrate cells. The position and morphology of this organelle depends upon interactions with microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton. In contrast, we know relatively little about the relationship of the Golgi complex with intermediate filaments (IFs). In this study, we show that the Golgi is in close physical proximity to vimentin IFs in cultured mouse and human cells. We also show that the trans-Golgi network coiled-coil protein GORAB can physically associate with vimentin IFs. Loss of vimentin and/or GORAB had a modest effect upon Golgi structure at the steady state. The Golgi underwent more rapid disassembly upon chemical disruption with brefeldin A or nocodazole, and slower reassembly upon drug washout, in vimentin knockout cells. Moreover, loss of vimentin caused reduced Golgi ribbon integrity when cells were cultured on high-stiffness hydrogels, which was exacerbated by loss of GORAB. These results indicate that vimentin IFs contribute to the structural stability of the Golgi complex and suggest a role for GORAB in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Vitali
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Rosa Sanchez-Alvarez
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Tomasz M. Witkos
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ioannis Bantounas
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Marie F. A. Cutiongco
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Michal Dudek
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Guanhua Yan
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Alexander A. Mironov
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Joe Swift
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Martin Lowe
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kong R, Li J, Liu F, Ma Y, Zhao H, Zhao H, Ma M, Li Z. A feedforward loop between JAK/STAT downstream target p115 and STAT in germline stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1940-1953. [PMID: 37683644 PMCID: PMC10656303 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of germline stem cells (GSCs) is essential for tissue homeostasis. JAK/STAT signaling maintains GSC fate in Drosophila testis. However, how JAK/STAT signaling maintains male GSC fate through its downstream targets remains poorly understood. Here, we identify p115, a tER/cis-Golgi golgin protein, as a putative downstream target of JAK/STAT signaling. p115 maintains GSC fate independent of GM130 and GRASP65. p115 localizes in cytosol, the ER and Golgi apparatus in germline cells and is required for the morphology of the ER and Golgi apparatus. Furthermore, depletion of p115 in GSCs results in aberrant spindle orientation. Mechanistically, p115 associates with and stabilizes STAT. Finally, ectopic expression of STAT completely restores GSC loss caused by p115 depletion. Collectively, JAK/STAT signaling and p115 form a feedforward loop to maintain male GSC fate. Our work provides new insights into the regulatory mechanism of how stem cell maintenance is properly controlled by JAK/STAT signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyan Kong
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Fuli Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yankun Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hanfei Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Meifang Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhouhua Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Skupien-Jaroszek A, Szczepankiewicz AA, Rysz A, Marchel A, Matyja E, Grajkowska W, Wilczynski GM, Dzwonek J. Morphological alterations of the neuronal Golgi apparatus upon seizures. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2023; 49:e12940. [PMID: 37771048 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological disorders, affecting around 50 million people worldwide, but its underlying cellular and molecular events are not fully understood. The Golgi is a highly dynamic cellular organelle and can be fragmented into ministacks under both physiological and pathological conditions. This phenomenon has also been observed in several neurodegenerative disorders; however, the structure of the Golgi apparatus (GA) in human patients suffering from epilepsy has not been described so far. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in GA architecture in epilepsy. METHODS Golgi visualisation with immunohistochemical staining in the neocortex of adult patients who underwent epilepsy surgery; 3D reconstruction and quantitative morphometric analysis of GA structure in the rat hippocampi upon kainic acid (KA) induced seizures, as well as in vitro studies with the use of Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM in primary hippocampal neurons upon activation were performed. RESULTS We observed GA dispersion in neurons of the human neocortex of patients with epilepsy and hippocampal neurons in rats upon KA-induced seizures. The structural changes of GA were reversible, as GA morphology returned to normal within 24 h of KA treatment. KA-induced Golgi fragmentation observed in primary hippocampal neurons cultured in vitro was largely abolished by the addition of BAPTA-AM. CONCLUSIONS In our study, we have shown for the first time that the neuronal GA is fragmented in the human brain of patients with epilepsy and rat brain upon seizures. We have shown that seizure-induced GA dispersion can be reversible, suggesting that enhanced neuronal activity induces Golgi reorganisation that is involved in aberrant neuronal plasticity processes that underlie epilepsy. Moreover, our results revealed that elevated cytosolic Ca2+ is indispensable for these KA-induced morphological alterations of GA in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skupien-Jaroszek
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej A Szczepankiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Rysz
- Department of Neurosurgery, 1 Military Clinical Hospital in Lublin, Affiliate in Ełk, Ełk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Marchel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Matyja
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Neuropathology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiesława Grajkowska
- Department of Pathology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz M Wilczynski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Dzwonek
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rajanala K, Wedegaertner PB. Gβγ signaling regulates microtubule-dependent control of Golgi integrity. Cell Signal 2023; 106:110630. [PMID: 36805843 PMCID: PMC10079639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Gβγ subunits regulate several non-canonical functions at distinct intracellular organelles. Previous studies have shown that Gβγ signaling at the Golgi is necessary to mediate vesicular protein transport function and to regulate mitotic Golgi fragmentation. Disruption of Golgi structure also occurs in response to microtubule depolymerizing agents, such as nocodazole. In this study, we use siRNA against Gβ1/2 or specific Gγ subunits to deplete their expression, and show that their knockdown causes a significant reduction in nocodazole-induced Golgi fragmentation. We establish that knockdown of Gβγ or inhibition of Gβγ with gallein resulted in decreased activation of protein kinase D (PKD) in response to nocodazole treatment. We demonstrate that restricting the amount of free Gβγ available for signaling by either inhibiting Gαi activation using pertussis toxin or by knockdown of the non-GPCR GEF, Girdin/GIV protein, results in a substantial decrease in nocodazole-induced Golgi fragmentation and PKD phosphorylation. Our results also indicate that depletion of Gβγ or inhibition with gallein or pertussis toxin significantly reduces the microtubule disruption-dependent Golgi fragmentation phenotype observed in cells transfected with mutant SOD1, a major causative protein in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These results provide compelling evidence that Gβγ signaling is critical for the regulation of Golgi integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Rajanala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - Philip B Wedegaertner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
B.R. R, Shah N, Joshi P, Madhusudan MS, Balasubramanian N. Kinetics of Arf1 inactivation regulates Golgi organisation and function in non-adherent fibroblasts. Biol Open 2023; 12:bio059669. [PMID: 36946871 PMCID: PMC10187640 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Arf1 belongs to the Arf family of small GTPases that localise at the Golgi and plasma membrane. Active Arf1 plays a crucial role in regulating Golgi organisation and function. In mouse fibroblasts, loss of adhesion triggers a consistent drop (∼50%) in Arf1 activation that causes the Golgi to disorganise but not fragment. In suspended cells, the trans-Golgi (GalTase) disperses more prominently than cis-Golgi (Man II), accompanied by increased active Arf1 (detected using GFP-ABD: ARHGAP10 Arf1 binding domain) associated with the cis-Golgi compartment. Re-adhesion restores Arf1 activation at the trans-Golgi as it reorganises. Arf1 activation at the Golgi is regulated by Arf1 Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GBF1, and BIG1/2. In non-adherent fibroblasts, the cis-medial Golgi provides a unique setting to test and understand the role GEF-mediated Arf1 activation has in regulating Golgi organisation. Labelled with Man II-GFP, non-adherent fibroblasts treated with increasing concentrations of Brefeldin-A (BFA) (which inhibits BIG1/2 and GBF1) or Golgicide A (GCA) (which inhibits GBF1 only) comparably decrease active Arf1 levels. They, however, cause a concentration-dependent increase in cis-medial Golgi fragmentation and fusion with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Using selected BFA and GCA concentrations, we find a change in the kinetics of Arf1 inactivation could mediate this by regulating cis-medial Golgi localisation of GBF1. On loss of adhesion, a ∼50% drop in Arf1 activation over 120 min causes the Golgi to disorganise. The kinetics of this drop, when altered by BFA or GCA treatment causes a similar decline in Arf1 activation but over 10 min. This causes the Golgi to now fragment which affects cell surface glycosylation and re-adherent cell spreading. Using non-adherent fibroblasts this study reveals the kinetics of Arf1 inactivation, with active Arf1 levels, to be vital for Golgi organisation and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwari B.R.
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Nikita Shah
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Prachi Joshi
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - M. S. Madhusudan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Nagaraj Balasubramanian
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen X, Wang Y. Quantitative Proteomics Analysis of Purified Rat Liver Golgi. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2557:417-430. [PMID: 36512229 PMCID: PMC10174226 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi is the central organelle in the secretory pathway, essential for post-translational modifications, sorting and trafficking of secretory and membrane proteins and lipids in all eukaryotic cells. During mitosis, the mammalian Golgi membranes undergo continuous disassembly and reassembly processes which are critical for Golgi biogenesis during the cell division. To better understand the underlying molecular mechanism of this highly dynamic process, we analyzed the proteins that are in or associated with interphase and mitotic Golgi membranes using an in vitro Golgi assembly assay and quantitative proteomics. In this study, by combining an isobaric mass tag labeling strategy with OFFGEL peptide fractionation, LC-MS/MS analyses identified and quantified a total of 1193 Golgi-resident or -associated proteins. These proteins included Golgi structural proteins, Golgi-resident enzymes, Rab GTPases, and SNARE proteins. This systematic quantitative proteomic study revealed the comprehensive molecular machinery of the Golgi and the dynamic protein changes in its disassembly and reassembly processes. Here we describe the detailed procedures and protocols for this analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuequn Chen
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Frye KB, Zhu X, Khodjakov A, Kaverina I. Unbiased Quantification of Golgi Scattering and Golgi-Centrosome Association. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2557:529-541. [PMID: 36512235 PMCID: PMC9844073 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate Golgi complex is a large dynamic organelle which undergoes morphological changes and fragmentation both as a part of normal physiological dynamics and under disease conditions. The Golgi is known to have a functionally important relationship with the centrosome. The extent of the spatial association between these two organelles varies in a dynamic and regulated manner. It is essential to have a reliable unbiased approach to evaluate Golgi volume, Golgi extension/scattering in the 3D cell space, and spatial association of the Golgi with the centrosome. It is also important that each of these features is evaluated by a simple metric, one measurement per cell, so that the variability and deviations in the cell population can be easily assessed. Here, we present an approach to analyze confocal microscopy image stacks to easily measure Golgi volume, scattering, and association with the centrosome. The approach is based on a custom MATLAB script, provided here as a supplement, and also uses widely available software (ImageJ and/or Imaris). The output of the script is a table with the following parameters: Golgi volume in voxels, Golgi volume in μm3, "Golgi-Golgi" distance (averaged distance between all Golgi voxels), Golgi-centrosome distance (averaged distance between each Golgi voxel and the nearest mother centriole), and centrosome-centrosome distance (for cells with duplicated centrosome, the distance between the mother centrioles). The approach can also be applied to analyze distribution of any fluorescently- labeled structure within a cell and its association with the centrosome or any single point within the cell volume.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keyada B Frye
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alexey Khodjakov
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Irina Kaverina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Satoh A, Hayashi-Nishino M, Nishino K. An Electron Tomographic Analysis of Giantin-Deficient Golgi Proposes a New Function of the Golgin Protein Family. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2557:235-246. [PMID: 36512219 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is an organelle that mediates modifications, sorting, and transport of proteins and lipids. Golgins are a group of proteins with coiled-coil structures that localize to the Golgi and are thought to function as tethers to facilitate the docking of vesicles, Rab GTPases, and cytoskeleton components to the Golgi stack. Giantin is the longest golgin and has been thought to function as a tether for COPI vesicles along with other golgins, such as p115 and GM130. Contrary to our expectation that the loss of the tether will result in an increase in untethered COPI vesicles in the cytoplasm, our electron microscopy observations showed that the fenestrae normally present in Golgi cisternae were reduced upon Giantin knockdown. We also found that this structural change is accompanied by altered secretion of cargo proteins and cell surface glycosylation. These results indicate that there exists a correlation between Golgi structural changes caused by the loss of Giantin and Golgi function. Here, we describe electron tomography methods for the detection of structural changes in the Golgi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Satoh
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
| | | | - Kunihiko Nishino
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Truberg J, Hobohm L, Jochimsen A, Desel C, Schweizer M, Voss M. Endogenous tagging reveals a mid-Golgi localization of the glycosyltransferase-cleaving intramembrane protease SPPL3. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119345. [PMID: 36007678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous Golgi-resident enzymes implicated in glycosylation are regulated by the conserved intramembrane protease SPPL3. SPPL3-catalyzed endoproteolysis separates Golgi enzymes from their membrane anchors, enabling subsequent release from the Golgi and secretion. Experimentally altered SPPL3 expression changes glycosylation patterns, yet the regulation of SPPL3-mediated Golgi enzyme cleavage is not understood and conflicting results regarding the subcellular localization of SPPL3 have been reported. Here, we used precise genome editing to generate isogenic cell lines expressing N- or C-terminally tagged SPPL3 from its endogenous locus. Using these cells, we conducted co-localization analyses of tagged endogenous SPPL3 and Golgi markers under steady-state conditions and upon treatment with drugs disrupting Golgi organization. Our data demonstrate that endogenous SPPL3 is Golgi-resident and found predominantly in the mid-Golgi. We find that endogenous SPPL3 co-localizes with its substrates but similarly with non-substrate type II proteins, demonstrating that in addition to co-localization in the Golgi other substrate-intrinsic properties govern SPPL3-mediated intramembrane proteolysis. Given the prevalence of SPPL3-mediated cleavage among Golgi-resident proteins our results have important implications for the regulation of SPPL3 and its role in the organization of the Golgi glycosylation machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jule Truberg
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Rudolf-Höber-Str. 1, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Laura Hobohm
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Rudolf-Höber-Str. 1, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Jochimsen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Rudolf-Höber-Str. 1, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Desel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Rudolf-Höber-Str. 1, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Morphology and Electron Microscopy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Voss
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Rudolf-Höber-Str. 1, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gokbayrak ZD, Patel D, Brett CL. Acetate and hypertonic stress stimulate vacuole membrane fission using distinct mechanisms. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271199. [PMID: 35834522 PMCID: PMC9282455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vacuoles in plants and fungi play critical roles in cell metabolism and osmoregulation. To support these functions, vacuoles change their morphology, e.g. they fragment when these organisms are challenged with draught, high salinity or metabolic stress (e.g. acetate accumulation). In turn, morphology reflects an equilibrium between membrane fusion and fission that determines size, shape and copy number. By studying Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its vacuole as models, conserved molecular mechanisms responsible for fusion have been revealed. However, a detailed understanding of vacuole fission and how these opposing processes respond to metabolism or osmoregulation remain elusive. Herein we describe a new fluorometric assay to measure yeast vacuole fission in vitro. For proof–of–concept, we use this assay to confirm that acetate, a metabolic stressor, triggers vacuole fission and show it blocks homotypic vacuole fusion in vitro. Similarly, hypertonic stress induced by sorbitol or glucose caused robust vacuole fission in vitro whilst inhibiting fusion. Using wortmannin to inhibit phosphatidylinositol (PI) -kinases or rGyp1-46 to inactivate Rab–GTPases, we show that acetate stress likely targets PI signaling, whereas osmotic stress affects Rab signaling on vacuole membranes to stimulate fission. This study sets the stage for further investigation into the mechanisms that change vacuole morphology to support cell metabolism and osmoregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dipti Patel
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kumari A, Kumar C, Pergu R, Kumar M, Mahale SP, Wasnik N, Mylavarapu SVS. Phosphorylation and Pin1 binding to the LIC1 subunit selectively regulate mitotic dynein functions. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212736. [PMID: 34709360 PMCID: PMC8562849 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202005184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynein motor performs multiple functions in mitosis by engaging with a wide cargo spectrum. One way to regulate dynein's cargo-binding selectivity is through the C-terminal domain (CTD) of its light intermediate chain 1 subunit (LIC1), which binds directly with cargo adaptors. Here we show that mitotic phosphorylation of LIC1-CTD at its three cdk1 sites is required for proper mitotic progression, for dynein loading onto prometaphase kinetochores, and for spindle assembly checkpoint inactivation in human cells. Mitotic LIC1-CTD phosphorylation also engages the prolyl isomerase Pin1 predominantly to Hook2-dynein-Nde1-Lis1 complexes, but not to dynein-spindly-dynactin complexes. LIC1-CTD dephosphorylation abrogates dynein-Pin1 binding, promotes prophase centrosome-nuclear envelope detachment, and impairs metaphase chromosome congression and mitotic Golgi fragmentation, without affecting interphase membrane transport. Phosphomutation of a conserved LIC1-CTD SP site in zebrafish leads to early developmental defects. Our work reveals that LIC1-CTD phosphorylation differentially regulates distinct mitotic dynein pools and suggests the evolutionary conservation of this phosphoregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Kumari
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, third Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad Haryana, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal Karnataka, India
| | - Chandan Kumar
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, third Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad Haryana, India
| | - Rajaiah Pergu
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, third Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad Haryana, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal Karnataka, India
| | - Megha Kumar
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, third Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad Haryana, India.,Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habsiguda, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sagar P Mahale
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, third Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad Haryana, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal Karnataka, India
| | - Neeraj Wasnik
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, third Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad Haryana, India
| | - Sivaram V S Mylavarapu
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, third Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad Haryana, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wortzel I, Maik-Rachline G, Yadav SS, Hanoch T, Seger R. Mitotic HOOK3 phosphorylation by ERK1c drives microtubule-dependent Golgi destabilization and fragmentation. iScience 2021; 24:102670. [PMID: 34189435 PMCID: PMC8215223 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ERK1c is an alternatively spliced isoform of ERK1 that specifically regulates mitotic Golgi fragmentation, which allows division of the Golgi during mitosis. We have previously shown that ERK1c translocates to the Golgi during mitosis where it is activated by a resident MEK1b to induce Golgi fragmentation. However, the mechanism of ERK1c functions in the Golgi remained obscure. Here, we searched for ERK1c substrates and identified HOOK3 as a mediator of ERK1c-induced mitotic Golgi fragmentation, which requires a second phosphorylation by AuroraA for its function. In cycling cells, HOOK3 interacts with microtubules (MTs) and links them to the Golgi. Early in mitosis, HOOK3 is phosphorylated by ERK1c and later by AuroraA, resulting in HOOK3 detachment from the MTs, and elevated interaction with GM130. This detachment modulates Golgi stability and allows fragmentation of the Golgi. This study demonstrates a novel mechanism of Golgi apparatus destabilization early in mitosis to allow mitotic progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Wortzel
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Galia Maik-Rachline
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Suresh Singh Yadav
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tamar Hanoch
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Rony Seger
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fare CM, Villani A, Drake LE, Shorter J. Higher-order organization of biomolecular condensates. Open Biol 2021; 11:210137. [PMID: 34129784 PMCID: PMC8205532 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A guiding principle of biology is that biochemical reactions must be organized in space and time. One way this spatio-temporal organization is achieved is through liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), which generates biomolecular condensates. These condensates are dynamic and reactive, and often contain a complex mixture of proteins and nucleic acids. In this review, we discuss how underlying physical and chemical processes generate internal condensate architectures. We then outline the diverse condensate architectures that are observed in biological systems. Finally, we discuss how specific condensate organization is critical for specific biological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Fare
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - James Shorter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang Y, Seemann J. Rapid degradation of GRASP55 and GRASP65 reveals their immediate impact on the Golgi structure. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211583. [PMID: 33301566 PMCID: PMC7735681 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
GRASP55 and GRASP65 have been implicated in stacking of Golgi cisternae and lateral linking of stacks within the Golgi ribbon. However, RNAi or gene knockout approaches to dissect their respective roles have often resulted in conflicting conclusions. Here, we gene-edited GRASP55 and/or GRASP65 with a degron tag in human fibroblasts, allowing for induced rapid degradation by the proteasome. We show that acute depletion of either GRASP55 or GRASP65 does not affect the Golgi ribbon, while chronic degradation of GRASP55 disrupts lateral connectivity of the ribbon. Acute double depletion of both GRASPs coincides with the loss of the vesicle tethering proteins GM130, p115, and Golgin-45 from the Golgi and compromises ribbon linking. Furthermore, GRASP55 and/or GRASP65 is not required for maintaining stacks or de novo assembly of stacked cisternae at the end of mitosis. These results demonstrate that both GRASPs are dispensable for Golgi stacking but are involved in maintaining the integrity of the Golgi ribbon together with GM130 and Golgin-45.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Joachim Seemann
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chakrabarti R, Lee M, Higgs HN. Multiple roles for actin in secretory and endocytic pathways. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R603-R618. [PMID: 34033793 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Actin filaments play multiple roles in the secretory pathway and in endosome dynamics in mammals, including maintenance of Golgi structure, release of membrane cargo from the trans-Golgi network (TGN), endocytosis, and endosomal sorting dynamics. In addition, TGN carrier transport and endocytosis both occur by multiple mechanisms in mammals. Actin likely plays a role in at least four mammalian endocytic pathways, five pathways for membrane release from the TGN, and three processes involving endosomes. Also, the mammalian Golgi structure is highly dynamic, and actin is likely important for these dynamics. One challenge for many of these processes is the need to deal with other membrane-associated structures, such as the cortical actin network at the plasma membrane or the matrix that surrounds the Golgi. Arp2/3 complex is a major actin assembly factor in most of the processes mentioned, but roles for formins and tandem WH2-motif-containing assembly factors are being elucidated and are anticipated to grow with further study. The specific role for actin has not been defined for most of these processes, but is likely to involve the generation of force for membrane dynamics, either by actin polymerization itself or by myosin motor activity. Defining these processes mechanistically is necessary for understanding membrane dynamics in general, as well as pathways that utilize these processes, such as autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Miriam Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Henry N Higgs
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang X, Wang Y. Nonredundant Roles of GRASP55 and GRASP65 in the Golgi Apparatus and Beyond. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:1065-1079. [PMID: 32893104 PMCID: PMC7641999 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that two Golgi stacking proteins, GRASP55 and GRASP65, self-interact to form trans-oligomers that tether adjacent Golgi membranes into stacks and ribbons in mammalian cells. This ensures proper functioning of the Golgi apparatus in protein trafficking and processing. More recently, GRASP proteins have drawn extensive attention from researchers due to their diverse and essential roles in and out of the Golgi in different organisms. In this review, we summarize their established roles in Golgi structure formation and function under physiological conditions. We then highlight the emerging and divergent roles for individual GRASP proteins, focusing on GRASP65 in cell migration and apoptosis and GRASP55 in unconventional protein secretion and autophagy under stress or pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Reddy ST, Uversky VN, Costa-Filho AJ. Biophysical characterization of intrinsically disordered human Golgi matrix protein GRASP65. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1982-1993. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
23
|
Ziltener P, Rebane AA, Graham M, Ernst AM, Rothman JE. The golgin family exhibits a propensity to form condensates in living cells. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3086-3094. [PMID: 32668013 PMCID: PMC7589415 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi is surrounded by a ribosome‐excluding matrix. Recently, we reported that the cis‐Golgi‐localized golgin GM130 can phase‐separate to form dynamic, liquid‐like condensates in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show that the overexpression of each of the remaining cis (golgin160, GMAP210)‐ and trans (golgin97, golgin245, GCC88, GCC185)‐golgins results in novel protein condensates. Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB‐SEM) images of GM130 condensates reveal a complex internal organization with branching aqueous channels. Pairs of golgins overexpressed in the same cell form distinct juxtaposed condensates. These findings support the hypothesis that, in addition to their established roles as vesicle tethers, phase separation may be a common feature of the golgin family that contributes to Golgi organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Ziltener
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Morven Graham
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andreas M Ernst
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - James E Rothman
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation pathway targeting organelles and macromolecules, thereby regulating various cellular functions. Phosphorylation is a key posttranscriptional protein modification implicated in the regulation of biological function including autophagy. Under asynchronous conditions, autophagy activity is predominantly suppressed by mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase, but whether autophagy-related genes (ATG) proteins are phosphorylated differentially throughout the sequential phases of the cell cycle remains unclear. In this issue, Li and colleagues report that cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) phosphorylates the ULK complex during mitosis. This phosphorylation induces autophagy and, surprisingly, is shown to drive cell cycle progression. This work reveals a yet-unappreciated role for autophagy in cell cycle progression and enhances our understanding of the specific phase-dependent autophagy regulation during cellular growth and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Yamasaki
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yui Jin
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ohsumi
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gaboon NEA, Parveen A, Ahmad KA, Shuaib T, Al-Aama JY, Abdelwehab L, Arif A, Wasif N. A Novel Homozygous Frameshift Variant in DYM Causing Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen Syndrome in Pakistani Patients. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:383. [PMID: 32766185 PMCID: PMC7378890 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome (DMC) is a skeletal dysplasia with associated defects of brain development and intelligence. The truncating pathogenic variants in DYM are the most frequent cause of DMC. Smith-McCort (SMC), another skeletal dysplasia, is also caused by non-synonymous DYM variants. Methods and Results: In the current study, we examined a Pakistani consanguineous family with three affected members. Clinical features like spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, indicative of characteristic skeletal abnormalities, and intellectual disability were observed. Our male patients had microcephaly and coarse facial features while the female patient did not represent microcephaly or abnormal facies, which are significant features of DMC patients. Sanger sequencing identified a novel homozygous frameshift insertion (c.95_96insT, p.W33Lfs*14) in DYM, which likely leads to nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). Conclusion: The novel frameshift change verifies the fact that pathogenic variants in DYM are the most frequent cause of DMC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa E A Gaboon
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Genetics Center, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asia Parveen
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine (CRiMM), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.,Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab (UCP), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Khaled A Ahmad
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Taghreed Shuaib
- Pediatric Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jumana Y Al-Aama
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Amina Arif
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab (UCP), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Wasif
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine (CRiMM), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm and University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rebane AA, Ziltener P, LaMonica LC, Bauer AH, Zheng H, López-Montero I, Pincet F, Rothman JE, Ernst AM. Liquid-liquid phase separation of the Golgi matrix protein GM130. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:1132-1144. [PMID: 31833055 PMCID: PMC7160038 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Golgins are an abundant class of peripheral membrane proteins of the Golgi. These very long (50–400 nm) rod‐like proteins initially capture cognate transport vesicles, thus enabling subsequent SNARE‐mediated membrane fusion. Here, we explore the hypothesis that in addition to serving as vesicle tethers, Golgins may also possess the capacity to phase separate and, thereby, contribute to the internal organization of the Golgi. GM130 is the most abundant Golgin at the cis Golgi. Remarkably, overexpressed GM130 forms liquid droplets in cells analogous to those described for numerous intrinsically disordered proteins with low complexity sequences, even though GM130 is neither low in complexity nor intrinsically disordered. Virtually pure recombinant GM130 also phase‐separates into dynamic, liquid‐like droplets in close to physiological buffers and at concentrations similar to its estimated local concentration at the cis Golgi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascal Ziltener
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lauren C LaMonica
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Antonia H Bauer
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Iván López-Montero
- Dto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Doce de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Frederic Pincet
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, PSL Research University, Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ, Paris, France
| | - James E Rothman
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andreas M Ernst
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Magliozzi R, Carrero ZI, Low TY, Yuniati L, Valdes-Quezada C, Kruiswijk F, van Wijk K, Heck AJR, Jackson CL, Guardavaccaro D. Inheritance of the Golgi Apparatus and Cytokinesis Are Controlled by Degradation of GBF1. Cell Rep 2019; 23:3381-3391.e4. [PMID: 29898406 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although much is known about how chromosome segregation is coupled to cell division, how intracellular organelles partition during mitotic division is poorly understood. We report that the phosphorylation-dependent degradation of the ARFGEF GBF1 regulates organelle trafficking during cell division. We show that, in mitosis, GBF1 is phosphorylated on Ser292 and Ser297 by casein kinase-2 allowing recognition by the F-box protein βTrCP. GBF1 interaction with βTrCP recruits GBF1 to the SCFβTrCP ubiquitin ligase complex, triggering its degradation. Phosphorylation and degradation of GBF1 occur along microtubules at the intercellular bridge of telophase cells and are required for Golgi membrane positioning and postmitotic Golgi reformation. Indeed, expression of a non-degradable GBF1 mutant inhibits the transport of the Golgi cluster adjacent to the midbody toward the Golgi twin positioned next to the centrosome and results in defective Golgi reassembly and cytokinesis failure. These findings define a mechanism that controls postmitotic Golgi reassembly and inheritance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Magliozzi
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Zunamys I Carrero
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Teck Yew Low
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Laurensia Yuniati
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Valdes-Quezada
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Flore Kruiswijk
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Koen van Wijk
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Catherine L Jackson
- Membrane Dynamics and Intracellular Trafficking, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Daniele Guardavaccaro
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Affiliation(s)
- James E. Rothman
- Department of Cell Biology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
van Leeuwen W, Rabouille C. Cellular stress leads to the formation of membraneless stress assemblies in eukaryotic cells. Traffic 2019; 20:623-638. [PMID: 31152627 PMCID: PMC6771618 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In cells at steady state, two forms of cell compartmentalization coexist: membrane-bound organelles and phase-separated membraneless organelles that are present in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Strikingly, cellular stress is a strong inducer of the reversible membraneless compartments referred to as stress assemblies. Stress assemblies play key roles in survival during cell stress and in thriving of cells upon stress relief. The two best studied stress assemblies are the RNA-based processing-bodies (P-bodies) and stress granules that form in response to oxidative, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), osmotic and nutrient stress as well as many others. Interestingly, P-bodies and stress granules are heterogeneous with respect to both the pathways that lead to their formation and their protein and RNA content. Furthermore, in yeast and Drosophila, nutrient stress also leads to the formation of many other types of prosurvival cytoplasmic stress assemblies, such as metabolic enzymes foci, proteasome storage granules, EIF2B bodies, U-bodies and Sec bodies, some of which are not RNA-based. Nutrient stress leads to a drop in cytoplasmic pH, which combined with posttranslational modifications of granule contents, induces phase separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wessel van Leeuwen
- Hubrecht Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciencesand University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Catherine Rabouille
- Hubrecht Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciencesand University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Science of Cells and SystemsUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Satoh A, Hayashi-Nishino M, Shakuno T, Masuda J, Koreishi M, Murakami R, Nakamura Y, Nakamura T, Abe-Kanoh N, Honjo Y, Malsam J, Yu S, Nishino K. The Golgin Protein Giantin Regulates Interconnections Between Golgi Stacks. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:160. [PMID: 31544102 PMCID: PMC6732663 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Golgins are a family of Golgi-localized long coiled-coil proteins. The major golgin function is thought to be the tethering of vesicles, membranes, and cytoskeletal elements to the Golgi. We previously showed that knockdown of one of the longest golgins, Giantin, altered the glycosylation patterns of cell surfaces and the kinetics of cargo transport, suggesting that Giantin maintains correct glycosylation through slowing down transport within the Golgi. Giantin knockdown also altered the sizes and numbers of mini Golgi stacks generated by microtubule de-polymerization, suggesting that it maintains the independence of individual Golgi stacks. Therefore, it is presumed that Golgi stacks lose their independence following Giantin knockdown, allowing easier and possibly increased transport among stacks and abnormal glycosylation. To gain structural insights into the independence of Golgi stacks, we herein performed electron tomography and 3D modeling of Golgi stacks in Giantin knockdown cells. Compared with control cells, Giantin-knockdown cells had fewer and smaller fenestrae within each cisterna. This was supported by data showing that the diffusion rate of Golgi membrane proteins is faster in Giantin-knockdown Golgi, indicating that Giantin knockdown structurally and functionally increases connectivity among Golgi cisternae and stacks. This increased connectivity suggests that contrary to the cis-golgin tether model, Giantin instead inhibits the tether and fusion of nearby Golgi cisternae and stacks, resulting in transport difficulties between stacks that may enable the correct glycosylation of proteins and lipids passing through the Golgi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Satoh
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Takuto Shakuno
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Junko Masuda
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mayuko Koreishi
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Runa Murakami
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naomi Abe-Kanoh
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Public Health and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuko Honjo
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Joerg Malsam
- Center for Biochemistry (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sidney Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kunihiko Nishino
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Saraste J, Prydz K. A New Look at the Functional Organization of the Golgi Ribbon. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:171. [PMID: 31497600 PMCID: PMC6713163 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A characteristic feature of vertebrate cells is a Golgi ribbon consisting of multiple cisternal stacks connected into a single-copy organelle next to the centrosome. Despite numerous studies, the mechanisms that link the stacks together and the functional significance of ribbon formation remain poorly understood. Nevertheless, these questions are of considerable interest, since there is increasing evidence that Golgi fragmentation – the unlinking of the stacks in the ribbon – is intimately connected not only to normal physiological processes, such as cell division and migration, but also to pathological states, including neurodegeneration and cancer. Challenging a commonly held view that ribbon architecture involves the formation of homotypic tubular bridges between the Golgi stacks, we present an alternative model, based on direct interaction between the biosynthetic (pre-Golgi) and endocytic (post-Golgi) membrane networks and their connection with the centrosome. We propose that the central domains of these permanent pre- and post-Golgi networks function together in the biogenesis and maintenance of the more transient Golgi stacks, and thereby establish “linker compartments” that dynamically join the stacks together. This model provides insight into the reversible fragmentation of the Golgi ribbon that takes place in dividing and migrating cells and its regulation along a cell surface – Golgi – centrosome axis. Moreover, it helps to understand transport pathways that either traverse or bypass the Golgi stacks and the positioning of the Golgi apparatus in differentiated neuronal, epithelial, and muscle cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Saraste
- Department of Biomedicine and Molecular Imaging Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristian Prydz
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pantazopoulou A, Glick BS. A Kinetic View of Membrane Traffic Pathways Can Transcend the Classical View of Golgi Compartments. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:153. [PMID: 31448274 PMCID: PMC6691344 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A long-standing assumption is that the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus can be grouped into functionally distinct compartments, yet the molecular identities of those compartments have not been clearly described. The concept of a compartmentalized Golgi is challenged by the cisternal maturation model, which postulates that cisternae form de novo and then undergo progressive biochemical changes. Cisternal maturation can potentially be reconciled with Golgi compartmentation by defining compartments as discrete kinetic stages in the maturation process. These kinetic stages are distinguished by the traffic pathways that are operating. For example, a major transition occurs when a cisterna stops producing COPI vesicles and begins producing clathrin-coated vesicles. This transition separates one kinetic stage, the "early Golgi," from a subsequent kinetic stage, the "late Golgi" or "trans-Golgi network (TGN)." But multiple traffic pathways drive Golgi maturation, and the periods of operation for different traffic pathways can partially overlap, so there is no simple way to define a full set of Golgi compartments in terms of kinetic stages. Instead, we propose that the focus should be on the series of transitions experienced by a Golgi cisterna as various traffic pathways are switched on and off. These traffic pathways drive changes in resident transmembrane protein composition. Transitions in traffic pathways seem to be the fundamental, conserved determinants of Golgi organization. According to this view, the initial goal is to identify the relevant traffic pathways and place them on the kinetic map of Golgi maturation, and the ultimate goal is to elucidate the logic circuit that switches individual traffic pathways on and off as a cisterna matures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Areti Pantazopoulou
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Benjamin S Glick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mascanzoni F, Ayala I, Colanzi A. Organelle Inheritance Control of Mitotic Entry and Progression: Implications for Tissue Homeostasis and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:133. [PMID: 31396510 PMCID: PMC6664238 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi complex (GC), in addition to its well-known role in membrane traffic, is also actively involved in the regulation of mitotic entry and progression. In particular, during the G2 phase of the cell cycle, the Golgi ribbon is unlinked into isolated stacks. Importantly, this ribbon cleavage is required for G2/M transition, indicating that a "Golgi mitotic checkpoint" controls the correct segregation of this organelle. Then, during mitosis, the isolated Golgi stacks are disassembled, and this process is required for spindle formation. Moreover, recent evidence indicates that also proper mitotic segregation of other organelles, such as mitochondria, endosomes, and peroxisomes, is required for correct mitotic progression and/or spindle formation. Collectively, these observations imply that in addition to the control of chromosomes segregation, which is required to preserve the genetic information, the cells actively monitor the disassembly and redistribution of subcellular organelles in mitosis. Here, we provide an overview of the major structural reorganization of the GC and other organelles during G2/M transition and of their regulatory mechanisms, focusing on novel findings that have shed light on the basic processes that link organelle inheritance to mitotic progression and spindle formation, and discussing their implications for tissue homeostasis and diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonino Colanzi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ji G, Song X, Wang L, Li Z, Wu H, Dong H. Golgi apparatus fragmentation participates in oxidized low‐density lipoprotein‐induced endothelial cell injury. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18862-18870. [PMID: 31264250 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Ji
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqin Song
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfei Li
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang People's Republic of China
| | - Hongran Wu
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of NeurologyThe Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pernègre C, Duquette A, Leclerc N. Tau Secretion: Good and Bad for Neurons. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:649. [PMID: 31293374 PMCID: PMC6606725 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), lesions composed of hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau, spread from the transentorhinal cortex to the hippocampal formation and neocortex. Growing evidence indicates that tau pathology propagates trans-synaptically, implying that pathological tau released by pre-synaptic neurons is taken up by post-synaptic neurons where it accumulates and aggregates. Observations such as the presence of tau in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from control individuals and in the CSF of transgenic mice overexpressing human tau before the detection of neuronal death indicate that tau can be secreted by neurons. The increase of tau in the CSF in pathological conditions such as AD suggests that tau secretion is enhanced and/or other secretory pathways take place when neuronal function is compromised. In physiological conditions, extracellular tau could exert beneficial effects as observed for other cytosolic proteins also released in the extracellular space. In such a case, blocking tau secretion could have negative effects on neurons unless the mechanism of tau secretion are different in physiological and pathological conditions allowing the prevention of pathological tau secretion without affecting the secretion of physiological tau. Furthermore, distinct extracellular tau species could be secreted in physiological and pathological conditions, species having the capacity to induce tau pathology being only secreted in the latter condition. In the present review, we will focus on the mechanisms and function of tau secretion in both physiological and pathological conditions and how this information can help to elaborate an efficient therapeutic strategy to prevent tau pathology and its propagation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Pernègre
- Research Centre of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Antoine Duquette
- Research Centre of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicole Leclerc
- Research Centre of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Peñalver-González B, Vallejo-Rodríguez J, Mentxaka G, Fullaondo A, Iglesias-Ara A, Field SJ, Zubiaga AM. Golgi Oncoprotein GOLPH3 Gene Expression Is Regulated by Functional E2F and CREB/ATF Promoter Elements. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030247. [PMID: 30934642 PMCID: PMC6471639 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi organelle duplicates its protein and lipid content to segregate evenly between two daughter cells after mitosis. However, how Golgi biogenesis is regulated during interphase remains largely unknown. Here we show that messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of GOLPH3 and GOLGA2, two genes encoding Golgi proteins, is induced specifically in G1 phase, suggesting a link between cell cycle regulation and Golgi growth. We have examined the role of E2F transcription factors, critical regulators of G1 to S progression of the cell cycle, in the expression of Golgi proteins during interphase. We show that promoter activity for GOLPH3, a Golgi protein that is also oncogenic, is induced by E2F1-3 and repressed by E2F7. Mutation of the E2F motifs present in the GOLPH3 promoter region abrogates E2F1-mediated induction of a GOLPH3 luciferase reporter construct. Furthermore, we identify a critical CREB/ATF element in the GOLPH3 promoter that is required for its steady state and ATF2-induced expression. Interestingly, depletion of GOLPH3 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) delays the G1 to S transition in synchronized U2OS cells. Taken together, our results reveal a link between cell cycle regulation and Golgi function, and suggest that E2F-mediated regulation of Golgi genes is required for the timely progression of the cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Peñalver-González
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Jon Vallejo-Rodríguez
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Gartze Mentxaka
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Asier Fullaondo
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Ainhoa Iglesias-Ara
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Seth J Field
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Ana M Zubiaga
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a central intracellular membrane-bound organelle with key functions in trafficking, processing, and sorting of newly synthesized membrane and secretory proteins and lipids. To best perform these functions, Golgi membranes form a unique stacked structure. The Golgi structure is dynamic but tightly regulated; it undergoes rapid disassembly and reassembly during the cell cycle of mammalian cells and is disrupted under certain stress and pathological conditions. In the past decade, significant amount of effort has been made to reveal the molecular mechanisms that regulate the Golgi membrane architecture and function. Here we review the major discoveries in the mechanisms of Golgi structure formation, regulation, and alteration in relation to its functions in physiological and pathological conditions to further our understanding of Golgi structure and function in health and diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erpan Ahat
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gut G, Herrmann MD, Pelkmans L. Multiplexed protein maps link subcellular organization to cellular states. Science 2018; 361:361/6401/eaar7042. [PMID: 30072512 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar7042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining highly multiplexed protein measurements across multiple length scales has enormous potential for biomedicine. Here, we measured, by iterative indirect immunofluorescence imaging (4i), 40-plex protein readouts from biological samples at high-throughput from the millimeter to the nanometer scale. This approach simultaneously captures properties apparent at the population, cellular, and subcellular levels, including microenvironment, cell shape, and cell cycle state. It also captures the detailed morphology of organelles, cytoskeletal structures, nuclear subcompartments, and the fate of signaling receptors in thousands of single cells in situ. We used computer vision and systems biology approaches to achieve unsupervised comprehensive quantification of protein subcompartmentalization within various multicellular, cellular, and pharmacological contexts. Thus, highly multiplexed subcellular protein maps can be used to identify functionally relevant single-cell states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Gut
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Molecular Life Sciences PhD Program, Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus D Herrmann
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,MD-PhD and Systems Biology PhD Program, Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Pelkmans
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Singh V, Erady C, Balasubramanian N. Cell-matrix adhesion controls Golgi organization and function through Arf1 activation in anchorage-dependent cells. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.215855. [PMID: 30054383 PMCID: PMC6127727 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.215855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-matrix adhesion regulates membrane trafficking controlling anchorage-dependent signaling. While a dynamic Golgi complex can contribute to this pathway, its regulation by adhesion remains unclear. Here we report that loss of adhesion dramatically disorganized the Golgi in mouse and human fibroblast cells. Golgi integrity is restored rapidly upon integrin-mediated re-adhesion to FN and is disrupted by integrin blocking antibody. In suspended cells, the cis, cis-medial and trans-Golgi networks differentially disorganize along the microtubule network but show no overlap with the ER, making this disorganization distinct from known Golgi fragmentation. This pathway is regulated by an adhesion-dependent reduction and recovery of Arf1 activation. Constitutively active Arf1 disrupts this regulation and prevents Golgi disorganization due to loss of adhesion. Adhesion-dependent Arf1 activation regulates its binding to the microtubule minus-end motor protein dynein to control Golgi reorganization, which is blocked by ciliobrevin. Adhesion-dependent Golgi organization controls its function, regulating cell surface glycosylation due to loss of adhesion, which is blocked by constitutively active Arf1. This study, hence, identified integrin-dependent cell-matrix adhesion to be a novel regulator of Arf1 activation, controlling Golgi organization and function in anchorage-dependent cells.
This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Integrin-dependent cell-matrix adhesion activates Arf1, which then recruits dynein to regulate Golgi organization and function along the microtubule network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Singh
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Chaitanya Erady
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Nagaraj Balasubramanian
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Serebrenik YV, Hellerschmied D, Toure M, López-Giráldez F, Brookner D, Crews CM. Targeted protein unfolding uncovers a Golgi-specific transcriptional stress response. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1284-1298. [PMID: 29851555 PMCID: PMC5994893 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-11-0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, organelle-specific stress-response mechanisms are vital for maintaining cellular homeostasis. The Golgi apparatus, an essential organelle of the secretory system, is the major site of protein modification and sorting within a cell and functions as a platform for spatially regulated signaling. Golgi homeostasis mechanisms that regulate organelle structure and ensure precise processing and localization of protein substrates remain poorly understood. Using a chemical biology strategy to induce protein unfolding, we uncover a Golgi-specific transcriptional response. An RNA-sequencing profile of this stress response compared with the current state-of-the-art Golgi stressors, nigericin and xyloside, demonstrates the enhanced precision of Golgi targeting achieved with our system. The data set further reveals previously uncharacterized genes that we find to be essential for Golgi structural integrity. These findings highlight the Golgi's ability to sense misfolded proteins and establish new aspects of Golgi autoregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniy V. Serebrenik
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Doris Hellerschmied
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Momar Toure
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | | | - Dennis Brookner
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Craig M. Crews
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ren J, Tang CZ, Li XD, Niu ZB, Zhang BY, Zhang T, Gao MJ, Ran XZ, Su YP, Wang FC. Identification of G2/M phase transition by sequential nuclear and cytoplasmic changes and molecular markers in mice intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:780-791. [PMID: 29338545 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1426416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the regulatory network of G2/M phase transition has been intensively studied in mammalian cell lines, the identification of morphological and molecular markers to identify G2/M phase transition in vivo remains elusive. In this study, we found no obvious morphological changes between the S phase and G2 phase in mice intestinal epithelial cells. The G2 phase could be identified by Brdu incorporation resistance, marginal and scattered foci of histone H3 phosphorylated at Ser10 (pHH3), and relatively intact Golgi ribbon. Prophase starts with nuclear transformation in situ, which was identified by a series of prophase markers including nuclear translocation of cyclinB1, fragmentation of the Golgi complex, and a significant increase in pHH3. The nucleus started to move upwards in the late prophase and finally rounded up at the apical surface. Then, metaphase was initiated as the level of pHH3 peaked. During anaphase and telophase, pHH3 sharply decreased, while Ki67 was obviously bound to chromosomes, and PCNA was distributed throughout the whole cell. Based on the aforementioned markers and Brdu pulse labeling, it was estimated to take about one hour for most crypt cells to go through the G2 phase and about two hours to go through the G2-M phase. It took much longer for crypt base columnar (CBC) stem cells to undergo G2-prophase than rapid transit amplifying cells. In summary, a series of sequentially presenting markers could be used to indicate the progress of G2/M events in intestinal epithelial cells and other epithelial systems in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Ren
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Cai-Zhi Tang
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Xu-Dong Li
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Zhi-Bin Niu
- b Batallion 2 of Student Brigade , Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Bo-Yang Zhang
- b Batallion 2 of Student Brigade , Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Tao Zhang
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Mei-Jiao Gao
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Xin-Ze Ran
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Yong-Ping Su
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| | - Feng-Chao Wang
- a Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University , Gaotanyan Street 30#, Shapingba , Chongqing 400038 , China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Jackson CL. Activators and Effectors of the Small G Protein Arf1 in Regulation of Golgi Dynamics During the Cell Division Cycle. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:29. [PMID: 29632863 PMCID: PMC5879097 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
When eukaryotic cells divide, they must faithfully segregate not only the genetic material but also their membrane-bound organelles into each daughter cell. To assure correct partitioning of cellular contents, cells use regulatory mechanisms to verify that each stage of cell division has been correctly accomplished before proceeding to the next step. A great deal is known about mechanisms that regulate chromosome segregation during cell division, but we know much less about the mechanisms by which cellular organelles are partitioned, and how these processes are coordinated. The Golgi apparatus, the central sorting and modification station of the secretory pathway, disassembles during mitosis, a process that depends on Arf1 and its regulators and effectors. Prior to total disassembly, the Golgi ribbon in mammalian cells, composed of alternating cisternal stacks and tubular networks, undergoes fission of the tubular networks to produce individual stacks. Failure to carry out this unlinking leads to cell division arrest at late G2 prior to entering mitosis, an arrest that can be relieved by inhibition of Arf1 activation. The level of active Arf1-GTP drops during mitosis, due to inactivation of the major Arf1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor at the Golgi, GBF1. Expression of constitutively active Arf1 prevents Golgi disassembly, and leads to defects in chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. In this review, we describe recent advances in understanding the functions of Arf1 regulators and effectors in the crosstalk between Golgi structure and cell cycle regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Jackson
- Institut Jacques Monod, Centre Nationnal de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
She ZY, Pan MY, Tan FQ, Yang WX. Minus end-directed kinesin-14 KIFC1 regulates the positioning and architecture of the Golgi apparatus. Oncotarget 2018; 8:36469-36483. [PMID: 28430595 PMCID: PMC5482669 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is the central organelle along the eukaryotic secretory and endocytic pathway. In non-polarized mammalian cells, the Golgi complex is usually located proximal to the nucleus at the cell center and is closely associated with the microtubule organizing center. Microtubule networks are essential in the organization and central localization of the Golgi apparatus, but the molecular basis underlying these processes are poorly understood. Here we reveal that minus end-directed kinesin-14 KIFC1 proteins are required for the structural integrity and positioning of the Golgi complex in non-polarized mammalian cells. Remarkably, we found that the motor domain of kinesin-14 KIFC1 regulates the recognition and binding of the Golgi and KIFC1 also statically binds to the microtubules via its tail domain. These findings reveal a new stationary binding model that kinesin-14 KIFC1 proteins function as crosslinkers between the Golgi apparatus and the microtubules and contribute to the central positioning and structural maintenance of the Golgi apparatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu She
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meng-Ying Pan
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fu-Qing Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Huang S, Wang Y. Golgi structure formation, function, and post-translational modifications in mammalian cells. F1000Res 2017; 6:2050. [PMID: 29225785 PMCID: PMC5710388 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11900.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a central membrane organelle for trafficking and post-translational modifications of proteins and lipids in cells. In mammalian cells, it is organized in the form of stacks of tightly aligned flattened cisternae, and dozens of stacks are often linked laterally into a ribbon-like structure located in the perinuclear region of the cell. Proper Golgi functionality requires an intact architecture, yet Golgi structure is dynamically regulated during the cell cycle and under disease conditions. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the relationship between Golgi structure formation, function, and regulation, with focus on how post-translational modifications including phosphorylation and ubiquitination regulate Golgi structure and on how Golgi unstacking affects its functions, in particular, protein trafficking, glycosylation, and sorting in mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijiao Huang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ayala I, Colanzi A. Mitotic inheritance of the Golgi complex and its role in cell division. Biol Cell 2017; 109:364-374. [PMID: 28799169 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201700032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus plays essential roles in the processing and sorting of proteins and lipids, but it can also act as a signalling hub and a microtubule-nucleation centre. The Golgi complex (GC) of mammalian cells is composed of stacks connected by tubular bridges to form a continuous membranous system. In spite of this structural complexity, the GC is highly dynamic, and this feature becomes particularly evident during mitosis, when the GC undergoes a multi-step disassembly process that allows its correct partitioning and inheritance by daughter cells. Strikingly, different steps of Golgi disassembly control mitotic entry and progression, indicating that cells actively monitor Golgi integrity during cell division. Here, we summarise the basic mechanisms and the molecular players that are involved in Golgi disassembly, focussing in particular on recent studies that have revealed the fundamental signalling pathways that connect Golgi inheritance to mitotic entry and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Ayala
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Antonino Colanzi
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, 80131, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
McGee LJ, Jiang AL, Lan Y. Golga5 is dispensable for mouse embryonic development and postnatal survival. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28509431 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Golgins are a family of coiled-coil proteins located at the cytoplasmic surface of the Golgi apparatus and have been implicated in maintaining Golgi structural integrity through acting as tethering factors for retrograde vesicle transport. Whereas knockdown of several individual golgins in cultured cells caused Golgi fragmentation and disruption of vesicle trafficking, analysis of mutant mouse models lacking individual golgins have discovered tissue-specific developmental functions. Recently, homozygous loss of function of GOLGA2, of which previous in vitro studies suggested an essential role in maintenance of Golgi structure and in mitosis, has been associated with a neuromuscular disorder in human patients, which highlights the need for understanding the developmental roles of the golgins in vivo. We report here generation of Golga5-deficient mice using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. Although knockdown studies in cultured cells have implicated Golga5 in maintenance of Golgi organization, we show that Golga5 is not required for mouse embryonic development, postnatal survival, or fertility. Moreover, whereas Golga5 is structurally closely related to Golgb1, we show that inactivation of Golga5 does not enhance the severity of developmental defects in Golgb1-deficient mice. The Golga5-deficient mice enable further investigation of the roles and functional specificity of golgins in development and diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynessa J McGee
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
| | - Alex L Jiang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
| | - Yu Lan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Tau secretion is correlated to an increase of Golgi dynamics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178288. [PMID: 28552936 PMCID: PMC5446162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau protein can be released by neurons, an event linked to the propagation of Tau pathology in Alzheimer’disease (AD). Neuronal hyperexcitability was shown to significantly increase Tau release by neurons. We confirmed this in the present study. In a previous study, it was demonstrated that hyperexcitability induces Golgi apparatus dynamics resulting in its fragmentation. Our present results revealed that the increase of Tau secretion upon hyperexcitability could be significantly reduced by preventing Golgi dynamics through the inactivation of cdk5. We then verified whether a Golgi fragmentation not induced by hyperexcitability could also increase Tau secretion. The suppression of Rab1A, Rab GTPase associated with the Golgi membranes, known to induce a Golgi fragmentation increased Tau secretion by both neurons and HeLa cells. Although it remains to be demonstrated whether the Golgi is directly involved in Tau secretion, the present results demonstrate that its dynamics are correlated to a modulation of Tau secretion.
Collapse
|
48
|
Wei JH, Seemann J. Golgi ribbon disassembly during mitosis, differentiation and disease progression. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 47:43-51. [PMID: 28390244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is tightly integrated into the cellular system where it plays essential roles required for a variety of cellular processes. Its vital functions include not only processing and sorting of proteins and lipids, but also serving as a signaling hub and a microtubule-organizing center. Golgi stacks in mammalian cells are interconnected into a compact ribbon in the perinuclear region. However, the ribbon can undergo distinct disassembly processes that reflect the cellular state or environmental demands and stress. For instance, its most dramatic change takes place in mitosis when the ribbon is efficiently disassembled into vesicles through a combination of ribbon unlinking, cisternal unstacking and vesiculation. Furthermore, the ribbon can also be detached and positioned at specific cellular locations to gain additional functionalities during differentiation, or fragmented to different degrees along disease progression or upon cell death. Here, we describe the major morphological alterations of Golgi ribbon disassembly under physiological and pathological conditions and discuss the underlying mechanisms that drive these changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hsuan Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Joachim Seemann
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
STK16 regulates actin dynamics to control Golgi organization and cell cycle. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44607. [PMID: 28294156 PMCID: PMC5353726 DOI: 10.1038/srep44607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
STK16 is a ubiquitously expressed, myristoylated, and palmitoylated serine/threonine protein kinase with underexplored functions. Recently, it was shown to be involved in cell division but the mechanism remains unclear. Here we found that human STK16 localizes to the Golgi complex throughout the cell cycle and plays important roles in Golgi structure regulation. STK16 knockdown or kinase inhibition disrupts actin polymers and causes fragmented Golgi in cells. In vitro assays show that STK16 directly binds to actin and regulates actin dynamics in a concentration- and kinase activity-dependent way. In addition, STK16 knockdown or kinase inhibition not only delays mitotic entry and prolongs mitosis, but also causes prometaphase and cytokinesis arrest. Therefore, we revealed STK16 as a novel actin binding protein that resides in the Golgi, which regulates actin dynamics to control Golgi structure and participate in cell cycle progression.
Collapse
|
50
|
Cellular Reorganization during Mitotic Entry. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:26-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|