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Parchem K, Letsiou S, Petan T, Oskolkova O, Medina I, Kuda O, O'Donnell VB, Nicolaou A, Fedorova M, Bochkov V, Gladine C. Oxylipin profiling for clinical research: Current status and future perspectives. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101276. [PMID: 38697517 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Oxylipins are potent lipid mediators with increasing interest in clinical research. They are usually measured in systemic circulation and can provide a wealth of information regarding key biological processes such as inflammation, vascular tone, or blood coagulation. Although procedures still require harmonization to generate comparable oxylipin datasets, performing comprehensive profiling of circulating oxylipins in large studies is feasible and no longer restricted by technical barriers. However, it is essential to improve and facilitate the biological interpretation of complex oxylipin profiles to truly leverage their potential in clinical research. This requires regular updating of our knowledge about the metabolism and the mode of action of oxylipins, and consideration of all factors that may influence circulating oxylipin profiles independently of the studied disease or condition. This review aims to provide the readers with updated and necessary information regarding oxylipin metabolism, their different forms in systemic circulation, the current limitations in deducing oxylipin cellular effects from in vitro bioactivity studies, the biological and technical confounding factors needed to consider for a proper interpretation of oxylipin profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Parchem
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Sophia Letsiou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Ag. Spiridonos St. Egaleo, 12243 Athens, Greece.
| | - Toni Petan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Olga Oskolkova
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46/III, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Isabel Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, E-36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Valerie B O'Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Anna Nicolaou
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
| | - Maria Fedorova
- Center of Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Valery Bochkov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46/III, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Cécile Gladine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Panov VP, Safonova SS, Pronina GI, Orlov AM, Rolskii AY, Artemenkov DV. Some Features of the Blood Cellular Composition and Histology of Muscles of Female and Male Beaked Redfish (Sebastes mentella). BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022070135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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3
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Friedman MA, Kohn DH. Calcium and phosphorus supplemented diet increases bone volume after thirty days of high speed treadmill exercise in adult mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14616. [PMID: 36028525 PMCID: PMC9418142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight-bearing exercise increases bone mass and strength. Increasing bone loading frequency during exercise can strengthen bone. Combining exercise with a calcium- and phosphorus-supplemented diet increases cortical area more than exercise alone in mice. Thus, we hypothesized that combining high-speed treadmill exercise while feeding mice a mineral-supplemented diet would lead to greater cortical area than high-speed exercise on a standard diet and low-speed exercise on a supplemented diet. Fifteen-week old male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to seven groups—(1) baseline, (2) non-exercise fed a control diet, (3) non-exercise fed a supplemented diet, (4) low-speed exercise fed a control diet, (5) low-speed exercise fed a supplemented diet, (6) high-speed exercise fed a control diet, and (7) high-speed exercise fed a supplemented diet. Mice exercised thirty days for 20 min/day at 12 m/min or 20 m/min. Tibiae were assessed by micro-CT and 4-point bending. Cortical area fraction and trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) were significantly increased by the supplemented diet. High-speed exercised mice had significantly lower body weight, with no detrimental effects to bone health. Increasing running speed can decrease body weight while maintaining the benefits of exercise and nutrition on bone health. Running can lower body weight without harming bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Friedman
- The University of Michigan, 1011 N University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - David H Kohn
- The University of Michigan, 1011 N University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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4
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Charoenphandhu N, Sooksawanwit S, Aeimlapa R, Thonapan N, Upanan P, Adulyaritthikul P, Krungchanuchat S, Panupinthu N, Teerapornpuntakit J, Rojviriya C, Lertsuwan K, Svasti S, Wongdee K. Mild-intensity physical activity prevents cardiac and osseous iron deposition without affecting bone mechanical property or porosity in thalassemic mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5959. [PMID: 35396390 PMCID: PMC8993875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thalassemia causes anemia, ineffective erythropoiesis, bone loss and iron accumulation in several tissues, e.g., liver, bone and heart, the last of which leads to lethal cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia. Although exercise reportedly improves bone density in thalassemic mice, exercise performance is compromised and might pose risk of cardiovascular accident in thalassemic patients. Therefore, we sought to explore whether mild-intensity physical activity (MPA) with 30–50% of maximal oxygen consumption was sufficient to benefit the heart and bone. Herein, male hemizygous β-globin knockout (BKO) mice and wild-type littermates were subjected to voluntary wheel running 1 h/day, 5 days/week for 3 months (MPA group) or kept sedentary (SDN; control). As determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy, BKO-MPA mice had less iron accumulation in heart and bone tissues compared with BKO-SDN mice. Meanwhile, the circulating level of fibroblast growth factor-23—a factor known to reduce serum iron and intestinal calcium absorption—was increased early in young BKO-MPA mice. Nevertheless, MPA did not affect duodenal calcium transport or body calcium retention. Although MPA restored the aberrant bone calcium-phosphorus ratio to normal range, it did not change vertebral calcium content or femoral mechanical properties. Microstructural porosity in tibia of BKO-MPA mice remained unaltered as determined by synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy. In conclusion, MPA prevents cardiac and bone iron accumulation, which is beneficial to thalassemic patients with limited physical fitness or deteriorated cardiac performance. However, in contrast to moderate-intensity exercise, MPA does not improve bone mechanical properties or reduce bone porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.,The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand
| | - Supagarn Sooksawanwit
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Ratchaneevan Aeimlapa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Natchayaporn Thonapan
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pornpailin Upanan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Punyanuch Adulyaritthikul
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Saowalak Krungchanuchat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Nattapon Panupinthu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Jarinthorn Teerapornpuntakit
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Catleya Rojviriya
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Kornkamon Lertsuwan
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Saovaros Svasti
- Thalassemia Research Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Kannikar Wongdee
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. .,Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand.
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Bargelloni L, Babbucci M, Ferraresso S, Papetti C, Vitulo N, Carraro R, Pauletto M, Santovito G, Lucassen M, Mark FC, Zane L, Patarnello T. Draft genome assembly and transcriptome data of the icefish Chionodraco myersi reveal the key role of mitochondria for a life without hemoglobin at subzero temperatures. Commun Biol 2019; 2:443. [PMID: 31815198 PMCID: PMC6884616 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Antarctic fish belonging to Notothenioidei represent an extraordinary example of radiation in the cold. In addition to the absence of hemoglobin, icefish show a number of other striking peculiarities including large-diameter blood vessels, high vascular densities, mitochondria-rich muscle cells, and unusual mitochondrial architecture. In order to investigate the bases of icefish adaptation to the extreme Southern Ocean conditions we sequenced the complete genome of the icefish Chionodraco myersi. Comparative analyses of the icefish genome with those of other teleost species, including two additional white-blooded and five red-blooded notothenioids, provided a new perspective on the evolutionary loss of globin genes. Muscle transcriptome comparative analyses against red-blooded notothenioids as well as temperate fish revealed the peculiar regulation of genes involved in mitochondrial function in icefish. Gene duplication and promoter sequence divergence were identified as genome-wide patterns that likely contributed to the broad transcriptional program underlying the unique features of icefish mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Babbucci
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Serena Ferraresso
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Chiara Papetti
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Nicola Vitulo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Roberta Carraro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Marianna Pauletto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Santovito
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Magnus Lucassen
- Section of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz. Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven, 27570 Germany
| | - Felix Christopher Mark
- Section of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz. Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven, 27570 Germany
| | - Lorenzo Zane
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture, and Forestry, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Tomaso Patarnello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
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6
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Orces CH. Association between leisure-time aerobic physical activity and vitamin D concentrations among US older adults: the NHANES 2007-2012. Aging Clin Exp Res 2019; 31:685-693. [PMID: 30178441 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-018-1031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous studies have described a positive correlation between physical activity and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (25(OH)D), there have been inconsistent results in regard to the frequency or intensity of physical activity needed to achieve adequate 25(OH)D status. AIMS To examine the relationship between self-reported leisure-time physical activity and 25(OH)D3 and 25(OHD) concentrations among US adults aged 60 years and older. METHODS The present analysis was based on data from participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2012. Moderate or vigorous leisure-time physical activity was calculated by min/week or metabolic equivalent task scores-minutes/week and defined according to the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. General linear models adjusted for confounders were created to compare mean 25(OH)D and 25(OH)3 concentrations across physical activity status. RESULTS A total of 4764 adults with a mean age of 69.7 years comprised the study sample. Overall, 33.3% men and 23.1% women were defined as physically active and participants' mean 25(OH)D and 25(OH)D3 concentration was 75.0 and 68.8 nmol/L, respectively. Older adults physically active had 8.1 and 7.1 nmol/L higher 25(OH)D and 25(OH)3 levels than those physically inactive, respectively. Moreover, higher 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D concentrations were consistently seen during the summer and autumn months. In contrast, sedentary older adults had on average 25(OH)D levels < 75 nmol/L irrespective of the 6-month study period examined. CONCLUSIONS Leisure-time physical activity appears to be an effective manner of maintaining adequate vitamin D concentrations later in life. Therefore, promoting physical activity in older adults should be a national public health priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H Orces
- Department of Medicine, Laredo Medical Center, 1700 East Saunders, Laredo, TX, 78041, USA.
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Gustafsson MK, Romundstad PR, Stafne SN, Helvik AS, Stunes AK, Mørkved S, Salvesen KÅ, Thorsby PM, Mosti MP, Syversen U. The effect of an exercise program in pregnancy on vitamin D status among healthy, pregnant Norwegian women: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2019; 19:76. [PMID: 30786861 PMCID: PMC6381613 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-019-2220-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D insufficiency is common in pregnant women worldwide. Regular prenatal exercise is considered beneficial for maternal and fetal health. There is a knowledge gap regarding the impact of prenatal exercise on maternal vitamin D levels. The objective of this study was to investigate whether a prenatal exercise program influenced serum levels of total, free and bioavailable 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and related parameters. This is a post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial with gestational diabetes as the primary outcome. METHODS Healthy, pregnant women from two Norwegian cities (Trondheim and Stavanger) were randomly assigned to a 12-week moderate-intensity exercise program (Borg perceived rating scale 13-14) or standard prenatal care. The intervention group (n = 429) underwent exercise at least three times weekly; one supervised group training and two home based sessions. The controls (n = 426) received standard prenatal care, and exercising was not denied. Training diaries and group training was used to promote compliance and evaluate adherence. Serum levels of 25(OH)D, parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphate, magnesium and vitamin D-binding protein were measured before (18-22 weeks' gestation) and after the intervention (32-36 weeks' gestation). Free and bioavailable 25(OH)D concentrations were calculated. Regression analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was applied to assess the effect of the training regime on each substance with pre-intervention levels as covariates. In a second model, we also adjusted for study site and sampling month. Intention-to-treat principle was used. RESULTS A total of 724 women completed the study. No between-group difference in serum 25(OH)D and related parameters was identified by ANCOVA using baseline serum levels as covariates. The second model revealed a between-group difference in levels of 25(OH)D (1.9, 95% CI 0.0 to 3.8 nmol/L; p = 0.048), free 25(OH)D (0.55, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.99 pmol/L; p = 0.017) and bioavailable 25(OH)D (0.15 95% CI 0.01 to 0.29 nmol/L; p = 0.036). No serious adverse events related to regular exercise were seen. CONCLUSION This study, a post hoc analysis, indicates that exercise may affect vitamin D status positively, and emphasizes that women with uncomplicated pregnancies should be encouraged to perform regular exercise. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00476567 , registered May 22, 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam K Gustafsson
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), PO Box 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway. .,Division of Mental Health Care, Trondheim University Hospital (St. Olavs hospital), Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Pål R Romundstad
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), PO Box 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Signe Nilssen Stafne
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), PO Box 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Clinical Services, Trondheim University Hospital (St. Olavs hospital), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne-Sofie Helvik
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), PO Box 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Trondheim University Hospital (St. Olavs hospital), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Astrid Kamilla Stunes
- Trondheim University Hospital (St. Olavs hospital), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Siv Mørkved
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), PO Box 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Trondheim University Hospital (St. Olavs hospital), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kjell Åsmund Salvesen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Obstretics and Gynaecology, Trondheim University Hospital (St. Olavs hospital), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per Medbøe Thorsby
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Aker sykehus, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mats Peder Mosti
- Trondheim University Hospital (St. Olavs hospital), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Unni Syversen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Endocrinology, Trondheim University Hospital (St. Olavs hospital), Trondheim, Norway
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Feidantsis K, Pörtner HO, Vlachonikola E, Antonopoulou E, Michaelidis B. Seasonal Changes in Metabolism and Cellular Stress Phenomena in the Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata). Physiol Biochem Zool 2018; 91:878-895. [PMID: 29553887 DOI: 10.1086/697170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal temperature changes may take organisms to the upper and lower limit of their thermal range, with respective variations in their biochemical and metabolic profile. To elucidate these traits, we investigated metabolic and antioxidant patterns in tissues of sea bream Sparus aurata during seasonal acclimatization for 1 yr in the field. Metabolic patterns were assessed by determining lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase activities, their kinetic properties and plasma levels of glucose, lactate, and triglycerides and tissue succinate levels. Oxidative stress was assessed by determining antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase activities and levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Xanthine oxidase (XO) activity was determined as another source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, we studied the antiapoptotic protein indicator Bcl-2 and the apoptotic protein indicators Bax, Bad, ubiquitin, and caspase as well as indexes of autophagy (LC3B II/LC3B I and SQSTM1/p62) in the liver and the heart to identify possible relationships between oxidative stress and cell death. The results indicate clear seasonal metabolic patterns involving oxidative stress during summer as well as winter. During cold acclimatization, lipid oxidation is induced, while during increased temperatures, warm-induced metabolic activation and carbohydrate oxidation are observed. Thus, oxidative stress seems to be more prominent during warming because of the increased aerobic metabolism. The seasonal profile of apoptosis and XO as another source of ROS matches the results obtained in the laboratory and are interpreted within the framework of oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance.
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Physicochemical stability and transfection efficiency of cationic amphiphilic copolymer/pDNA polyplexes for spinal cord injury repair. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11247. [PMID: 28900263 PMCID: PMC5595900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10982-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple age-related and injury-induced characteristics of the adult central nervous system (CNS) pose barriers to axonal regeneration and functional recovery following injury. In situ gene therapy is a promising approach to address the limited availability of growth-promoting biomolecules at CNS injury sites. The ultimate goal of our work is to develop, a cationic amphiphilic copolymer for simultaneous delivery of drug and therapeutic nucleic acids to promote axonal regeneration and plasticity after spinal cord injury. Previously, we reported the synthesis and characterization of a cationic amphiphilic copolymer, poly (lactide-co-glycolide)-graft-polyethylenimine (PgP) and its ability to efficiently transfect cells with pDNA in the presence of serum. We also demonstrated the efficacy of PgP as a therapeutic siRhoA carrier in a rat compression spinal cord injury model. In this work, we show that PgP/pDNA polyplexes provide improved stability in the presence of competing polyanions and nuclease protection in serum relative to conventional branched polyethylenimine control. PgP/pDNA polyplexes maintain bioactivity for transfection after lyophilization/reconstitution and during storage at 4 °C for up to 5 months, important features for commercial and clinical application. We also demonstrate that PgP/pDNA polyplexes loaded with a hydrophobic fluorescent dye are retained in local neural tissue for up to 5 days and that PgP can efficiently deliver pβ-Gal in a rat compression SCI model.
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Huynh AS, Estrella V, Stark VE, Cohen AS, Chen T, Casagni TJ, Josan JS, Lloyd MC, Johnson J, Hruby VJ, Vagner J, Morse DL. Tumor Targeting and Pharmacokinetics of a Near-Infrared Fluorescent-Labeled δ-Opioid Receptor Antagonist Agent, Dmt-Tic-Cy5. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:534-44. [PMID: 26713599 PMCID: PMC4936951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence molecular imaging can be employed for the development of novel cancer targeting agents. Herein, we investigated the pharmacokinetics (PK) and cellular uptake of Dmt-Tic-Cy5, a delta-opioid receptor (δOR) antagonist-fluorescent dye conjugate, as a tumor-targeting molecular imaging agent. δOR expression is observed normally in the CNS, and pathologically in some tumors, including lung liver and breast cancers. In vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo experiments were conducted to image and quantify the fluorescence signal associated with Dmt-Tic-Cy5 over time using in vitro and intravital fluorescence microscopy and small animal fluorescence imaging of tumor-bearing mice. We observed specific retention of Dmt-Tic-Cy5 in tumors with maximum uptake in δOR-expressing positive tumors at 3 h and observable persistence for >96 h; clearance from δOR nonexpressing negative tumors by 6 h; and systemic clearance from normal organs by 24 h. Live-cell and intravital fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that Dmt-Tic-Cy5 had sustained cell-surface binding lasting at least 24 h with gradual internalization over the initial 6 h following administration. Dmt-Tic-Cy5 is a δOR-targeted agent that exhibits long-lasting and specific signal in δOR-expressing tumors, is rapidly cleared from systemic circulation, and is not retained in non-δOR-expressing tissues. Hence, Dmt-Tic-Cy5 has potential as a fluorescent tumor imaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Shanks Huynh
- Department of Cancer Imaging & Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Veronica Estrella
- Department of Cancer Imaging & Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Valerie E. Stark
- Department of Cancer Imaging & Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Allison S. Cohen
- Department of Cancer Imaging & Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Tingan Chen
- Analytic Microscopy Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Todd J. Casagni
- Department of Comparative Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Jatinder S. Josan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85719
| | - Mark C. Lloyd
- Analytic Microscopy Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Joseph Johnson
- Analytic Microscopy Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85719
| | - Josef Vagner
- The BIO5 Research Institute, University of Arizona, 1657 E Helen Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - David L. Morse
- Department of Cancer Imaging & Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612
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11
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Bremer K, Kocha K, Snider T, Moyes C. Energy metabolism and cytochrome oxidase activity: linking metabolism to gene expression. CAN J ZOOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2013-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Modification of mitochondrial content demands the synthesis of hundreds of proteins encoded by nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. The responsibility for coordination of this process falls to nuclear-encoded master regulators of transcription. DNA-binding proteins and coactivators integrate information from energy-sensing pathways and hormones to alter mitochondrial gene expression. In mammals, the signaling cascade for mitochondrial biogenesis can be described as follows: hormonal signals and energetic information are sensed by protein-modifying enzymes that in turn regulate the post-translational modification of transcription factors. Once activated, transcription-factor complexes form on promoter elements of many of the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes, recruiting proteins that remodel chromatin and initiate transcription. One master regulator in mammals, PGC-1α, is well studied because of its role in determining the metabolic phenotype of muscles, but also due to its importance in mitochondria-related metabolic diseases. However, relatively little is known about the role of this pathway in other vertebrates. These uncertainties raise broader questions about the evolutionary origins of the pathway and its role in generating the diversity in muscle metabolic phenotypes seen in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Bremer
- Department of Biology, Biosciences Complex, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - K.M. Kocha
- Department of Biology, Biosciences Complex, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - T. Snider
- Department of Biology, Biosciences Complex, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - C.D. Moyes
- Department of Biology, Biosciences Complex, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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12
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James MO, Kleinow KM. Seasonal influences on PCB retention and biotransformation in fish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:6324-33. [PMID: 23494683 PMCID: PMC3706481 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
There is extensive evidence that fish from waters with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)-contaminated sediments accumulate PCBs and related chemicals and that people who eat fish from contaminated waters have higher body burdens of PCBs and PCB metabolites than those who do not. PCBs and their metabolites are potentially toxic; thus, it is important to human health to understand the uptake, biotransformation, and elimination of PCBs in fish since these processes determine the extent of accumulation. The intestinal uptake of PCBs present in the diet of fish into fish tissues is a process that is influenced by the lipid composition of the diet. Biotransformation of PCBs in fish, as in mammals, facilitates elimination, although many PCB congeners are recalcitrant to biotransformation in fish and mammals. Sequential biotransformation of PCBs by cytochrome P450 and conjugation pathways is even less efficient in fish than in mammalian species, thus contributing to the retention of PCBs in fish tissues. A very important factor influencing overall PCB disposition in fish is water temperature. Seasonal changes in water temperature produce adaptive physiological and biochemical changes in fish. While uptake of PCBs from the diet is similar in fish acclimated to winter or summer temperatures, there is evidence that elimination of PCBs occurs much more slowly when the fish is acclimated at low temperatures than at warmer temperatures. Research to date suggests that the processes of elimination of PCBs are modulated by several factors in fish including seasonal changes in water temperature. Thus, the body burden of PCBs in fish from a contaminated location is likely to vary with season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret O James
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32605, USA,
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13
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Darveau CA, Taylor EB, Schulte PM. Thermal physiology of warm-spring colonists: variation among lake chub (Cyprinidae: Couesius plumbeus) populations. Physiol Biochem Zool 2012; 85:607-17. [PMID: 23099458 DOI: 10.1086/665539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In northern Canada, lake chub (Cyprinidae: Couesius plumbeus) have colonized a variety of thermal springs that differ substantially from the ancestral environment in both mean temperature and thermal variation. To examine whether this environmental change is associated with differences in physiological traits, we compared the thermal breadth, capacity for acclimation of thermal tolerance, and metabolic enzymes in populations of lake chub from three habitats: a warm but variable hot spring, a thermally constant warm spring, and a seasonally variable temperate lake. Thermal breadth was generally lowest in fish from the constant environment, and this difference was statistically significant in fish acclimated at 10° and 25°C. Critical thermal maximum (CT(max)) increased with increasing acclimation temperature in all populations. CT(max) was similar among populations when acclimated at high temperatures but greater in the variable-spring population acclimated to low temperature (10°C). Critical thermal minimum was also dependent on acclimation temperature in all populations but differed among populations such that fish from the stable-spring habitat were not as tolerant to cold temperature when acclimated to 25°C. Temperate- and variable-spring populations showed an increase in mitochondrial enzyme activities (citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase) with decreasing acclimation temperature, but this response was absent in the stable-temperature population. Protein content did not change with acclimation temperature in the stable-temperature population, while it increased with decreasing acclimation temperature in both variable thermal habitat populations. Our study suggests that interpopulation variation in thermal physiology is associated with habitat thermal variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-A Darveau
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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14
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Tartibian B, Hajizadeh Maleki B, Kanaley J, Sadeghi K. Long-term aerobic exercise and omega-3 supplementation modulate osteoporosis through inflammatory mechanisms in post-menopausal women: a randomized, repeated measures study. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2011; 8:71. [PMID: 21999620 PMCID: PMC3212907 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence indicates that dietary fats and physical activity influence bone health. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of long-term aerobic exercise and omega-3 (N-3) supplementation on serum inflammatory markers, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone biomarkers in post-menopausal women. METHODS Seventy-nine healthy sedentary post-menopausal women aged 58-78 years participated in this study. Subjects were randomized to one of 4 groups: exercise + supplement (E+S, n = 21), exercise (E, n = 20), supplement (S, n = 20), and control (Con, n = 18) groups. The subjects in the E+S and E groups performed aerobic exercise training (walking and jogging) up to 65% of HRmax, three times a week for 24 weeks. Subjects in the E+S and S groups consumed 1000 mg/d N-3 for 24 weeks. The lumbar spine (L2-L4) and femoral neck BMD, serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, interleukin (IL) 6, prostaglandin (PG) E2, estrogen, osteocalcin, 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1, 25 Vit D), C-telopeptide (CTX), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) were measured at baseline, the end of week 12 and 24. RESULTS Serum estrogen, osteocalcin, 1, 25 Vit D, CT, L2-L4 and femoral neck BMD measures increased (P < 0.05) and the serum CTX, PTH, TNF-α, IL-6, and PGE2 decreased (P < 0.05) in E + S group after the 24 wk intervention but not in the E or S intervention groups. L2-L4 and femoral neck BMD, estrogen, osteocalcin, and CT were negatively (P < 0.05) correlated with TNF-α and PGE2. PTH and CT were correlated positively and negatively with IL-6, respectively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that long-term aerobic exercise training plus N-3 supplementation have a synergistic effect in attenuating inflammation and augmenting BMD in post-menopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakhtyar Tartibian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
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15
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Franzini-Armstrong C, Boncompagni S. The evolution of the mitochondria-to-calcium release units relationship in vertebrate skeletal muscles. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:830573. [PMID: 22013386 PMCID: PMC3196067 DOI: 10.1155/2011/830573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The spatial relationship between mitochondria and the membrane systems, more specifically the calcium release units (CRUs) of skeletal muscle, is of profound functional significance. CRUs are the sites at which Ca(2+) is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during muscle activation. Close mitochondrion-CRU proximity allows the organelles to take up Ca(2+) and thus stimulate aerobic metabolism. Skeletal muscles of most mammals display an extensive, developmentally regulated, close mitochondrion-CRU association, fostered by tethering links between the organelles. A comparative look at the vertebrate subphylum however shows that this specific association is only present in the higher vertebrates (mammals). Muscles in all other vertebrates, even if capable of fast activity, rely on a less precise and more limited mitochondrion-CRU proximity, despite some tethering connections. This is most evident in fish muscles. Clustering of free subsarcolemmal mitochondria in proximity of capillaries is also more frequently achieved in mammalian than in other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Franzini-Armstrong
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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16
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Oxygen dependence of metabolism and cellular adaptation in vertebrate muscles: a review. J Comp Physiol B 2011; 182:177-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-011-0616-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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17
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Abstract
Tissue kallikrein cleaves kininogens to release kinins. Kinins mediate inflammation by activating constitutive bradykinin receptor-2 (BR2), which are rapidly desensitized, and induced by inflammatory cytokines bradykinin receptor-1 (BR1), resistant to desensitization. Intestinal tissue kallikrein (ITK) may hydrolyze growth factors and peptides, whereas kinins are responsible for capillary permeability, pain, synthesis of cytokines, and adhesion molecule-neutrophil cascade. Our and others results have demonstrated ITK in intestinal goblet cells and its release into interstitial space during inflammation. Kallistatin, an inhibitor of ITK, has been shown in epithelial and goblet cells, and was decreased in inflamed intestine as well as in plasma compared with noninflammatory controls. BR1 was upregulated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and it has expressed in an apical part of enterocytes in inflamed intestine, but in the basal part in normal intestine. ITK and BR1 were visualized in macrophages forming granuloma in Crohn's disease. In animal studies BR2 blockade decreased intestinal contraction, but had limited effect on inflammatory lesions. BR1 was found to be upregulated in animal inflamed intestine, in part dependent on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). A selective BR1 receptor antagonist decreased morphological and biochemical features of experimental intestinal inflammation. Both BR1 and BR2 mediate epithelial ion transport that leads to secretory diarrhea. The upregulation of BR1 in inflamed intestine provides a structural basis for the kinins function, suggesting that a selective BR1 antagonist may have potential in therapeutic trial of IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Stadnicki
- Department of Basis Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
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18
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Kyprianou TD, Pörtner HO, Anestis A, Kostoglou B, Feidantsis K, Michaelidis B. Metabolic and molecular stress responses of gilthead seam bream Sparus aurata during exposure to low ambient temperature: an analysis of mechanisms underlying the winter syndrome. J Comp Physiol B 2010; 180:1005-18. [PMID: 20514487 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-010-0481-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The winter syndrome in the gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata indicates that the species is exposed to critically low temperatures in Mediterranean aquaculture in winter. The present study of metabolic patterns and molecular stress responses during cold exposure was carried out to investigate this "disease", in light of the recent concept of oxygen and capacity limited thermal tolerance. The metabolic profile of fuel oxidation was examined by determining the activities of the enzymes hexokinase (HK), aldolase (Ald), pyruvate kinase (PK), L-lactate dehydrogenase (L-LDH), citrate synthase (CS), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD) in heart, red and white muscle after exposure to temperatures of 10, 14 and 18°C. Especially, the increase in LDH activity combined with the accumulation of L-lactate in tissues indicates that temperatures below 14°C are critical for Sparus aurata and stimulate the anaerobic component of metabolism. Increase in the activity of HOAD suggests that oxidation of free fatty acids might contribute to ATP turnover at low temperatures. The expression of Hsp70 and Hsp90 in all tissues examined revealed a cellular stress response during cooling below 18°C. In the light of winter temperatures in S. aurata cultures around 10°C, our data suggest that the fish are exposed to stressful conditions at the low end of their thermal tolerance window. These conditions likely impair the aerobic capacity of the fish, compromise the rates of growth and reproduction and may contribute to elicit pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themis-Dimitrios Kyprianou
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Klaiber M, Kruse M, Völker K, Schröter J, Feil R, Freichel M, Gerling A, Feil S, Dietrich A, Londoño JEC, Baba HA, Abramowitz J, Birnbaumer L, Penninger JM, Pongs O, Kuhn M. Novel insights into the mechanisms mediating the local antihypertrophic effects of cardiac atrial natriuretic peptide: role of cGMP-dependent protein kinase and RGS2. Basic Res Cardiol 2010; 105:583-95. [PMID: 20352235 PMCID: PMC2916114 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-010-0098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) locally counteracts cardiac hypertrophy via the guanylyl cyclase-A (GC-A) receptor and cGMP production, but the downstream signalling pathways are unknown. Here, we examined the influence of ANP on β-adrenergic versus Angiotensin II (Ang II)-dependent (Gs vs. Gαq mediated) modulation of Ca2+i-handling in cardiomyocytes and of hypertrophy in intact hearts. L-type Ca2+ currents and Ca2+i transients in adult isolated murine ventricular myocytes were studied by voltage-clamp recordings and fluorescence microscopy. ANP suppressed Ang II-stimulated Ca2+ currents and transients, but had no effect on isoproterenol stimulation. Ang II suppression by ANP was abolished in cardiomyocytes of mice deficient in GC-A, in cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase I (PKG I) or in the regulator of G protein signalling (RGS) 2, a target of PKG I. Cardiac hypertrophy in response to exogenous Ang II was significantly exacerbated in mice with conditional, cardiomyocyte-restricted GC-A deletion (CM GC-A KO). This was concomitant to increased activation of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent prohypertrophic signal transducer CaMKII. In contrast, β-adrenoreceptor-induced hypertrophy was not enhanced in CM GC-A KO mice. Lastly, while the stimulatory effects of Ang II on Ca2+-handling were absent in myocytes of mice deficient in TRPC3/TRPC6, the effects of isoproterenol were unchanged. Our data demonstrate a direct myocardial role for ANP/GC-A/cGMP to antagonize the Ca2+i-dependent hypertrophic growth response to Ang II, but not to β-adrenergic stimulation. The selectivity of this interaction is determined by PKG I and RGS2-dependent modulation of Ang II/AT1 signalling. Furthermore, they strengthen published observations in neonatal cardiomyocytes showing that TRPC3/TRPC6 channels are essential for Ang II, but not for β-adrenergic Ca2+i-stimulation in adult myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Klaiber
- Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Physiologisches Institut der Universität Würzburg, Germany
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20
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Inbred strain-specific effects of exercise in wild type and biglycan deficient mice. Ann Biomed Eng 2009; 38:1607-17. [PMID: 20033775 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-009-9881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Biglycan (bgn)-deficient mice (KO) have defective osteoblasts which lead to changes in the amount and quality of bone. Altered tissue strength in C57BL6/129 (B6;129) KO mice, a property which is independent of tissue quantity, suggests that deficiencies in tissue quality are responsible. However, the response to bgn-deficiency is inbred strain-specific. Mechanical loading influences bone matrix quality in addition to any increase in bone mass or change in bone formation activity. Since many diseases influence the mechanical integrity of bone through altered tissue quality, loading may be a way to prevent and treat extracellular matrix deficiencies. C3H/He (C3H) mice consistently have a less vigorous response to mechanical loading vs. other inbred strains. It was therefore hypothesized that the bones from both wild type (WT) and KO B6;129 mice would be more responsive to exercise than the bones from C3H mice. To test these hypotheses at 11 weeks of age, following 21 consecutive days of exercise, we investigated cross-sectional geometry, mechanical properties, and tissue composition in the tibiae of male mice bred on B6;129 and C3H backgrounds. This study demonstrated inbred strain-specific compositional and mechanical changes following exercise in WT and KO mice, and showed evidence of genotype-specific changes in bone in response to loading in a gene disruption model. This study further shows that exercise can influence bone tissue composition and/or mechanical integrity without changes in bone geometry. Together, these data suggest that exercise may represent a possible means to alter tissue quality and mechanical deficiencies caused by many diseases of bone.
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21
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Farrell AP, Eliason EJ, Sandblom E, Clark TD. Fish cardiorespiratory physiology in an era of climate changeThe present review is one of a series of occasional review articles that have been invited by the Editors and will feature the broad range of disciplines and expertise represented in our Editorial Advisory Board. CAN J ZOOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1139/z09-092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review examines selected areas of cardiovascular physiology where there have been impressive gains of knowledge and indicates fertile areas for future research. Because arterial blood is usually fully saturated with oxygen, increasing cardiac output is the only means for transferring substantially more oxygen to tissues. Consequently, any behavioural or environmental change that alters oxygen uptake typically involves a change in cardiac output, which in fishes can amount to a threefold change. During exercise, not all fishes necessarily have the same ability as salmonids to increase cardiac output by increasing stroke volume; they rely more on increases in heart rate instead. The benefits associated with increasing cardiac output via stroke volume or heart rate are unclear. Regardless, all fishes examined so far show an exquisite cardiac sensitivity to filling pressure and the cellular basis for this heightened cardiac stretch sensitivity in fish is being unraveled. Even so, a fully integrated picture of cardiovascular functioning in fishes is hampered by a dearth of studies on venous circulatory control. Potent positive cardiac inotropy involves stimulation of sarcolemmal β-adrenoceptors, which increases the peak trans-sarcolemmal current for calcium and the intracellular calcium transient available for binding to troponin C. However, adrenergic sensitivity is temperature-dependent in part through effects on membrane currents and receptor density. The membrane currents contributing to the pacemaker action potential are also being studied but remain a prime area for further study. Why maximum heart rate is limited to a low rate in most fishes compared with similar-sized mammals, even when Q10 effects are considered, remains a mystery. Fish hearts have up to three oxygen supply routes. The degree of coronary capillarization circulation is of primary importance to the compact myocardium, unlike the spongy myocardium, where venous oxygen partial pressure appears to be the critical factor in terms of oxygen delivery. Air-breathing fishes can boost the venous oxygen content and oxygen partial pressure by taking an air breath, thereby providing a third myocardial oxygen supply route that perhaps compensates for the potentially precarious supply to the spongy myocardium during hypoxia and exercise. In addition to venous hypoxemia, acidemia and hyperkalemia can accompany exhaustive exercise and acute warming, perhaps impairing the heart were it not for a cardiac protection mechanism afforded by β-adrenergic stimulation. With warming, however, a mismatch between an animal’s demand for oxygen (a Q10 effect) and the capacity of the circulatory and ventilatory systems to delivery this oxygen develops beyond an optimum temperature. At temperature extremes in salmon, it is proposed that detrimental changes in venous blood composition, coupled with a breakdown of the cardiac protective mechanism, is a potential mechanism to explain the decline in maximum and cardiac arrhythmias that are observed. Furthermore, the fall off in scope for heart rate and cardiac output is used to explain the decrease in aerobic scope above the optimum temperature, which may then explain the field observation that adult sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum in Artedi, 1792)) have difficulty migrating to their spawning area at temperatures above their optimum. Such mechanistic linkages to lifetime fitness, whether they are cardiovascular or not, should assist with predictions in this era of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Farrell
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - E. J. Eliason
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - E. Sandblom
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - T. D. Clark
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Hasler CT, Suski CD, Hanson KC, Cooke SJ, Philipp DP, Tufts BL. Effect of water temperature on laboratory swimming performance and natural activity levels of adult largemouth bass. CAN J ZOOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1139/z09-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although locomotory performance in vertebrates is related to fitness, most performance tests are conducted in a laboratory setting, or in a manner that forces the organism to move not of their own volition. Biotelemetry offers the possibility to measure voluntary activity in a natural setting and provides the opportunity to combine laboratory-derived data with field studies on wild fish. In this study, it was found that laboratory- and field-based measurements of swimming performance and voluntary activity resulted in similar general seasonal trends, though each measurement assessed a different swimming type. In the field, all swimming metrics were lower at cooler water temperatures and were lowest during early winter (mean daily activity = 0.016 BL/s; mean voluntary swimming activity = 0.04319 BL/s; maximum swimming speed = 0.17 BL/s). In the laboratory, fish acclimatized to 25.0, 14.0, and 7.5 °C decreased swimming performance (Ucrit) with water temperature (25.0 °C (2.17 BL/s); 14.0 °C (1.69 BL/s); 7.5 °C (1.17 BL/s). Although some species and tissues have been shown to exhibit different degrees of thermal adaptation, these results show that swimming, one of the most important functions in fish, is largely dependent on environmental temperature, at least in largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède, 1802)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb T. Hasler
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Division of Ecology and Conservation Science, Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Cory D. Suski
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Division of Ecology and Conservation Science, Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Kyle C. Hanson
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Division of Ecology and Conservation Science, Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Division of Ecology and Conservation Science, Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - David P. Philipp
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Division of Ecology and Conservation Science, Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Bruce L. Tufts
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Division of Ecology and Conservation Science, Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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Fernández DA, Calvo J. Fish muscle: the exceptional case of Notothenioids. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2009; 35:43-52. [PMID: 18979217 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-008-9282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fish skeletal muscle is an excellent model for studying muscle structure and function, since it has a very well-structured arrangement with different fiber types segregated in the axial and pectoral fin muscles. The morphological and physiological characteristics of the different muscle fiber types have been studied in several teleost species. In fish muscle, fiber number and size varies with the species considered, limiting fish maximum final length due to constraints in metabolites and oxygen diffusion. In this work, we analyze some special characteristics of the skeletal muscle of the suborder Notothenioidei. They experienced an impressive radiation inside Antarctic waters, a stable and cold environment that could account for some of their special characteristics. The number of muscle fibers is very low, 12,700-164,000, in comparison to 550,000-1,200,000 in Salmo salar of similar sizes. The size of the fibers is very large, reaching 600 microm in diameter, while for example Salmo salar of similar sizes have fibers of 220 microm maximum diameter. Evolutionary adjustment in cell cycle length for working at low temperature has been shown in Harpagifer antarcticus (111 h at 0 degrees C), when compared to the closely related sub-Antarctic species Harpagifer bispinis (150 h at 5 degrees C). Maximum muscle fiber number decreases towards the more derived notothenioids, a trend that is more related to phylogeny than to geographical distribution (and hence water temperature), with values as low as 3,600 in Harpagifer bispinis. Mitochondria volume density in slow muscles of notothenioids is very high (reaching 0.56) and since maximal rates of substrate oxidation by mitochondria is not enhanced, at least in demersal notothenioids, volume density is the only means of overcoming thermal constraints on oxidative capacity. In brief, some characteristics of the muscles of notothenioids have an apparent phylogenetic component while others seem to be adaptations to low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Fernández
- Austral Center for Scientific Research, CADIC-CONICET, Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina.
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Forgan LG, Forster ME. Oxygen consumption and blood flow distribution in perfused skeletal muscle of chinook salmon. J Comp Physiol B 2008; 179:359-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-008-0320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Schnell A, Seebacher F. Can Phenotypic Plasticity Facilitate the Geographic Expansion of the TilapiaOreochromis mossambicus? Physiol Biochem Zool 2008; 81:733-42. [DOI: 10.1086/592027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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26
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Effects of motor physical therapy on bone mineralization in premature infants: a randomized controlled study. J Perinatol 2008; 28:624-31. [PMID: 18633420 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2008.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of physical therapy on bone mineralization, weight gain and growth in preterm infants. METHOD After fulfilling the inclusion criteria, preterm infants were matched for gestational age and birth weight and then randomly assigned to the physiotherapy group (PG, n=15) and control group (CG, n=14). The PG received motor physical therapy for 15 min daily, 5 times per week until hospital discharge. Bone mineralization was measured by total body dual energy X-ray beam absorptiometry (DEXA) at the onset and end of the study. Statistical analysis was realized by ANCOVA and linear correlation tests. RESULT The physical therapy group (PG) presented greater body weight gain per day (27.4+/-2.4 vs 21.01+/-4.4 g, P<0.001) and length (1.3+/-0.3 vs 0.8+/-0.2 cm week(-1), P<0.001) than did the control group (CG). Body composition values verified by DEXA were greater for the PG. The mean gain in bone mineral content (BMC) (mg) was greater in the PG (434+/-247.5 vs -8.9+/-11.4, P<0.001), as was the mean bone mineral density (BMD) gain (mg cm(-2)) (8.4+/-5.6 vs -3.1+/-5.5, P<0.001). The gain in bone area (BA,cm(2)) was 10.3+/-5 in the PG vs 1.5 +/-2 in the CG (P<0.001). The gain in lean mass (LM) (g) in the PG was also greater than in the CG (271.1+/-21.4 vs 109.1+/-1.0, P<0.009). The fat mass (g) was similar between the groups (P=0.432). CONCLUSION These results showed that physiotherapy in preterm infants produced greater gains in growth, body weight, BMC, BMD, BA and LM.
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Brodte E, Graeve M, Jacob U, Knust R, Pörtner HO. Temperature-dependent lipid levels and components in polar and temperate eelpout (Zoarcidae). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2008; 34:261-274. [PMID: 18665464 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-007-9185-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Total lipid content, lipid classes and fatty acid composition were analysed in tissues from two eelpout species fed on the same diet, the Antarctic Pachycara brachycephalum and the temperate Zoarces viviparus, with the aim of determining the role of lipids in fishes from different thermal habitats. The lipid content increased with decreasing temperature in the liver of both species, suggesting enhanced lipid storage under cold conditions. In P. brachycephalum, lipid composition in the liver and muscle was strongly dominated by triacylglycerols between 0 and 6 degrees C. In contrast, in the temperate species, lipid class composition changed with changes in the temperature. When acclimatized to 4 and 6 degrees C Z. viviparus not only displayed a shift to lipid anabolism and pronounced lipid storage, as indicated by high triacylglycerol levels, but also a shift to patterns of cold adaptation, as reflected by an increased content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the lipid extract. Unsaturated fatty acids were also abundant in the Antarctic eelpout, but when compared to Z. viviparus at the same temperatures, the latter had significantly higher ratios of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid levels, whereas the Antarctic eelpout showed significantly higher ratios of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid levels. High delta-15N values of the Antarctic eelpout reflect the high trophic level of this scavenger in the Weddell Sea food web. Stable carbon values suggest that lipid-enriched prey forms a major part of its diet. The strategy to accumulate storage lipids in the cold is interpreted to be adaptive behaviour at colder temperatures and during periods of irregular, pulsed food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Brodte
- Physiology of Marine Animals, Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Postfach 12 01 61, Bremerhaven, 27515, Germany.
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Crockett EL. The cold but not hard fats in ectotherms: consequences of lipid restructuring on susceptibility of biological membranes to peroxidation, a review. J Comp Physiol B 2008; 178:795-809. [PMID: 18506451 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-008-0275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species is a regular feature of life in the presence of oxygen. Some reactive oxygen species possess sufficient energy to initiate lipid peroxidation in biological membranes, self-propagating reactions with the potential to damage membranes by altering their physical properties and ultimately their function. Two of the most prominent patterns of lipid restructuring in membranes of ectotherms involve contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids and ratios of the abundant phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Since polyunsaturated fatty acids and phosphatidylethanolamine are particularly vulnerable to oxidation, it is likely that higher contents of these lipids at low body temperature elevate the inherent susceptibility of membranes to lipid peroxidation. Although membranes from animals living at low body temperatures may be more prone to oxidation, the generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation are sensitive to temperature. These scenarios raise the possibility that membrane susceptibility to lipid peroxidation is conserved at physiological temperatures. Reduced levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and phosphatidylethanolamine may protect membranes at warm temperatures from deleterious oxidations when rates of reactive oxygen species production and lipid peroxidation are relatively high. At low temperatures, enhanced susceptibility may ensure sufficient lipid peroxidation for cellular processes that require lipid oxidation products.
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McLean L, Young IS, Doherty MK, Robertson DHL, Cossins AR, Gracey AY, Beynon RJ, Whitfield PD. Global cooling: cold acclimation and the expression of soluble proteins in carp skeletal muscle. Proteomics 2007; 7:2667-81. [PMID: 17623276 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200601004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) has a well-developed capacity to modify muscle properties in response to changes in temperature. Understanding the mechanisms underpinning this phenotypic response at the protein level may provide fundamental insights into the molecular basis of adaptive processes in skeletal muscle. In this study, common carp were subjected to a cooling regimen and soluble extracts of muscle homogenates were separated by 1-D SDS-PAGE and 2-DE. Proteins were identified using MALDI-TOF-MS and de novo peptide sequencing using LC-MS/MS. The 2-D gel was populated with numerous protein spots that were fragments of all three muscle isoforms (M1, M2 and M3) of carp creatine kinase (CK). The accumulation of the CK fragments was enhanced when the carp were cooled to 10 degrees C. The protein changes observed in the skeletal muscle of carp subjected to cold acclimation were compared to changes described in a previous transcript analysis study. Genes encoding CK isoforms were downregulated and the genes encoding key proteins of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway were upregulated. These findings are consistent with a specific cold-induced enhancement of proteolysis of CK.
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MESH Headings
- Acclimatization/physiology
- Animals
- Carps/genetics
- Carps/physiology
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Cold Temperature
- Creatine Kinase/genetics
- Creatine Kinase/isolation & purification
- Creatine Kinase/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Isoenzymes
- Models, Molecular
- Muscle, Skeletal/chemistry
- Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology
- Peptide Mapping
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Solubility
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Trypsin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn McLean
- Proteomics and Functional Genomics Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Heise K, Estevez MS, Puntarulo S, Galleano M, Nikinmaa M, Pörtner HO, Abele D. Effects of seasonal and latitudinal cold on oxidative stress parameters and activation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1) in zoarcid fish. J Comp Physiol B 2007; 177:765-77. [PMID: 17579869 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-007-0173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute, short term cooling of North Sea eelpout Zoarces viviparus is associated with a reduction of tissue redox state and activation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1) in the liver. The present study explores the response of HIF-1 to seasonal cold in Zoarces viviparus, and to latitudinal cold by comparing the eurythermal North Sea fish to stenothermal Antarctic eelpout (Pachycara brachycephalum). Hypoxic signalling (HIF-1 DNA binding activity) was studied in liver of summer and winter North Sea eelpout as well as of Antarctic eelpout at habitat temperature of 0 degrees C and after long-term warming to 5 degrees C. Biochemical parameters like tissue iron content, glutathione redox ratio, and oxidative stress indicators were analyzed to see whether the cellular redox state or reactive oxygen species formation and HIF activation in the fish correlate. HIF-1 DNA binding activity was significantly higher at cold temperature, both in the interspecific comparison, polar vs. temperate species, and when comparing winter and summer North Sea eelpout. Compared at the low acclimation temperatures (0 degrees C for the polar and 6 degrees C for the temperate eelpout) the polar fish showed lower levels of lipid peroxidation although the liver microsomal fraction turned out to be more susceptible to lipid radical formation. The level of radical scavenger, glutathione, was twofold higher in polar than in North Sea eelpout and also oxidised to over 50%. Under both conditions of cold exposure, latitudinal cold in the Antarctic and seasonal cold in the North Sea eelpout, the glutathione redox ratio was more oxidised when compared to the warmer condition. However, oxidative damage parameters (protein carbonyls and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were elevated only during seasonal cold exposure in Z. viviparus. Obviously, Antarctic eelpout are keeping oxidative defence mechanisms high enough to avoid accumulation of oxidative damage products at low habitat temperature. The paper discusses how HIF could be instrumental in cold adaptation in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Heise
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
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31
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Shimizu T, Kitamura T, Suzuki M, Fujii T, Shoji H, Tanaka K, Igarashi J. Effects of alpha-linolenic acid on colonic secretion in rats with experimental colitis. J Gastroenterol 2007; 42:129-34. [PMID: 17351801 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-006-1998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have specifically examined the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on intestinal water and ion secretion in ulcerative colitis (UC). The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs) to mucosal secretion in intestines with UC and to evaluate the effect of dietary n-3 PUFAs on diarrhea in UC. METHODS We measured the short-circuit current (Isc), using the Ussing chamber method, and fatty acid composition in the colonic mucosa of rats with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis. The DSS-treated rats were fed either a perilla oil-enriched diet (perilla group) or a soybean oil-enriched diet (soybean group); a control group did not undergo DSS administration. RESULTS The bradykinin-stimulated DeltaIsc in the soybean and perilla groups was significantly higher than that in the control group. The mucosal level of arachidonic acid in the perilla group was significantly lower than that in the soybean group. The mucosal levels of alpha-linolenic acid and EPA in the perilla group were significantly higher than those in the soybean group. The bradykinin-stimulated DeltaIsc was significantly suppressed after pretreatment with indomethacin in both the soybean and perilla groups, and was also significantly reduced in both groups after pretreatment with AA861. The suppression of bradykinin-stimulated DeltaIsc by the addition of AA861 was significantly higher in the perilla group than in the soybean group. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that supplementation with alpha-linolenic acid, in combination with a lipoxygenase inhibitor, could suppress the increase in Cl- secretion in patients with UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
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Seidler U, Lenzen H, Cinar A, Tessema T, Bleich A, Riederer B. Molecular mechanisms of disturbed electrolyte transport in intestinal inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1072:262-75. [PMID: 17057206 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1326.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhea is the hallmark of both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease. Loss of resorptive area, destruction of epithelial cells, leaky tight junctions, and release of inflammatory mediators and products from immune cells that stimulate fluid secretion all have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diarrhea. Very early studies in patients, however, have pinpointed the overwhelming transport abnormality in inflamed intestinal mucosa: a virtually complete loss of sodium resorptive capacity. Recently, tools have become available to study the molecular basis of disturbances in the major electrolyte transport systems during intestinal inflammation. This review gives a brief overview of the historical development of research related to electrolyte transport in inflammatory bowel disorders, focusing on the studies performed in humans, and highlights recent understanding of the molecular mechanisms that may help explain the origin of diarrhea in intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Seidler
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Olson CR, Vleck CM, Vleck D. Periodic cooling of bird eggs reduces embryonic growth efficiency. Physiol Biochem Zool 2006; 79:927-36. [PMID: 16927239 DOI: 10.1086/506003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
For many bird embryos, periodic cooling occurs when the incubating adult leaves the nest to forage, but the effects of periodic cooling on embryo growth, yolk use, and metabolism are poorly known. To address this question, we conducted incubation experiments on eggs of zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) that were frequently cooled and then rewarmed or were allowed to develop at a constant temperature. After 12 d of incubation, embryo mass and yolk reserves were less in eggs that experienced periodic cooling than in controls incubated constantly at 37.5 degrees Celsius. Embryos that regularly cooled to 20 degrees Celsius had higher mass-specific metabolic rates than embryos incubated constantly at 37.5 degrees Celsius. Periodic cooling delayed development and increased metabolic costs, reducing the efficiency with which egg nutrients were converted into embryo tissue. Avian embryos can tolerate periodic cooling, possibly by adjusting their physiology to variable thermal conditions, but at a cost to growth efficiency as well as rate of development. This reduction in embryo growth efficiency adds a new dimension to the fitness consequences of variation in adult nest attentiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Olson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Brooks VL, Haywood JR, Johnson AK. Translation of salt retention to central activation of the sympathetic nervous system in hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 32:426-32. [PMID: 15854153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2005.04206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
1. Increased dietary salt increases blood pressure in many hypertensive individuals, producing salt-sensitive hypertension (SSH). The cause is unknown, but a major component appears to be activation of the sympathetic nervous system. The purpose of this short review is to present one hypothesis to explain how increased dietary salt increases sympathetic activity in SSH. 2. It is proposed that increased salt intake causes salt retention and raises plasma sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations, which activate sodium/osmoreceptors to trigger sympathoexcitation. Moreover, we suggest that small and often undetectable increases in osmolality can drive significant sympathoexcitation, because the gain of the relationship between osmolality and increased sympathetic activity is enhanced. Multiple factors may contribute to this facilitation, including inappropriately elevated levels of angiotensin II or aldosterone, changes in gene expression or synaptic plasticity and increased sodium concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid. 3. Future studies are required to delineate the brain sites and mechanisms of action and interaction of osmolality and these amplification factors to elicit sustained sympathoexcitation in SSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia L Brooks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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35
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Sato T, Yamamoto H, Sawada N, Nashiki K, Tsuji M, Nikawa T, Arai H, Morita K, Taketani Y, Takeda E. Immobilization decreases duodenal calcium absorption through a 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-dependent pathway. J Bone Miner Metab 2006; 24:291-9. [PMID: 16816923 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-006-0686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization induces significant and progressive bone loss, with an increase in urinary excretion and a decrease in intestinal absorption of calcium. These actions lead to negative calcium balance and the development of disuse osteoporosis. The aims of this study were to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of decreased intestinal calcium absorption and to determine the effect of dietary 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] and a high-calcium diet on bone loss due to immobilization. The immobilized rat model was developed in the Bollman cage III to induce systemic disuse osteoporosis in the animals. There was a significant decrease in lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) and intestinal calcium absorption in the immobilized group compared with the controls. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration did not change, but 1,25(OH)2D concentration decreased significantly. The mRNA levels of renal 25-hydoxyvitamin D 24-hydroxylase (24OHase) increased, whereas those of renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1-alpha hydroxylase (1alpha-hydroxylase), duodenal transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 6 (TRPV6), TRPV5, and calbindin-D9k were all decreased. A high-calcium diet did not prevent the reduction in lumbar BMD or affect the mRNA expression of proteins related to calcium transport. Dietary administration of 1,25(OH)2D increased the intestinal calcium absorption that had been downregulated by immobilization. TRPV6, TRPV5, and calbindin-D9k mRNA levels were also upregulated, resulting in prevention of the reduction in lumbar BMD. Therefore, it is concluded that dietary 1,25(OH)2D prevented decreases in intestinal calcium absorption and simultaneously prevented bone loss in immobilized rats. However, it remains unclear that calcium absorption and expression of calcium transport proteins are essential for the regulation of lumbar BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadatoshi Sato
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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Abstract
Increasing peak bone mass at skeletal maturity, minimizing bone loss during middle age and after menopause, and increasing bone mass and preventing falls in advanced age are important measures for preventing osteoporotic fractures in women. Exercise has generally been considered to have a positive influence on bone health. This paper reviews the effects of treadmill exercise on bone in young, adult, ovariectomized, and osteopenic female rats. Treadmill exercise increases cortical and cancellous bone mass of the tibia as a result of increased bone formation and decreased bone resorption in young and adult rats. The increase in lumbar bone mass seems to be more significant when long-term exercise is applied. Treadmill exercise prevents cancellous bone loss at the tibia as a result of suppressed bone resorption in ovariectomized rats, and increases bone mass of the tibia and mechanical strength of the femur, as a result of suppressed bone resorption and increased bone formation in osteopenic rats after ovariectomy. Treadmill exercise transiently decreases the serum calcium level as a result of accumulation of calcium in bone, resulting in an increase in serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) level and a decrease in serum parathyroid hormone level. We conclude that treadmill exercise may be useful to increase bone mass in young and adult rats, prevent bone loss in ovariectomized rats, and increase bone mass and bone strength in osteopenic rats, especially in the long bones at weight-bearing sites. Treadmill exercise may have a positive effect on the skeleton in young, and adult, ovariectomized, and osteopenic female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Iwamoto
- Department of Sports Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Lannig G, Storch D, Pörtner HO. Aerobic mitochondrial capacities in Antarctic and temperate eelpout (Zoarcidae) subjected to warm versus cold acclimation. Polar Biol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-005-0730-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gracey AY, Fraser EJ, Li W, Fang Y, Taylor RR, Rogers J, Brass A, Cossins AR. Coping with cold: An integrative, multitissue analysis of the transcriptome of a poikilothermic vertebrate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:16970-5. [PMID: 15550548 PMCID: PMC534716 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403627101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Accepted: 10/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
How do organisms respond adaptively to environmental stress? Although some gene-specific responses have been explored, others remain to be identified, and there is a very poor understanding of the system-wide integration of response, particularly in complex, multitissue animals. Here, we adopt a transcript screening approach to explore the mechanisms underpinning a major, whole-body phenotypic transition in a vertebrate animal that naturally experiences extreme environmental stress. Carp were exposed to increasing levels of cold, and responses across seven tissues were assessed by using a microarray composed of 13,440 cDNA probes. A large set of unique cDNAs (approximately 3,400) were affected by cold. These cDNAs included an expression signature common to all tissues of 252 up-regulated genes involved in RNA processing, translation initiation, mitochondrial metabolism, proteasomal function, and modification of higher-order structures of lipid membranes and chromosomes. Also identified were large numbers of transcripts with highly tissue-specific patterns of regulation. By unbiased profiling of gene ontologies, we have identified the distinctive functional features of each tissue's response and integrate them into a comprehensive view of the whole-body transition from one strongly adaptive phenotype to another. This approach revealed an expression signature suggestive of atrophy in cooled skeletal muscle. This environmental genomics approach by using a well studied but nongenomic species has identified a range of candidate genes endowing thermotolerance and reveals a previously unrecognized scale and complexity of responses that impacts at the level of cellular and tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Y Gracey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L39 7ZB, United Kindgom.
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Hu HZ, Gao N, Liu S, Ren J, Wang X, Xia Y, Wood JD. Action of bradykinin in the submucosal plexus of guinea pig small intestine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 309:320-7. [PMID: 14718600 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.059188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular recording methods with "sharp" microelectrodes were used to study actions of bradykinin (BK) on electrical behavior of morphologically identified neurons and the identification and localization of BK receptors in the submucosal plexus of guinea pig small intestine. Exposure to BK depolarized the membrane potential and elevated excitability in submucosal neurons with AH-type electrophysiological behavior and Dogiel II multipolar morphology and in neurons with S-type electrophysiological behavior and uniaxonal morphology. BK-evoked depolarizing responses were associated with increased neuronal input resistance in AH-type neurons and decreased input resistance in S-type neurons. The selective B(2) BK receptor antagonists HOE-140 (icatabant acetate) and WIN64338 [(S)-4[2-bis(cyclohexylamino)methyleneamino]-3-(2-napthalenyl)-1-oxopropylamino]benzyl tributyl phosphonium chloride hydrochloride], but not the selective B(1) receptor antagonists des-arg(10)-HOE-140 and des-arg(9)-leu(8)-BK, suppressed the BK-evoked responses. The selective B(2) receptor agonist Kallidin, but not the selective B(1) receptor agonist des-arg(9)-BK mimicked the excitatory action of BK. Western blot analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction confirmed the expression of B(2) receptor protein and mRNA. Binding studies with a fluorescently labeled BK(2) antagonist found expression of B(2) receptors on a majority of the ganglion cells. B(2) receptors occupied 82% of the neurons that expressed immunoreactivity for neuropeptide Y, 75% of the neurons that expressed vasoactive intestinal peptide, 84% of the neurons that expressed substance P, 71% of the neurons that expressed choline acetyltransferase, and all neurons that expressed calbindin immunoreactivity. The results suggest that the B(2) receptor mediates the excitatory action of BK on submucosal plexus neurons. Pathophysiological significance of the excitatory actions on secretomotor neurons might be stimulated mucosal secretion and the secretory diarrhea associated with intestinal inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zhen Hu
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, 304 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1218, USA
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Hu HZ, Gao N, Liu S, Ren J, Xia Y, Wood JD. Metabotropic signal transduction for bradykinin in submucosal neurons of guinea pig small intestine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 309:310-9. [PMID: 14718601 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.059204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular recording methods with "sharp" microelectrodes were used to study signal transduction mechanisms underlying the excitatory action of bradykinin (BK) in morphologically identified neurons in the small intestinal submucosal plexus. Exposure to BK evoked slowly activating membrane depolarization and enhanced excitability associated with increased input resistance in AH-type and decreased input resistance in S-type neurons. Preincubation with pertussis toxin did not affect the BK-evoked responses. Pretreatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitors indomethacin or piroxicam suppressed or abolished the BK-evoked responses. Application of prostaglandin (PG) E(2) or PG analogs evoked BK-like depolarizing responses in the submucosal plexus with a potency order of PGE(2) > PGE(1) > 17-phenyl trinor-PGE(2) > PGI(2) > sulprostone > PGF(2alpha). Depolarizing responses to bradykinin or PGE(2) in S-type neurons were suppressed in the presence of the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 [(1-6-[([17beta]-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5[10]-tren-17-71)amino]hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione)], but not the inactive analog U73343 [(1-6-[([17beta]-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5[10]trien-17yl)amino]hexyl)-2,5-pyrrolidinedione)]. The inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor antagonist 2-aminoethoxy-diphenylborane and the calmodulin inhibitor W-7, but not ryanodine, suppressed both bradykinin- and PGE(2)-evoked responses. KN-62, an inhibitor of calmodulin kinases, or GF109203X, a specific protein kinase C inhibitor, suppressed both BK- and PGE(2)-evoked depolarizing responses. Selective protein kinase A inhibitors did not alter BK- or PGE(2)-evoked depolarizing responses in S neurons. The results suggest that BK stimulates synthesis and release of PGE(2), which acts at EP(1) receptors to evoke depolarizing responses in submucosal neurons. The postreceptor transduction cascade includes activation of phospholipase C, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate production, intraneuronal Ca2+ mobilization, activation of protein kinase C and/or calmodulin kinases, and phosphorylation of cationic channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zhen Hu
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, 304 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1218, USA
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Prado GN, Taylor L, Zhou X, Ricupero D, Mierke DF, Polgar P. Mechanisms regulating the expression, self-maintenance, and signaling-function of the bradykinin B2 and B1 receptors. J Cell Physiol 2002; 193:275-86. [PMID: 12384980 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bradykinin (BK) is a potent short-lived effector belonging to a class of peptides known as kinins. It participates in inflammatory and vascular regulation and processes including angioedema, tissue permeability, vascular dilation, and smooth muscle contraction. BK exerts its biological effects through the activation of the bradykinin B2 receptor (BKB2R) which is G-protein-coupled and is generally constitutively expressed. Upon binding, the receptor is activated and transduces signal cascades which have become paradigms for the actions of the Galphai and Galphaq G-protein subunits. Following activation the receptor is then desensitized, endocytosed, and resensitized. The bradykinin B1 (BKB1R) is a closely related receptor. It is activated by desArg(10)-kallidin or desArg(9)-BK, metabolites of kallidin and BK, respectively. This receptor is induced following tissue injury or after treatment with bacterial endotoxins such as lipopolysacharide or cytokines such as interleukin-1 or tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In this review we will summarize the BKB2R and BKB1R mediated signal transduction pathways. We will then emphasize the relevance of key residues and domains of the intracellular regions of the BKB2R as they relate to modulating its function (signal transduction) and self-maintenance (desensitization, endocytosis, and resensitization). We will examine the features of the BKB1R gene promoter and its mRNA as these operate in the expression and self-maintenance of this inducible receptor. This communication will not cover areas discussed in earlier reviews pertaining to the actions of peptide analogs. For these we refer you to earlier reviews (Regoli and Barabé, 1980, Pharmacol Rev 32:1-46; Regoli et al., 1990, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 15(Suppl 6):S30-S38; Regoli et al., 1993, Can J Physiol Pharmacol 71:556-557; Marceau, 1995, Immunopharmacology 30:1-26; Regoli et al., 1998, Eur J Pharmacol 348:1-10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N Prado
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Tschantz DR, Crockett EL, Niewiarowski PH, Londraville RL. Cold acclimation strategy is highly variable among the sunfishes (Centrarchidae). Physiol Biochem Zool 2002; 75:544-56. [PMID: 12601611 DOI: 10.1086/344492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that the physiological strategy for acclimating to low body temperature is similar among closely related fish. Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus), bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), black crappie (Pomonix nigromaculatus), and white crappie (Pomonix annularis), all members of the family Centrarchidae, were acclimated to 5 degrees and 25 degrees C. Morphometric variables (total mass, total length, organ masses) and enzyme activities (hexokinase; lactate dehydrogenase; and cytochrome oxidase in heart, liver, and muscle) were measured in 5 degrees C- and 25 degrees C-acclimated fish at 5 degrees and 25 degrees C assay temperatures. Each species displayed a distinct physiological response to cold acclimation that differed among tissues. These data suggest that the response to cold acclimation is highly variable within families. Our findings are consistent with other studies suggesting that acclimation responses are labile and may evolve independently even among closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deidra R Tschantz
- 1Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, USA
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Gamperl AK, Rodnick KJ, Faust HA, Venn EC, Bennett MT, Crawshaw LI, Keeley ER, Powell MS, Li HW. Metabolism, swimming performance, and tissue biochemistry of high desert redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss ssp.): evidence for phenotypic differences in physiological function. Physiol Biochem Zool 2002; 75:413-31. [PMID: 12529843 DOI: 10.1086/343139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss ssp.) in southeastern Oregon inhabit high-elevation streams that exhibit extreme variability in seasonal flow and diel water temperature. Given the strong influence and potential limitations exerted by temperature on fish physiology, we were interested in how acute temperature change and thermal history influenced the physiological capabilities and biochemical characteristics of these trout. To this end, we studied wild redband trout inhabiting two streams with different thermal profiles by measuring (1) critical swimming speed (U(crit)) and oxygen consumption in the field at 12 degrees and 24 degrees C; (2) biochemical indices of energy metabolism in the heart, axial white skeletal muscle, and blood; and (3) temperature preference in a laboratory thermal gradient. Further, we also examined genetic and morphological characteristics of fish from these two streams. At 12 degrees C, maximum metabolic rate (Mo2max) and metabolic power were greater in Little Blitzen redband trout as compared with those from Bridge Creek (by 37% and 32%, respectively). Conversely, Bridge Creek and Little Blitzen trout had similar values for Mo2max and metabolic power at 24 degrees C. The U(crit) of Little Blitzen trout was similar at the two temperatures (61+/-3 vs. 57+/-4 cm s(-1)). However, the U(crit) for Bridge Creek trout increased from 62+/-3 cm s(-1) to 75+/-3 cm s(-1) when water temperature was raised from 12 degrees to 24 degrees C, and the U(crit) value at 24 degrees C was significantly greater than for Little Blitzen fish. Cost of transport was lower for Bridge Creek trout at both 12 degrees and 24 degrees C, indicating that these trout swim more efficiently than those from the Little Blitzen. Possible explanations for the greater metabolic power of Little Blitzen redband trout at 12 degrees C include increased relative ventricular mass (27%) and an elevation in epaxial white muscle citrate synthase activity (by 72%). Bridge Creek trout had 50% higher lactate dehydrogenase activity in white muscle and presumably a greater potential for anaerobic metabolism. Both populations exhibited a preferred temperature of approximately 13 degrees C and identical mitochondrial haplotypes and p53 gene allele frequencies. However, Bridge Creek trout had a more robust body form, with a relatively larger head and a deeper body and caudal peduncle. In summary, despite the short distance ( approximately 10 km) and genotypic similarity between study streams, our results indicate that phenotypic reorganization of anatomical characteristics, swimming ability at environmentally pertinent temperatures and white axial muscle ATP-producing pathways occurs in redband trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, 97207-0751, USA.
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Devani M, Cugno M, Vecchi M, Ferrero S, Di Berardino F, Avesani EC, de Franchis R, Colman RW. Kallikrein-kinin system activation in Crohn's disease: differences in intestinal and systemic markers. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97:2026-32. [PMID: 12190172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Observations in experimental models and in human ulcerative colitis suggest that activation of the kallikrein-kinin system plays a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of this study was to assess activation of the plasma and tissue kallikrein-kinin system in Crohn's disease. METHODS We studied plasma inflammatory and contact system parameters in 36 patients with Crohn's disease and in 36 control subjects with noninflammatory GI diseases. We also obtained tissue samples from the involved intestine of 12 patients with Crohn's disease, and from normal peritumoral tissue (12 patients) and diverticulitis tissue (seven patients) as controls. Full-thickness sections were tested for intestinal tissue kallikrein reactivity with a specific antibody. RESULTS In Crohn's disease patients and controls, plasma levels of prekallikrein, factor XI, high molecular weight kininogen and its cleaved form were normal. Crohn's disease patients had significantly higher levels of antigen and functional Cl-inhibitor (+22%, +12%) than did controls (p = 0.005, p = 0.004). After surgical resection, antigen and functional Cl-inhibitor significantly decreased in Crohn's disease patients (-22%, -15%; p = 0.035, p = 0.006). Intestinal tissue kallikrein immunoreactivity was absent (75%) or weak (25%) in the goblet cells from Crohn's disease tissue sections but was normal in controls, with a highly significant difference in the staining score (p = 0.0001). Intestinal tissue kallikrein immunoreactivity in the interstitium was higher in Crohn's disease than in normal and diverticulitis samples (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our observations suggest that intestinal tissue kallikrein is involved in the inflammatory process in Crohn's disease. The lack of contact system activation in peripheral blood might be related to the high plasma levels of Cl-inhibitor, the most important inhibitor of the contact system in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Devani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Instituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ospedale Maggiore and University of Milan, Italy
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Riemenschneider WK, Sidell BD. Cold acclimation induces proliferation of sarcoplasmic reticulum without increase in Ca2+-ATPase activity in white axial muscle of striped bass (Morone saxatilis). THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 2002; 292:231-40. [PMID: 11857457 DOI: 10.1002/jez.10041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effects of acclimation of striped bass to cold (5 degrees C) and warm (25 degrees C) temperatures upon ultrastructural features of white axial skeletal muscle are quantified. Surface density of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) increased by almost 30%, and SR volume density increased by about 20% during cold acclimation. Proliferation of SR suggests an increase in available SR surface for re-sequestration of Ca2+ and a decrease in diffusion path length for Ca2+ during cold acclimation. Average cross-sectional areas and cross-sectional perimeters of myofibrils situated in the center of muscle fibers decreased during cold acclimation by approximately 20% and 11%, respectively. Additionally, average major and minor axes of ellipses fit to central myofibrillar cross-sections decreased by approximately 12% and 8%, respectively, during cold acclimation. These measurements define a decrease in average myofibrillar diameter and suggest a decrease in diffusion path length for Ca2+ to and from myofibrillar activation sites. Measurements of peripheral myofibrils that had elongated profiles in cross-sections indicate that maximum profile length of these myofibrils decreases by about 17%. Peripheral myofibrils may break up into smaller myofibrils with more rounded cross-sectional profiles during cold acclimation. SR Ca2+-ATPase of white axial muscle was also measured in unfractionated homogenates and in crude SR-enriched subcellular fractions from cold- and warm-acclimated striped bass. No difference in SR Ca2+-ATPase activity per g wet weight was observed between cold- and warm-acclimated animals. Lack of increase in SR Ca2+-ATPase per g wet weight, despite a significant proliferation of SR, probably results in a decrease in average Ca2+-ATPase pump density within the SR membrane during cold acclimation. Thus, compensation for decreased diffusion coefficient of Ca2+ during cold acclimation appears due to the combined effects of proliferation of SR surface density and a decrease in average myofibrillar diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Riemenschneider
- Pathology Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Hoofd L. Modeling in the evaluation/calibration of modern oxygen measuring techniques. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2000; 471:575-83. [PMID: 10659191 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4717-4_67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Hoofd
- 237 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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47
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Colella A, Patamia M, Galtieri A, Giardina B. Cold adaptation and oxidative metabolism of Antarctic fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/11250000009356353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Alsop DH, Kieffer JD, Wood CM. The effects of temperature and swimming speed on instantaneous fuel use and nitrogenous waste excretion of the Nile tilapia. Physiol Biochem Zool 1999; 72:474-83. [PMID: 10438675 DOI: 10.1086/316686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The effects of acclimation temperature (30 degrees, 20 degrees, and 15 degrees C) and swimming speed on the aerobic fuel use of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus; 8-10 g, 8-9-cm fork length) were investigated using a respirometric approach. As acclimation temperature was decreased from 30 degrees C to 15 degrees C, resting oxygen consumption (Mo2) and carbon dioxide excretion (Mco2) decreased approximately twofold, while nitrogenous waste excretion (ammonia-N plus urea-N) decreased approximately fourfold. Instantaneous aerobic fuel usage was calculated from respiratory gas exchange. At 30 degrees C, resting Mo2 was fueled by 42% lipids, 27% carbohydrates, and 31% protein. At 15 degrees C, lipid use decreased to 21%, carbohydrate use increased greatly to 63%, and protein use decreased to 16%. These patterns at 30 degrees C and 15 degrees C in tilapia paralleled fuel use previously reported in rainbow trout acclimated to 15 degrees C and 5 degrees C, respectively. Temperature also had a pronounced effect on critical swimming speed (UCrit). Tilapia acclimated to 30 degrees C had a UCrit of 5.63+/-0. 06 body lengths/s (BL/s), while, at 20 degrees C, UCrit was significantly lower at 4.21+/-0.14 BL/s. Tilapia acclimated to 15 degrees C were unable or unwilling to swim. As tilapia swam at greater speeds, Mo2 increased exponentially; Mo2min and Mo2max were 5.8+/-0.6 and 21.2+/-1.5 micromol O2/g/h, respectively. Nitrogenous waste excretion increased to a lesser extent with swimming speed. At 30 degrees C, instantaneous protein use while swimming at 15 cm/s ( approximately 1.7 BL/s) was 23%, and at UCrit (5.6 BL/s), protein use dropped slightly to 17%. During a 48-h swim at 25 cm/s (2.7 BL/s, approximately 50% UCrit), Mo2 and urea excretion remained unchanged, while ammonia excretion more than doubled by 24 h and remained elevated 24 h later. These results revealed a shift to greater reliance on protein as an aerobic fuel during prolonged swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Alsop
- Centre for Fish Metabolism and Energetics, Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.
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Mundel TM, Heid HW, Mahuran DJ, Kriz W, Mundel P. Ganglioside GM2-activator protein and vesicular transport in collecting duct intercalated cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10:435-43. [PMID: 10073593 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v103435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the molecular characterization of an antigen defined by an autoantibody from a woman with habitual abortion as GM2-activator protein. The patient showed no disorder of renal function. Accidentally with routine serum screening for autoantibodies, an immunoreactivity was found in kidney collecting duct intercalated cells. Three distinct patterns of immunostaining of intercalated cells were observed: staining of the apical pole, basolateral pole, and diffuse cytoplasmic labeling. Ultrastructurally, the immunoreactivity was associated with "studs," which represent the cytoplasmic domain of the vacuolar proton pump in intercalated cells. This pump is subjected to a shuttling mechanism from cytoplasmic stores to the cell membrane, which exclusively occurs in intercalated cells. Peptide sequences of a 23-kD protein purified from rat kidney cortex showed complete identity with corresponding sequences of GM2-activator protein. In the brain, GM2-activator protein is required for hexosaminidase A to split a sugar from ganglioside GM2. Because neither ganglioside GM2 nor GM1 (its precursor) is present in significant amounts in the kidney, the previous finding that this tissue contains the highest level of activator protein in the body was confusing. In this study, a novel role for GM2-activator protein in intercalated cells is proposed, and possible roles in the shuttling mechanism are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Abortion, Habitual/immunology
- Animals
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Autoantibodies/analysis
- Base Sequence
- Biological Transport
- Cell Membrane/ultrastructure
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytoplasm/ultrastructure
- Female
- G(M2) Activator Protein
- G(M2) Ganglioside/genetics
- G(M2) Ganglioside/isolation & purification
- G(M2) Ganglioside/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Kidney Tubules, Collecting/chemistry
- Kidney Tubules, Collecting/cytology
- Kidney Tubules, Collecting/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules, Collecting/ultrastructure
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Pregnancy
- Protein Binding
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/isolation & purification
- Proteins/metabolism
- Proton Pumps/ultrastructure
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reference Values
- Sensitivity and Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Mundel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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Carroll MA, Balazy M, Huang DD, Rybalova S, Falck JR, McGiff JC. Cytochrome P450-derived renal HETEs: storage and release. Kidney Int 1997; 51:1696-702. [PMID: 9186856 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1997.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have established an assay based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to profile and quantitate endogenous cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) exiting the isolated perfused rabbit kidney in response to hormonal stimulation. In response to angiotensin II (Ang II) P450-derived HETEs (16-, 17-, 18-, 19- and 20-) are released from the isolated Kreb's perfused rabbit kidney. Ang II produced a several-fold increase in the levels of P450-HETEs above basal levels in both urinary (such as for 20-HETE from 0.93 +/- 0.7 to 2.31 +/- 0.9 ng/min) and venous (from 0.1 +/- 0.05 to 0.3 +/- 0.05 ng/min) effluents. However, inhibition of P450, which reduced basal release, did not prevent Ang II-induced release of P450-AA products from the rabbit kidney; for example, urinary 20-HETE in the presence of 17-ODYA (1 microM) was undetectable and increased to 0.93 +/- 0.4 ng/min with Ang II and venous 20-HETE increased from 0.06 +/- 0.03 to 0.24 +/- 0.07 ng/min. Similar results were obtained with clotrimazole (1 microM). As 16-, 18-, 19- and 20-HETEs are vasodilators in the rabbit kidney and 16- and 17-HETEs inhibit proximal tubular ATPase activity, we investigated their possible sites of esterification. Cortical and medullary lipids were extracted, separated by HPLC and P450-HETEs quantitated following alkaline hydrolysis. The P450-HETEs were incorporated into both neutral lipids (NL) and phospholipids [phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylcholine (PC)]. However, the assignment of a HETE to a specific phospholipid pool must be regarded as tentative as the appropriate standards containing P450-HETEs in the Sn-2 position (such as 20-HETE-PF., 20-HETE-PC, etc.) were not available. Esterified HETEs were found in larger quantities in the cortex as compared to the medulla (34.40 +/- 1.12 versus 22.76 +/- 0.53 ng/g). The PI fraction in the cortex yielded the largest quantity of HETEs and the PC fraction the lowest. In the medulla, the largest quantities of esterified HETEs were found in neutral lipids and only slightly lesser amounts in PE and PI. Esterified 18-HETE was localized only to the NI fraction. This fraction also contained the other HETEs, 19- and 20-HETE being the most abundant. Notably only 16- and 17-HETE were present in PF, whereas, 19- and 20-HETE were also present in PI, PS and PC. Thus, P450-HETEs, like EETs are stored in the kidney and are, presumably, subject to release by peptide activation of acylhydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Carroll
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, USA
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