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Lim NR, Chung WC. Helicobacter pylori-associated Chronic Atrophic Gastritis and Progression of Gastric Carcinogenesis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY = TAEHAN SOHWAGI HAKHOE CHI 2023; 82:171-179. [PMID: 37876256 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2023.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation due to a Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a representative cause of gastric cancer that can promote gastric carcinogenesis by abnormally activating immune cells and increasing the inflammatory cytokines levels. H. pylori infections directly cause DNA double-strand breaks in gastric epithelial cells and genetic damage by increasing the enzymatic activity of cytidine deaminase. Eventually, gastric cancer is induced through dysplasia. Hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes is an important cause of gastric cancer because of a H. pylori infection. In addition, the changes in gastric microbiota and the mucosal inflammatory changes associated with a co-infection with the Epstein-Barr virus are associated with gastric cancer development. DNA damage induced by H. pylori and the subsequent responses of gastric stem cells have implications for gastric carcinogenesis. Although the pathogenesis of H. pylori has been established, many uncertainties remain, requiring more study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Rae Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Woo Chul Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
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2
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Magazenkova DN, Skomorokhova EA, Farroukh MA, Zharkova MS, Jassem ZM, Rekina VE, Shamova OV, Puchkova LV, Ilyechova EY. Influence of Silver Nanoparticles on the Growth of Ascitic and Solid Ehrlich Adenocarcinoma: Focus on Copper Metabolism. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041099. [PMID: 37111584 PMCID: PMC10145613 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between copper metabolism and tumor progression motivated us to use copper chelators for suppression of tumor growth. We assume that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can be used for lowering bioavailable copper. Our assumption is based on the ability of Ag(I) ions released by AgNPs in biological media and interfere with Cu(I) transport. Intervention of Ag(I) into copper metabolism leads to the replacement of copper by silver in ceruloplasmin and the decrease in bioavailable copper in the bloodstream. To check this assumption, mice with ascitic or solid Ehrlich adenocarcinoma (EAC) were treated with AgNPs using different protocols. Copper status indexes (copper concentration, ceruloplasmin protein level, and oxidase activity) were monitored to assess copper metabolism. The expression of copper-related genes was determined by real-time PCR in the liver and tumors, and copper and silver levels were measured by FAAS. Intraperitoneal AgNPs treatment beginning on the day of tumor inoculation enhanced mice survival, reduced the proliferation of ascitic EAC cells, and suppressed the activity of HIF1α, TNF-α and VEGFa genes. Topical treatment by the AgNPs, which was started together with the implantation of EAC cells in the thigh, also enhanced mice survival, decreased tumor growth, and repressed genes responsible for neovascularization. The advantages of silver-induced copper deficiency over copper chelators are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria N. Magazenkova
- Research Center of Advanced Functional Materials and Laser Communication Systems, Institute of Advanced Data Transfer Systems, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Skomorokhova
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mohammad Al Farroukh
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria S. Zharkova
- Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Zena M. Jassem
- Research Center of Advanced Functional Materials and Laser Communication Systems, Institute of Advanced Data Transfer Systems, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Valeria E. Rekina
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga V. Shamova
- Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ludmila V. Puchkova
- Research Center of Advanced Functional Materials and Laser Communication Systems, Institute of Advanced Data Transfer Systems, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Y. Ilyechova
- Research Center of Advanced Functional Materials and Laser Communication Systems, Institute of Advanced Data Transfer Systems, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(921)-7605274
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Sers C, Schäfer R. Silencing effects of mutant RAS signalling on transcriptomes. Adv Biol Regul 2023; 87:100936. [PMID: 36513579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2022.100936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutated genes of the RAS family encoding small GTP-binding proteins drive numerous cancers, including pancreatic, colon and lung tumors. Besides the numerous effects of mutant RAS gene expression on aberrant proliferation, transformed phenotypes, metabolism, and therapy resistance, the most striking consequences of chronic RAS activation are changes of the genetic program. By performing systematic gene expression studies in cellular models that allow comparisons of pre-neoplastic with RAS-transformed cells, we and others have estimated that 7 percent or more of all transcripts are altered in conjunction with the expression of the oncogene. In this context, the number of up-regulated transcripts approximates that of down-regulated transcripts. While up-regulated transcription factors such as MYC, FOSL1, and HMGA2 have been identified and characterized as RAS-responsive drivers of the altered transcriptome, the suppressed factors have been less well studied as potential regulators of the genetic program and transformed phenotype in the breadth of their occurrence. We therefore have collected information on downregulated RAS-responsive factors and discuss their potential role as tumor suppressors that are likely to antagonize active cancer drivers. To better understand the active mechanisms that entail anti-RAS function and those that lead to loss of tumor suppressor activity, we focus on the tumor suppressor HREV107 (alias PLAAT3 [Phospholipase A and acyltransferase 3], PLA2G16 [Phospholipase A2, group XVI] and HRASLS3 [HRAS-like suppressor 3]). Inactivating HREV107 mutations in tumors are extremely rare, hence epigenetic causes modulated by the RAS pathway are likely to lead to down-regulation and loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Sers
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology and systems Biology, Institute of Pathology, Charité Universitätstmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Reinhold Schäfer
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117, Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Wang L, Cao S, Zhai R, Zhao Y, Song G. Systematic Analysis of Expression and Prognostic Values of Lysyl Oxidase Family in Gastric Cancer. Front Genet 2022; 12:760534. [PMID: 35126449 PMCID: PMC8812723 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.760534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer (GC) remains the fifth most commonly diagnosed malignancy worldwide, with a poor prognosis. The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, a type of secreted copper-dependent amine oxidases, is comprised of LOX and four LOX-like (LOXL) 1–4 isoforms and has been reported to be dysregulated in a number of different type cancers. However, the diverse expression patterns and prognostic values of LOX family in GC have yet to be systematically analyzed. Methods: ONCOMINE, GEPIA, UALCAN, Kaplan–Meier Plotter, LOGpc, cBioPortal, GeneMANIA and Metascape databases were utilized in this study to analyze the expression, prognostic values, mutations and functional networks of LOX family in GC. Results: The mRNA expression levels of LOX, LOXL1 and LOXL2 were significantly higher in GC, the expression level of LOXL3 was contrary in different databases, while the expression level of LOXL4 made no difference; the expression levels of LOX, LOXL1 and LOXL3 were higher in stages 2–4 than that of normal tissues and stage 1, while the mRNA level of LOXL2 in stage 1–4 was higher than normal tissues; patients with high expression of LOX and LOXL 2-4 had poor OS; the genes correlated with LOX and LOXL2 were enriched in extracellular matrix organization, vasculature development and skeletal system development. Conclusion: Our results indicated that the LOX family, especially LOX and LOXL2, might play an important role in GC oncogenesis, and they may become biomarkers for predicting tumor prognosis and potential targets for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shan Cao
- Department of Respiratory, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rujun Zhai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Radiology Department, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guodong Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Chen X, Margaret C, Hicks MJ, Sarkar P, Gaber MW, Man TK. LOX upregulates FAK phosphorylation to promote metastasis in osteosarcoma. Genes Dis 2022; 10:254-266. [PMID: 37013056 PMCID: PMC10066266 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor that commonly occurs in the pediatric population. Despite the use of chemotherapy and surgery, metastasis remains to be the leading cause of death in patients with osteosarcoma. We have previously reported that cytoplasmic mislocalization of p27 is associated with a poor outcome in osteosarcoma. In this study, we further show that lysyl oxidase (LOX) expression was associated with p27 mislocalization. LOX is an enigmatic molecule that acts as a tumor suppressor or a metastatic promoter; however, its role in osteosarcoma is still unclear. Hence, we performed both in vitro and in vivo analyses to dissect the role of LOX in osteosarcoma. The result of our survival analysis indicated that LOX expression significantly correlated with a poor outcome in osteosarcoma with or without controlling for the initial metastasis status (P < 0.05). Functionally, we found that higher LOX expression promoted osteosarcoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasiveness in vitro and produced a higher number of mice with pulmonary metastases in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Mechanistically, phospho-FAK was increased in osteosarcoma cells with high LOX expression. Our results further showed that FAK inhibition significantly reduced tumor cell proliferation and migration in vitro as well as LOX-mediated metastasis in mice. Together, our findings suggest that there is a novel link between p27 mislocalization and LOX expression. LOX plays a pivotal role in osteosarcoma metastasis by upregulating FAK phosphorylation. FAK inhibition may constitute a promising therapeutic strategy to reduce the development of metastasis in osteosarcoma with LOX overexpression.
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Choi JM, Kim SG. Effect of Helicobacter pylori Eradication on Epigenetic Changes in Gastric Cancer-related Genes. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HELICOBACTER AND UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.7704/kjhugr.2021.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is known that gastric carcinogenesis results from the progressive changes from chronic gastritis to gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and invasive carcinoma. Several genetic and epigenetic alterations are involved in this process, and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is believed to induce the initiation and progression of these steps. From an epigenetic point of view, H. pylori induces hypermethylation of genes involved in the development of gastric cancer and regulates the expression of various microRNAs (miRNAs). These H. pylori-related epigenetic changes are accumulated not only at the site of neoplasm but also in the adjacent non-cancerous gastric mucosa. Thereby, a state vulnerable to gastric cancer known as an epigenetic field defect is formed. H. pylori eradication can have an effective chemopreventive effect in gastric carcinogenesis. However, the molecular biological changes that occur in the stomach environment during H. pylori eradication have not yet been established. Several studies have reported that H. pylori eradication can restore infection-related changes, especially epigenetic alterations in gastric cancer-related genes, but some studies have shown otherwise. Simply put, it appears that the recovery of methylated gastric cancer-related genes and miRNAs during H. pylori eradication may vary among genes and may also differ depending on the histological subtype of the gastric mucosa. In this review, we will discuss the potential mechanism of gastric cancer prevention by H. pylori eradication, mainly from an epigenetic perspective.
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Zhu J, Luo C, Zhao J, Zhu X, Lin K, Bu F, Yu Z, Zou F, Zhu Z. Expression of LOX Suggests Poor Prognosis in Gastric Cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:718986. [PMID: 34595188 PMCID: PMC8476844 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.718986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a key enzyme for the cross-linking of collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix. This study evaluated the prognostic role of LOX in gastric cancer (GC) by analyzing the data of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset. Methods: The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to calculate the expression difference of LOX gene in gastric cancer and normal tissues. Western blot and immunohistochemical staining were used to evaluate the expression level of LOX protein in gastric cancer. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to calculate the survival difference between the high expression group and the low expression group in gastric cancer. The relationship between statistical clinicopathological characteristics and LOX gene expression was analyzed by Wilcoxon or Kruskal-Wallis test and logistic regression. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to find independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of GC patients. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to screen the possible mechanisms of LOX and GC. The CIBERSORT calculation method was used to evaluate the distribution of tumor-infiltrating immune cell (TIC) abundance. Results: LOX is highly expressed in gastric cancer tissues and is significantly related to poor overall survival. Wilcoxon or Kruskal-Wallis test and Logistic regression analysis showed, LOX overexpression is significantly correlated with T-stage progression in gastric cancer. Multivariate Cox regression analysis on TCGA and GEO data found that LOX (all p < 0.05) is an independent factor for poor GC prognosis. GSEA showed that high LOX expression is related to ECM receptor interaction, cancer, Hedgehog, TGF-beta, JAK-STAT, MAPK, Wnt, and mTOR signaling pathways. The expression level of LOX affects the immune activity of the tumor microenvironment in gastric cancer. Conclusion: High expression of LOX is a potential molecular indicator for poor prognosis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chen Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiefeng Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kang Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fanqin Bu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhonglin Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Feilong Zou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhengming Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Bhat S, Adiga D, Shukla V, Guruprasad KP, Kabekkodu SP, Satyamoorthy K. Metastatic suppression by DOC2B is mediated by inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and induction of senescence. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 38:237-258. [PMID: 33758996 PMCID: PMC8986756 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09598-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Senescence induction and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) events are the opposite sides of the spectrum of cancer phenotypes. The key molecules involved in these processes may get influenced or altered by genetic and epigenetic changes during tumor progression. Double C2-like domain beta (DOC2B), an intracellular vesicle trafficking protein of the double C2 protein family, plays a critical role in exocytosis, neurotransmitter release, and intracellular vesicle trafficking. DOC2B is repressed by DNA promoter hypermethylation and functions as a tumor growth regulator in cervical cancer. To date, the molecular mechanisms of DOC2B in cervical cancer progression and metastasis is elusive. Herein, the biological functions and molecular mechanisms regulated by DOC2B and its impact on senescence and EMT are described. DOC2B inhibition promotes proliferation, growth, and migration by relieving G0/G1-S arrest, actin remodeling, and anoikis resistance in Cal27 cells. It enhanced tumor growth and liver metastasis in nude mice with the concomitant increase in metastasis-associated CD55 and CD61 expression. Inhibition of EMT and promotion of senescence by DOC2B is a calcium-dependent process and accompanied by calcium-mediated interaction between DOC2B and CDH1. In addition, we have identified several EMT and senescence regulators as targets of DOC2B. We show that DOC2B may act as a metastatic suppressor by inhibiting EMT through induction of senescence via DOC2B-calcium-EMT-senescence axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samatha Bhat
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Divya Adiga
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Vaibhav Shukla
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Kanive Parashiva Guruprasad
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Altuntaş OM, Süslü N, Güler Tezel YG, Tatlı Doğan H, Yılmaz T. Lysyl Oxidase Like-4 (LOXL4) as a tumor marker and prognosticator in advanced stage laryngeal cancer. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 88:968-974. [PMID: 33757755 PMCID: PMC9615536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lysyl oxidase-like 4 is an amine oxidase from the lysyl oxidase family that was previously shown to be overexpressed in head and neck cancer and upregulated in response to hypoxia. The possible role of lysyl oxidase-like 4 as a tumor marker in advanced stage larynx cancer was investigated. Objective To investigate the expression of lysyl Oxidase-Like 4 protein in advanced stage laryngeal cancer and elucidate its possible role as a tumor marker, predictor of treatment response and prognosticator. Methods Diagnostic specimens of 72 patients treated for stage III–IV laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma were evaluated for lysyl oxidase-like 4 expression by immunohistochemistry. Results Lysyl oxidase-like 4 expression was correlated with advanced tumor stage (p = 0.041) and better differentiation (p = 0.025) but was independent of tumor diameter (p = 0.456). Response to induction chemotherapy or the need for salvage laryngectomy were not affected by lysyl oxidase-like 4 expression (p = 0.999, p = 0.070 respectively). Increased lysyl oxidase-like 4 expression was associated with better 2 year overall survival in both univariate (p = 0.036) and multivariate analyses (p = 0.014). Conclusion Lysyl oxidase-like 4 expression emerges with advancing stages, is lost with worsening differentiation, and may have tumor suppressive properties in larynx cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Muzaffer Altuntaş
- Koç University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nilda Süslü
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | - Taner Yılmaz
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ankara, Turkey
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Bhat S, Kabekkodu SP, Adiga D, Fernandes R, Shukla V, Bhandari P, Pandey D, Sharan K, Satyamoorthy K. ZNF471 modulates EMT and functions as methylation regulated tumor suppressor with diagnostic and prognostic significance in cervical cancer. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 37:731-749. [PMID: 33566221 PMCID: PMC8490246 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death among women in developing countries. However, the underlying mechanisms and molecular targets for therapy remain to be fully understood. We investigated the epigenetic regulation, biological functions, and clinical utility of zinc-finger protein 471 (ZNF471) in CC. Analysis of cervical tissues and five independent public datasets of CC showed significant hypermethylation of the ZNF471 gene promoter. In CC cell lines, promoter DNA methylation was inversely correlated with ZNF471 expression. The sensitivity and specificity of the ZNF471 hypermethylation for squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) vs tumor and normal vs tumor was above 85% with AUC of 0.937. High methylation and low ZNF471 expression predicted poor overall and recurrence-free survival. We identified -686 to +114 bp as ZNF471 promoter, regulated by methylation using transient transfection and luciferase assays. The promoter CpG site methylation of ZNF471 was significantly different among cancer types and tumor grades. Gal4-based heterologous luciferase reporter gene assays revealed that ZNF471 acts as a transcriptional repressor. The retroviral mediated overexpression of ZNF471 in SiHa and CaSki cells inhibited growth, proliferation, cell migration, invasion; delayed cell cycle progression in vitro by increasing cell doubling time; and reduced tumor growth in vivo in nude mice. ZNF471 overexpression inhibited key members of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), Wnt, and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways. ZNF471 inhibited EMT by directly targeting vimentin as analyzed by bioinformatic analysis, ChIP-PCR, and western blotting. Thus, ZNF471 CpG specific promoter methylation may determine the prognosis of CC and could function as a potential tumor suppressor by targeting EMT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samatha Bhat
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Divya Adiga
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Rayzel Fernandes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Vaibhav Shukla
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Poonam Bhandari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Deeksha Pandey
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Krishna Sharan
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Lelièvre P, Sancey L, Coll JL, Deniaud A, Busser B. The Multifaceted Roles of Copper in Cancer: A Trace Metal Element with Dysregulated Metabolism, but Also a Target or a Bullet for Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3594. [PMID: 33271772 PMCID: PMC7760327 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human body, copper (Cu) is a major and essential player in a large number of cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways. The involvement of Cu in oxidation-reduction reactions requires close regulation of copper metabolism in order to avoid toxic effects. In many types of cancer, variations in copper protein levels have been demonstrated. These variations result in increased concentrations of intratumoral Cu and alterations in the systemic distribution of copper. Such alterations in Cu homeostasis may promote tumor growth or invasiveness or may even confer resistance to treatments. Once characterized, the dysregulated Cu metabolism is pinpointing several promising biomarkers for clinical use with prognostic or predictive capabilities. The altered Cu metabolism in cancer cells and the different responses of tumor cells to Cu are strongly supporting the development of treatments to disrupt, deplete, or increase Cu levels in tumors. The metallic nature of Cu as a chemical element is key for the development of anticancer agents via the synthesis of nanoparticles or copper-based complexes with antineoplastic properties for therapy. Finally, some of these new therapeutic strategies such as chelators or ionophores have shown promising results in a preclinical setting, and others are already in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lelièvre
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, UGA INSERM U1209 CNRS UMR5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (P.L.); (L.S.); (J.-L.C.)
| | - Lucie Sancey
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, UGA INSERM U1209 CNRS UMR5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (P.L.); (L.S.); (J.-L.C.)
| | - Jean-Luc Coll
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, UGA INSERM U1209 CNRS UMR5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (P.L.); (L.S.); (J.-L.C.)
| | - Aurélien Deniaud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Benoit Busser
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, UGA INSERM U1209 CNRS UMR5309, 38700 La Tronche, France; (P.L.); (L.S.); (J.-L.C.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, 38043 Grenoble, France
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Yang N, Cao DF, Yin XX, Zhou HH, Mao XY. Lysyl oxidases: Emerging biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110791. [PMID: 33152948 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting of extracellular proteins has attracted huge attention in treating human diseases. The lysyl oxidases (LOXs) are a family of secreted copper-dependent enzymes which initiate the covalent crosslinking of collagen and elastin fibers in the extracellular microenvironment, thereby facilitating extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and ECM homeostasis. Apart from ECM-dependent roles, LOXs are also involved in other biological processes such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and transcriptional regulation, especially following hypoxic stress. Dysregulation of LOXs is found to underlie the onset and progression of multiple pathologies, such as carcinogenesis and cancer metastasis, fibrotic diseases, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we make a comprehensive summarization of clinical and experimental evidences that support roles of for LOXs in disease pathology and points out LOXs as promising therapeutic targets for improving prognosis. Additionally, we also propose that LOXs reshape cell-ECM interaction or cell-cell interaction due to ECM-dependent and ECM-independent roles for LOXs. Therapeutic intervention of LOXs may have advantages in the maintenance of communication between ECM and cell or intercellular signaling, finally recovering organ function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Dan-Feng Cao
- Xiangya International Academy of Translational Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
| | - Xi-Xi Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Mao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China.
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13
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Hu L, Wang J, Wang Y, Wu L, Wu C, Mao B, Maruthi Prasad E, Wang Y, Chin YE. LOXL1 modulates the malignant progression of colorectal cancer by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of YAP. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:148. [PMID: 32912229 PMCID: PMC7488294 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00639-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background LOX-like 1 (LOXL1) is a lysyl oxidase, and emerging evidence has revealed its effect on malignant cancer progression. However, its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) and the underlying molecular mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Methods LOXL1 expression in colorectal cancer was detected by immunohistochemistry, western blotting and real-time PCR. In vitro, colony formation, wound healing, migration and invasion assays were performed to investigate the effects of LOXL1 on cell proliferation, migration and invasion. In vivo, metastasis models and mouse xenografts were used to assess tumorigenicity and metastasis ability. Molecular biology experiments were utilized to reveal the underlying mechanisms by which LOXL1 modulates the Hippo pathway. Results LOXL1 was highly expressed in normal colon tissues compared with cancer tissues. In vitro, silencing LOXL1 in CRC cell lines dramatically enhanced migration, invasion, and colony formation, while overexpression of LOXL1 exerted the opposite effects. The results of the in vivo experiments demonstrated that the overexpression of LOXL1 in CRC cell lines drastically inhibited metastatic progression and tumour growth. Mechanistically, LOXL1 inhibited the transcriptional activity of Yes-associated protein (YAP) by interacting with MST1/2 and increasing the phosphorylation of MST1/2. Conclusions LOXL1 may function as an important tumour suppressor in regulating tumour growth, invasion and metastasis via negative regulation of YAP activity. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yunliang Wang
- Department of General surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Linpeng Wu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bo Mao
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - E Maruthi Prasad
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen key of Laboratory of Translational medicine of Tumor, Shenzhen University Health science center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Y Eugene Chin
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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14
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Ye M, Song Y, Pan S, Chu M, Wang ZW, Zhu X. Evolving roles of lysyl oxidase family in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 215:107633. [PMID: 32693113 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family is comprised of LOX and four LOX-like proteins (LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3, and LOXL4), and mainly functions in the remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cross-linking of collagen and elastic fibers. Recently, a growing body of research has demonstrated that LOX family is critically involved in the regulation of cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the roles of LOX family members in the development and progression of different types of human cancers. Furthermore, we also describe the potential inhibitors of LOX family proteins and highlight that LOX family might be an important therapeutic target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Ye
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yizuo Song
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Shuya Pan
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Man Chu
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China..
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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15
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Yao LW, Wu LL, Zhang LH, Zhou W, Wu L, He K, Ren JC, Deng YC, Yang DM, Wang J, Mu GG, Xu M, Zhou J, Xiang GA, Ding QS, Yang YN, Yu HG. MFAP2 is overexpressed in gastric cancer and promotes motility via the MFAP2/integrin α5β1/FAK/ERK pathway. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:17. [PMID: 32054827 PMCID: PMC7018958 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-0198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies and its prognosis is extremely poor. This study identifies a novel oncogene, microfibrillar-associated protein 2 (MFAP2) in GC. With integrative reanalysis of transcriptomic data, we found MFAP2 as a GC prognosis-related gene. And the aberrant expression of MFAP2 was explored in GC samples. Subsequent experiments indicated that silencing and exogenous MFAP2 could affect motility of cancer cells. The inhibition of silencing MFAP2 could be rescued by another FAK activator, fibronectin. This process is probably through affecting the activation of focal adhesion process via modulating ITGB1 and ITGA5. MFAP2 regulated integrin expression through ERK1/2 activation. Silencing MFAP2 by shRNA inhibited tumorigenicity and metastasis in nude mice. We also revealed that MFAP2 is a novel target of microRNA-29, and miR-29/MFAP2/integrin α5β1/FAK/ERK1/2 could be an important oncogenic pathway in GC progression. In conclusion, our data identified MFAP2 as a novel oncogene in GC and revealed that miR-29/MFAP2/integrin α5β1/FAK/ERK1/2 could be an important oncogenic pathway in GC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wen Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key laboratory of Digestive System, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China
| | - Lian-Lian Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key laboratory of Digestive System, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China
| | - Li-Hui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key laboratory of Digestive System, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key laboratory of Digestive System, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China
| | - Lu Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key laboratory of Digestive System, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ke He
- Department of General Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510317, P.R. China.,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Cai Ren
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Chao Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key laboratory of Digestive System, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Mei Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key laboratory of Digestive System, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key laboratory of Digestive System, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China
| | - Gang-Gang Mu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key laboratory of Digestive System, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key laboratory of Digestive System, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China.,Hubei Key laboratory of Digestive System, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China
| | - Guo-An Xiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510317, P.R. China
| | - Qian-Shan Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China. .,Hubei Key laboratory of Digestive System, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China.
| | - Yan-Ning Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China.
| | - Hong-Gang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China. .,Hubei Key laboratory of Digestive System, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P.R. China.
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16
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Targeting the lysyl oxidases in tumour desmoplasia. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:1661-1678. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20190098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a fundamental component of tissue microenvironments and its dysregulation has been implicated in a number of diseases, in particular cancer. Tumour desmoplasia (fibrosis) accompanies the progression of many solid cancers, and is also often induced as a result of many frontline chemotherapies. This has recently led to an increased interest in targeting the underlying processes. The major structural components of the ECM contributing to desmoplasia are the fibrillar collagens, whose key assembly mechanism is the enzymatic stabilisation of procollagen monomers by the lysyl oxidases. The lysyl oxidase family of copper-dependent amine oxidase enzymes are required for covalent cross-linking of collagen (as well as elastin) molecules into the mature ECM. This key step in the assembly of collagens is of particular interest in the cancer field since it is essential to the tumour desmoplastic response. LOX family members are dysregulated in many cancers and consequently the development of small molecule inhibitors targeting their enzymatic activity has been initiated by many groups. Development of specific small molecule inhibitors however has been hindered by the lack of crystal structures of the active sites, and therefore alternate indirect approaches to target LOX have also been explored. In this review, we introduce the importance of, and assembly steps of the ECM in the tumour desmoplastic response focussing on the role of the lysyl oxidases. We also discuss recent progress in targeting this family of enzymes as a potential therapeutic approach.
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17
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Kohno K, Yamada W, Ishitsuka A, Sekine M, Virgona N, Ota M, Yano T. Tocotrienol-rich fraction from annatto ameliorates expression of lysyl oxidase in human osteoblastic MG-63 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 84:526-535. [PMID: 31743080 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1693252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is required for the formation of bone collagen cross-links. Inactivation of the LOX gene in osteoblasts by DNA methylation and JAK signaling has been reported to cause loss of cross-links and an increased risk of fractures. Tocotrienols (T3s) have proven benefits on bone strength, but their potential effects on LOX remain largely unknown. Thus, the present study investigates the in vitro effects of T3s on LOX expression in human osteoblastic MG-63 cells. Results indicated that Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction (TRF), the δ-T3 rich oil extracted from Annatto was the most effective and significantly increased LOX expression. TRF treatment decreased de-novo methyltransferases (DNMTs), DNMT3A and DNMT3B levels. In addition, TRF significantly inhibited JAK2 activation and decreased expression of Fli1, a transcription factor of DNMTs. We conclude that TRF induced an increase in LOX expression via inhibition of de-novo methylation and reduction of Fli1 expression by the inactivation of JAK2.Abbreviations: CpG: cytosine-guanine dinucleotide; DNMT: DNA methyltransferase; Fli1: friend leukemia virus integration 1; JAK: janus kinase; LOX: lysyl oxidase; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; STAT: signal transducers and activators of transcription; T3s: tocotrienols; TPs: tocopherols; TRF: Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakeru Kohno
- Graduate School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
| | - Wakana Yamada
- Research Institute for Life Innovation, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
| | - Aya Ishitsuka
- Research Institute for Life Innovation, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
| | - Miki Sekine
- Research Institute for Life Innovation, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
| | - Nantiga Virgona
- Research Institute for Life Innovation, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masako Ota
- Graduate School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan.,Research Institute for Life Innovation, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yano
- Graduate School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan.,Research Institute for Life Innovation, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
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18
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Martier R, Sogorb-Gonzalez M, Stricker-Shaver J, Hübener-Schmid J, Keskin S, Klima J, Toonen LJ, Juhas S, Juhasova J, Ellederova Z, Motlik J, Haas E, van Deventer S, Konstantinova P, Nguyen HP, Evers MM. Development of an AAV-Based MicroRNA Gene Therapy to Treat Machado-Joseph Disease. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 15:343-358. [PMID: 31828177 PMCID: PMC6889651 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), or Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG expansion in the ATXN3 gene. The expanded CAG repeat is translated into a prolonged polyglutamine repeat in the ataxin-3 protein and accumulates within inclusions, acquiring toxic properties, which results in degeneration of the cerebellum and brain stem. In the current study, a non-allele-specific ATXN3 silencing approach was investigated using artificial microRNAs engineered to target various regions of the ATXN3 gene (miATXN3). The miATXN3 candidates were screened in vitro based on their silencing efficacy on a luciferase (Luc) reporter co-expressing ATXN3. The three best miATXN3 candidates were further tested for target engagement and potential off-target activity in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) differentiated into frontal brain-like neurons and in a SCA3 knockin mouse model. Besides a strong reduction of ATXN3 mRNA and protein, small RNA sequencing revealed efficient guide strand processing without passenger strands being produced. We used different methods to predict alteration of off-target genes upon AAV5-miATXN3 treatment and found no evidence for unwanted effects. Furthermore, we demonstrated in a large animal model, the minipig, that intrathecal delivery of AAV5 can transduce the main areas affected in SCA3 patients. These results proved a strong basis to move forward to investigate distribution, efficacy, and safety of AAV5-miATXN3 in large animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raygene Martier
- Department of Research & Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marina Sogorb-Gonzalez
- Department of Research & Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Janice Stricker-Shaver
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Sonay Keskin
- Department of Research & Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jiri Klima
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Lodewijk J Toonen
- Department of Research & Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Juhas
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Juhasova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Ellederova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Motlik
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Haas
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sander van Deventer
- Department of Research & Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Pavlina Konstantinova
- Department of Research & Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Melvin M Evers
- Department of Research & Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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19
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Upregulation of Lysyl Oxidase Expression in Vitreous of Diabetic Subjects: Implications for Diabetic Retinopathy. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101122. [PMID: 31546618 PMCID: PMC6829411 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal studies have shown diabetes-induced lysyl oxidase (LOX) upregulation promotes blood-retinal-barrier breakdown and retinal vascular cell loss associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, it is unclear whether changes in LOX expression contribute to the development and progression of DR. To determine if vitreous LOX levels are altered in patients with DR, 31 vitreous specimens from subjects with advanced proliferative DR (PDR), and 27 from non-diabetics were examined. The two groups were age- and gender-matched (57 ± 12 yrs vs. 53 ± 18 yrs; 19 males and 12 females vs. 17 males and 10 females). Vitreous samples obtained during vitrectomy were assessed for LOX levels using ELISA. LOX was detected in a larger number of PDR subjects (58%) than in non-diabetic subjects (15%). Additionally, ELISA measurements showed a significant increase in LOX levels in the diabetic subjects with PDR, compared to those of non-diabetic subjects (68.3 ± 112 ng/mL vs. 2.1 ± 8.2 ng/mL; p < 0.01). No gender difference in vitreous LOX levels was observed in either the diabetic or non-diabetic groups. Findings support previous reports of increased LOX levels in retinas of diabetic animals and in retinal vascular cells in high glucose condition, raising the prospect of targeting LOX overexpression as a potential target for PDR treatment.
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20
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Kim D, Mecham RP, Nguyen NH, Roy S. Decreased lysyl oxidase level protects against development of retinal vascular lesions in diabetic retinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2019; 184:221-226. [PMID: 31022398 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Retinal capillary basement membrane (BM) thickening is closely associated with the development of vascular lesions in diabetic retinopathy. Thickened capillary BM can compromise blood-retinal-barrier characteristics and contribute to retinal vascular permeability, a significant clinical manifestation of diabetic retinopathy. We have previously shown that high glucose increases the expression and activity of lysyl oxidase (LOX), a crosslinking enzyme, in retinal endothelial cells. Additionally, concomitant with overexpression of LOX, increased vascular permeability was observed in diabetic rat retinas. However, it is unknown whether decreasing LOX overexpression may have protective effects against development of retinal vascular lesions in diabetes. To investigate whether reduced LOX level protects against diabetes-induced development of retinal vascular lesions characteristic of diabetic retinopathy, four groups of mice: wild type (WT) control mice, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, LOX +/- mice, and STZ-induced diabetic LOX +/- mice were used for this study. Diabetes was maintained for 16 weeks; at the end of the study, retinas were assessed for LOX protein level by Western Blot (WB) analysis, and retinal capillary networks were isolated using retinal trypsin digestion and stained with hematoxylin and periodic acid Schiff to identify the number of acellular capillaries (AC) and pericyte loss (PL). In parallel, TUNEL assay was performed on retinal trypsin digests (RTDs) to detect cells undergoing apoptosis in the retinal capillary networks. Retinal vascular permeability was analyzed following FITC-dextran injection in retinal whole mounts. A significant increase in LOX expression was detected in the diabetic retinas compared to those of the WT control retinas, and as expected, a significant decrease in LOX expression in the diabetic LOX +/- retinas was observed compared to those of the diabetic retinas. RTD images showed significantly increased AC and PL counts in the retinas of diabetic mice compared to those of the WT control mice. Importantly, the number of AC and PL was significantly decreased, as was retinal vascular permeability in the retinas of the diabetic LOX +/- mice compared to those of the diabetic mice. Results suggest that decreasing diabetes-induced LOX overexpression may have protective effects against the development of vascular lesions characteristic of diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, LOX overexpression may be a potential target in preventing retinal vascular cell loss and excess permeability associated with diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjoon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ngan-Ha Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sayon Roy
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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21
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Singe nucleotide polymorphisms in osteosarcoma: Pathogenic effect and prognostic significance. Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 106:63-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Kranc W, Brązert M, Celichowski P, Bryja A, Nawrocki MJ, Ożegowska K, Jankowski M, Jeseta M, Pawelczyk L, Bręborowicz A, Rachoń D, Skowroński MT, Bruska M, Zabel M, Nowicki M, Kempisty B. 'Heart development and morphogenesis' is a novel pathway for human ovarian granulosa cell differentiation during long‑term in vitro cultivation‑a microarray approach. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:1705-1715. [PMID: 30628715 PMCID: PMC6390010 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulosa cells (GCs) have many functions in the endocrine system. Most notably, they produce progesterone following ovulation. However, it has recently been proven that GCs can change their properties when subjected to long-term culture. In the present study, GCs were collected from hyper-stimulated ovarian follicles during in vitro fertilization procedures. They were grown in vitro, in a long-term manner. RNA was collected following 1, 7, 15 and 30 days of culture. Expression microarrays were used for analysis, which allowed to identify groups of genes characteristic for particular cellular processes. In addition, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to validate the obtained results. Two ontological groups characteristic for processes associated with the development and morphogenesis of the heart were identified during the analyses: ‘Heart development’ and ‘heart morphogenesis’. The results of the microarrays revealed that the highest change in expression was demonstrated by the lysyl Oxidase, oxytocin receptor, nexilin F-actin binding protein, and cysteine-rich protein 3 genes. The lowest change was exhibited by odd-skipped related transcription factor 1, plakophilin 2, transcription growth factor-β receptor 1, and kinesin family member 3A. The direction of changes was confirmed by RT-qPCR results. In the present study, it was suggested that GCs may have the potential to differentiate towards other cell types under long-term in vitro culture conditions. Thus, genes belonging to the presented ontological groups can be considered as novel markers of proliferation and differentiation of GCs towards the heart muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiesława Kranc
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Brązert
- Division of Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑535 Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Celichowski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Artur Bryja
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Mariusz J Nawrocki
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ożegowska
- Division of Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑535 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maurycy Jankowski
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Michal Jeseta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Leszek Pawelczyk
- Division of Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑535 Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bręborowicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60‑806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Dominik Rachoń
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80‑211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz T Skowroński
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10‑719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bruska
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Zabel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50‑368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michał Nowicki
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑781 Poznań, Poland
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Kielosto M, Eriksson J, Nummela P, Yin M, Hölttä E. Divergent roles of lysyl oxidase family members in ornithine decarboxylase- and RAS-transformed mouse fibroblasts and human melanoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:37733-37752. [PMID: 30701028 PMCID: PMC6340875 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that proto-oncoprotein c-Jun is activated in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)- and RAS-transformed mouse fibroblasts, and that the transformed morphology of these cells can be reversed by expressing the transactivation domain deletion mutant of c-Jun (TAM67). Here, we found that lysyl oxidase (Lox), encoding an extracellular matrix-modifying enzyme, is downregulated in a c-Jun-dependent manner in ODC-transformed fibroblasts (Odc cells). In addition to Lox, the Lox family members Lox-like 1 and 3 (Loxl1 and Loxl3) were found to be downregulated in Odc as well as in RAS-transformed fibroblasts (E4), whereas Lox-like 4 (Loxl4) was upregulated in Odc and downregulated in E4 cells compared to normal N1 fibroblasts. Tetracycline-regulatable LOX re-expression in Odc cells led to inhibition of cell growth and invasion in three-dimensional Matrigel in an activity-independent manner. On the contrary, LOX and especially LOXL2, LOXL3, and LOXL4 were found to be upregulated in several human melanoma cell lines, and LOX inhibitor B-aminopropionitrile inhibited the invasive growth of these cells particularly when co-cultured with fibroblasts in Matrigel. Knocking down the expression of LOX and especially LOXL2 in melanoma cells almost completely abrogated the invasive growth capability. Further, LOXL2 was significantly upregulated in clinical human primary melanomas compared to benign nevi, and high expression of LOXL2 in primary melanomas was associated with formation of metastases and shorter survival of patients. Thus, our studies reveal that inactive pro-LOX (together with Lox propeptide) functions as a tumor suppressor in ODC- and RAS-transformed murine fibroblasts by inhibiting cell growth and invasion, and active LOX and LOXL2 as tumor promoters in human melanoma cells by promoting their invasive growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kielosto
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Eriksson
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nummela
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Current address: University of Helsinki, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miao Yin
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkki Hölttä
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Mutual Expression of ALDH1A1, LOX, and Collagens in Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines as Combined CSCs- and ECM-Related Models of Drug Resistance Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010054. [PMID: 30583585 PMCID: PMC6337354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A major contributor leading to treatment failure of ovarian cancer patients is the drug resistance of cancer cell. CSCs- (cancer stem cells) and ECM (extracellular matrix)-related models of drug resistance are described as independently occurring in cancer cells. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is another extracellular protein involved in collagen cross-linking and remodeling of extracellular matrix and has been correlated with tumor progression. The expression of LOX, COL1A2, COL3A1, and ALDH1A1 was performed in sensitive (A2780, W1) and resistant to paclitaxel (PAC) (A2780PR1 and W1PR2) and topotecan (TOP) (W1TR) cell lines at the mRNA (real-time PCR analysis) and protein level (Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis). The ALDH1A1 activity was measured with the ALDEFLUOR test and flow cytometry analysis. The protein expression in ovarian cancer tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry. We observed an increased expression of LOX and collagens in PAC and TOP resistant cell lines. Subpopulations of ALDH1A1 positive and negative cells were also noted for examined cell lines. Additionally, the coexpression of LOX with ALDH1A1 and COL1A2 with ALDH1A1 was observed. The expression of LOX, collagens, and ALDH1A1 was also detected in ovarian cancer lesions. In our study LOX, ALDH1A1 and collagens were found to be coordinately expressed by cells resistant to PAC (LOX, ALDH1A1, and COL1A2) or to TOP (LOX and ALDH1A1). This represents the study where molecules related with CSCs (ALDH1A1) and ECM (LOX, collagens) models of drug resistance are described as occurring simultaneously in ovarian cancer cells treated with PAC and TOP.
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Okada K, Moon HJ, Finney J, Meier A, Mure M. Extracellular Processing of Lysyl Oxidase-like 2 and Its Effect on Amine Oxidase Activity. Biochemistry 2018; 57:6973-6983. [PMID: 30499665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is associated with several hepatic and vascular fibrotic diseases and tumor progression in some aggressive cancers. Secreted LOXL2 promotes extracellular matrix cross-linking by catalyzing the oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysine. A great deal remains to be learned about the post-translational modifications of LOXL2, including whether such modifications modulate enzymatic and disease-promoting activities; such knowledge would inform the development of potential therapies. We discovered that upon secretion in cell culture, LOXL2 undergoes proteolytic processing of the first two of four scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domains at the N-terminus. A similar pattern of processing was also evident in tissue extracts from an invasive ductal carcinoma patient. Processing occurred at 314Arg-315Phe-316Arg-317Lys↓-318Ala-, implicating proprotein convertases. siRNA-mediated knockdown of proprotein convertases (furin, PACE4, and PC5/6), as well as incubation with their recombinant forms, showed that PACE4 is the major protease that acts on extracellular LOXL2. Unlike LOX, which requires cleavage of its propeptide for catalytic activation, cleavage of LOXL2 was not essential for tropoelastin oxidation or for cross-linking of collagen type IV in vitro. However, in the latter case, processing enhanced the extent of collagen cross-linking ∼2-fold at ≤10 nM LOXL2. These results demonstrate an important difference in the regulatory mechanisms for LOX and LOXL2 catalytic activity. Moreover, they pave the way for further studies of potential differential functions of LOXL2 isoforms in fibrosis and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Okada
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Hee-Jung Moon
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Joel Finney
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Alex Meier
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Minae Mure
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
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26
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Dynamic matrisome: ECM remodeling factors licensing cancer progression and metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1870:207-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Cha YJ, Jung WH, Koo JS. Site-specific expression of amine oxidases in breast cancer metastases. Tumour Biol 2018; 40:1010428318776822. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428318776822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the expression of amine oxidase-related proteins in metastatic breast cancer tissue and determine its clinical implication. A tissue microarray was constructed from a total of 126 metastatic breast tumors (31 bone metastases (24.6%), 36 brain metastases (28.6%), 11 liver metastases (8.7%), and 48 lung metastases (38.1%)). Immunohistochemical staining for amine oxidase-related proteins (lysyl oxidase, diamine oxidase, and monoamine oxidase A and B) was performed. In metastatic breast cancer tissue, lysyl oxidase ( p = 0.001), tumoral diamine oxidase ( p = 0.003), stromal diamine oxidase ( p = 0.047), and stromal monoamine oxidase B ( p = 0.002) were differentially expressed in different metastatic sites. Bone metastases showed low expression of lysyl oxidase, tumoral diamine oxidase, and stromal diamine oxidase. We observed high expression of lysyl oxidase in brain metastases, tumoral diamine oxidase in liver metastases, stromal diamine oxidase in lung metastases, and stromal monoamine oxidase B in bone metastases. Lysyl oxidase positivity was associated with progesterone receptor negativity ( p = 0.001), and monoamine oxidase A positivity was associated with human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 negativity ( p = 0.003) and the luminal A subtype ( p = 0.003). On univariate analysis shorter overall survival was associated with stromal diamine oxidase negativity ( p = 0.008), especially in lung metastases ( p = 0.025), and stromal monoamine oxidase B positivity ( p < 0.001). Stromal monoamine oxidase B positivity was an independent prognostic factor for shorter overall survival in multivariate Cox analysis (hazard ratio, 4.069; 95% confidence interval, 1.649–10.04; p = 0.002). Finally, in metastatic breast cancer, amine oxidase-related proteins were differentially expressed in a manner specific to metastatic site, and stromal monoamine oxidase B expression was correlated with prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jin Cha
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo Hee Jung
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ja Seung Koo
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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28
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Craighead DH, Wang H, Santhanam L, Alexander LM. Acute lysyl oxidase inhibition alters microvascular function in normotensive but not hypertensive men and women. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H424-H433. [PMID: 29167120 PMCID: PMC5899263 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00521.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of enzymes regulates collagen cross-linking. LOX is upregulated in hypertension, increasing vascular stiffness. In vivo human research is sparse, as long-term LOX inhibition in animals causes vascular instability. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of LOX inhibition on cutaneous microvascular function to determine whether LOX function was upregulated in hypertensive humans. Four intradermal microdialysis fibers were placed in the forearm of 10 young [age: 24 ± 1 yr, mean arterial pressure (MAP): 87 ± 2 mmHg], 10 normotensive (age: 50 ± 2 yr, MAP: 84 ± 1 mmHg), and 10 hypertensive (age: 53 ± 2 yr, MAP: 112 ± 2 mmHg) subjects. Two sites were perfused with 10 mM β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) to inhibit LOX. The remaining two sites were perfused with lactated Ringer solution (control). A norepinephrine dose response (10-12-10-2 M) was performed to examine receptor-mediated vasoconstrictor function. A sodium nitroprusside dose response (10-8-10-1.3 M) was performed to examine vascular smooth muscle vasodilator function. Red blood cell flux was measured via laser-Doppler flowmetry and normalized to cutaneous vascular conductance (flux/MAP). LogEC50 values were calculated to determine changes in vasosensitivity. Skin tissue samples were analyzed for both extracellular matrix-bound and soluble LOX. LOX inhibition augmented vasoconstrictor sensitivity in young (control: -6.0 and BAPN: -7.1, P = 0.03) and normotensive (control: -4.8 and BAPN: -7.0, P = 0.01) but not hypertensive (control: -6.0 and BAPN: -6.1, P = 0.79) men and women. Relative to young subjects, extracellular matrix-bound LOX expression was higher in hypertensive subjects (young: 100 ± 8 and hypertensive: 162 ± 8, P = 0.002). These results suggest that upregulated LOX may contribute to the vascular stiffness and microvascular dysfunction characteristic in hypertension. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Matrix-bound lysyl oxidase (LOX) and LOX-like 2 expression are upregulated in the microvasculature of hypertensive men and women. Microvascular responsiveness to exogenous stimuli is altered with localized LOX inhibition in healthy men and women but not hypertensive adults. The LOX family differentially affects microvascular function in hypertensive and normotensive men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huilei Wang
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Lacy M Alexander
- The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania
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29
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Johnston KA, Lopez KM. Lysyl oxidase in cancer inhibition and metastasis. Cancer Lett 2018; 417:174-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Trackman PC. Functional importance of lysyl oxidase family propeptide regions. J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 12:45-53. [PMID: 29086201 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase family of proteins is primarily known for its critical role in catalyzing extracellular oxidative deamination of hydroxylysine and lysine residues in collagens, and lysine residues in elastin required for connective tissue structure and function. Lysyl oxidases have additional important biological functions in health and disease. While the enzyme domains are highly conserved, the propeptide regions are less uniform, and have biological activity, some of which are independent of their respective enzymes. This review summarizes what has been published regarding the functions of the propeptide regions of this family of proteins in the context of extracellular matrix biosynthesis, fibrosis and cancer biology. Although much has been learned, there is a need for greater attention to structure/function relationships and mechanisms to more fully understand these multifunctional proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Trackman
- Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University, 700 Albany Street, W-201, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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31
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Kim D, Mecham RP, Trackman PC, Roy S. Downregulation of Lysyl Oxidase Protects Retinal Endothelial Cells From High Glucose-Induced Apoptosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:2725-2731. [PMID: 28538980 PMCID: PMC5444550 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-21340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effect of reducing high glucose (HG)-induced lysyl oxidase (LOX) overexpression and increased activity on retinal endothelial cell apoptosis. Methods Rat retinal endothelial cells (RRECs) were grown in normal (N) or HG (30 mM glucose) medium for 7 days. In parallel, RRECs were grown in HG medium and transfected with LOX small interfering RNA (siRNA), scrambled siRNA as control, or exposed to β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), a LOX inhibitor. LOX expression, AKT activation, and caspase-3 activity were determined by Western blot (WB) analysis and apoptosis by differential dye staining assay. Moreover, to determine whether diabetes-induced LOX overexpression alters AKT activation and promotes apoptosis, changes in LOX expression, AKT phosphorylation, caspase-3 activation, and Bax expression were assessed in retinas of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice and LOX heterozygous knockout (LOX+/-) mice. Results WB analysis indicated significant LOX overexpression and reduced AKT activation under HG condition in RRECs. Interestingly, when cells grown in HG were transfected with LOX siRNA or exposed to BAPN, the number of apoptotic cells was significantly decreased concomitant with increased AKT phosphorylation. Diabetic mouse retinas exhibited LOX overexpression, decreased AKT phosphorylation, and increased Bax and caspase-3 activation compared to values in nondiabetic mice. In LOX+/- mice, reduced LOX levels were observed with increased AKT activity, and reduced Bax and caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, decreased levels of LOX in the LOX+/- mice was protective against diabetes-induced apoptosis. Conclusions Findings from this study indicate that preventing LOX overexpression may be protective against HG-induced apoptosis in retinal vascular cells associated with diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjoon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Philip C Trackman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sayon Roy
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Sánchez-Morgan N, Kirsch KH, Trackman PC, Sonenshein GE. UXT Is a LOX-PP Interacting Protein That Modulates Estrogen Receptor Alpha Activity in Breast Cancer Cells. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2347-2356. [PMID: 28106301 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase proenzyme propeptide region (LOX-PP) is a tumor suppressor protein whose mechanism of action is not completely understood. Here, the Ubiquitously expressed Transcript (UXT) was identified in a yeast two-hybrid assay with LOX-PP as bait and confirmed as a novel LOX-PP associating protein. UXT, a prefoldin-like protein, is ubiquitous in human and mouse. Since UXT modulates androgen receptor transcriptional activity in prostate cancer, we studied its role in breast cancer. Breast tumors and derived cell lines overexpressed UXT. UXT was able to associate with the estrogen receptor alpha (ER) and decrease its transcriptional activity and target gene expression. Conversely, UXT knockdown increased ER element-dependent transcriptional activity. Ectopic LOX-PP relocalized UXT to the cytoplasm and decreased its stability. UXT ubiquitination and depletion in the presence of LOX-PP was rescued by a proteasomal inhibitor. In summary, proteasome-mediated turnover of UXT upon interaction with LOX-PP releases repression of ER transcriptional activity. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2347-2356, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Sánchez-Morgan
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathrin H Kirsch
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Philip C Trackman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gail E Sonenshein
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Burke AA, Severson ES, Mool S, Solares Bucaro MJ, Greenaway FT, Jakobsche CE. Comparing hydrazine-derived reactive groups as inhibitors of quinone-dependent amine oxidases. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:496-503. [PMID: 28110559 PMCID: PMC6009937 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1265518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase has emerged as an important enzyme in cancer metastasis. Its activity has been reported to become upregulated in several types of cancer, and blocking its activity has been shown to limit the metastatic potential of various cancers. The small-molecules phenylhydrazine and β-aminopropionitrile are known to inhibit lysyl oxidase; however, issues of stability, toxicity, and poorly defined mechanisms limit their potential use in medical applications. The experiments presented herein evaluate three other families of hydrazine-derived compounds – hydrazides, alkyl hydrazines, and semicarbazides – as irreversible inhibitors of lysyl oxidase including determining the kinetic parameters and comparing the inhibition selectivities for lysyl oxidase against the topaquinone-containing diamine oxidase from lentil seedlings. The results suggest that the hydrazide group may be a useful core functionality that can be developed into potent and selective inhibitors of lysyl oxidase and eventually find application in cancer metastasis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Burke
- a Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Elizabeth S Severson
- a Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Shreya Mool
- a Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University , Worcester , MA , USA
| | | | - Frederick T Greenaway
- a Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Charles E Jakobsche
- a Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University , Worcester , MA , USA
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Lysyl Oxidase and the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010062. [PMID: 28036074 PMCID: PMC5297697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of oxidases contains a group of extracellular copper-dependent enzymes that catalyze the cross-linking of collagen and elastin by oxidation, thus maintaining the rigidity and structural stability of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Aberrant expression or activation of LOX alters the cellular microenvironment, leading to many diseases, including atherosclerosis, tissue fibrosis, and cancer. Recently, a number of studies have shown that LOX is overexpressed in most cancers and that it is involved in the regulation of tumor progression and metastasis. In contrast, a few reports have also indicated the tumor-suppressing role of LOX. In this short review, we discuss recent research on the correlations between LOX and cancer. Further, the role of LOX in tumor microenvironment remodeling, tumorigenesis, and metastasis and the underlying mechanisms have also been elucidated.
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35
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Añazco C, Delgado-López F, Araya P, González I, Morales E, Pérez-Castro R, Romero J, Rojas A. Lysyl oxidase isoforms in gastric cancer. Biomark Med 2016; 10:987-98. [PMID: 27564724 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2016-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most frequent cancer in the world and shows the highest incidence in Latin America and Asia. An increasing amount of evidence demonstrates that lysyl oxidase isoforms, a group of extracellular matrix crosslinking enzymes, should be considered as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in GC. In this review, we focus on the expression levels of lysyl oxidase isoforms, its functions and the clinical implications in GC. Finding novel proteins related to the processing of these extracellular matrix enzymes might be helpful in the design of new therapies, which, in combination with classic pharmacology, could be used to delay the progress of this aggressive cancer and offer a wider temporal window for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Añazco
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | | | - Paulina Araya
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Ileana González
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Erik Morales
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
- Pathology Department, Regional Hospital of Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Ramón Pérez-Castro
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Jacqueline Romero
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Armando Rojas
- Biomedical Research Labs, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
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Wang G, Shen Y, Cheng G, Bo H, Lin J, Zheng M, Li J, Zhao Y, Li W. Lysyl Oxidase Gene G473A Polymorphism and Cigarette Smoking in Association with a High Risk of Lung and Colorectal Cancers in a North Chinese Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E635. [PMID: 27367711 PMCID: PMC4962176 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13070635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The relationship among the lysyl oxidase (LOX) G473A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), cigarette smoking and lung, colorectal, colon and rectum cancer susceptibility was studied in 200 cases of lung cancer, 335 cases of colorectal cancer including 130 cases of colon cancer and 205 cases of rectum cancer, and 335 healthy people in Tangshan, China. Peripheral blood DNA samples were collected, DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) performed, followed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. In comparison to LOX473GG genotype carriers, individuals with LOX473AA exhibited a higher susceptibility to lung, colon-rectum, colon, and rectum cancers with OR values amounting to 3.84-, 2.74-, 2.75-, and 2.74-fold of the control, respectively. In the LOX 473AA-positive population, females were more susceptible than males to carcinogenesis with OR values (female vs. male): 5.25 vs. 3.23, 2.29 vs. 1.51, 2.27 vs. 1.45, and 2.25 vs. 1.53, respectively, for lung, colon-rectum combined, colon, and rectum cancers. LOX G473A polymorphism apparently elevated human sensitivity to cigarette smoking carcinogens for eliciting cancers in the lung and colon only. Thus, LOX G473A polymorphism positively correlates with carcinogenesis and it may be used as an ideal intrinsic biomarker for prediction or diagnosis of carcinogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Wang
- The Collage of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China.
| | - Yanqing Shen
- The Collage of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China.
| | - Guang Cheng
- The Clinic Medical College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China.
| | - Haimei Bo
- The Clinic Medical College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China.
| | - Jia Lin
- The College of Life Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China.
| | - Maogen Zheng
- The Clinic Medical College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China.
| | - Jianmin Li
- The Clinic Medical College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China.
| | - Yinzhi Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Wande Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Sasaki T, Hanisch FG, Deutzmann R, Sakai LY, Sakuma T, Miyamoto T, Yamamoto T, Hannappel E, Chu ML, Lanig H, von der Mark K. Functional consequence of fibulin-4 missense mutations associated with vascular and skeletal abnormalities and cutis laxa. Matrix Biol 2016; 56:132-149. [PMID: 27339457 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Fibulin-4 is a 60kDa calcium binding glycoprotein that has an important role in development and integrity of extracellular matrices. It interacts with elastin, fibrillin-1 and collagen IV as well as with lysyl oxidases and is involved in elastogenesis and cross-link formation. To date, several mutations in the fibulin-4 gene (FBLN4/EFEMP2) are known in patients whose major symptoms are vascular deformities, aneurysm, cutis laxa, joint laxity, or arachnodactyly. The pathogenetic mechanisms how these mutations translate into the clinical phenotype are, however, poorly understood. In order to elucidate these mechanisms, we expressed fibulin-4 mutants recombinantly in HEK293 cells, purified the proteins in native forms and analyzed alterations in protein synthesis, secretion, matrix assembly, and interaction with other proteins in relation to wild type fibulin-4. Our studies show that different mutations affect these properties in multiple ways, resulting in fibulin-4 deficiency and/or impaired ability to form elastic fibers. The substitutions E126K and C267Y impaired secretion of the protein, but not mRNA synthesis. Furthermore, the E126K mutant showed less resistance to proteases, reduced binding to collagen IV and fibrillin-1, as well as to LTBP1s and LTBP4s. The A397T mutation introduced an extra O-glycosylation site and deleted binding to LTBP1s. We show that fibulin-4 binds stronger than fibulin-3 and -5 to LTBP1s, 3, and 4s, and to the lysyl oxidases LOX and LOXL1; the binding of fibulin-4 to the LOX propeptide was strongly reduced by the mutation E57K. These findings show that different mutations in the fibulin-4 gene result in different molecular defects affecting secretion rates, protein stability, LOX-induced cross-linking, or binding to other ECM components and molecules of the TGF-β pathway, and thus illustrate the complex role of fibulin-4 in connective tissue assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Sasaki
- Department of Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Franz-Georg Hanisch
- Institute for Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rainer Deutzmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Genetics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lynn Y Sakai
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ewald Hannappel
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mon-Li Chu
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Harald Lanig
- Central Institute for Scientific Computing (ZISC), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klaus von der Mark
- Department of Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Liep J, Kilic E, Meyer HA, Busch J, Jung K, Rabien A. Cooperative Effect of miR-141-3p and miR-145-5p in the Regulation of Targets in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157801. [PMID: 27336447 PMCID: PMC4919070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the poor prognosis for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), there is an urgent need for new therapeutic targets and for prognostic markers to identify high risk tumors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are frequently dysregulated in tumors, play a crucial role during carcinogenesis and therefore might be promising new biomarkers. In previous studies, we identified miR-141-3p and miR-145-5p to be downregulated in clear cell RCC (ccRCC). Our objective was to investigate the functional association of these miRNAs, focusing on the cooperative regulation of new specific targets and their role in ccRCC progression. Methods The effect of miR-141-3p and miR-145-5p on cell migration was examined by overexpression in 786-O cells. New targets of both miRNAs were identified by miRWalk, validated in 786-O and ACHN cells and additionally characterized in ccRCC tissue on mRNA and protein level. Results In functional analysis, a tumor suppressive effect of miR-141-3p and miR-145-5p by decreasing migration and invasion of RCC cells could be shown. Furthermore, co-overexpression of the miRNAs seemed to result in an increased inhibition of cell migration. Both miRNAs were recognized as post-transcriptional regulators of the targets EAPP, HS6ST2, LOX, TGFB2 and VRK2. Additionally, they showed a cooperative effect again as demonstrated by a significantly increased inhibition of HS6ST2 and LOX expression after simultaneous overexpression of both miRNAs. In ccRCC tissue, LOX mRNA expression was strongly increased compared to normal tissue, allowing also to distinguish between non-metastatic and already metastasized primary tumors. Finally, in subsequent tissue microarray analysis LOX protein expression showed a prognostic relevance for the overall survival of ccRCC patients. Conclusion These results illustrate a jointly strengthening effect of the dysregulated miR-141-3p and miR-145-5p in various tumor associated processes. Focusing on the cooperative effect of miRNAs provides new opportunities for the development of therapeutic strategies and offers novel prognostic and diagnostic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Liep
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ergin Kilic
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hellmuth A. Meyer
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Busch
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Rabien
- Department of Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Whole-genome mutational landscape and characterization of noncoding and structural mutations in liver cancer. Nat Genet 2016; 48:500-9. [PMID: 27064257 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer, which is most often associated with virus infection, is prevalent worldwide, and its underlying etiology and genomic structure are heterogeneous. Here we provide a whole-genome landscape of somatic alterations in 300 liver cancers from Japanese individuals. Our comprehensive analysis identified point mutations, structural variations (STVs), and virus integrations, in noncoding and coding regions. We discovered mutational signatures related to liver carcinogenesis and recurrently mutated coding and noncoding regions, such as long intergenic noncoding RNA genes (NEAT1 and MALAT1), promoters, CTCF-binding sites, and regulatory regions. STV analysis found a significant association with replication timing and identified known (CDKN2A, CCND1, APC, and TERT) and new (ASH1L, NCOR1, and MACROD2) cancer-related genes that were recurrently affected by STVs, leading to altered expression. These results emphasize the value of whole-genome sequencing analysis in discovering cancer driver mutations and understanding comprehensive molecular profiles of liver cancer, especially with regard to STVs and noncoding mutations.
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Kasashima H, Yashiro M, Kinoshita H, Fukuoka T, Morisaki T, Masuda G, Sakurai K, Kubo N, Ohira M, Hirakawa K. Lysyl oxidase is associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of gastric cancer cells in hypoxia. Gastric Cancer 2016; 19:431-442. [PMID: 26100130 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-015-0510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been reported that lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a hypoxia-responsive factor and is associated with the malignant progression of carcinoma. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and LOX in gastric cancer cells under hypoxia. METHODS Two gastric cancer cell lines, OCUM-2MD3 and OCUM-12, were used in an in vitro study. The effect of LOX small interfering RNA (siRNA) on the EMT and motility of gastric cancer cells under hypoxic condition was analyzed by reverse transcription PCR, Western blot, a wound-healing assay, and an invasion assay. Correlations between LOX expression and the clinicopathological features of 544 patients with gastric carcinoma were examined immunohistochemically. RESULTS Hypoxic conditions increased the number of polygonal or spindle-shaped cells resulting from EMT in gastric cancer cells. The EMT of cancer cells induced by hypoxia was inhibited by treatment with LOX siRNA. The number of migrating and invading gastric cancer cells in hypoxia was significantly decreased by LOX knockdown. LOX siRNA significantly increased the E-cadherin level and decreased the vimentin level of gastric cancer cells. LOX expression was significantly associated with invasion depth, tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, and peritoneal metastasis. Multivariable analysis revealed that LOX was an independent parameter for overall survival. CONCLUSION LOX affects the EMT of gastric cancer cells in hypoxic conditions. LOX expression is a useful prognostic factor for patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kasashima
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan. .,Oncology Institute of Geriatrics and Medical Science, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Haruhito Kinoshita
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tatsunari Fukuoka
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tamami Morisaki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Go Masuda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Katsunobu Sakurai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Naoshi Kubo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masaichi Ohira
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kosei Hirakawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
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Signaroldi E, Laise P, Cristofanon S, Brancaccio A, Reisoli E, Atashpaz S, Terreni MR, Doglioni C, Pruneri G, Malatesta P, Testa G. Polycomb dysregulation in gliomagenesis targets a Zfp423-dependent differentiation network. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10753. [PMID: 26923714 PMCID: PMC4773478 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas constitute one of the most significant areas of unmet medical need, owing to the invariable failure of surgical eradication and their marked molecular heterogeneity. Accumulating evidence has revealed a critical contribution by the Polycomb axis of epigenetic repression. However, a coherent understanding of the regulatory networks affected by Polycomb during gliomagenesis is still lacking. Here we integrate transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses to define Polycomb-dependent networks that promote gliomagenesis, validating them both in two independent mouse models and in a large cohort of human samples. We find that Polycomb dysregulation in gliomagenesis affects transcriptional networks associated with invasiveness and de-differentiation. The dissection of these networks uncovers Zfp423 as a critical Polycomb-dependent transcription factor whose silencing negatively impacts survival. The anti-gliomagenic activity of Zfp423 requires interaction with the SMAD proteins within the BMP signalling pathway, pointing to a novel synergic circuit through which Polycomb inhibits BMP signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Signaroldi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, via Adamello 16, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Pasquale Laise
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, via Adamello 16, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Silvia Cristofanon
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, via Adamello 16, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Arianna Brancaccio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, via Adamello 16, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Elisa Reisoli
- Trasferimento Genico, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Sina Atashpaz
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, via Adamello 16, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Terreni
- Pathology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Claudio Doglioni
- Pathology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Pruneri
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, via Ripamonti 435, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Paolo Malatesta
- Trasferimento Genico, IRCCS-AOU San Martino-IST, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DiMES), University of Genoa, Via Leon Battista Alberti 2, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Testa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, via Adamello 16, Milan 20139, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, Milan 20122, Italy
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Kitamura A, Miyauchi N, Hamada H, Hiura H, Chiba H, Okae H, Sato A, John RM, Arima T. Epigenetic alterations in sperm associated with male infertility. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2015. [PMID: 26212350 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The most common form of male infertility is a low sperm count, known as oligozoospermia. Studies suggest that oligozoospermia is associated with epigenetic alterations. Epigenetic alterations in sperm, which may arise due to the exposure of gametes to environmental factors or those that pre-exist in the sperm of infertile individuals, may contribute to the increased incidence of normally rare imprinting disorders in babies conceived after assisted reproductive technology using the sperm of infertile men. Genomic imprinting is an important developmental process whereby the allelic activity of certain genes is regulated by DNA methylation established during gametogenesis. The aberrant expression of several imprinted genes has been linked to various diseases, malignant tumors, lifestyle and mental disorders in humans. Understanding how infertility and environmental factors such as reproductive toxicants, certain foods, and drug exposures during gametogenesis contribute to the origins of these disorders via defects in sperm is of paramount importance. In this review, we discuss the association of epigenetic alterations with abnormal spermatogenesis and the evidence that epigenetic processes, including those required for genomic imprinting, may be sensitive to environmental exposures during gametogenesis, fertilization and early embryonic development. In addition, we review imprinting diseases and their relationships with environmental factors. While the plasticity of epigenetic marks may make these more susceptible to modification by the environment, this also suggests that aberrant epigenetic marks may be reversible. A greater understanding of this process and the function of epidrugs may lead to the development of new treatment methods for many adult diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Kitamura
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoko Miyauchi
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Hamada
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hiura
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hatsune Chiba
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okae
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akiko Sato
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Takahiro Arima
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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da Silva R, Uno M, Marie SKN, Oba-Shinjo SM. LOX expression and functional analysis in astrocytomas and impact of IDH1 mutation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119781. [PMID: 25790191 PMCID: PMC4366168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is involved in vital biological processes such as cell motility, cell signaling and gene regulation. Deregulation of this protein can contribute to tumor formation and progression. Although it is known that LOX is involved in invasion, proliferation and tumor migration in other types of tumors, studies of LOX in astrocytomas of different grades are scarce. The purpose of our study was to characterize LOX, BMP1 and HIF1A expression by real-time PCR in astrocytomas with WHO grades I to IV compared to non-neoplastic brain tissue. IDH1 mutational status was determined by PCR and sequencing. LOX protein expression was also analyzed by immunohistochemistry. LOX functional analyses were performed using siRNA knockdown and the specific inhibitor BAPN in two glioblastoma cell lines. The expression levels of LOX, BMP1 and HIF1A were correlated and analyzed according to IDH1 mutation status and to the clinical end-point of overall survival of glioblastoma patients. The results demonstrate that increased expression and activity of LOX, BMP1 and HIF1A were positively correlated with the malignant grade of astrocytomas. LOX protein expression also increased according to the degree of malignancy, with localization in the cytoplasm and nucleus and staining observed in endothelial cells. Glioblastoma with a mutation in IDH1 expressed lower levels of LOX in the nucleus, and IDH1-mutated cases showed lower LOX expression levels when compared to wild-type IDH1 cases. LOX knockdown and inhibition by BAPN in U87MG and A172 cell lines affected migration, invasion and soft agar colony formation. Taken together, these results corroborate the role of LOX in the migration, invasion and angiogenesis of astrocytomas. Furthermore, LOX expression is influenced by IDH1 mutational status. This work provides new insights for researchers aiming to design targeted therapies to control astrocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseli da Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Miyuki Uno
- Center of Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), 01246-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suely K. Nagahashi Marie
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
- Center for Studies of Cellular and Molecular Therapy (NETCEM), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sueli M. Oba-Shinjo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
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Ma R, Feng Y, Lin S, Chen J, Lin H, Liang X, Zheng H, Cai X. Mechanisms involved in breast cancer liver metastasis. J Transl Med 2015; 13:64. [PMID: 25885919 PMCID: PMC4440291 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0425-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver metastasis is a frequent occurrence in patients with breast cancer; however, the available treatments are limited and ineffective. While liver-specific homing of breast cancer cells is an important feature of metastasis, the formation of liver metastases is not random. Indeed, breast cancer cell factors contribute to the liver microenvironment. Major breakthroughs have been achieved recently in understanding breast cancer liver metastasis (BCLM). The process of liver metastasis consists of multiple steps and involves various factors from breast cancer cells and the liver microenvironment. A further understanding of the roles of breast cancer cells and the liver microenvironment is crucial to guide future work in clinical treatments. In this review we discuss the contribution of breast cancer cells and the liver microenvironment to liver metastasis, with the aim to improve therapeutic efficacy for patients with BCLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- Department of Surgery, Zhejiang University Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
| | - Yili Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Shuang Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Heming Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| | - Xiujun Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
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NNK, a tobacco-specific carcinogen, inhibits the expression of lysyl oxidase, a tumor suppressor. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 12:64-82. [PMID: 25546273 PMCID: PMC4306850 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A tobacco-specific carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), is believed to contribute to the cancer burden in cigarette smokers. To evaluate NNK effects on the expression of lysyl oxidase (LOX), a tumor suppressor, we examined this enzyme at various levels in NNK-treated rat fetal lung fibroblasts (RFL6). Exposure of cells to NNK reduced levels of steady-states LOX mRNA and new transcript synthesis. NNK inhibited all LOX protein species in a dose-dependent manner. Although 300 µM NNK markedly decreased the level in the 46 kDa preproenzyme, under same conditions, there was no detectable amounts of the 50 kDa proenzyme and the 32 kDa mature enzyme suggesting NNK perturbing the LOX protein processing to its mature form. Moreover, NNK also suppressed LOX activities in conditioned media of treated cells. At the promoter level, NNK enhanced methylation of CpG, but decreased acetylation of histone H3 at the core promoter region of the LOX gene. These results indicated that transcriptional and translational processes of LOX are major targets for NNK. Thus, inactivation of tumor suppressor gene LOX may play a critical role in NNK carcinogenesis.
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Association of the G473A polymorphism and expression of lysyl oxidase with breast cancer risk and survival in European women: a hospital-based case-control study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105579. [PMID: 25141126 PMCID: PMC4139364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an extracellular enzyme essential for the covalent crosslinking of extracellular matrix proteins and may also have additional functions. LOX expression can be both up- and downregulated in cancer and is associated both with tumour suppression and metastasis progression. The G473A polymorphism (rs1800449) results in the Arg158Gln amino acid substitution in the LOX propeptide, compromises its tumour suppressive activity, and was associated with an increased breast cancer risk in a Chinese Han population. In the first hospital-based case-control study in European women, we aimed at investigating the association of LOX expression and the G473A polymorphism with breast cancer risk and survival in unselected and estrogen receptor (ER) negative patients. Methodology/Principal Findings The G473A polymorphism was genotyped in 386 breast cancer patients and 243 female controls. Moreover, LOX mRNA expression was quantified in the tumors of 105 patients by qRT-PCR. We found that the minor A-allele of this polymorphism is associated with a later age at breast cancer onset, a trend towards a decreased disease-free and metastasis-free survival, but not with an increased breast cancer risk. LOX mRNA expression was significantly elevated in tumours of patients older than 55 years, postmenopausal patients, estrogen receptor positive tumours, and p53 negative tumours, but was unaffected by G473A genotype in tumours and breast cancer cell lines. High LOX expression was associated with a poor disease-free and metastasis-free survival in ER negative but not ER positive patients. LOX expression was an independent prognostic parameter in multivariate analysis, whereas G473A genotype was not. A small, distinct subgroup of the ER negative patients was identified which exhibited a considerably elevated LOX expression and a very poor disease-free (p = 0.001) and metastasis-free survival (p = 0.0003). Conclusions/Significance This newly identified ER negative/LOX high subgroup may be a suitable collective for future individualized breast cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Waters KM, Cummings BS, Shankaran H, Scholpa NE, Weber TJ. ERK oscillation-dependent gene expression patterns and deregulation by stress response. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1496-503. [PMID: 25068892 PMCID: PMC4163986 DOI: 10.1021/tx500085u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
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Studies were undertaken to determine
whether extracellular signal
regulated kinase (ERK) oscillations regulate a unique subset of genes
in human keratinocytes and subsequently whether the p38 stress response
inhibits ERK oscillations. A DNA microarray identified many genes
that were unique to ERK oscillations, and network reconstruction predicted
an important role for the mediator complex subunit 1 (MED1) node in
mediating ERK oscillation-dependent gene expression. Increased ERK-dependent
phosphorylation of MED1 was observed in oscillating cells compared
to nonoscillating counterparts as validation. Treatment of keratinocytes
with a p38 inhibitor (SB203580) increased ERK oscillation amplitudes
and MED1 and phospho-MED1 protein levels. Bromate is a probable human
carcinogen that activates p38. Bromate inhibited ERK oscillations
in human keratinocytes and JB6 cells and induced an increase in phospho-p38
and a decrease in phospho-MED1 protein levels. Treatment of normal
rat kidney cells and primary salivary gland epithelial cells with
bromate decreased phospho-MED1 levels in a reversible fashion upon
treatment with p38 inhibitors (SB202190; SB203580). Our results indicate
that oscillatory behavior in the ERK pathway alters homeostatic gene
regulation patterns and that the cellular response to perturbation
may manifest differently in oscillating vs nonoscillating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Waters
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, ‡Systems Toxicology and Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Mohankumar A, Renganathan B, Karunakaran C, Chidambaram S, Konerirajapuram Natarajan S. Peptides derived from the copper-binding region of lysyl oxidase exhibit antiangiogeneic properties by inhibiting enzyme activity: an in vitro study. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:837-49. [PMID: 25044713 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the rigorous research on abnormal angiogenesis, there is a persistent need for the development of new and efficient therapies against angiogenesis-related diseases. The role of Lysyl oxidase (LOX) in angiogenesis and cancer has been established in prior studies. Copper is known to induce the synthesis of LOX, and hence regulates its activity. Hypoxia-induced metastasis is dependent on LOX expression and activity. It has been believed that the inhibition of LOX would be a therapeutic strategy to inhibit angiogenesis. To explore this, we designed peptides (M peptides) from the copper-binding region of LOX and hypothesized them to modulate LOX. The peptides were characterized, and their copper-binding ability was confirmed by mass spectrometry. The M peptides were found to reduce the levels of intracellular copper when the cells were co-treated with copper. The peptides showed promising effect on aortic LOX, recombinant human LOX and LOX produced by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The study also explores the effect of these peptides on copper and hypoxia-stimulated angiogenic response in HUVECs. It was found that the M peptides inhibited copper/hypoxia-induced LOX activity and inhibited stimulated HUVEC tube formation and migration. This clearly indicated the potential of M peptides in inhibiting angiogenesis, highlighting their role in the formulation of drugs for the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Mohankumar
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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KIM SEONKWAN, PARK SUNHYANG, KIM YOUNGHO. Alternative promoter activation leads to the expression of a novel human lysyl oxidase variant that functions as an amine oxidase. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:894-9. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Kaneda A, Matsusaka K, Sakai E, Funata S. DNA methylation accumulation and its predetermination of future cancer phenotypes. J Biochem 2014; 156:63-72. [PMID: 24962701 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberant DNA methylation is a common epigenomic alteration in carcinogenesis. Comprehensive analyses of DNA methylation have stratified gastrointestinal cancer into several subgroups according to specific DNA methylation accumulation. In gastric cancer, Helicobacter pylori infection is a cause of methylation accumulation in apparently normal mucosa. Epstein-Barr virus infection is another methylation inducer that causes more genome-wide methylation, resulting in the formation of unique epigenotype with extensive methylation. In colorectal carcinogenesis, accumulation of high levels of methylation in combination with BRAF mutation is characteristic of the serrated pathway, but not of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence through conventional adenoma. In a de novo pathway, laterally spreading tumours generate intermediate- and low-methylation epigenotypes, accompanied by different genetic features and different macroscopic morphologies. These methylation epigenotypes, with specific genomic aberrations, are mostly completed by the adenoma stage, and additional molecular aberration, such as TP53 mutation, is suggested to lead to cancer development with the corresponding epigenotype. Accumulation of DNA methylation and formation of the epigenotype is suggested to occur during the early stages of carcinogenesis and predetermines the future cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kaneda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; and Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, JapanDepartment of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; and Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Keisuke Matsusaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; and Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, JapanDepartment of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; and Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Eiji Sakai
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; and Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, JapanDepartment of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; and Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Sayaka Funata
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; and Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, JapanDepartment of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; and Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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