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Saz-Lara A, Cavero-Redondo I, Del Saz-Lara A, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez E, Bizzozero-Peroni B, Pascual-Morena C. The acute effect of exercise on the endothelial glycocalyx in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Invest 2024; 54:e14240. [PMID: 38747101 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, it has been demonstrated that when the endothelial glycocalyx, composed of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins, is altered or modified, this property is lost, playing a fundamental role in cardiovascular pathologies. Cardiovascular risk factors can destroy the endothelial glycocalyx layer. Exercise has a positive effect on cardiovascular risk factors, but little is known about its direct effect on the integrity of the endothelial layer. METHODS The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched from their inception to June 30, 2022. The DerSimonian and Laird method was used to compute pooled effect size estimates and their respective 95% confidence intervals for the acute effect of exercise (within 24 h) on the endothelial glycocalyx and its components in healthy adults. RESULTS Ten studies were included in the meta-analysis, with a total of 252 healthy subjects. The types of exercise included were resistance training, interval training, resistance training and maximal incremental exercise, with a duration range of 30-60 min. Glycocalyx assessment times included ranged from 0 to 90 min post-exercise. Our findings showed that endothelial glycocalyx increases after acute effect of exercise in healthy population (.56, 95% CI: .38, .74). The acute effect of exercise on endothelial glycocalyx components were .47 (95% CIs: .27, .67) for glycosaminoglycans, .67 (95% CIs: .08, 1.26) for proteoglycans and .61 (95% CIs: .35, .86) for glycoproteins. CONCLUSIONS In a healthy population, various types of exercise showed an acute improvement of the endothelial glycocalyx and its individual components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Saz-Lara
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Iván Cavero-Redondo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Andrea Del Saz-Lara
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Functional Foods, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Bruno Bizzozero-Peroni
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, Spain
- Departamento de Educación Físicay Salud, Instituto Superior de Educación Física, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay
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2
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Hayden MR. The Brain Endothelial Cell Glycocalyx Plays a Crucial Role in the Development of Enlarged Perivascular Spaces in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1955. [PMID: 37895337 PMCID: PMC10608474 DOI: 10.3390/life13101955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain endothelial cell (BEC) glycocalyx (ecGCx) is a BEC surface coating consisting of a complex interwoven polysaccharide (sweet husk) mesh-like network of membrane-bound proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) covering the apical luminal layer of the brain endothelial cells. The ecGCx may be considered as the first barrier of a tripartite blood-brain barrier (BBB) consisting of (1) ecGCx; (2) BECs; and (3) an extravascular compartment of pericytes, the extracellular matrix, and perivascular astrocytes. Perturbations of this barrier allow for increased permeability in the postcapillary venule that will be permissive to both fluids, solutes, and proinflammatory peripherally derived leukocytes into the perivascular spaces (PVS) which result in enlargement as well as increased neuroinflammation. The ecGCx is known to have multiple functions, which include its physical and charge barrier, mechanical transduction, regulation of vascular permeability, modulation of inflammatory response, and anticoagulation functions. This review discusses each of the listed functions in detail and utilizes multiple transmission electron micrographs and illustrations to allow for a better understanding of the ecGCx structural and functional roles as it relates to enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS). This is the fifth review of a quintet series that discuss the importance of EPVS from the perspective of the cells of brain barriers. Attenuation and/or loss of the ecGCx results in brain barrier disruption with increased permeability to proinflammatory leukocytes, fluids, and solutes, which accumulate in the postcapillary venule perivascular spaces. This accumulation results in obstruction and results in EPVS with impaired waste removal of the recently recognized glymphatic system. Importantly, EPVS are increasingly being regarded as a marker of cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin R Hayden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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3
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Lv B, Huang S, Huang H, Niu N, Liu J. Endothelial Glycocalyx Injury in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Targeted Therapy. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:6685251. [PMID: 37674786 PMCID: PMC10480029 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6685251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims at summarizing state-of-the-art knowledge on glycocalyx and SARS-CoV-2. The endothelial glycocalyx is a dynamic grid overlying the surface of the endothelial cell (EC) lumen and consists of membrane-bound proteoglycans and glycoproteins. The role of glycocalyx has been determined in the regulation of EC permeability, adhesion, and coagulation. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to β-coronavirus that causes the outbreak and the pandemic of COVID-19. Through the respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 enters blood circulation and interacts with ECs possessing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Intact glycolyx prevents SARS-CoV-2 invasion of ECs. When the glycocalyx is incomplete, virus spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds with ACE2 and enters ECs for replication. In addition, cytokine storm targets glycocalyx, leading to subsequent coagulation disorder. Therefore, it is intriguing to develop a novel treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection through the maintenance of the integrity of glycocalyx. This review aims to summarize state-of-the-art knowledge of glycocalyx and its potential function in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxuan Lv
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Shengshi Huang
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Na Niu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Ju Liu
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, China
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4
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Yan R, Gao W, Chen W, Liu Y, Shen L, Dai Y, Xu R, Chang Q, Fu Y, Zhao Y. rTFPI Protects Cardiomyocytes from Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury through Inhibiting Autophagy and the Class III PI3K/Beclin-1 Pathway. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:97-104. [PMID: 36309623 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-022-01113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy plays various roles at different stages of ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury in cardiomyocytes. It has been reported that tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) has a protective effect on I/R injury. This study aimed to determine the roles of TFPI in autophagy during the I/R injury process in cardiomyocytes and the possible mechanisms. An isolated hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) pattern of cardiomyocytes was established by the MIC101 system. The cell viability and oxidative stress of cardiomyocytes were detected by an MTT assay and ROS assay, respectively. The autophagy level was measured by Ad-mCherry-GFP-LC3B and MDC. We detected the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins by western blotting. After 2 h of hypoxia and 12 h of reoxygenation, the cardiomyocyte viability in the H/R group was significantly lower than that in the control group (p < 0.05) than in the H/R group. According to intracellular ROS production, the fluorescence intensity in the H/R group was enhanced compared with that in the negative control group, and it was weaker in the H/R + rTFPI group compared with the H/R group. The level of autophagy and the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins (LC3-II/LC3-I, Beclin-1 and PI3K) were markedly increased in the H/R group compared to the control group (p < 0.05) whereas the levels were markedly decreased in the H/R + rTFPI group compared to the H/R group (p < 0.05). TFPI could relieve cardiomyocyte injury by inhibiting the Class III PI3K/Beclin-1 pathway and oxidative stress; thus, TFPI decreased autophagy and protected cardiomyocytes induced by H/R injury. In conclusion, TFPI may be a new direction for the prevention of myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runan Yan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjia Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Dai
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Morais KLP, Ciccone L, Stura E, Alvarez-Flores MP, Mourier G, Driessche MV, Sciani JM, Iqbal A, Kalil SP, Pereira GJ, Marques-Porto R, Cunegundes P, Juliano L, Servent D, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM. Structural and functional properties of the Kunitz-type and C-terminal domains of Amblyomin-X supporting its antitumor activity. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1072751. [PMID: 36845546 PMCID: PMC9948614 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1072751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Amblyomin-X is a Kunitz-type FXa inhibitor identified through the transcriptome analysis of the salivary gland from Amblyomma sculptum tick. This protein consists of two domains of equivalent size, triggers apoptosis in different tumor cell lines, and promotes regression of tumor growth, and reduction of metastasis. To study the structural properties and functional roles of the N-terminal (N-ter) and C-terminal (C-ter) domains of Amblyomin-X, we synthesized them by solid-phase peptide synthesis, solved the X-Ray crystallographic structure of the N-ter domain, confirming its Kunitz-type signature, and studied their biological properties. We show here that the C-ter domain is responsible for the uptake of Amblyomin-X by tumor cells and highlight the ability of this domain to deliver intracellular cargo by the strong enhancement of the intracellular detection of molecules with low cellular-uptake efficiency (p15) after their coupling with the C-ter domain. In contrast, the N-ter Kunitz domain of Amblyomin-X is not capable of crossing through the cell membrane but is associated with tumor cell cytotoxicity when it is microinjected into the cells or fused to TAT cell-penetrating peptide. Additionally, we identify the minimum length C-terminal domain named F2C able to enter in the SK-MEL-28 cells and induces dynein chains gene expression modulation, a molecular motor that plays a role in the uptake and intracellular trafficking of Amblyomin-X.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. L. P. Morais
- Center of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil,Laboratory of Development and Innovation, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil,Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L. Ciccone
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France,Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - E. Stura
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M. P. Alvarez-Flores
- Center of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G. Mourier
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M. Vanden Driessche
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J. M. Sciani
- Center of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A. Iqbal
- Center of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil,Laboratory of Development and Innovation, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S. P. Kalil
- Center of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G. J. Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R. Marques-Porto
- Laboratory of Development and Innovation, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P. Cunegundes
- Center of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil,Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L. Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D. Servent
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA SIMoS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France,*Correspondence: D. Servent, ; A. M. Chudzinski-Tavassi,
| | - A. M. Chudzinski-Tavassi
- Center of Excellence in New Target Discovery (CENTD), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil,Laboratory of Development and Innovation, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: D. Servent, ; A. M. Chudzinski-Tavassi,
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6
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The effects of female sexual hormones on the endothelial glycocalyx. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2023; 91:89-137. [PMID: 37080682 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a layer composed of carbohydrate side chains bound to core proteins that lines the vascular endothelium. The integrity of the glycocalyx is essential for endothelial cells' performance and vascular homeostasis. The neuroendocrine and immune systems influence the composition, maintenance, activity and degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx. The female organism has unique characteristics, and estrogen and progesterone, the main female hormones are essential to the development and physiology of the reproductive system and to the ability to develop a fetus. Female sex hormones also exert a wide variety of effects on other organs, including the vascular endothelium. They upregulate nitric oxide synthase expression and activity, decrease oxidative stress, increase vasodilation, and protect from vascular injury. This review will discuss how female hormones and pregnancy, which prompts to high levels of estrogen and progesterone, modulate the endothelial glycocalyx. Diseases prevalent in women that alter the glycocalyx, and therapeutic forms to prevent glycocalyx degradation and potential treatments that can reconstitute its structure and function will also be discussed.
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7
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Lansdell TA, Chambers LC, Dorrance AM. Endothelial Cells and the Cerebral Circulation. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3449-3508. [PMID: 35766836 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells form the innermost layer of all blood vessels and are the only vascular component that remains throughout all vascular segments. The cerebral vasculature has several unique properties not found in the peripheral circulation; this requires that the cerebral endothelium be considered as a unique entity. Cerebral endothelial cells perform several functions vital for brain health. The cerebral vasculature is responsible for protecting the brain from external threats carried in the blood. The endothelial cells are central to this requirement as they form the basis of the blood-brain barrier. The endothelium also regulates fibrinolysis, thrombosis, platelet activation, vascular permeability, metabolism, catabolism, inflammation, and white cell trafficking. Endothelial cells regulate the changes in vascular structure caused by angiogenesis and artery remodeling. Further, the endothelium contributes to vascular tone, allowing proper perfusion of the brain which has high energy demands and no energy stores. In this article, we discuss the basic anatomy and physiology of the cerebral endothelium. Where appropriate, we discuss the detrimental effects of high blood pressure on the cerebral endothelium and the contribution of cerebrovascular disease endothelial dysfunction and dementia. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3449-3508, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Lansdell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Laura C Chambers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Anne M Dorrance
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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8
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Pilard M, Ollivier EL, Gourdou-Latyszenok V, Couturaud F, Lemarié CA. Endothelial Cell Phenotype, a Major Determinant of Venous Thrombo-Inflammation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:864735. [PMID: 35528838 PMCID: PMC9068971 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.864735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced blood flow velocity in the vein triggers inflammation and is associated with the release into the extracellular space of alarmins or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These molecules include extracellular nucleic acids, extracellular purinergic nucleotides (ATP, ADP), cytokines and extracellular HMGB1. They are recognized as a danger signal by immune cells, platelets and endothelial cells. Hence, endothelial cells are capable of sensing environmental cues through a wide variety of receptors expressed at the plasma membrane. The endothelium is then responding by expressing pro-coagulant proteins, including tissue factor, and inflammatory molecules such as cytokines and chemokines involved in the recruitment and activation of platelets and leukocytes. This ultimately leads to thrombosis, which is an active pro-inflammatory process, tightly regulated, that needs to be properly resolved to avoid further vascular damages. These mechanisms are often dysregulated, which promote fibrinolysis defects, activation of the immune system and irreversible vascular damages further contributing to thrombotic and inflammatory processes. The concept of thrombo-inflammation is now widely used to describe the complex interactions between the coagulation and inflammation in various cardiovascular diseases. In endothelial cells, activating signals converge to multiple intracellular pathways leading to phenotypical changes turning them into inflammatory-like cells. Accumulating evidence suggest that endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) may be a major mechanism of endothelial dysfunction induced during inflammation and thrombosis. EndMT is a biological process where endothelial cells lose their endothelial characteristics and acquire mesenchymal markers and functions. Endothelial dysfunction might play a central role in orchestrating and amplifying thrombo-inflammation thought induction of EndMT processes. Mechanisms regulating endothelial dysfunction have been only partially uncovered in the context of thrombotic diseases. In the present review, we focus on the importance of the endothelial phenotype and discuss how endothelial plasticity may regulate the interplay between thrombosis and inflammation. We discuss how the endothelial cells are sensing and responding to environmental cues and contribute to thrombo-inflammation with a particular focus on venous thromboembolism (VTE). A better understanding of the precise mechanisms involved and the specific role of endothelial cells is needed to characterize VTE incidence and address the risk of recurrent VTE and its sequelae.
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9
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Tian L, Long F, Hao Y, Li B, Li Y, Tang Y, Li J, Zhao Q, Chen J, Liu M. A Cancer Associated Fibroblasts-Related Six-Gene Panel for Anti-PD-1 Therapy in Melanoma Driven by Weighted Correlation Network Analysis and Supervised Machine Learning. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:880326. [PMID: 35479936 PMCID: PMC9035939 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.880326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melanoma is a highly aggressive skin cancer with a poor prognosis and mortality. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy (e.g., anti-PD-1 therapy) has opened a new horizon in melanoma treatment, but some patients present a non-responsive state. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) make up the majority of stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and have an important impact on the response to immunotherapy. There is still a lack of identification of CAFs-related predictors for anti-PD-1 therapy, although the establishment of immunotherapy biomarkers is well underway. This study aims to explore the potential CAFs-related gene panel for predicting the response to anti-PD-1 therapy in melanoma patients and elucidating their potential effect on TME. Methods Three gene expression datasets from melanoma patients without anti-PD-1 treatment, in a total of 87 samples, were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) as the discovery sets (GSE91061) and validation sets (GSE78220 and GSE122220). The CAFs-related module genes were identified from the discovery sets by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Concurrently, we utilized differential gene analysis on the discovery set to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Then, CAFs-related key genes were screened with the intersection of CAFs-related module genes and DEGs, succeeded by supervised machine learning-based identification. As a consequence of expression analysis, gene set enrichment analysis, survival analysis, staging analysis, TME analysis, and correlation analysis, the multidimensional systematic characterizations of the key genes were uncovered. The diagnostic performance of the CAFs-related gene panel was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves in the validation sets. Eventually, the CAFs-related gene panel was verified by the expression from the single-cell analysis. Results The six-gene panel associated with CAFs were finally identified for predicting the response to anti-PD-1 therapy, including CDK14, SYNPO2, TCF4, GJA1, CPXM1, and TFPI. The multigene panel demonstrated excellent combined diagnostic performance with the area under the curve of ROC reaching 90.5 and 75.4% ~100% in the discovery and validation sets, respectively. Conclusion Confirmed by clinical treatment outcomes, the identified CAFs-related genes can be used as a promising biomarker panel for prediction to anti-PD-1 therapy response, which may serve as new immunotherapeutic targets to improve survival outcomes of melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Long
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Youjin Hao
- Cell Biology and Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Li
- Cell Biology and Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinghong Li
- Key Laboratory on Big Data for Bio Intelligence, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Chen
| | - Mingwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Mingwei Liu
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Cao X, Su Y, Zhang W, Zhao H, Wen M, Lu S, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Liu L, Zang X, Wu J. The Impact of Anticoagulant Activity of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Measured by a Novel Functional Assay for Predicting Deep Venous Thrombosis in Trauma Patients: A Prospective Nested Case-Control Study. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2021; 27:10760296211063877. [PMID: 34898295 PMCID: PMC8671677 DOI: 10.1177/10760296211063877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a common complication in patients with traumatic
injury. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is a natural anticoagulant
protein in the extrinsic coagulation pathway. However, the relationship between
DVT after trauma and the anticoagulant activity of TFPI remains unclear. In this
prospective study, we investigated the role of TFPI in trauma patients with DVT
to evaluate whether the anticoagulant activity of TFPI measured by a new
functional assay can be used to help predict the risk of DVT. Patients and
methods: This prospective nested case-control study enrolled trauma
patients and healthy volunteers. Forty-eight trauma patients diagnosed with DVT
and forty-eight matched trauma patients without DVT were included in the study.
120 healthy volunteers were also included as controls. Blood samples and case
information were collected at admission. Patients accepted angiography before
surgery to diagnose DVT. The parameters examined included TFPI anticoagulant
activity, free-TFPI antigen, blood cell counts, and routine clinical coagulation
tests. Results: For the parameters of TFPI anticoagulant activity,
three were markedly increased in the DVT group compared to the non-DVT group
(TFPI initial anticoagulant time ratio, P = .022; TFPI whole anticoagulant
time ratio, P = .048; and TFPI anticoagulant rate, P = .034). The free-TFPI
antigen concentration also showed a significant increasing trend in trauma
patients with DVT compared with trauma patients without DVT (P = .035).
Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified four independent factors
for the development of DVT (TFPI initial anticoagulant time ratio, free-TFPI
antigen, prothrombin time, and red blood cell count). We calculated the TFPI
correlation coefficient and found that the area under the receiver operating
characteristic curve was .821. Conclusions: A novel functional
assay was developed to measure the anticoagulant activity of TFPI. The
anticoagulant activity of TFPI can be used as a potential biomarker for
diagnosing DVT in trauma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Cao
- Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Su
- 66526Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Huiru Zhao
- 66526Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wen
- 66526Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Lu
- 66526Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Zhao
- 66526Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuying Chen
- Beijing 74639Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Wuhan Third Hospital, Hubei, China
| | - Xinwei Zang
- Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.,66526Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
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11
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Capozzi A, Riitano G, Recalchi S, Manganelli V, Costi R, Saccoliti F, Pulcinelli F, Garofalo T, Misasi R, Longo A, Di Santo R, Sorice M. Effect of heparanase inhibitor on tissue factor overexpression in platelets and endothelial cells induced by anti-β2-GPI antibodies. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:2302-2313. [PMID: 34107171 PMCID: PMC8456873 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by arterial and/or venous thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity associated with the presence of "anti-phospholipid antibodies." Thrombosis may be the result of a hypercoagulable state related to activation of endothelial cells and platelets by anti-β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI) antibodies. Anti-β2-GPI antibodies induce a proinflammatory and procoagulant phenotype in these cells that, after activation, express tissue factor (TF), the major initiator of the clotting cascade, playing a role in thrombotic manifestations. Moreover, TF expression may also be induced by heparanase, an endo-β-D-glucuronidase, that generates heparan sulfate fragments, regulating inflammatory responses. OBJECTIVES In this study we analyzed, in human platelets and endothelial cells, the effect of a new symmetrical 2-aminophenyl-benzazolyl-5-acetate derivative (RDS3337), able to inhibit heparanase activity, on signal transduction pathways leading to TF expression triggered by anti-β2-GPI. METHODS Platelets and endothelial cells were incubated with affinity purified anti-β2-GPI after pretreatment with RDS3337. Cell lysates were analyzed for phospho-interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), phospho-p65 nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and TF by western blot. In addition, platelet activation and secretion by ATP release dosage were evaluated. RESULTS IRAK phosphorylation and consequent NF-κB activation, as well as TF expression triggered by anti-β2-GPI treatment were significantly prevented by previous pretreatment with RDS3337. In the same vein, pretreatment with RDS3337 prevented platelet aggregation and ATP release triggered by anti-β2-GPI antibodies. CONCLUSION These findings support the view of heparanase involvement in a prothrombotic state related to APS syndrome, suggesting a novel target to regulate overexpression of procoagulant protein(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Capozzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Gloria Riitano
- Department of Experimental Medicine“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Serena Recalchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Valeria Manganelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Roberta Costi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del FarmacoIstituto Pasteur‐Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Francesco Saccoliti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del FarmacoIstituto Pasteur‐Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Fabio Pulcinelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Tina Garofalo
- Department of Experimental Medicine“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Roberta Misasi
- Department of Experimental Medicine“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Agostina Longo
- Department of Experimental Medicine“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Roberto Di Santo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del FarmacoIstituto Pasteur‐Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Maurizio Sorice
- Department of Experimental Medicine“Sapienza” University of RomeRomeItaly
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12
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Migdalski A, Jawien A. New insight into biology, molecular diagnostics and treatment options of unstable carotid atherosclerotic plaque: a narrative review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1207. [PMID: 34430648 PMCID: PMC8350668 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-7197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Indications for intervention in hemodynamically relevant carotid artery stenosis (carotid endarterectomy or stenting) are primarily based on a degree of stenosis and symptomatology. To date the plaque vulnerability is rarely taken into account in clinical decision making although development of molecular imaging allows a better understanding of plaque biology and provides new techniques detecting potentially vulnerable plaque at risk. A significant number of reports describing the mechanisms of unstable plaque formation suggest that it is a multifactorial process. Inflammation, lipid accumulation, apoptosis, proteolysis, the thrombotic process and angiogenesis are among the main factors of carotid plaque destabilization. Although inflammation is a key process in development of plaque vulnerability, the hemostasis and neoangiogenesis should be regarded as equally important. Only a small group of asymptomatic patients may benefit from the invasive treatment and it remains a challenge to determine whether initially asymptomatic carotid plaque become unstable or vulnerable. Currently, the main task of research on atherosclerotic lesion imaging is focused on functional state of the plaque. The presence of one or more features such as stenosis progression, large plaque area, large juxta-luminal black area, plaque echolucency, intra-plaque hemorrhage, impaired cerebral vascular reserve and spontaneous embolization may indicate patients at higher risk for stroke suitable for revascularization. Treatment of carotid stenosis as one of the manifestations of generalized atherosclerosis requires a broad approach. Nowadays pharmacological treatment options for the atherosclerotic process are largely aimed at stimulating the plaque stabilization, but in symptomatic patients and selected asymptomatic patients, carotid plaque should be removed as a potential source of embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Migdalski
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Angiology, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Jawien
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Angiology, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
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13
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Heparin prevents in vitro glycocalyx shedding induced by plasma from COVID-19 patients. Life Sci 2021; 276:119376. [PMID: 33781826 PMCID: PMC7997864 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The severe forms and worsened outcomes of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 19) are closely associated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Endothelial cells express Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is the entrance door for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The hallmarks of severe illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection are increased levels of IL-6, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, ferritin, neutrophilia and lymphopenia, pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy and microthrombi of alveolar capillaries. The endothelial glycocalyx, a proteoglycan- and glycoprotein-rich layer covering the luminal side of endothelial cells, contributes to vascular homeostasis. It regulates vascular tonus and permeability, prevents thrombosis, and modulates leukocyte adhesion and inflammatory response. We hypothesized that cytokine production and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation associated with COVID-19 leads to glycocalyx degradation. A cohort of 20 hospitalized patients with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis and healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Mechanisms associated with glycocalyx degradation in COVID-19 were investigated. Increased plasma concentrations of IL-6 and IL1-β, as well as increased lipid peroxidation and glycocalyx components were detected in plasma from COVID-19 patients compared to plasma from healthy subjects. Plasma from COVID-19 patients induced glycocalyx shedding in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and disrupted redox balance. Treatment of HUVECs with low molecular weight heparin inhibited the glycocalyx perturbation. In conclusion, plasma from COVID-19 patients promotes glycocalyx shedding and redox imbalance in endothelial cells, and heparin treatment potentially inhibits glycocalyx disruption.
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14
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Dupont A, Rauch A, Staessens S, Moussa M, Rosa M, Corseaux D, Jeanpierre E, Goutay J, Caplan M, Varlet P, Lefevre G, Lassalle F, Bauters A, Faure K, Lambert M, Duhamel A, Labreuche J, Garrigue D, De Meyer SF, Staels B, Vincent F, Rousse N, Kipnis E, Lenting P, Poissy J, Susen S. Vascular Endothelial Damage in the Pathogenesis of Organ Injury in Severe COVID-19. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1760-1773. [PMID: 33626910 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Dupont
- Univ. Lille Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France (A. Dupont, A.R., S. Staessens, M.M., M.R., D.C., E.J., F.L., B.S., F.V., N.R., S. Susen)
| | - Antoine Rauch
- Univ. Lille Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France (A. Dupont, A.R., S. Staessens, M.M., M.R., D.C., E.J., F.L., B.S., F.V., N.R., S. Susen)
| | - Senna Staessens
- Univ. Lille Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France (A. Dupont, A.R., S. Staessens, M.M., M.R., D.C., E.J., F.L., B.S., F.V., N.R., S. Susen)
| | - Mouhamed Moussa
- Univ. Lille Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France (A. Dupont, A.R., S. Staessens, M.M., M.R., D.C., E.J., F.L., B.S., F.V., N.R., S. Susen)
| | - Mickael Rosa
- Univ. Lille Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France (A. Dupont, A.R., S. Staessens, M.M., M.R., D.C., E.J., F.L., B.S., F.V., N.R., S. Susen)
| | - Delphine Corseaux
- Univ. Lille Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France (A. Dupont, A.R., S. Staessens, M.M., M.R., D.C., E.J., F.L., B.S., F.V., N.R., S. Susen)
| | - Emmanuelle Jeanpierre
- Univ. Lille Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France (A. Dupont, A.R., S. Staessens, M.M., M.R., D.C., E.J., F.L., B.S., F.V., N.R., S. Susen)
| | - Julien Goutay
- CHU Lille, Intensive Care Department, Pôle de Réanimation, France (J.G., M.C.)
| | - Morgan Caplan
- CHU Lille, Intensive Care Department, Pôle de Réanimation, France (J.G., M.C.)
| | - Pauline Varlet
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, France (P.V., G.L.)
| | - Guillaume Lefevre
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, France (P.V., G.L.)
| | - Fanny Lassalle
- Univ. Lille Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France (A. Dupont, A.R., S. Staessens, M.M., M.R., D.C., E.J., F.L., B.S., F.V., N.R., S. Susen)
| | - Anne Bauters
- CHU Lille, Institut d'Hématologie-Transfusion, France (A.B.)
| | - Karine Faure
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR1019-CIIL, France (K.F.)
| | - Marc Lambert
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, INSERM U 1167, Institut Pasteur, France (M.L.)
| | - Alain Duhamel
- University of Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694 - METRICS: Évaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, France (A. Duhamel, J.L.)
| | - Julien Labreuche
- University of Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694 - METRICS: Évaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, France (A. Duhamel, J.L.)
| | - Delphine Garrigue
- CHU Lille, Surgical Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, France (D.G.)
| | - Simon F De Meyer
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Belgium (S.F.D.M.)
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France (A. Dupont, A.R., S. Staessens, M.M., M.R., D.C., E.J., F.L., B.S., F.V., N.R., S. Susen)
| | - Flavien Vincent
- Univ. Lille Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France (A. Dupont, A.R., S. Staessens, M.M., M.R., D.C., E.J., F.L., B.S., F.V., N.R., S. Susen)
| | - Natacha Rousse
- Univ. Lille Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France (A. Dupont, A.R., S. Staessens, M.M., M.R., D.C., E.J., F.L., B.S., F.V., N.R., S. Susen)
| | - Eric Kipnis
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, France (E.K.)
| | - Peter Lenting
- Inserm, UMR_1176, Université Paris-Saclay, France (P.L.)
| | - Julien Poissy
- University of Lille, Inserm U1285, CHU Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, France (J.P.)
| | - Sophie Susen
- Univ. Lille Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000 Lille, France (A. Dupont, A.R., S. Staessens, M.M., M.R., D.C., E.J., F.L., B.S., F.V., N.R., S. Susen)
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15
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Wolpe AG, Ruddiman CA, Hall PJ, Isakson BE. Polarized Proteins in Endothelium and Their Contribution to Function. J Vasc Res 2021; 58:65-91. [PMID: 33503620 DOI: 10.1159/000512618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein localization in endothelial cells is tightly regulated to create distinct signaling domains within their tight spatial restrictions including luminal membranes, abluminal membranes, and interendothelial junctions, as well as caveolae and calcium signaling domains. Protein localization in endothelial cells is also determined in part by the vascular bed, with differences between arteries and veins and between large and small arteries. Specific protein polarity and localization is essential for endothelial cells in responding to various extracellular stimuli. In this review, we examine protein localization in the endothelium of resistance arteries, with occasional references to other vessels for contrast, and how that polarization contributes to endothelial function and ultimately whole organism physiology. We highlight the protein localization on the luminal surface, discussing important physiological receptors and the glycocalyx. The protein polarization to the abluminal membrane is especially unique in small resistance arteries with the presence of the myoendothelial junction, a signaling microdomain that regulates vasodilation, feedback to smooth muscle cells, and ultimately total peripheral resistance. We also discuss the interendothelial junction, where tight junctions, adherens junctions, and gap junctions all convene and regulate endothelial function. Finally, we address planar cell polarity, or axial polarity, and how this is regulated by mechanosensory signals like blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail G Wolpe
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Claire A Ruddiman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Phillip J Hall
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA, .,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA,
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16
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Moore KH, Murphy HA, George EM. The glycocalyx: a central regulator of vascular function. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R508-R518. [PMID: 33501896 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00340.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a specialized extracellular matrix that covers the apical side of vascular endothelial cells, projecting into the lumen of blood vessels. The composition of the glycocalyx has been studied in great detail, and it is known to be composed of a mixture of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins. Although this structure was once believed to be a passive physical barrier, it is now recognized as a multifunctional and dynamic structure that participates in many vascular processes, including but not limited to vascular permeability, inflammation, thrombosis, mechanotransduction, and cytokine signaling. Because of its participation in many physiological and pathophysiological states, comprehensive knowledge of the glycocalyx will aid future vascular biologists in their research. With that in mind, this review discusses the biochemical structure of the glycocalyx and its function in many vascular physiological processes. We also briefly review a more recent discovery in glycocalyx biology, the placental glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle H Moore
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Hayley A Murphy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Eric M George
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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17
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Potje SR, Paula TDC, Paulo M, Bendhack LM. The Role of Glycocalyx and Caveolae in Vascular Homeostasis and Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 11:620840. [PMID: 33519523 PMCID: PMC7838704 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.620840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights recent findings about the role that endothelial glycocalyx and caveolae play in vascular homeostasis. We describe the structure, synthesis, and function of glycocalyx and caveolae in vascular cells under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Special focus will be given in glycocalyx and caveolae that are associated with impaired production of nitric oxide (NO) and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Such alterations could contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Regina Potje
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Tiago Dal-Cin Paula
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Michele Paulo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lusiane Maria Bendhack
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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18
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Zhao F, Zhong L, Luo Y. Endothelial glycocalyx as an important factor in composition of blood-brain barrier. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 27:26-35. [PMID: 33377610 PMCID: PMC7804892 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood‐brain barrier is a dynamic and complex neurovascular unit that protects neurons from somatic circulatory factors as well as regulates the internal environmental stability of the central nervous system. Endothelial glycocalyx is a critical component of an extended neurovascular unit that influences the structure of the blood‐brain barrier and plays various physiological functions, including an important role in maintaining normal neuronal homeostasis. Specifically, glycocalyx acts in physical and charge barriers, mechanical transduction, regulation of vascular permeability, modulation of inflammatory response, and anticoagulation. Since intact glycocalyx is necessary to maintain the stability and integrity of the internal environment of the blood‐brain barrier, damage to glycocalyx can lead to the dysfunction of the blood‐brain barrier. This review discusses the role of glycocalyx in the context of the substantial literature regarding the blood‐brain barrier research, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases as well as point to new breakthroughs and innovations in glycocalyx‐dependent blood‐brain barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zhao
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liyuan Zhong
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yumin Luo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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19
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Korakas E, Ikonomidis I, Markakis K, Raptis A, Dimitriadis G, Lambadiari V. The Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Key Mediator of Albumin Handling and the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:619-631. [PMID: 31889495 DOI: 10.2174/1570161118666191224120242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a complex mesh of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and other soluble components, which cover the vascular endothelium. It plays an important role in many physiological processes including vascular permeability, transduction of shear stress and interaction of blood cells and other molecules with the vascular wall. Its complex structure makes its precise assessment challenging, and many different visualization techniques have been used with varying results. Diabetes, one of the main disease models where disorders of the glycocalyx are present, causes degradation of the glycocalyx through a variety of molecular pathways and especially through oxidative stress due to the action of reactive oxygen species. As the glycocalyx has been primarily studied in the glomerular endothelium, more evidence points towards a vital role in albumin handling and, consequently, in diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, the maintenance or restoration of the integrity of the glycocalyx seems a promising therapeutic target. In this review, we consider the structural and functional capacities of the endothelial glycocalyx, the available methods for its evaluation, the mechanisms through which diabetes leads to glycocalyx degradation and albuminuria, and possible treatment options targeting the glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Korakas
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ignatios Ikonomidis
- Second Cardiology Department, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Markakis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Raptis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Dimitriadis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vaia Lambadiari
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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20
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Okada H, Yoshida S, Hara A, Ogura S, Tomita H. Vascular endothelial injury exacerbates coronavirus disease 2019: The role of endothelial glycocalyx protection. Microcirculation 2020; 28:e12654. [PMID: 32791568 PMCID: PMC7435519 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The potential for a rapid increase in severity is among the most frightening aspects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Evidence increasingly suggests that the symptoms of coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19)‐related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) differ from those of classic ARDS. Recently, the severity of COVID‐19 has been attributed to a systemic, thrombotic, and inflammatory disease that damages not only the lungs but also multiple organs, including the heart, brain, toes, and liver. This systemic form of COVID‐19 may be due to inflammation and vascular endothelial cell injury. The vascular endothelial glycocalyx comprises glycoproteins and plays an important role in systemic capillary homeostasis maintenance. The glycocalyx covers the entire vascular endothelium, and its thickness varies among organs. The endothelial glycocalyx is very thin in the pulmonary capillaries, where it is affected by gaseous exchange with the alveoli and the low intravascular pressure in the pulmonary circulation. Despite the clearly important roles of the glycocalyx in vascular endothelial injury, thrombosis, vasculitis, and inflammation, the link between this structure and vascular endothelial cell dysfunction in COVID‐19 remains unclear. In this prospective review, we summarize the importance of the glycocalyx and its potential as a therapeutic target in cases of systemic COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideshi Okada
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shozo Yoshida
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinji Ogura
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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21
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Bratseth V, Margeirsdottir HD, Heier M, Solheim S, Arnesen H, Dahl-Jørgensen K, Seljeflot I. Procoagulant activity in children and adolescents on intensive insulin therapy. Pediatr Diabetes 2020; 21:496-504. [PMID: 31943582 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes is associated with atherothrombosis, but limited data exist on procoagulant activity in the young. We investigated procoagulant activity in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes using intensified insulin treatment compared with controls in a 5-year follow-up study, and further any associations with cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS The study included 314 diabetes children/adolescents and 120 healthy controls. Prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), D-dimer, tissue-factor-procoagulant-activity (TF-PCA), and tissue-factor-pathway-inhibitor (TFPI) were analyzed with ELISAs. RESULTS F1+2, D-dimer, and TF-PCA did not differ between the groups or correlate to HbA1c in the diabetes group at either time points. TFPI was significantly higher in the diabetes group compared with controls both at inclusion and follow-up (both P < .001). In the diabetes group, TFPI correlated significantly to HbA1c at both time points (r = 0.221 and 0.304, both P < .001). At follow-up, females using oral contraceptives had significantly elevated F1+2, D-dimer, and TF-PCA and lower TFPI compared to no-users (all P < .005), and females had lower TFPI (P = .017) and higher F1+2 compared with males (P = .052), also after adjusting for the use of oral contraceptives. CONCLUSIONS The current results show similar procoagulant activity in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes compared with controls over a 5-year period, indicating that these children using modern intensified insulin treatment are not at high thrombotic risk at younger age. The elevated levels of TFPI in the diabetes group, related to hyperglycaemia, are probably reflecting increased endothelial activation. These findings highlight the significance of optimal blood glucose control in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes, to maintain a healthy endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Bratseth
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanna D Margeirsdottir
- Pediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Diabetes Research Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Heier
- Pediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Diabetes Research Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | - Svein Solheim
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Arnesen
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Dahl-Jørgensen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Pediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Diabetes Research Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Seljeflot
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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22
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Wieczór R, Kulwas A, Rość D. Implications of Hemostasis Disorders in Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia-An In-Depth Comparison of Selected Factors. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E659. [PMID: 32121363 PMCID: PMC7141251 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease. Among patients with atherosclerosis, those suffering from peripheral arterial disease (PAD) represent a group of individuals with particularly high death risk, especially during the course of critical limb ischemia (CLI). In the pathogenesis of PAD/CLI complications, blood coagulation disorders play a significant role. The study aim was to examine the activation of the coagulation system depending on tissue factor (TF) in patients with CLI as compared with those with intermittent claudication (IC). METHODS Before initiating proper treatment (invasive or maintenance), blood samples were collected from 65 patients with CLI and 15 with IC to measure the following selected hemostasis parameters: concentrations and activation of tissue factor (TF Ag and TF Act) and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI Ag and TFPI Act), concentrations of thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT Ag) and fibrinogen, platelet count (PLT), and concentrations of tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA Ag), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), and D-dimer. The control group included 30 healthy volunteers (10 female/20 male). RESULTS The values of all analyzed parameters (except for lower TFPI Act) were significantly higher in the blood of PAD patients (with respect to PLT only in the CLI subgroup) in comparison with healthy subjects. The blood of patients with CLI as compared to the IC subgroup revealed much higher concentrations of TF Ag (p < 0.001), with slightly decreased TF Act, significantly lower concentrations of TFPI Ag (p < 0.001), slightly increased TFPI Act, and significantly higher levels of TAT Ag (p < 0.001), fibrinogen (p = 0.026), and D-dimer (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In patients with CLI, we can observe coagulation activation and a shifting balance toward prothrombotic processes. Furthermore, increased concentrations of D-dimer suggest a secondary activation of fibrinolysis and confirm the phenomenon as a prothrombotic condition with heightened fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Wieczór
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85–094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.K.); (D.R.)
- Clinic of Vascular and Internal Medicine, Dr Jan Biziel University Hospital No. 2 in Bydgoszcz, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Arleta Kulwas
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85–094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.K.); (D.R.)
| | - Danuta Rość
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85–094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (A.K.); (D.R.)
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Labudovic D, Kostovska I, Tosheska Trajkovska K, Cekovska S, Brezovska Kavrakova J, Topuzovska S. Lipoprotein(a) – Link between Atherogenesis and Thrombosis. Prague Med Rep 2019; 120:39-51. [DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2019.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) – Lp(a) – is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Indeed, individuals with plasma concentrations of Lp(a) > 200 mg/l carry an increased risk of developing CVD. Circulating levels of Lp(a) are remarkably resistant to common lipid lowering therapies, currently available treatment for reduction of Lp(a) is plasma apheresis, which is costly and labour intensive. The Lp(a) molecule is composed of two parts: LDL/apoB-100 core and glycoprotein, apolipoprotein(a) – Apo(a), both of them can interact with components of the coagulation cascade, inflammatory pathways and blood vessel cells (smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells). Therefore, it is very important to determine the molecular pathways by which Lp(a) affect the vascular system in order to design therapeutics for targeting the Lp(a) cellular effects. This paper summarises the cellular effects and molecular mechanisms by which Lp(a) participate in atherogenesis, thrombogenesis, inflammation and development of cardiovascular diseases.
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24
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Krüger-Genge A, Blocki A, Franke RP, Jung F. Vascular Endothelial Cell Biology: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184411. [PMID: 31500313 PMCID: PMC6769656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells (EC), constitutes the inner cellular lining of arteries, veins and capillaries and therefore is in direct contact with the components and cells of blood. The endothelium is not only a mere barrier between blood and tissues but also an endocrine organ. It actively controls the degree of vascular relaxation and constriction, and the extravasation of solutes, fluid, macromolecules and hormones, as well as that of platelets and blood cells. Through control of vascular tone, EC regulate the regional blood flow. They also direct inflammatory cells to foreign materials, areas in need of repair or defense against infections. In addition, EC are important in controlling blood fluidity, platelet adhesion and aggregation, leukocyte activation, adhesion, and transmigration. They also tightly keep the balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis and play a major role in the regulation of immune responses, inflammation and angiogenesis. To fulfill these different tasks, EC are heterogeneous and perform distinctly in the various organs and along the vascular tree. Important morphological, physiological and phenotypic differences between EC in the different parts of the arterial tree as well as between arteries and veins optimally support their specified functions in these vascular areas. This review updates the current knowledge about the morphology and function of endothelial cells, particularly their differences in different localizations around the body paying attention specifically to their different responses to physical, biochemical and environmental stimuli considering the different origins of the EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Krüger-Genge
- Department of Biomaterials and Healthcare, Division of Life Science and Bioprocesses, Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany.
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 2Y9, Canada.
| | - Anna Blocki
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ITERM), School of Biomedical Sciences (SBS), Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ralf-Peter Franke
- Central Institute for Biomedical Technology, Dep. Biomaterials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Friedrich Jung
- Institute of Biotechnology, Molecular Cell Biology, Brandenburg University of Technology, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
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25
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Porras G, Ayuso MS, González-Manchón C. Leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction is enhanced in podocalyxin-deficient mice. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 99:72-79. [PMID: 29604348 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The highly sialoglycosylated extracellular domain of podocalyxin (Podxl) is a constituent of the endothelial glycocalyx of most blood vessels but it is unknown if Podxl plays a prominent role in the function of the glycocalyx as a regulator of leukocyte-endothelial adhesion. We have recently found that mice lacking Podxl in the vascular endothelium develop histological lesions compatible with severe vasculitis resulting in organ failure and premature death. In this work, we show that these mice have an increased quantity of resident leukocytes within the peritoneal cavity in both basal and inflammatory conditions. Adhesion of macrophagic cells to lung endothelial cells from Podxl-deficient mice was increased under inflammatory stimuli. Both, chemokine binding and chemokine-mediated adhesion of immune cells were significantly higher in Podxl-deficient endothelial cells. Moreover, glycocalyx function assessed by measuring the anticoagulant capacity of endothelial cell monolayers to inactivate thrombin was significantly altered in the absence of Podxl. Overall, the results suggest that Podxl is an essential component of the glycocalyx and has an important so far unknown role in preventing leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion under resting and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracia Porras
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biological Research-CIB, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Matilde S Ayuso
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biological Research-CIB, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Consuelo González-Manchón
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biological Research-CIB, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Translational Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Characterization and Target-Mediated Drug Disposition Modeling of an Anti-Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Antibody, PF-06741086. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1995-2004. [PMID: 29571739 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) exhibits multiple isoforms, which are known to present in multiple locations such as plasma, endothelium, and platelets. TFPI is an endogenous negative modulator of the coagulation pathway, and therefore, neutralization of TFPI function can potentially increase coagulation activity. A human monoclonal antibody, PF-06741086, which interacts with all isoforms of TFPI is currently being tested in clinic for treating hemophilia patients with and without inhibitors. To support clinical development of PF-06741086, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics of PF-06741086 were characterized in monkeys. In addition, a mechanistic model approach was used to estimate PK parameters in monkeys and simulate PK profiles in human. The results show that PF-06741086 exhibited target-mediated drug disposition and had specific effects on various hemostatic markers including diluted prothrombin time, thrombin generation, and thrombin-antithrombin complex in monkeys after administration. The model-predicted and observed human exposures were compared retrospectively, and the result indicates that the exposure prediction was reasonable within less than 2-fold deviation. This study demonstrated in vivo efficacy of PF-06741086 in monkeys and the utility of a rational mechanistic approach to describe PK for a monoclonal antibody with complex target binding.
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28
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Antic D, Jelicic J, Vukovic V, Nikolovski S, Mihaljevic B. Venous thromboembolic events in lymphoma patients: Actual relationships between epidemiology, mechanisms, clinical profile and treatment. Blood Rev 2017; 32:144-158. [PMID: 29126566 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolic events (VTE) are an underestimated health problem in patients with lymphoma. Many factors contribute to the pathogenesis of thromboembolism and the interplay between various mechanisms that provoke VTE is still poorly understood. The identification of parameters that are associated with an increased risk of VTE in lymphoma patients led to the creation of several risk-assessment models. The models that evaluate potential VTE risk in lymphoma patients in particular are quite limited, and have to be validated in larger study populations. Furthermore, the VTE prophylaxis in lymphoma patients is largely underused, despite the incidence of VTE. The lack of adequate guidelines for the prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in lymphoma patients, together with a cautious approach due to an increased risk of bleeding, demands great efforts to ensure the implementation of current knowledge in order to reduce the incidence and complications of VTE in lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Antic
- Clinic for Hematology, Clinical Centre Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Jelena Jelicic
- Clinic for Hematology, Clinical Centre Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vojin Vukovic
- Clinic for Hematology, Clinical Centre Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Biljana Mihaljevic
- Clinic for Hematology, Clinical Centre Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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29
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Bratseth V, Byrkjeland R, Njerve IU, Solheim S, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I. Procoagulant activity in patients with combined type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease: No effects of long-term exercise training. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2017; 14:144-151. [PMID: 28111966 DOI: 10.1177/1479164116679080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of 12-month exercise training on hypercoagulability in patients with combined type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. Associations with severity of disease were further explored. Patients ( n = 131) were randomized to exercise training or a control group. Blood was collected at inclusion and after 12 months. Tissue factor, free and total tissue factor pathway inhibitor, prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F1 + 2) and D-dimer were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and ex vivo thrombin generation by the calibrated automated thrombogram assay. Tissue factor and ex vivo thrombin generation increased from baseline to 12 months ( p < 0.01, all), with no significant differences in changes between groups. At baseline, free and total tissue factor pathway inhibitor significantly correlated to fasting glucose ( p < 0.01, both) and HbA1c ( p < 0.05, both). In patients with albuminuria ( n = 34), these correlations were strengthened, and elevated levels of D-dimer, free and total tissue factor pathway inhibitor ( p < 0.01, all) and decreased ex vivo thrombin generation ( p < 0.05, all) were observed. These results show no effects of exercise training on markers of hypercoagulability in our population with combined type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. The association between poor glycaemic control and tissue factor pathway inhibitor might indicate increased endothelial activation. More pronounced hypercoagulability and increased tissue factor pathway inhibitor were demonstrated in patients with albuminuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Bratseth
- 1 Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- 2 Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rune Byrkjeland
- 1 Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- 2 Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- 3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida U Njerve
- 1 Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- 2 Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- 3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Svein Solheim
- 1 Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- 2 Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Arnesen
- 1 Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- 2 Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- 3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Seljeflot
- 1 Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- 2 Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- 3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-β-D-glucuronidase that is capable of cleaving heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix. This activity is strongly implicated in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. We have earlier demonstrated that apart of its well characterized enzymatic activity, heparanase may also affect the hemostatic system in a non-enzymatic manner. We showed that heparanase up-regulated the expression of the blood coagulation initiator-tissue factor (TF) and interacted with the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) on the cell surface membrane of endothelial and tumor cells, leading to dissociation of TFPI and resulting in increased cell surface coagulation activity. Moreover, we demonstrated that heparanase directly enhanced TF activity, which led to increased factor Xa production and subsequent activation of the coagulation system. In patients with cancer, increased heparanase procoagulant activity appeared to be a potential predictor of survival. We have also shown that JAK-2 is involved in heparanase up-regulation via the erythropoietin receptor, a finding that may point to a new mechanism of thrombosis in JAK-2 positive patents with essential thrombocytosis. Recently, we found that the solvent accessible surface of TFPI-2 first Kunitz domain had a role in TF/heparanase complex inhibition. Peptides derived from TFPI-2 inhibitory site were shown to reduce coagulation activation induced by heparanase and to attenuate sepsis severity and tumor growth in a mouse model, without predisposing to significant bleeding tendency. These data imply that inhibition of heparanase procoagulant domain is potentially a good target for sepsis and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Nadir
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Benjamin Brenner
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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31
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Dimitrievska S, Gui L, Weyers A, Lin T, Cai C, Wu W, Tuggle CT, Sundaram S, Balestrini JL, Slattery D, Tchouta L, Kyriakides TR, Tarbell JM, Linhardt RJ, Niklason LE. New Functional Tools for Antithrombogenic Activity Assessment of Live Surface Glycocalyx. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1847-53. [PMID: 27386939 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is widely accepted that the presence of a glycosaminoglycan-rich glycocalyx is essential for endothelialized vasculature health; in fact, a damaged or impaired glycocalyx has been demonstrated in many vascular diseases. Currently, there are no methods that characterize glycocalyx functionality, thus limiting investigators' ability to assess the role of the glycocalyx in vascular health. APPROACH AND RESULTS We have developed novel, easy-to-use, in vitro assays that directly quantify live endothelialized surface's functional heparin weights and their anticoagulant capacity to inactivate Factor Xa and thrombin. Using our assays, we characterized 2 commonly used vascular models: native rat aorta and cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayer. We determined heparin contents to be ≈10 000 ng/cm(2) on the native aorta and ≈10-fold lower on cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Interestingly, human umbilical vein endothelial cells demonstrated a 5-fold lower anticoagulation capacity in inactivating both Factor Xa and thrombin relative to native aortas. We verified the validity and accuracy of the novel assays developed in this work using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our assays are of high relevance in the vascular community because they can be used to establish the antithrombogenic capacity of many different types of surfaces such as vascular grafts and transplants. This work will also advance the capacity for glycocalyx-targeting therapeutics development to treat damaged vasculatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashka Dimitrievska
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.)
| | - Liqiong Gui
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.)
| | - Amanda Weyers
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.)
| | - Tylee Lin
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.)
| | - Chao Cai
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.)
| | - Wei Wu
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.)
| | - Charles T Tuggle
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.)
| | - Sumati Sundaram
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.)
| | - Jenna L Balestrini
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.)
| | - David Slattery
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.)
| | - Lise Tchouta
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.)
| | - Themis R Kyriakides
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.)
| | - John M Tarbell
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.)
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.)
| | - Laura E Niklason
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.D., T.L., W.W., T.R.K., L.E.N.), Department of Anesthesiology (L.G., S.S., J.L.B., L.E.N.), Department of Surgery (W.W., C.T.T.), Department of Medicine (L.T.), and Department of Pharmacology (T.R.K.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.D., R.J.L.); Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (A.W., C.C., R.J.L.); Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs (D.S.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York (J.M.T.).
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Madhusudhan T, Kerlin BA, Isermann B. The emerging role of coagulation proteases in kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 12:94-109. [PMID: 26592189 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2015.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A role of coagulation proteases in kidney disease beyond their function in normal haemostasis and thrombosis has long been suspected, and studies performed in the past 15 years have provided novel insights into the mechanisms involved. The expression of protease-activated receptors (PARs) in renal cells provides a molecular link between coagulation proteases and renal cell function and revitalizes research evaluating the role of haemostasis regulators in renal disease. Renal cell-specific expression and activity of coagulation proteases, their regulators and their receptors are dynamically altered during disease processes. Furthermore, renal inflammation and tissue remodelling are not only associated, but are causally linked with altered coagulation activation and protease-dependent signalling. Intriguingly, coagulation proteases signal through more than one receptor or induce formation of receptor complexes in a cell-specific manner, emphasizing context specificity. Understanding these cell-specific signalosomes and their regulation in kidney disease is crucial to unravelling the pathophysiological relevance of coagulation regulators in renal disease. In addition, the clinical availability of small molecule targeted anticoagulants as well as the development of PAR antagonists increases the need for in-depth knowledge of the mechanisms through which coagulation proteases might regulate renal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thati Madhusudhan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany
| | - Bryce A Kerlin
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, W325 Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany
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Maksimenko AV, Turashev AD. [Endothelial glycocalyx of blood circulation. II. Biological functions, state at norm and pathology, bioengineering application]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015; 40:259-74. [PMID: 25898732 DOI: 10.1134/s106816201403008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In normal state, a complex multicomponent system called glycocalyx is present on the surface of endothelial vascular system. Due to complexity of its composition and location on the border between vessel wall and blood circulation, glycocalyx participates in a number of functions supporting the metabolism of the vascular wall. In pathological conditions undergo complete or partial loss of this structure, which leads to inconsistencies in the vascular wall and change its functions. The functions of endothelial glycocalyx are its involvement in the regulation of vascular permeability, transduction and transformation by the shear stress of blood flow on endothelium, the molecular regulation of glycocalyx microenvironment and its interaction with circulating blood cells. Also briefly be considered participation of glycocalyx in the implementation of cardiovascular diseases, their correction, bioengineering application of glycocalyx and its components.
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Peters W, Kusche-Vihrog K, Oberleithner H, Schillers H. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator is involved in polyphenol-induced swelling of the endothelial glycocalyx. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1521-30. [PMID: 25881741 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous studies show that polyphenol-rich compounds can induce a swelling of the endothelial glycocalyx (eGC). Our goal was to reveal the mechanism behind the eGC-swelling. As polyphenols are potent modulators of fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl(-) channel, the hypothesis was tested whether polyphenol-induced increase in CFTR activity is responsible for the eGC-swelling. The impact of the polyphenols resveratrol, (-)-epicatechin, and quercetin on nanomechanics of living endothelial GM7373 cells was monitored by AFM-nanoindentation. The tested polyphenols lead to eGC-swelling with a simultaneous decrease in cortical stiffness. EGC-swelling, but not the change in cortical stiffness, was prevented by the inhibition of CFTR. Polyphenol-induced eGC-swelling could be mimicked by cytochalasin D, an actin-depolymerizing agent. Thus, in the vascular endothelium, polyphenols induce eGC-swelling by softening cortical actin and activating CFTR. Our findings imply that CFTR plays an important role in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis and may explain the vasoprotective properties of polyphenols. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Many vascular problems clinically can be attributed to a dysregulation of endothelial glycocalyx (eGC). The underlying mechanism however remains unclear. In this article, the authors used nanoindentation and showed that polyphenols could swell the endothelial glycocalyx and alter its function. This investigative method can lead to further mechanistic studies of other molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wladimir Peters
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Hermann Schillers
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-β-D-glucuronidase that is capable of cleaving heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix, activity that is strongly implicated in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. Apart of its well characterized enzymatic activity, heparanase was noted to exert also enzymatic-independent functions. Among these are the up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGF-C and activation of intra-cellular signaling involved in cell survival and proliferation. We had earlier demonstrated that heparanase may also affect the hemostatic system in a non-enzymatic manner. We had shown that heparanase up-regulated the expression of the blood coagulation initiator- tissue factor (TF) and interacted with the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) on the cell surface membrane of endothelial and tumor cells, leading to dissociation of TFPI and resulting in increased cell surface coagulation activity. Moreover, we have demonstrated that heparanase directly enhanced TF activity which led to increased factor Xa production and subsequent activation of the coagulation system. Taking into account the prometastatic, pro-angiogenic and pro-coagulant functions of heparanase, over-expression in human malignancies and abundance in platelets, implies that heparanase is potentially a good target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Nadir
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Benjamin Brenner
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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Javanmard SH, Shahsavarzadeh T, Saadatnia M. Low levels of tissue factor pathway inhibitor increase the risk of cerebral venous thrombosis. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:6. [PMID: 25625112 PMCID: PMC4300595 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.148287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Decreased concentration of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is a risk factor for development of deep venous thrombosis and coronary heart disease, but there is no evidence for the relationship between TFPI and cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis (CVST). The aim of this study was to determine the level of TFPI in healthy population and in patients with CVST. Materials and Methods: We determined the plasma level of TFPI in 20 patients with CVST (cases) and 31 healthy volunteer subjects (as control group) by enzyme linked immunoassay method. We also examined the association between TFPI and the risk of CVST. Continuous variables were compared between groups using Student's t test, and odds ratio was calculated by multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The mean TFPI was significantly lower in the CVST group compared with the control group (8.60 ± 4.05 ng/mL; 14.6 ± 8.6 ng/mL; P = 0. 005), respectively. The odds ratio for CVST associated with low (<25th percentile) levels of TFPI was 5.429 (95% CI, 1.487-19.82, P = 0.012). Conclusion: Our investigation demonstrates that reduced TFPI may be one of the risk factors of CVST and associated with increasing the risk of developing CVST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard
- Department of Physiology, Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jerib Avenue, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Shahsavarzadeh
- Department of Physiology, Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jerib Avenue, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saadatnia
- Department of Neurology, Isfahan Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Abstract
Heparanase, a β-D-endoglucuronidase abundant in platelets that was discovered 30 years ago, is an enzyme that cleaves heparan sulfate side chains on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. It was later recognized as being a pro-inflammatory and pro-metastatic protein. We had earlier demonstrated that heparanase may also affect the hemostatic system in a non-enzymatic manner. We had shown that heparanase up-regulated the expression of the blood coagulation initiator tissue factor (TF) and interacted with the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) on the cell surface membrane of endothelial and tumor cells, leading to dissociation of TFPI and resulting in increased cell surface coagulation activity. Moreover, we have demonstrated that heparanase directly enhanced TF activity which led to increased factor Xa production and subsequent activation of the coagulation system. Recently, heparanase inhibitory peptides derived of TFPI-2 were demonstrated by us to inhibit heparanase procoagulant activity and attenuate sepsis in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Nadir
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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Abstract
The mechanical characteristics of endothelial cells reveal four distinct compartments, namely glycocalyx, cell cortex, cytoplasm and nucleus. There is accumulating evidence that endothelial nanomechanics of these individual compartments control vascular physiology. Depending on protein composition, filament formation and interaction with cross-linker proteins, these four compartments determine endothelial stiffness. Structural organization and mechanical properties directly influence physiological processes such as endothelial barrier function, nitric oxide release and gene expression. This review will focus on endothelial nanomechanics and its impact on vascular function.
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Changes in the levels of endothelium-derived coagulation parameters in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2014; 25:151-5. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Gonzalez J, Donoso W, Díaz N, Albornoz ME, Huilcaman R, Morales E, Moore-Carrasco R. High fat diet induces adhesion of platelets to endothelium in two models of dyslipidemia. J Obes 2014; 2014:591270. [PMID: 25328689 PMCID: PMC4195255 DOI: 10.1155/2014/591270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent about 30% of all global deaths. It is currently accepted that, in the atherogenic process, platelets play an important role, contributing to endothelial activation and modulation of the inflammatory phenomenon, promoting the beginning and formation of lesions and their subsequent thrombotic complications. The objective of the present work was to study using immunohistochemistry, the presence of platelets, monocytes/macrophages, and cell adhesion molecules (CD61, CD163, and CD54), in two stages of the atheromatous process. CF-1 mice fed a fat diet were used to obtain early stages of atheromatous process, denominated early stage of atherosclerosis, and ApoE(-/-) mice fed a fat diet were used to observe advanced stages of atherosclerosis. The CF-1 mice model presented immunostaining on endothelial surface for all three markers studied; the advanced atherosclerosis model in ApoE(-/-) mice also presented granular immunostaining on lesion thickness, for the same markers. These results suggest that platelets participate in atheromatous process from early stages to advance d stages. High fat diet induces adhesion of platelets to endothelial cells in vivo. These findings support studying the participation of platelets in the formation of atheromatous plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Gonzalez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunohematología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, P.O. Box 747, Talca, Chile
| | - Wendy Donoso
- Departamento de Estomatología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Avenida Lircay s/n, Talca, Chile
| | - Natalia Díaz
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunohematología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, P.O. Box 747, Talca, Chile
| | - María Eliana Albornoz
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Avenida Lircay s/n, Talca, Chile
| | - Ricardo Huilcaman
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunohematología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, P.O. Box 747, Talca, Chile
| | - Erik Morales
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel 3605, 3480112 Talca, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Moore-Carrasco
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunohematología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, P.O. Box 747, Talca, Chile
- Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), Conicyt-Regional, Gore Maule, R09I2001, Avenida San Miguel 3425, 3480137 Talca, Chile
- Programa Investigación de Excelencia Interdisciplinario en Envejecimiento Saludable PIEI-ES, Universidad de Talca, Avenida Lircay s/n, Talca, Chile
- *Rodrigo Moore-Carrasco:
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Oddepally R, Sriram G, Guruprasad L. Purification and characterization of a stable Kunitz trypsin inhibitor from Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 96:26-36. [PMID: 24094275 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Kunitz trypsin inhibitor was purified from the seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum (TfgKTI) belonging to fabaceae family by ammonium sulphate precipitation, cation exchange, gel filtration and hydrophobic chromatography. Purity of the protein was analyzed by RP-HPLC and native-PAGE. SDS-PAGE analysis under reducing and non-reducing conditions showed that protein consists of a single polypeptide chain with molecular mass of approximately 20 kDa. Mass spectroscopy analysis revealed that the intact mass of purified inhibitor is 19,842.154 Da. One dimensional SDS gel was tryptically digested, resulting peptides were subjected to MALDI-TOF-MS analysis, and peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) analysis of TfgKTI shows sequence similarity with Kunitz trypsin inhibitor in database search. Two dimensional electrophoresis identified presence of four isoinhibitors (pI values of 5.1, 5.4, 5.7 and 6.1). Kinetic studies showed that the protein is a competitive inhibitor and has high binding affinity with trypsin (Ki 3.01×10(-9)M) and chymotrypsin (Ki 0.52×10(-9)M). The TfgKTI retained the inhibitory activity over a broad range of pH (pH 3-10), temperature (37-100°C) and salt concentration (up to 3.5%). Far-UV circular dichroism measurements revealed that TfgKTI is predominantly composed of β-sheets (39%) and unordered structures (48%) with slight helical content (13%). TfgKTI retained over 90% trypsin inhibition upon storage at 4°C for over a period of six months.
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Aksoy MC, Aksoy DY, Haznedaroglu IC, Sayınalp N, Kirazli S, Alpaslan M. Thrombomodulin and GFC levels in Legg–Calve–Perthes disease. Hematology 2013; 13:324-8. [DOI: 10.1179/102453308x343509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Cemalettin Aksoy
- Department of Orthopedics and TraumatologyHacettepe University Medical School, 06100 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Duygu Y. Aksoy
- Department of Internal MedicineHacettepe University Medical School, 06100 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim C. Haznedaroglu
- Department of Internal MedicineHacettepe University Medical School, 06100 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nilgün Sayınalp
- Department of Internal MedicineHacettepe University Medical School, 06100 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serafettin Kirazli
- Department of Internal MedicineHacettepe University Medical School, 06100 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mumtaz Alpaslan
- Department of Orthopedics and TraumatologyHacettepe University Medical School, 06100 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
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Anderson JA, Lim W, Weitz JI. Genetics of Coagulation: What the Cardiologist Needs to Know. Can J Cardiol 2013; 29:75-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2012.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Zhao Y, Fu Y, Hu J, Liu Y, Yin X. The effect of tissue factor pathway inhibitor on the expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-3 and IκB-α stimulated by tumour necrosis factor-α in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 106:4-11. [PMID: 23374966 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the importance of inflammation in restenosis has been recognized gradually. When vascular injury occurs, NF-κB, which controls transcription of many inflammatory genes in restenosis (such as monocyte chemotactic protein-3 [MCP-3]), is activated by IκB degradation, leaving the NF-κB dimer-free to translocate to the nucleus to activate specific target genes. AIMS To investigate the effect of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) on MCP-3 expression and IκB-α degradation stimulated by tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), thus further elucidating the mechanism of the inhibitory effect of TFPI on restenosis. METHODS Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium or human recombinant adenoviruses expressing TFPI or bacterial β-galactosidase (LacZ) were used to infect rat aortic VSMCs in vitro. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect exogenous TFPI expression and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions were used to detect MCP-3 expression after TNF-α stimulation in transfected cells. Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy were used to examine IκB-α expression. RESULTS TFPI protein was detected in the TFPI group after gene transfer. The cells were stimulated with TNF-α for 6 hours on the third day after gene transfer. MCP-3 messenger ribonucleic acid expression was lower in the TFPI group than in the LacZ group (P<0.05) and IκB-α degradation was lower in the TFPI group than in the LacZ group in the cytoplasm (P<0.05). CONCLUSION TFPI inhibited MCP-3 expression induced by TNF-α; this effect may be propagated through the NF-κB pathway. TFPI gene transfer may be a new therapeutic strategy for inhibiting restenosis in clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
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Morais S, Taggart JB, Guy DR, Bell JG, Tocher DR. Hepatic transcriptome analysis of inter-family variability in flesh n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content in Atlantic salmon. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:410. [PMID: 22905698 PMCID: PMC3463449 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic selection of Atlantic salmon families better adapted to alternative feed formulations containing high levels of vegetable ingredients has been suggested to ensure sustainable growth of aquaculture. The present study aimed to identify molecular pathways that could underlie phenotypic differences in flesh n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) levels when fish are fed vegetable oil diets. Liver transcriptome was analyzed and compared in four families presenting higher or lower n-3 LC-PUFA contents at two contrasting flesh total lipid levels. Results The main effect of n-3 LC-PUFA contents was in the expression of immune response genes (38% of all significantly affected genes), broadly implicated in the modulation of inflammatory processes and innate immune response. Although genetic evaluations of traits used in the breeding program revealed that the chosen families were not balanced for viral disease resistance, this did not fully explain the preponderance of immune response genes in the transcriptomic analysis. Employing stringent statistical analysis no lipid metabolism genes were detected as being significantly altered in liver when comparing families with high and low n-3 LC-PUFA flesh contents. However, relaxing the statistical analysis enabled identification of potentially relevant effects, further studied by RT-qPCR, in cholesterol biosynthesis, lipoprotein metabolism and lipid transport, as well as eicosanoid metabolism particularly affecting the lipoxygenase pathway. Total lipid level in flesh also showed an important effect on immune response and 8% of significantly affected genes related to lipid metabolism, including a fatty acyl elongase (elovl2), an acyl carrier protein and stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Conclusions Inter-family differences in n-3 LC-PUFA content could not be related to effects on lipid metabolism, including transcriptional modulation of the LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathway. An association was found between flesh adiposity and n-3 LC-PUFA in regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis, which was most likely explained by variation in tissue n-3 LC-PUFA levels regulating transcription of cholesterol metabolism genes through srebp2. A preponderance of immune response genes significantly affected by n-3 LC-PUFA contents could be potentially associated with disease resistance, possibly involving anti-inflammatory actions of tissue n-3 LC-PUFA through eicosanoid metabolism. This association may have been fortuitous, but it is important to clarify if this trait is included in future salmon breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Morais
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK.
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Dudash LA, Kligman F, Sarett SM, Kottke-Marchant K, Marchant RE. Endothelial cell attachment and shear response on biomimetic polymer-coated vascular grafts. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2204-10. [PMID: 22623267 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) adhesion, shear retention, morphology, and hemostatic gene expression on fibronectin (FN) and RGD fluorosurfactant polymer (FSP)-coated expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts were investigated using an in vitro perfusion system. ECs were sodded on both types of grafts and exposed to 8 dyn/cm(2) of shear stress. After 24 h, the EC retention on RGD-FSP-coated grafts was 59 ± 14%, which is statistically higher than the 36 ± 11% retention measured on FN grafts (p < 0.02). Additionally, ECs on RGD-FSP exhibited a more spread morphology and oriented in the direction of shear stress, as demonstrated by actin fiber staining. This spread morphology has been observed earlier in cells that are adapting to shear stress. Real-time PCR for vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, tissue factor, tissue plasminogen activator, and inducible nitric oxide synthase indicated that the RGD-FSP material did not activate the cells and that shear stress appears to induce a more vasoprotective phenotype, as shown by a significant decrease in VCAM-1 expression, compared with sodded grafts. RGD-FSP-coating allows for a cell layer that is more resistant to physiological shear stress, as shown by the increased cell retention over FN. This shear stable EC layer is necessary for in vivo endothelialization of the graft material, which shows promise to increase the patency of synthetic small diameter vascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn A Dudash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Ralph AG, Brainard BM. Update on Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: When to Consider It, When to Expect It, When to Treat It. Top Companion Anim Med 2012; 27:65-72. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Heparanase that was cloned from and is abundant in the placenta is implicated in cell invasion, tumor metastasis, and angiogenesis. Recently we have demonstrated that heparanase may also affect the hemostatic system in a non-enzymatic manner. Heparanase was shown to up-regulate tissue factor (TF) expression and interact with tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) on the cell surface, leading to dissociation of TFPI from the cell membrane of endothelial and tumor cells, resulting in increased cell surface coagulation activity. More recently, we have shown that heparanase directly enhances TF activity, resulting in increased factor Xa production and activation of the coagulation system. Data indicate increased levels and possible involvement of heparanase in vascular complications in pregnancy. Taking into account the prometastatic and proangiogenic functions of heparanase, overexpression in human malignancies, and abundance in platelets and placenta, its involvement in the coagulation machinery is an intriguing novel arena for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Nadir
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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El-Hagracy RS, Kamal GM, Sabry IM, Saad AA, Abou El Ezz NF, Nasr HAR. Tissue Factor, Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor and Factor VII Activity in Cardiovascular Complicated Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Oman Med J 2011; 25:173-8. [PMID: 22043333 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2010.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tissue factor (TF) is the main initiator of the extrinsic coagulation pathway through factor VII (FVII) activation, which is physiologically inhibited by tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI). Alteration of this pathway has been described in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study is to assess TF and TFPI plasma levels and FVII coagulant activity (FVIIa) in T2DM in relation to cardiothrombotic disease and their correlation to metabolic and clinical behavior of the patients. METHODS The study was conducted on 80 T2DM patients divided to accordingly; groupI: 40 patients without a history or clinically detected heart disease, and groupII: 40 patients with a history of myocardial infarction compared to 30 controls. The patients were recruited from Ain Shams University diabetes clinic from September 2007 to February 2009 after informed consent was obtained. Peripheral blood samples were taken for measurement of plasma TF and TFPI levels using ELISA technique and quantitative FVIIa using FVII deficient plasma. RESULTS Plasma levels of TF, TFPI and FVIIa were significantly higher in T2DM patients compared to the controls (p<0.001). TF (236.50±79.23)and TFPI (242.33±85.84)were significantly higher in group II, compared to group I (150.33±81.16), (152.8± 82.46), (p<0.001). TF and TFPI were significantly correlated to body mass index and glycemic control. Also, TF and TFPI were significantly higher in hypertensives (p=0.001) and dyslipidemics (p=0.006) but not in smokers (p=0.64), (p=0.11) respectively. CONCLUSION There was a correlation between high TF, TFPI plasma levels, FVIIa activity and cardiothrombotic complications in T2DM especially in the presence of high risk factors such as poor glycemic control, dyslipidemia and obesity. Future target therapy against TF may be beneficial for T2DM patients.
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