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van Linge CCA, Hulme KD, Peters-Sengers H, Sirard JC, Goessens WHF, de Jong MD, Russell CA, de Vos AF, van der Poll T. Immunostimulatory Effect of Flagellin on MDR- Klebsiella-Infected Human Airway Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:309. [PMID: 38203480 PMCID: PMC10778885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia caused by multi-drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (MDR-Kpneu) poses a major public health threat, especially to immunocompromised or hospitalized patients. This study aimed to determine the immunostimulatory effect of the Toll-like receptor 5 ligand flagellin on primary human lung epithelial cells during infection with MDR-Kpneu. Human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells, grown on an air-liquid interface, were inoculated with MDR-Kpneu on the apical side and treated during ongoing infection with antibiotics (meropenem) and/or flagellin on the basolateral and apical side, respectively; the antimicrobial and inflammatory effects of flagellin were determined in the presence or absence of meropenem. In the absence of meropenem, flagellin treatment of MDR-Kpneu-infected HBE cells increased the expression of antibacterial defense genes and the secretion of chemokines; moreover, supernatants of flagellin-exposed HBE cells activated blood neutrophils and monocytes. However, in the presence of meropenem, flagellin did not augment these responses compared to meropenem alone. Flagellin did not impact the outgrowth of MDR-Kpneu. Flagellin enhances antimicrobial gene expression and chemokine release by the MDR-Kpneu-infected primary human bronchial epithelium, which is associated with the release of mediators that activate neutrophils and monocytes. Topical flagellin therapy may have potential to boost immune responses in the lung during pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C. A. van Linge
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.F.d.V.); (T.v.d.P.)
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katina D. Hulme
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hessel Peters-Sengers
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.F.d.V.); (T.v.d.P.)
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR9017, CHU Lille, University Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Wil H. F. Goessens
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Menno D. de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin A. Russell
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alex F. de Vos
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.F.d.V.); (T.v.d.P.)
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.F.d.V.); (T.v.d.P.)
- Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wang J, Chen G, Li L, Luo S, Hu B, Xu J, Luo H, Li S, Jiang Y. Sustained induction of IP-10 by MRP8/14 via the IFNβ-IRF7 axis in macrophages exaggerates lung injury in endotoxemic mice. BURNS & TRAUMA 2023; 11:tkad006. [PMID: 37701855 PMCID: PMC10494486 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkad006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Background As a damage-associated molecular pattern, the myeloid-related protein 8/14 (MRP8/14) heterodimer mediates various inflammatory diseases, such as sepsis. However, how MRP8/14 promotes lung injury by regulating the inflammatory response during endotoxemia remains largely unknown. This study aims at illuminating the pathological functions of MRP8/14 in endotoxemia. Methods An endotoxemic model was prepared with wild-type and myeloid cell-specific Mrp8 deletion (Mrp8ΔMC) mice for evaluating plasma cytokine levels. Lung injury was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, injury scoring and wet-to-dry weight (W/D) ratio. The dynamic profile of interferon γ (IFNγ)-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) mRNA expression induced by macrophage MRP8/14 was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Immunoblotting was used to evaluate the increase in IP-10 level induced by activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to detect the involvement of IRF7 in Ip-10 gene transcription. In vivo air pouch experiments were performed to determine the biological function of IP-10 induced by MRP8/14. Results Experiments with Mrp8ΔMC mice showed that MRP8/14 promoted the production of cytokines, including IP-10, in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung injury in endotoxic mice. The result of qPCR showed sustained expression of Ip-10 mRNA in macrophages after treatment with MRP8/14 for 12 h. Neutralization experiments showed that the MRP8/14-induced Ip-10 expression in RAW264.7 cells was mediated by extracellular IFNβ. Western blotting with phosphorylation-specific antibodies showed that the JAK1/TYK2-STAT1 signaling pathway was activated in MRP8/14-treated RAW264.7 cells, leading to the upregulation of Ip-10 gene expression. IRF7 was further identified as a downstream regulator of the JAK-STAT pathway that mediated Ip-10 gene expression in macrophages treated with MRP8/14. In vivo air pouch experiments confirmed that the IFNβ-JAK1/TYK2-STAT1-IRF7 pathway was required for chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (CXCR3)+ T lymphocyte migration, which promoted lung injury in the context of endotoxemia. Conclusions In summary, our study demonstrates that MRP8/14 induces sustained production of IP-10 via the IFNβ-JAK1/TYK2-STAT1-IRF7 pathway to attract CXCR3+ T lymphocytes into lung tissues and ultimately results in lung injury by an excessive inflammatory response in the context of endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Guiming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Sidan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Bingrong Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Haihua Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Shan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
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Alan E, Daldaban F, Alan A, Aksel EG, Orhan İ, Ulaş Çinar M, Akyüz B, Arslan K. TLR4, MyD88, and TNF-α Expression in the Lungs of Akkaraman and Romanov Lambs in Response to LPS and LTA. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1488-1502. [PMID: 37488827 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors are involved in the recognition of bacterial toxins, which cause infection in the respiratory system. This study aimed to evaluate microanatomical and histological alterations in the lungs of 24 healthy Akkaraman and Romanov lambs after the administration of lipoteichoic acid (LTA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and LTA + LPS and investigate the gene, protein, and immune expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, and TNF-α molecules, known to have immune functions. Microanatomical examinations showed thickened peribronchial and alveolar walls in the lungs of groups LTA, LPS, and LTA + LPS of both breeds due to immune cell infiltration. TLR4, MyD88, and TNF-α immunoexpressions were positive to varying degrees in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the bronchial and bronchiolar luminal epithelial cells, alveolar epithelial cells, and alveolar macrophages. TLR4 and TNF-α protein expressions were statistically different in the LPS-treated Romanov lambs, compared to the other groups. Among the Akkaraman lambs, TLR4 gene expression was significantly higher in group LPS, and among the Romanov lambs, TLR4, MyD88, and TNF-α gene expressions were significantly higher in group LTA + LPS. Therefore, TLR4, MyD88, and TNF-α molecules, involved in the immune response, were found to be expressed at different levels against LTA and LPS in the lungs of two different sheep breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Alan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fadime Daldaban
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Aydın Alan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Esma Gamze Aksel
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - İmdat Orhan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ulaş Çinar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Bilal Akyüz
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Korhan Arslan
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
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Paulsson M, Cardenas EI, Che KF, Brundin B, Smith M, Qvarfordt I, Lindén A. TLR4-mediated release of heparin-binding protein in human airways: a co-stimulatory role for IL-26. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1178135. [PMID: 37234157 PMCID: PMC10206387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1178135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial infection causes accumulation of neutrophils that release antimicrobial proteins including heparin-binding protein (HBP). In human airways, this neutrophil accumulation can be re-capitulated via intrabronchial exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist, that also causes a local increase in the neutrophil-mobilizing cytokine IL-26. Although LPS is considered a weak stimulus for HBP release ex vivo, its effect on HBP release in human airways in vivo has not been characterized. Methods We determined whether intrabronchial exposure to LPS causes concomitant release of HBP and IL-26 in human airways, and whether IL-26 can enhance LPS-induced release of HBP in isolated human neutrophils. Results We found that the concentration of HBP was markedly increased in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid 12, 24, and 48 hours after LPS exposure, and that it displayed a strong and positive correlation with that of IL-26. Moreover, the concentration of HBP in conditioned media from isolated neutrophils was enhanced only after co-stimulation with LPS and IL-26. Conclusions Taken together, our findings indicate that TLR4 stimulation causes concomitant release of HBP and IL-26 in human airways, and that IL-26 may constitute a required co-stimulant for HBP release in neutrophils, thus enabling the concerted action of HBP and IL-26 in local host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Paulsson
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eduardo I. Cardenas
- Division of Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karlhans F. Che
- Division of Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bettina Brundin
- Division of Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margaretha Smith
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Qvarfordt
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Lindén
- Division of Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska Severe COPD Center, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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Guo J, Lai W, Wu Y, Li H, Fu Z, Mu X. Change of serum lipoproteins and its potential use in stratifying patients with sepsis among neonates. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:106. [PMID: 36855137 PMCID: PMC9976484 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes of serum lipoprotein concentration during bacteremia or sepsis are observed and lipoproteins concentration facilitate the evaluation severity of sepsis in adults, but its clinical usage is still unclear. Here, we analyzed the lipoprotein concentration in neonates with sepsis and discussed its use in stratifying patients. METHODS This is a retrospective study involved 88 culture-proven septic patients. Clinical and microbiology data of involved patients were collected via inquiring databases of our institute. Patients were grouped according to blood culture results or procalcitonin level; the difference between groups were analyzed. RESULTS Compared with uninfected group, there is no change of triglyceride (TG) concentrations and significant decrease of Total cholesterol (TC) concentration in septic patients. There is no significant difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative-related septic patients in terms of serum TG and TC concentration. Other than group with procalcitonin level of 0.5-2 ng/ml, both serum TG and TC concentration were decreased while serum procalcitonin level increasing. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that serum lipoprotein concentration may be recommended to help diagnosis of bacteria and to evaluate the severity of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Guo
- grid.459579.30000 0004 0625 057XClinical Laboratory Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400 China
| | - Weiming Lai
- grid.459579.30000 0004 0625 057XClinical Laboratory Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400 China
| | - Yongbing Wu
- grid.459579.30000 0004 0625 057XClinical Laboratory Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400 China
| | - Huan Li
- grid.459579.30000 0004 0625 057XClinical Laboratory Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400 China
| | - Zhenhua Fu
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China.
| | - Xiaoping Mu
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China.
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Shi J, Wu J, Chen Q, Shen Y, Mi K, Yang H, Mu L. A Frog-Derived Cathelicidin Peptide with Dual Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Activities Effectively Ameliorates Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Peritonitis in Mice. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:2464-2479. [PMID: 36378028 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As antimicrobial resistance poses an increasing threat to public health, it is urgent to develop new antimicrobial agents. In this paper, we identify a novel 30-residue peptide (Nv-CATH, NCNFLCKVKQRLRSVSSTSHIGMAIPRPRG) from the skin of the frog Nanorana ventripunctata, which belongs to the cathelicidin family. Nv-CATH exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Nv-CATH significantly protected mice from lethal infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, the peptide suppressed excessive and harmful inflammatory responses by repressing the production of NO, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β. The NF-κB-NLRP3 and MAPK inflammatory signaling pathways were involved in the protection in vitro and in vivo. Nv-CATH also modulated macrophage/monocyte and neutrophil trafficking to the infection site by stimulating CXCL1, CXCL2, and CCL2 production in macrophages. Nv-CATH augmented immunocyte-mediated bacterial killing by modestly promoting neutrophils' phagocytosis and PMA-induced NET formation. Thus, Nv-CATH protects mice against bacterial infection by antimicrobial-immunomodulatory duality. The combination of these two characteristics makes Nv-CATH a promising molecule template for the development of novel antimicrobial and antibiotic-resistant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shi
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Kai Mi
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Hailong Yang
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Lixian Mu
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
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Di Pierro F, Iqtadar S, Mumtaz SU, Bertuccioli A, Recchia M, Zerbinati N, Khan A. Clinical Effects of Streptococcus salivarius K12 in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: Results of a Preliminary Study. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101926. [PMID: 36296202 PMCID: PMC9609702 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatomical and physiological considerations indicate that the oral cavity is a primary source of the lung microbiota community, and recent studies have shown that the microbiota in the lungs contributes to immunological homeostasis, potentially altering the organ’s susceptibility to viral infection, including SARS-CoV-2. It has been proposed that, in the case of viral infection, lung Gram-negative bacteria could promote the cytokine cascade with a better performance than a microbiota mainly constituted by Gram-positive bacteria. Recent observations also suggest that Prevotella-rich oral microbiotas would dominate the oral cavity of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. In comparison, Streptococcus-rich microbiotas would dominate the oral cavity of healthy people. To verify if the modulation of the oral microbiota could have an impact on the current coronavirus disease, we administered for 14 days a well-recognized and oral-colonizing probiotic (S. salivarius K12) to hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The preliminary results of our randomized and controlled trial seem to prove the potential role of this oral strain in improving the course of the main markers of pathology, as well as its ability to apparently reduce the death rate from COVID-19. Although in a preliminary and only circumstantial way, our results seem to confirm the hypothesis of a direct involvement of the oral microbiota in the construction of a lung microbiota whose taxonomic structure could modulate the inflammatory processes generated at the pulmonary and systemic level by a viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Pierro
- Scientific & Research Department, Velleja Research, 20100 Milan, Italy
- Digestive Endoscopy, Fondazione Poliambulanza, 25133 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0523-510848; Fax: +39-0523-511894
| | - Somia Iqtadar
- Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sami Ullah Mumtaz
- Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Alexander Bertuccioli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DISB), University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Martino Recchia
- Medistat, Unità di Epidemiologia Clinica e Biostatistica, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Zerbinati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Amjad Khan
- Nuffield Division of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences (NDCLS), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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Karnaushkina MA, Guryev AS, Mironov KO, Dunaeva EA, Korchagin VI, Bobkova OY, Vasilyeva IS, Kassina DV, Litvinova MM. Associations of Toll-like Receptor Gene Polymorphisms with NETosis Activity as Prognostic Criteria for the Severity of Pneumonia. Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2021; 13:47-53. [PMID: 34603755 PMCID: PMC8482823 DOI: 10.17691/stm2021.13.3.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the molecular genetic prognostic criteria for the severity of the course pneumonia based on the analysis of the association of genetic polymorphism in toll-like receptors with the severity of NETosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Karnaushkina
- Professor, Department of Internal Diseases with a Course of Cardiology and Functional Diagnostics named after Academician V.S. Moiseev; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - A S Guryev
- Senior Researcher, Research Laboratory; Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky, 61/2-1 Schepkina St., Moscow, 129110, Russia
| | - K O Mironov
- Head of the Research Group for the Development of New Methods for Identifying Genetic Polymorphisms; Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of the Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor), 3а Novogireevskaya St., Moscow, 111123, Russia
| | - E A Dunaeva
- Researcher, Research Group for the Development of New Methods for Identifying Genetic Polymorphisms; Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of the Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor), 3а Novogireevskaya St., Moscow, 111123, Russia
| | - V I Korchagin
- Researcher, Research Group for the Development of New Methods for Identifying Genetic Polymorphisms; Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of the Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor), 3а Novogireevskaya St., Moscow, 111123, Russia
| | - O Yu Bobkova
- PhD Student, Department of Hospital Therapy No.2; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - I S Vasilyeva
- Assistant, Department of Hospital Therapy No.2; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - D V Kassina
- Researcher, Research Laboratory; Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky, 61/2-1 Schepkina St., Moscow, 129110, Russia
| | - M M Litvinova
- Associate Professor, Department of Medical Genetics; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow, 119991, Russia; Geneticist, Center for Personalized Medicine; Moscow Clinical Scientific Center named after A.S. Loginov, Moscow Healthcare Department, 86 Shosse Entuziastov, Moscow, 111123, Russia
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Stanfield BA, Purves T, Palmer S, Sullenger B, Welty-Wolf K, Haines K, Agarwal S, Kasotakis G. IL-10 and class 1 histone deacetylases act synergistically and independently on the secretion of proinflammatory mediators in alveolar macrophages. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245169. [PMID: 33471802 PMCID: PMC7816993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 suppresses pro-inflammatory IL-12b expression after Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in colonic macrophages, as part of the innate immunity Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)-NF-κB activation system. This homeostatic mechanism limits excess inflammation in the intestinal mucosa, as it constantly interacts with the gut flora. This effect is reversed with Histone Deacetylase 3 (HDAC3), a class I HDAC, siRNA, suggesting it is mediated through HDAC3. Given alveolar macrophages’ prominent role in Acute Lung Injury (ALI), we aim to determine whether a similar regulatory mechanism exists in the typically sterile pulmonary microenvironment. Methods Levels of mRNA and protein for IL-10, and IL-12b were determined by qPCR and ELISA/Western Blot respectively in naïve and LPS-stimulated alveolar macrophages. Expression of the NF-κB intermediaries was also similarly assessed. Experiments were repeated with AS101 (an IL-10 protein synthesis inhibitor), MS-275 (a selective class 1 HDAC inhibitor), or both. Results LPS stimulation upregulated all proinflammatory mediators assayed in this study. In the presence of LPS, inhibition of IL-10 and/or class 1 HDACs resulted in both synergistic and independent effects on these signaling molecules. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR on key components of the TLR4 signaling cascade demonstrated significant diversity in IL-10 and related gene expression in the presence of LPS. Inhibition of IL-10 secretion and/or class 1 HDACs in the presence of LPS independently affected the transcription of MyD88, IRAK1, Rela and the NF-κB p50 subunit. Interestingly, by quantitative ELISA inhibition of IL-10 secretion and/or class 1 HDACs in the presence of LPS independently affected the secretion of not only IL-10, IL-12b, and TNFα, but also proinflammatory mediators CXCL2, IL-6, and MIF. These results suggest that IL-10 and class 1 HDAC activity regulate both independent and synergistic mechanisms of proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine signaling. Conclusions Alveolar macrophages after inflammatory stimulation upregulate both IL-10 and IL-12b production, in a highly class 1 HDAC-dependent manner. Class 1 HDACs appear to help maintain the balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory IL-12b and IL-10 respectively. Class 1 HDACs may be considered as targets for the macrophage-initiated pulmonary inflammation in ALI in a preclinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A. Stanfield
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Trauma, Acute and Critical Care Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Todd Purves
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Urology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Scott Palmer
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bruce Sullenger
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Karen Welty-Wolf
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Krista Haines
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Trauma, Acute and Critical Care Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Suresh Agarwal
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Trauma, Acute and Critical Care Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - George Kasotakis
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Trauma, Acute and Critical Care Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Otto NA, Butler JM, Ramirez-Moral I, Hoogerwerf JJ, Houtkooper RH, de Vos AF, van der Poll T. Metabolic adaptations of human alveolar macrophages upon activation by lipopolysaccharide in vivo. Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e13011. [PMID: 33340146 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natasja A Otto
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joe M Butler
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivan Ramirez-Moral
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex F de Vos
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Vlaeminck J, Raafat D, Surmann K, Timbermont L, Normann N, Sellman B, van Wamel WJB, Malhotra-Kumar S. Exploring Virulence Factors and Alternative Therapies against Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110721. [PMID: 33218049 PMCID: PMC7698915 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is an acute pulmonary infection associated with high mortality and an immense financial burden on healthcare systems. Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen capable of inducing S. aureus pneumonia (SAP), with some lineages also showing multidrug resistance. Given the high level of antibiotic resistance, much research has been focused on targeting S. aureus virulence factors, including toxins and biofilm-associated proteins, in an attempt to develop effective SAP therapeutics. Despite several promising leads, many hurdles still remain for S. aureus vaccine research. Here, we review the state-of-the-art SAP therapeutics, highlight their pitfalls, and discuss alternative approaches of potential significance and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Vlaeminck
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.); (L.T.)
| | - Dina Raafat
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (D.R.); (N.N.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Kristin Surmann
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Leen Timbermont
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.); (L.T.)
| | - Nicole Normann
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (D.R.); (N.N.)
| | - Bret Sellman
- Microbiome Discovery, Microbial Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R & D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA;
| | - Willem J. B. van Wamel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (J.V.); (L.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-3-265-27-52
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12
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José RJ, Williams A, Manuel A, Brown JS, Chambers RC. Targeting coagulation activation in severe COVID-19 pneumonia: lessons from bacterial pneumonia and sepsis. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/157/200240. [PMID: 33004529 PMCID: PMC7537941 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0240-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly spread throughout the world, resulting in a pandemic with high mortality. There are no effective treatments for the management of severe COVID-19 and current therapeutic trials are focused on antiviral therapy and attenuation of hyper-inflammation with anti-cytokine therapy. Severe COVID-19 pneumonia shares some pathological similarities with severe bacterial pneumonia and sepsis. In particular, it disrupts the haemostatic balance, which results in a procoagulant state locally in the lungs and systemically. This culminates in the formation of microthrombi, disseminated intravascular coagulation and multi-organ failure. The deleterious effects of exaggerated inflammatory responses and activation of coagulation have been investigated in bacterial pneumonia and sepsis and there is recognition that although these pathways are important for the host immune response to pathogens, they can lead to bystander tissue injury and are negatively associated with survival. In the past two decades, evidence from preclinical studies has led to the emergence of potential anticoagulant therapeutic strategies for the treatment of patients with pneumonia, sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome, and some of these anticoagulant approaches have been trialled in humans. Here, we review the evidence from preclinical studies and clinical trials of anticoagulant treatment strategies in bacterial pneumonia and sepsis, and discuss the importance of these findings in the context of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J José
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, University College London, London, UK .,Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew Williams
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ari Manuel
- University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jeremy S Brown
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, University College London, London, UK.,Dept of Thoracic Medicine, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rachel C Chambers
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, University College London, London, UK
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13
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Kubra KT, Uddin MA, Akhter MS, Barabutis N. P53 is Subjected to Lipoteichoic Acid-Induced Phosphorylation in the Lungs. TH OPEN 2020; 4:e173-e174. [PMID: 32844143 PMCID: PMC7440968 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1714695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Khadeja-Tul Kubra
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, United States
| | - Mohammad A Uddin
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, United States
| | - Mohammad Shohel Akhter
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, United States
| | - Nektarios Barabutis
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, United States
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14
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Brooks D, Barr LC, Wiscombe S, McAuley DF, Simpson AJ, Rostron AJ. Human lipopolysaccharide models provide mechanistic and therapeutic insights into systemic and pulmonary inflammation. Eur Respir J 2020; 56:13993003.01298-2019. [PMID: 32299854 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01298-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a key feature in the pathogenesis of sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Sepsis and ARDS continue to be associated with high mortality. A key contributory factor is the rudimentary understanding of the early events in pulmonary and systemic inflammation in humans, which are difficult to study in clinical practice, as they precede the patient's presentation to medical services. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a constituent of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, is a trigger of inflammation and the dysregulated host response in sepsis. Human LPS models deliver a small quantity of LPS to healthy volunteers, triggering an inflammatory response and providing a window to study early inflammation in humans. This allows biological/mechanistic insights to be made and new therapeutic strategies to be tested in a controlled, reproducible environment from a defined point in time. We review the use of human LPS models, focussing on the underlying mechanistic insights that have been gained by studying the response to intravenous and pulmonary LPS challenge. We discuss variables that may influence the response to LPS before considering factors that should be considered when designing future human LPS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brooks
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Laura C Barr
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Wiscombe
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Daniel F McAuley
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Health Sciences, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, UK
| | - A John Simpson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anthony J Rostron
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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15
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Endothelial Cell Inflammation and Barriers Are Regulated by the Rab26-Mediated Balance between β2-AR and TLR4 in Pulmonary Microvessel Endothelial Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:7538071. [PMID: 31182932 PMCID: PMC6512073 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7538071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab26 GTPase modulates the trafficking of cell surface receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors including α2-adrenergic receptors in some cell types. However, the effect of Rab26 on β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) trafficking or/and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) is still unclear. Here, we investigated the role of Rab26 in regulating the expression of β2-ARs and TLR4 in HPMECs and the effect of these receptors' imbalance on endothelial cell barrier function. The results showed that there was unbalance expression in these receptors, where β2-AR expression was remarkably reduced, and TLR4 was increased on the cell membrane after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. Furthermore, we found that Rab26 overexpression not only upregulated β2-ARs but also downregulated TLR4 expression on the cell membrane. Subsequently, the TLR4-related inflammatory response was greatly attenuated, and the hyperpermeability of HPMECs also was partially relived. Taken together, these data suggest that basal Rab26 maintains the balance between β2-ARs and TLR4 on the cell surface, and it might be a potential therapeutic target for diseases involving endothelial barrier dysfunction.
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16
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The impact of bacteremia on lipoprotein concentrations and patient's outcome: a retrospective analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 38:1279-1286. [PMID: 30982158 PMCID: PMC6570662 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03543-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacteremia is a major clinical challenge requiring early treatment. Metabolic alterations occur during bacteremia, and accordingly plasma concentrations of lipoproteins LDL-C and HDL-C are substantially changed. We questioned whether bacteremia with Gram-negative versus Gram-positive bacteria causes contrasting changes of lipoprotein levels in order to differentiate between the 2-g stain types and if there is a relation with outcome parameters namely ICU-admission, 30-day mortality, duration of hospitalization. This is a retrospective dual-center cross-sectional study, including 258 patients with bacteremia. Plasma lipid levels were analyzed within 48 h to positive blood culture. Upon admission, HDL-C, LDL-C, and total cholesterol (p = 0.99) in plasma did not significantly differ between patients with Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteremia, while significantly higher triglyceride concentrations were found in Gram-negative bacteremia (p < 0.05). 30-day mortality and ICU admission were associated with lower LDL-C and HDL-C concentrations as compared to survivors and non-ICU patients, and patients with HDL-C < 20 mg dl-1 and LDL-C < 55 mg dl-1 had a relative risk (RR) of 2.85 for ICU therapy requirement and RR = 2 of death within 30 days. Reduced HDL-C and LDL-C concentrations were associated with adverse patient's outcome in bacteremia. Discrimination between Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens upon lipoprotein patterns is unlikely.
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17
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Bottemanne P, Paquot A, Ameraoui H, Alhouayek M, Muccioli GG. The α/β–hydrolase domain 6 inhibitor WWL70 decreases endotoxin‐induced lung inflammation in mice, potential contribution of 2‐arachidonoylglycerol, and lysoglycerophospholipids. FASEB J 2019; 33:7635-7646. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802259r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Bottemanne
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research GroupLouvain Drug Research InstituteUniversité Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Adrien Paquot
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research GroupLouvain Drug Research InstituteUniversité Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Hafsa Ameraoui
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research GroupLouvain Drug Research InstituteUniversité Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research GroupLouvain Drug Research InstituteUniversité Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Giulio G. Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research GroupLouvain Drug Research InstituteUniversité Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain)BrusselsBelgium
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18
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Nova Z, Skovierova H, Calkovska A. Alveolar-Capillary Membrane-Related Pulmonary Cells as a Target in Endotoxin-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040831. [PMID: 30769918 PMCID: PMC6412348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The main function of the lungs is oxygen transport from the atmosphere into the blood circulation, while it is necessary to keep the pulmonary tissue relatively free of pathogens. This is a difficult task because the respiratory system is constantly exposed to harmful substances entering the lungs by inhalation or via the blood stream. Individual types of lung cells are equipped with the mechanisms that maintain pulmonary homeostasis. Because of the clinical significance of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) the article refers to the physiological role of alveolar epithelial cells type I and II, endothelial cells, alveolar macrophages, and fibroblasts. However, all these cells can be damaged by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which can reach the airspaces as the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, and lead to local and systemic inflammation and toxicity. We also highlight a negative effect of LPS on lung cells related to alveolar-capillary barrier and their response to LPS exposure. Additionally, we describe the molecular mechanism of LPS signal transduction pathway in lung cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Nova
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Henrieta Skovierova
- Biomedical Center Martin, Division of Molecular Medicine, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Andrea Calkovska
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
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19
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Ali YM, Abd El-Aziz AM, Mabrook M, Shabaan AA, Sim RB, Hassan R. Recombinant chemotaxis inhibitory protein of Staphylococcus aureus (CHIPS) protects against LPS-induced lung injury in mice. Clin Immunol 2018; 197:27-33. [PMID: 30145330 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are clinical conditions caused by trauma, lung infection or sepsis. ALI/ARDS is associated with massive recruitment of neutrophils into the lung with release of reactive oxygen species and excessive inflammatory response that damage alveolar tissue. Here we report the successful use of a potent recombinant chemotaxis inhibitory protein (rCHIPS) derived from Staphylococcus aureus in reducing the severity of ALI/ARDS. Treatment with rCHIPS reduces pulmonary inflammation and permeability in mice after intranasal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). rCHIPS treatment significantly reduces lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, pro-inflammatory cytokines, broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid protein content as well as histopathological changes. In addition, treatment with rCHIPS significantly diminishes neutrophils and leukocytes recruitment into lung tissue after LPS administration and hence protects mice from reactive oxygen species mediated lung injury. Our finding reveals potential therapeutic benefits of using rCHIPS for the treatment of ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssif M Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt.
| | - Abeer M Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Maha Mabrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Shabaan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy, Aqaba University of Technology, Jordon
| | - Robert B Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Ramadan Hassan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
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20
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Skerrett SJ, Braff MH, Liggitt HD, Rubens CE. Toll-like receptor 2 has a prominent but nonessential role in innate immunity to Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/21/e13491. [PMID: 29142002 PMCID: PMC5688782 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of acute bacterial pneumonia. Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) recognizes multiple components of the bacterial cell wall and activates innate immune responses to gram‐positive bacteria. We hypothesized that TLR2 would have an important role in pulmonary host defense against S. aureus. TLR null (TLR2−/−) mice and wild type (WT) C57BL/6 controls were challenged with aerosolized S. aureus at a range of inocula for kinetic studies of cytokine and antimicrobial peptide expression, lung inflammation, bacterial killing by alveolar macrophages, and bacterial clearance. Survival was measured after intranasal infection. Pulmonary induction of most pro‐inflammatory cytokines was significantly blunted in TLR2−/− mice 4 and 24 h after infection in comparison with WT controls. Bronchoalveolar concentrations of cathelicidin‐related antimicrobial peptide also were reduced in TLR2−/− mice. Lung inflammation, measured by enumeration of bronchoalveolar neutrophils and scoring of histological sections, was significantly blunted in TLR2−/− mice. Phagocytosis of S. aureus by alveolar macrophages in vivo after low‐dose infection was unimpaired, but viability of ingested bacteria was significantly greater in TLR2−/− mice. Bacterial clearance from the lungs was slightly impaired in TLR2−/− mice after low‐dose infection only; bacterial elimination from the lungs was slightly accelerated in the TLR2−/− mice after high‐dose infection. Survival after high‐dose intranasal challenge was 50–60% in both groups. TLR2 has a significant role in early innate immune responses to S. aureus in the lungs but is not required for bacterial clearance and survival from S. aureus pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn J Skerrett
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Marissa H Braff
- Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - H Denny Liggitt
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Craig E Rubens
- Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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21
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Chen Z, Zhang D, Li M, Wang B. Costunolide ameliorates lipoteichoic acid-induced acute lung injury via attenuating MAPK signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 61:283-289. [PMID: 29906743 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is an experimental model for mimicking Gram-positive bacteria-induced pneumonia that is a refractory disease with lack of effective medicines. Here, we reported that costunolide, a sesquiterpene lactone, ameliorated LTA-induced ALI. Costunolide treatment reduced LTA-induced neutrophil lung infiltration, cytokine and chemokine production (TNF-α, IL-6 and KC), and pulmonary edema. In response to LTA challenge, treatment with costunolide resulted less iNOS expression and produced less inflammatory cytokines in bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs). Pretreatment with costunolide also attenuated the LTA-induced the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK in BMDMs. Furthermore, costunolide treatment reduced the phosphorylation of TAK1 and inhibited the interaction of TAK1 with Tab1. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that costunolide protects against LTA-induced ALI via inhibiting TAK1-mediated MAPK signaling pathway, and our studies suggest that costunolide is a promising agent for treatment of Gram-positive bacteria-mediated pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxu Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Research Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Man Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Baolong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.
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22
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Berger M, de Boer JD, Lutter R, Makkee M, Sterk PJ, Kemper EM, van der Zee JS. Pulmonary challenge with carbon nanoparticles induces a dose-dependent increase in circulating leukocytes in healthy males. BMC Pulm Med 2017; 17:121. [PMID: 28877711 PMCID: PMC5588713 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-017-0463-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inhalation of particulate matter, as part of air pollution, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Nanoparticles (< 100 nm) are likely candidates for triggering inflammatory responses and activation of coagulation pathways because of their ability to enter lung cells and pass bronchial mucosa. We tested the hypothesis that bronchial segmental instillation of carbon nanoparticles causes inflammation and activation of coagulation pathways in healthy humans in vivo. Methods This was an investigator-initiated, randomized controlled, dose-escalation study in 26 healthy males. Participants received saline (control) in one lung segment and saline (placebo) or carbon nanoparticles 10 μg, 50 μg, or 100 μg in the contra-lateral lung. Six hours later, blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected for inflammation and coagulation parameters. Results There was a significant dose-dependent increase in blood neutrophils (p = 0.046) after challenge with carbon nanoparticles. The individual top-dose of 100 μg showed a significant (p = 0.05) increase in terms of percentage neutrophils in blood as compared to placebo. Conclusions This study shows a dose-dependent effect of bronchial segmental challenge with carbon nanoparticles on circulating neutrophils of healthy volunteers. This suggests that nanoparticles in the respiratory tract induce systemic inflammation. Trial registration Dutch Trial Register no. 2976. 11 July 2011. http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=2976 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12890-017-0463-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Berger
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Room F-5-260, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Johannes D de Boer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René Lutter
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Room F-5-260, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Makkee
- Catalysis Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Sterk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Room F-5-260, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elles M Kemper
- Department of Pharmacy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaring S van der Zee
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Room F-5-260, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Li H, He B, Liu X, Li J, Liu Q, Dong W, Xu Z, Qian G, Zuo H, Hu C, Qian H, Mao C, Wang G. Regulation on Toll-like Receptor 4 and Cell Barrier Function by Rab26 siRNA-loaded DNA Nanovector in Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:2537-2554. [PMID: 28744333 PMCID: PMC5525755 DOI: 10.7150/thno.17584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Rab26 is involved in multiple processes, such as vesicle-mediated secretion and autophagy. However, the mechanisms and functions of Rab26 in the human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVECs) are not clear. In this study, we thoroughly investigated the role and novel mechanism of Rab26 in permeability and apoptosis of HPMVECs using a self-assembled Rab26 siRNA loaded DNA Y-motif nanoparticle (siRab26-DYM) and Rab26 adenovirus. We found that siRab26-DYM could be efficiently transfected into HPMVECs in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Importantly, the siRab26-DYM nanovector markedly aggravated the LPS-induced apoptosis and hyper-permeability of HPMVECs by promoting the nuclear translocation of Foxo1, and subsequent activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signal pathway. Overexpression of Rab26 by Rab26 adenoviruses partially inactivated LPS-induced TLR4 signaling pathway, suppressed the cell apoptosis and attenuated the hyperpermeability of HPMVECs. These results suggest that the permeability and apoptosis of HPMVECs can be modulated by manipulating Rab26 derived TLR4 signaling pathway, and that Rab26 can be potential therapeutic target for the treatment of vascular diseases related to endothelial barrier functions.
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Miller EJ, Linge HM. Age-Related Changes in Immunological and Physiological Responses Following Pulmonary Challenge. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1294. [PMID: 28629122 PMCID: PMC5486115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the current status of knowledge of sepsis and pneumonia in the elderly population and how the dynamics of the pulmonary challenge affects outcome and consequences. Led by an unprecedented shift in demographics, where a larger proportion of the population will reach an older age, clinical and experimental research shows that aging is associated with certain pulmonary changes, but it is during infectious insult of the lungs, as in the case of pneumonia, that the age-related differences in responsiveness and endurance become obvious and lead to a worse outcome than in the younger population. This review points to the neutrophil, and the endothelium as important players in understanding age-associated changes in responsiveness to infectious challenge of the lung. It also addresses how the immunological set-point influences injury-repair phases, remote organ damage and how intake of drugs may alter the state of responsiveness in the users. Further, it points out the importance of considering age as a factor in inclusion criteria in clinical trials, in vitro/ex vivo experimental designs and overall interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund J Miller
- The Center for Heart and Lung Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset, New York, NY 11030, USA.
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, New York, NY 11030, USA.
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, NY 11549, USA.
| | - Helena M Linge
- The Center for Heart and Lung Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset, New York, NY 11030, USA.
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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Janesch P, Rouha H, Weber S, Malafa S, Gross K, Maierhofer B, Badarau A, Visram ZC, Stulik L, Nagy E. Selective sensitization of human neutrophils to LukGH mediated cytotoxicity by Staphylococcus aureus and IL-8. J Infect 2017; 74:473-483. [PMID: 28237625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Staphylococcus aureus produces up to five bi-component leukocidins - LukSF-PV, gamma-hemolysins AB and CB, LukGH (LukAB) and LukED - to evade innate immunity by lysing phagocytic cells. Species specificity of these leukocidins limits the relevance of animal models, therefore we assessed their individual contribution using human neutrophils. METHODS Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were activated with stimuli relevant during bacterial infections and sensitivity to recombinant leukocidins was measured in cell-viability assays. Leukocidin receptor expression was quantified by flow cytometry. RESULTS We observed greatly variable sensitivities of different PMN preparations towards LukGH. Activation of PMNs by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or S. aureus culture supernatant (CS) lacking all leukocidins resulted in higher surface expression of CD11b, the LukGH receptor, and greatly enhanced the sensitivity towards LukGH, eliminating the variability observed with unstimulated cells. In contrast, CS induced a decrease in sensitivity of PMNs to the other four leukocidins and reduced surface staining for their cognate receptors (CXCR1, CXCR2, C5aR, C5L2). Delta-toxin and peptidoglycan mimicked the effect of CS. Moreover, IL-8, an important cytokine in neutrophil activation, also selectively increased LukGH sensitivity. Deletion of lukGH, but not other leukocidin genes, prevented PMN killing upon infection with USA300 CA-MRSA. CONCLUSION Inflammatory signals enhance the susceptibility of human PMNs to lysis by LukGH rendering this toxin dominant among the S. aureus leukocidins in vitro.
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Sakhatskyy P, Wang Z, Borgas D, Lomas-Neira J, Chen Y, Ayala A, Rounds S, Lu Q. Double-hit mouse model of cigarette smoke priming for acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 312:L56-L67. [PMID: 27864287 PMCID: PMC5283923 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00436.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that cigarette smoking (CS) increases the risk and severity of acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The mechanism is not understood, at least in part because of lack of animal models that reproduce the key features of the CS priming process. In this study, using two strains of mice, we characterized a double-hit mouse model of ALI induced by CS priming of injury caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). C57BL/6 and AKR mice were preexposed to CS briefly (3 h) or subacutely (3 wk) before intratracheal instillation of LPS and ALI was assessed 18 h after LPS administration by measuring lung static compliance, lung edema, vascular permeability, inflammation, and alveolar apoptosis. We found that as little as 3 h of exposure to CS enhanced LPS-induced ALI in both strains of mice. Similar exacerbating effects were observed after 3 wk of preexposure to CS. However, there was a strain difference in susceptibility to CS priming for ALI, with a greater effect in AKR mice. The key features we observed suggest that 3 wk of CS preexposure of AKR mice is a reproducible, clinically relevant animal model that is useful for studying mechanisms and treatment of CS priming for a second-hit-induced ALI. Our data also support the concept that increased susceptibility to ALI/ARDS is an important adverse health consequence of CS exposure that needs to be taken into consideration when treating critically ill individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Sakhatskyy
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
| | - Zhengke Wang
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
| | - Diana Borgas
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
| | - Joanne Lomas-Neira
- Division of Surgical Research, Rhode Island Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Yaping Chen
- Division of Surgical Research, Rhode Island Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Alfred Ayala
- Division of Surgical Research, Rhode Island Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Sharon Rounds
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
| | - Qing Lu
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
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McGuinness WA, Kobayashi SD, DeLeo FR. Evasion of Neutrophil Killing by Staphylococcus aureus. Pathogens 2016; 5:E32. [PMID: 26999220 PMCID: PMC4810153 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes many types of infections, ranging from self-resolving skin infections to severe or fatal pneumonia. Human innate immune cells, called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs or neutrophils), are essential for defense against S. aureus infections. Neutrophils are the most prominent cell type of the innate immune system and are capable of producing non-specific antimicrobial molecules that are effective at eliminating bacteria. Although significant progress has been made over the past few decades, our knowledge of S. aureus-host innate immune system interactions is incomplete. Most notably, S. aureus has the capacity to produce numerous molecules that are directed to protect the bacterium from neutrophils. Here we review in brief the role played by neutrophils in defense against S. aureus infection, and correspondingly, highlight selected S. aureus molecules that target key neutrophil functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will A McGuinness
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
| | - Scott D Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
| | - Frank R DeLeo
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
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Bartko J, Stiebellehner L, Derhaschnig U, Schoergenhofer C, Schwameis M, Prosch H, Jilma B. Dissociation between systemic and pulmonary anti-inflammatory effects of dexamethasone in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 81:865-77. [PMID: 26647918 PMCID: PMC4834593 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The local pulmonary inflammatory response has a different temporal and qualitative profile compared with the systemic inflammatory response. Although glucocorticoids substantially downregulate the systemic release of acute‐phase mediators, it is not clear whether they have comparable inhibitory effects in the human lung compartment. Therefore, we compared the anti‐inflammatory effects of a pure glucocorticoid agonist, dexamethasone, on bronchoalveolar lavage and blood cytokine concentrations in response to bronchially instilled endotoxin. Methods In this randomized, double‐blind and placebo‐controlled trial, 24 volunteers received dexamethasone or placebo and had endotoxin instilled into a lung segment and saline instilled into a contralateral segment, followed by bronchoalveolar lavage. Results Bronchially instilled endotoxin induced a local and systemic inflammatory response. Dexamethasone strongly blunted the systemic interleukin (IL) 6 and C‐reactive protein release. In sharp contrast, dexamethasone left the local release of acute‐phase mediators in the lungs virtually unchanged: bronchoalveolar lavage levels of IL‐6 were only 18% lower and levels of IL‐8 were even higher with dexamethasone compared with placebo, although the differences between treatments were not statistically significant (P = 0.07 and P = 0.08, respectively). However, dexamethasone had inhibitory effects on pulmonary protein extravasation and neutrophil migration. Conclusions The present study demonstrated a remarkable dissociation between the systemic anti‐inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids and its protective effects on capillary leak on the one hand and surprisingly low anti‐inflammatory effects in the lungs on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Bartko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ulla Derhaschnig
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michael Schwameis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Prosch
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Hecker M, Linder T, Ott J, Walmrath HD, Lohmeyer J, Vadász I, Marsh LM, Herold S, Reichert M, Buchbinder A, Morty RE, Bausch B, Fischer T, Schulz R, Grimminger F, Witzenrath M, Barnes M, Seeger W, Mayer K. Immunomodulation by lipid emulsions in pulmonary inflammation: a randomized controlled trial. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2015; 19:226. [PMID: 25962383 PMCID: PMC4438480 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-0933-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major cause of mortality in intensive care units. As there is rising evidence about immuno-modulatory effects of lipid emulsions required for parenteral nutrition of ARDS patients, we sought to investigate whether infusion of conventional soybean oil (SO)-based or fish oil (FO)-based lipid emulsions rich in either n-6 or n-3 fatty acids, respectively, may influence subsequent pulmonary inflammation. METHODS In a randomized controlled, single-blinded pilot study, forty-two volunteers received SO, FO, or normal saline for two days. Thereafter, volunteers inhaled pre-defined doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) followed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) 8 or 24 h later. In the murine model of LPS-induced lung injury a possible involvement of resolvin E1 (RvE1) receptor ChemR23 was investigated. Wild-type and ChemR23 knockout mice were infused with both lipid emulsions and challenged with LPS intratracheally. RESULTS In volunteers receiving lipid emulsions, the fatty acid profile in the plasma and in isolated neutrophils and monocytes was significantly changed. Adhesion of isolated monocytes to endothelial cells was enhanced after infusion of SO and reduced by FO, however, no difference of infusion on an array of surface adhesion molecules was detected. In neutrophils and monocytes, LPS-elicited generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines increased in the SO and decreased in the FO group. LPS inhalation in volunteers evoked an increase in neutrophils in BAL fluids, which decreased faster in the FO group. While TNF-α in the BAL was increased in the SO group, IL-8 decreased faster in the FO group. In the murine model of lung injury, effects of FO similar to the volunteer group observed in wild-type mice were abrogated in ChemR23 knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS After infusion of conventional lipid emulsions, leukocytes exhibited increased adhesive and pro-inflammatory features. In contrast, FO-based lipid emulsions reduced monocyte adhesion, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines, and neutrophil recruitment into the alveolar space possibly mediated by ChemR23-signaling. Lipid emulsions thus exert differential effects in human volunteers and mice in vivo. TRIAL REGISTRATION DRKS00006131 at the German Clinical Trial Registry, 2014/05/14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hecker
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, Giessen, D - 35392, Germany.
| | - Tomke Linder
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, Giessen, D - 35392, Germany.
| | - Juliane Ott
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, Giessen, D - 35392, Germany.
| | - Hans-Dieter Walmrath
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, Giessen, D - 35392, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Lohmeyer
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, Giessen, D - 35392, Germany.
| | - István Vadász
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, Giessen, D - 35392, Germany.
| | - Leigh M Marsh
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, Giessen, D - 35392, Germany.
| | - Susanne Herold
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, Giessen, D - 35392, Germany.
| | - Martin Reichert
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, Giessen, D - 35392, Germany.
| | - Anja Buchbinder
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, Giessen, D - 35392, Germany.
| | - Rory Edward Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
| | - Britta Bausch
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, Giessen, D - 35392, Germany.
| | - Tobias Fischer
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, Giessen, D - 35392, Germany.
| | - Richard Schulz
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, Giessen, D - 35392, Germany.
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, Giessen, D - 35392, Germany.
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Infektiologie und Pneumologie, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Werner Seeger
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, Giessen, D - 35392, Germany.
| | - Konstantin Mayer
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, Giessen, D - 35392, Germany. .,University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Medical Clinic II, Klinikstr. 33, Giessen, 35392, Germany.
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Berger M, de Boer JD, Bresser P, van der Poll T, Lutter R, Sterk PJ, van der Zee JS. Lipopolysaccharide amplifies eosinophilic inflammation after segmental challenge with house dust mite in asthmatics. Allergy 2015; 70:257-64. [PMID: 25381858 DOI: 10.1111/all.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND House dust contains mite allergens as well as bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Asthma exacerbations are associated with the level of exposure to allergens and LPS. LPS can potentiate allergen effects in steroid-naïve patients. Long-acting β2-agonists (LABA) were shown to inhibit LPS-induced bronchial inflammation in healthy volunteers. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of LPS on the allergen-induced eosinophilic inflammation [primary endpoints: eosinophil counts and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)] induced by bronchial instillation of house dust mite (HDM) in patients with asthma on maintenance treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). METHODS Thirty-two nonsmoking asthmatics with HDM allergy were treated with run-in medication (fluticasone propionate 100 μg bid) during 2 weeks before the study day. All patients underwent bronchial challenge with HDM, and half of them were randomized to receive additional LPS. Both groups were randomized to receive pretreatment with a single inhalation of 100 μg salmeterol 30 min before bronchial segmental challenge. Six hours later, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was collected for leukocyte cell count, differentials, and cellular activation markers. RESULTS Challenge with HDM/LPS induced a significant increase in eosinophil cationic protein (P = 0.036) and a trend toward an increase in BALF eosinophils as compared to HDM challenge. CONCLUSION Lipopolysaccharide promotes eosinophilic airway inflammation in patients with asthma despite being on maintenance treatment with ICS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Berger
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Spaarne Hospital; Hoofddorp The Netherlands
| | - J. D. de Boer
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - P. Bresser
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - T. van der Poll
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - R. Lutter
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - P. J. Sterk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - J. S. van der Zee
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Willoughby JA. Predicting Respiratory Toxicity Using a Human 3D Airway (EpiAirway™) Model Combined with Multiple Parametric Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2014.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Blok DC, Kager LM, Hoogendijk AJ, Lede IO, Rahman W, Afroz R, Bresser P, van der Zee JS, Ghose A, Visser CE, de Jong MD, Zahed ASM, Husain MA, Alam KM, Barua PC, Hassan M, Hossain A, Tayab MA, Lutter R, Day N, Dondorp AM, de Vos AF, van 't Veer C, van der Poll T. Expression of inhibitory regulators of innate immunity in patients with active tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:98. [PMID: 25887604 PMCID: PMC4365962 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0833-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Toll-like-receptors (TLRs) are important for the recognition of the causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Negative regulation of TLRs is necessary to control deleterious inflammatory damage, but could provide a means of immune evasion by M. tuberculosis as well. METHODS To obtain insight in the extent of expression of inhibitory regulators of immunity in patients with active TB, peripheral-blood-mononuclear-cells (PBMCs) and plasma were obtained from 54 TB patients and 29 healthy blood donors from Chittagong, Bangladesh. Bilateral alveolar macrophages were obtained from an infected versus a contralateral normal lung segment of 9 patients. Statistical analyses were performed using Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon matched pairs testing. Correlations were calculated using the Spearman rho test. RESULTS PBMCs harvested from TB patients demonstrated increased mRNA expression of IL-1-receptor-associated-kinase-M, suppressor-of-cytokine-signalling-3 and Toll-interacting-protein. Flow cytometry revealed enhanced expression of IL-1-receptor-like-1 (ST2) on lymphocytes. Plasma soluble ST2 was elevated in patients with TB and correlated with established TB biomarkers, most strongly with soluble interleukin-2 receptor subunit α and interleukin-8. Alveolar macrophage mRNA expression of negative TLR regulators did not differ between the infected and contralateral lung side. CONCLUSION These results show enhanced expression of distinct negative regulators of innate immunity in PBMCs of patients with TB and identify plasma soluble ST2 as a potential novel biomarker for TB disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana C Blok
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Liesbeth M Kager
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Arie J Hoogendijk
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ivar O Lede
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Microbiology, Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wahid Rahman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital (CMCH), Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | - Rumana Afroz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital (CMCH), Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | - Paul Bresser
- Department of Pulmonology, Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Pulmonology, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital (CMCH), Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | - Jaring S van der Zee
- Department of Pulmonology, Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Pulmonology, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital (CMCH), Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | - Aniruddha Ghose
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital (CMCH), Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | - Caroline E Visser
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Microbiology, Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Menno D de Jong
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Microbiology, Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Abu Shahed Md Zahed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital (CMCH), Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Anwar Husain
- Department of Microbiology, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital (CMCH), Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | - Khan Mashrequl Alam
- Department of Microbiology, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital (CMCH), Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | | | - Mahtabuddin Hassan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chittagong Medical College and Hospital (CMCH), Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | - Ahmed Hossain
- Chest Disease Clinic Chittagong (CDCC), Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abu Tayab
- Chittagong General Hospital, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
| | - Rene Lutter
- Department of Pulmonology, Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Experimental Immunology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nick Day
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Alex F de Vos
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Cornelis van 't Veer
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ronit A, Plovsing RR, Gaardbo JC, Berg RMG, Hartling HJ, Konge L, Iversen M, Ullum H, Møller K, Nielsen SD. T cell subsets in human airways prior to and following endobronchial administration of endotoxin. Respirology 2015; 20:579-86. [PMID: 25711164 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Bronchial instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) provides a reversible model of lung inflammation that may resemble early stages of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We investigated the distributions of T-cell subsets in the human airways and sought to determine whether pro- and anti-inflammatory T cells are involved in the local immune response to lung inflammation. METHODS Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed in 15 healthy volunteers, after which Escherichia coli LPS (4 ng/kg) was administered. BAL was repeated at 2, 4, 6, 8 or 24 h after instillation of LPS. RESULTS BALF CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were characterized by expression of activation markers (HLA-DR+CD38+), the proportion of cells expressing naïve markers (CD45RA+CD27+CCR7+) was lower, and that of cells expressing effector memory markers (CD45RA-CD27+CCR7-) was higher, compared with peripheral blood. Bronchial LPS induced a local inflammatory response with recruitment of CD4+ (P=0.014), CD8+ T cells (P=0.034), an increase in the proportion of CD4+CD25+CD127lowFoxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) (P=0.045) and a tendency towards an increase in CD4+CD161+ cells (P=0.071) were observed. CONCLUSIONS A unique distribution of T cells with little day-to-day variation was found in human airways. An increase in Tregs after endobronchial LPS suggests a role for Tregs during early stages of pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ronit
- Viro-immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases 8632, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Immunology 2034, Blood Bank, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Roos AB, Berg T, Ahlgren KM, Grunewald J, Nord M. A method for generating pulmonary neutrophilia using aerosolized lipopolysaccharide. J Vis Exp 2014:51470. [PMID: 25548888 PMCID: PMC4396917 DOI: 10.3791/51470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe disease characterized by alveolar neutrophilia, with limited treatment options and high mortality. Experimental models of ALI are key in enhancing our understanding of disease pathogenesis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from gram positive bacteria induces neutrophilic inflammation in the airways and lung parenchyma of mice. Efficient pulmonary delivery of compounds such as LPS is, however, difficult to achieve. In the approach described here, pulmonary delivery in mice is achieved by challenge to aerosolized Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS. Dissolved LPS was aerosolized by a nebulizer connected to compressed air. Mice were exposed to a continuous flow of LPS aerosol in a Plexiglas box for 10 min, followed by 2 min conditioning after the aerosol was discontinued. Tracheal intubation and subsequent bronchoalveolar lavage, followed by formalin perfusion was next performed, which allows for characterization of the sterile pulmonary inflammation. Aerosolized LPS generates a pulmonary inflammation characterized by alveolar neutrophilia, detected in bronchoalveolar lavage and by histological assessment. This technique can be set up at a small cost with few appliances, and requires minimal training and expertise. The exposure system can thus be routinely performed at any laboratory, with the potential to enhance our understanding of lung pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Roos
- Department of Medicine, Solna and CMM, Respiratory Medicine Unit, Karolinska Institutet;
| | - Tove Berg
- Department of Medicine, Solna and CMM, Respiratory Medicine Unit, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Kerstin M Ahlgren
- Department of Medicine, Solna and CMM, Respiratory Medicine Unit, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Johan Grunewald
- Department of Medicine, Solna and CMM, Respiratory Medicine Unit, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Magnus Nord
- Department of Medicine, Solna and CMM, Respiratory Medicine Unit, Karolinska Institutet; Safety Science, Global Regulator Affairs & Patient Safety, AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development
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Achouiti A, Vogl T, Endeman H, Mortensen BL, Laterre PF, Wittebole X, van Zoelen MAD, Zhang Y, Hoogerwerf JJ, Florquin S, Schultz MJ, Grutters JC, Biesma DH, Roth J, Skaar EP, van 't Veer C, de Vos AF, van der Poll T. Myeloid-related protein-8/14 facilitates bacterial growth during pneumococcal pneumonia. Thorax 2014; 69:1034-42. [PMID: 25179663 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-205668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most commonly identified pathogen in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Myeloid-related protein (MRP) 8/14 is a major component of neutrophils that is released upon infection or injury. MRP8/14 is essential for protective immunity during infection by a variety of micro-organisms through its capacity to chelate manganese and zinc. Here, we aimed to determine the role of MRP8/14 in pneumococcal pneumonia. METHODS MRP8/14 was determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum of CAP patients, in lung tissue of patients who had succumbed to pneumococcal pneumonia, and in BALF of healthy subjects challenged with lipoteichoic acid (a component of the gram-positive bacterial cell wall) via the airways. Pneumonia was induced in MRP14 deficient and normal wildtype mice. The effect of MRP8/14 on S. pneumoniae growth was studied in vitro. RESULTS CAP patients displayed high MRP8/14 levels in BALF, lung tissue and serum. Healthy subjects challenged with lipoteichoic acid demonstrated elevated MRP8/14 in BALF. Likewise, mice with pneumococcal pneumonia had high MRP8/14 levels in lungs and the circulation. MRP14 deficiency, however, was associated with reduced bacterial growth and lethality, in the absence of notable effects on the inflammatory response. High zinc levels strongly inhibited growth of S. pneumoniae in vitro, which was partially reversed by MRP8/14. CONCLUSIONS In sharp contrast to its previously reported host-protective role in several infections, the present results reveal that in a model of CAP, MRP8/14 is misused by S. pneumoniae, facilitating bacterial growth by attenuating zinc toxicity toward the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Achouiti
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Center for Infection and Immunity, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Henrik Endeman
- Intensive Care Department, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brittany L Mortensen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pierre-Francois Laterre
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Saint-Luc University Hospital, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier Wittebole
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Saint-Luc University Hospital, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marieke A D van Zoelen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yaofang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jacobien J Hoogerwerf
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Center for Infection and Immunity, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Florquin
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus J Schultz
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C Grutters
- Department of Pulmonology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands Division of Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe H Biesma
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cornelis van 't Veer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Center for Infection and Immunity, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex F de Vos
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Center for Infection and Immunity, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Center for Infection and Immunity, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Violi F, Cangemi R, Calvieri C. Pneumonia, thrombosis and vascular disease. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:1391-400. [PMID: 24954194 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY An enhanced risk of cardiovascular mortality has been observed after pneumonia. Epidemiological studies have shown that respiratory tract infections are associated with an increased risk of thrombotic-related vascular disease such as myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and venous thrombosis. Myocardial infarction and stroke have been detected essentially in the early phase of the disease (i.e. within 48 h from hospital admission), with an incidence ranging from as low as 1% to as high as 11%. Age, previous cardiovascular events and high pneumonia severity index were independent predictors of myocardial infarction; clinical predictors of stroke were not identified. Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism may also occur after pneumonia but incidence and clinical predictors must be defined. The biological plausibility of such an association may be deduced by experimental and clinical studies, showing that lung infection is complicated by platelet aggregation and clotting system activation, as documented by up-regulation of tissue factor and down-regulation of activated protein C. The effect of antithrombotic drugs has been examined in experimental and clinical studies but results are still inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Violi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Culture-independent microbiological techniques have shown a previously unappreciated complexity to the bacterial microbiome of the respiratory tract that forces reconsideration of the interactions between host, bacteria, and the pathogenesis of exacerbations of chronic lung disease. The composition of the lung microbiome is determined by microbial immigration, elimination, and relative growth rates of its members. All these factors change dramatically in chronic lung disease and further during exacerbations. Exacerbations lack the features of bacterial infections, including increased bacterial burden and decreased diversity of microbial communities. We propose that exacerbations are occasions of respiratory tract dysbiosis--a disorder of the respiratory tract microbial ecosystem with negative effects on host biology. Respiratory tract dysbiosis provokes a dysregulated host immune response, which in turn alters growth conditions for microbes in airways, promoting further dysbiosis and perpetuating a cycle of inflammation and disordered microbiota. Differences in the composition of baseline respiratory tract microbiota might help to explain the so-called frequent-exacerbator phenotype observed in several disease states, and might provide novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fernando J Martinez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Plovsing RR, Berg RMG, Evans KA, Konge L, Iversen M, Garred P, Møller K. Transcompartmental inflammatory responses in humans: IV versus endobronchial administration of endotoxin*. Crit Care Med 2014; 42:1658-65. [PMID: 24732241 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000000320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Transcompartmental signaling during early inflammation may lead to propagation of disease to other organs. The time course and the mechanisms involved are still poorly understood. We aimed at comparing acute transcompartmental inflammatory responses in humans following lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary and systemic inflammation. DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. SETTING ICU SUBJECTS Healthy male volunteers. INTERVENTIONS Fifteen volunteers (mean age, 23; SD, 2 yr) received Escherichia coli endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, 4 ng/kg) IV or endobronchially on two different study days. Groups were evaluated by bronchoalveolar lavage at baseline (0 hr) and 2, 4, 6, 8, or 24 hours postchallenge. Cardiorespiratory variables were continuously recorded throughout the study day, and plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid markers of inflammation were measured. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS IV endotoxin elicited a systemic inflammatory response with a time-dependent increase and peak in tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and leukocyte counts (all p < 0.001). Furthermore, a delayed (6-8 hr) increase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid interleukin-6 concentration (p < 0.001) and alveolar leukocyte count (p = 0.03) and a minor increase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid tumor necrosis factor-α were observed (p = 0.06). Endobronchial endotoxin was followed by progressive alveolar neutrocytosis and increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and albumin (all p < 0.001); a systemic inflammatory response was observed after 2-4 hours, with no change in plasma tumor necrosis factor-α. CONCLUSIONS Acute lung or systemic inflammation in humans is followed by a transcompartmental proinflammatory response, the degree and differential kinetics of which suggests that the propagation of inflammation may depend on the primary site of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronni R Plovsing
- 1Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. 2Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases M7641, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. 3Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health, Science and Sport, University of Glamorgan, South Wales, United Kingdom. 4Centre for Clinical Education, University of Copenhagen and the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark. 5The Heart Centre, Department of Lung Transplantation, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. 6Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology M7631, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. 7Neurointensive Care Unit 2093, Department of Neuroanesthesiology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Smith ME, Bozinovski S, Malmhäll C, Sjöstrand M, Glader P, Venge P, Hiemstra PS, Anderson GP, Lindén A, Qvarfordt I. Increase in net activity of serine proteinases but not gelatinases after local endotoxin exposure in the peripheral airways of healthy subjects. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75032. [PMID: 24086430 PMCID: PMC3781029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that activation of the innate immune response induces an imbalance in the proteolytic homeostasis in the peripheral airways of healthy subjects, towards excess serine or gelatinase proteinase activity. During bronchoscopy, 18 healthy human subjects underwent intra-bronchial exposure to endotoxin and contra-lateral exposure to vehicle. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were harvested 24 or 48 hours (h) later. We quantified archetype proteinases, anti-proteinases, inflammatory BAL cells, and, importantly, total plus net proteinase activities using functional substrate assays. As expected, endotoxin exposure increased the concentrations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) and macrophages, of proteinases and the anti-proteinases tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, α-1-antitrypsin and, to a lesser extent, secretory leukoproteinase inhibitor, at both time points. Notably, at these time points, endotoxin exposure substantially increased the quantitative NE/SLPI ratio and the net serine proteinase activity corresponding to neutrophil elastase (NE). Endotoxin exposure also increased the total gelatinase activity corresponding to matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9; an activity dominating over that of MMP-2. However, endotoxin exposure had no impact on net gelatinolytic activity at 24 or 48 h after exposure. Thus, local activation of the innate immune response induces an imbalance towards increased net serine proteinase activity in the proteolytic homeostasis of the peripheral airways in healthy subjects. Hypothetically, this serine proteinase activity can contribute to tissue remodelling and hypersecretion via NE from PMN's, if it is triggered repeatedly, as might be the case in chronic inflammatory airway disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha E. Smith
- Lung Immunology Group, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- Lung Disease Research Group, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Carina Malmhäll
- Lung Immunology Group, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Margareta Sjöstrand
- Lung Immunology Group, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Glader
- Lung Immunology Group, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Venge
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pieter S. Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gary P. Anderson
- Lung Disease Research Group, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Anders Lindén
- Lung Immunology Group, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Unit for Lung & Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Lung Allergy Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Qvarfordt
- Lung Immunology Group, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Reynier F, de Vos AF, Hoogerwerf JJ, Bresser P, van der Zee JS, Paye M, Pachot A, Mougin B, van der Poll T. Gene expression profiles in alveolar macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide in humans. Mol Med 2012; 18:1303-11. [PMID: 22952057 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is ubiquitous in the environment. Inhalation of LPS has been implicated in the pathogenesis and/or severity of several lung diseases, including pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Alveolar macrophages are the main resident leukocytes exposed to inhaled antigens. To obtain insight into which innate immune pathways become activated within human alveolar macrophages upon exposure to LPS in vivo, we conducted a study in eight healthy humans, in which we instilled sterile saline into a lung segment by bronchoscope, followed by instillation of LPS into the contralateral lung. Six hours later, a bilateral bronchoalveolar lavage was performed and whole-genome transcriptional profiling was done on purified alveolar macrophages, comparing cells exposed to saline or LPS from the same individuals. LPS induced differential expression of 2,932 genes in alveolar macrophages; 1,520 genes were upregulated, whereas 1,440 genes were downregulated. A total of 26 biological functions were overrepresented in LPS-exposed macrophages; 44 canonical pathways affected by LPS were identified, among which the genes associated with the role of pattern recognition receptors in recognition of bacteria and viruses represented the top pathway. Other pathways included cellular immune response, signaling by tumor necrosis factor (receptor) family members, cytokine signaling and glucocorticoid receptor signaling. These results reveal for the first time a large number of functional pathways influenced by the biologically relevant challenge provided by LPS administered into the airways. These data can assist in identifying novel targets for therapeutic intervention in pulmonary diseases associated with LPS exposure, including pneumonia, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Reynier
- Joint Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon - bioMérieux, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
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Gandhi AS, Guo T, Shah P, Moorthy B, Chow DSL, Hu M, Ghose R. CYP3A-dependent drug metabolism is reduced in bacterial inflammation in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:2176-87. [PMID: 22394353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Gene expression of Cyp3a11 is reduced by activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacterial components, LPS or lipoteichoic acid (LTA) respectively. The primary adaptor protein in the TLR signalling pathway, TIRAP, plays differential roles in LPS- and LTA-mediated down-regulations of Cyp3a11 mRNA. Here, we have determined the functional relevance of these findings by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis of the Cyp3a substrate midazolam in mice. Midazolam is also metabolized by Cyp2c in mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Adult male C57BL/6, TIRAP+/+ and TIRAP-/- mice were pretreated with saline, LPS (2 mg·kg⁻¹) or LTA (6 mg·kg⁻¹). Cyp3a11 protein expression, activity and PK/PD studies using midazolam were performed. KEY RESULTS Cyp3a11 protein expression in LPS- or LTA-treated mice was reduced by 95% and 60% compared with saline-treated mice. Cyp3a11 activity was reduced by 70% in LPS- or LTA-treated mice. Plasma AUC of midazolam was increased two- to threefold in LPS- and LTA-treated mice. Plasma levels of 1'-OHMDZ decreased significantly only in LTA-treated mice. Both LPS and LTA decreased AUC of 1'-OHMDZ-glucuronide. In the PD study, sleep time was increased by ∼2-fold in LPS- and LTA-treated mice. LTA-mediated decrease in Cyp3a11 protein expression and activity was dependent on TIRAP. In PK/PD correlation, AUC of midazolam was increased only in LPS-treated mice compared with saline-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS LPS or LTA altered PK/PD of midazolam. This is the first study to demonstrate mechanistic differences in regulation of metabolite formation of a clinically relevant drug by Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacterial endotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Gandhi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus induces lung endothelial cell barrier dysfunction: role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49209. [PMID: 23166614 PMCID: PMC3499573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tunneled central venous catheters (TCVCs) are used for dialysis access in 82% of new hemodialysis patients and are rapidly colonized with Gram-positive organism (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus) biofilm, a source of recurrent infections and chronic inflammation. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a cell wall ribitol polymer from Gram-positive organisms, mediates inflammation through the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). The effect of LTA on lung endothelial permeability is not known. We tested the hypothesis that LTA from Staphylococcus aureus induces alterations in the permeability of pulmonary microvessel endothelial monolayers (PMEM) that result from activation of TLR2 and are mediated by reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS). The permeability of PMEM was assessed by the clearance rate of Evans blue-labeled albumin, the activation of the TLR2 pathway was assessed by Western blot, and the generation of RONS was measured by the fluorescence of oxidized dihydroethidium and a dichlorofluorescein derivative. Treatment with LTA or the TLR2 agonist Pam(3)CSK(4) induced significant increases in albumin permeability, IκBα phosphorylation, IRAK1 degradation, RONS generation, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation (as measured by the p-eNOSser1177:p-eNOSthr495 ratio). The effects on permeability and RONS were effectively prevented by co-administration of the superoxide scavenger Tiron, the peroxynitrite scavenger Urate, or the eNOS inhibitor L-NAME and these effects as well as eNOS activation were reduced or prevented by pretreatment with an IRAK1/4 inhibitor. The results indicate that the activation of TLR2 and the generation of ROS/RNS mediates LTA-induced barrier dysfunction in PMEM.
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Hoogendijk AJ, Pinhanços SS, van der Poll T, Wieland CW. Intrapulmonary administration of a p38 mitogen activated protein kinase inhibitor partially prevents pulmonary inflammation. Immunobiology 2012; 218:435-42. [PMID: 22727776 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are common causative agents of respiratory tract infection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the gram-negative cell wall and a strong inducer of inflammation. The main proinflammatory component of the gram-positive bacterial cell wall is lipoteichoic acid (LTA). The protein kinase p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays an important role in the inflammatory process induced by these two bacterial structures. AIM We here sought to establish the impact of local p38 MAPK inhibition on lung inflammatory responses induced by LPS and LTA. We investigated the effects of direct intrapulmonary delivery of a p38 MAPK inhibitor on local LPS and LTA induced airway inflammation in mice. RESULTS In vitro, BIRB 796 reduced LPS induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation in alveolar macrophage and respiratory epithelial cell lines and diminished cytokine/chemokine release. In vivo, BIRB 796 circumvented p38 MAPK phosphorylation in both LPS and LTA induced inflammation. Cellular influx was not affected. Lung TNFα, IL-6, MIP-2 and LIX production was reduced in LPS induced inflammation but not in lung inflammation by LTA. BIRB 796 reduced total protein and IgM in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after LTA instillation, while enhancing TATc and d-dimers in LPS- and LTA induced inflammation. CONCLUSION These results taken together with earlier studies on systemic administration of p38 MAPK inhibitors in rodents and humans suggest that direct intrapulmonary delivery of a p38 MAPK inhibitor is less effective in inhibiting inflammation and is associated with unexpected procoagulant effects in the bronchoalveolar space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Johan Hoogendijk
- Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Roos AB, Barton JL, Miller-Larsson A, Dahlberg B, Berg T, Didon L, Nord M. Lung epithelial-C/EBPβ contributes to LPS-induced inflammation and its suppression by formoterol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 423:134-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mat Z, Grensemann B, Yakin Y, Knobloch J, Koch A. Effect of lipoteichoic acid on IL-2 and IL-5 release from T lymphocytes in asthma and COPD. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 13:284-91. [PMID: 22542695 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to infections with gram-positive bacteria, which are an important trigger of exacerbations, is increased in COPD and asthma. Unraveling the underlying mechanisms may help developing therapeutic strategies to reduce exacerbation rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a danger signal from gram-positive bacteria, on T cell cytokines related to bacterial infection defense in COPD and asthma. T cell populations within peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were ex-vivo activated towards T(H)2/T(C)2 subtypes and subsequently stimulated with LTA. IL-2 and IL-5 concentrations in cell culture supernatants were measured by ELISA comparative between non-smokers (NS), current smokers without airflow limitation (S), smokers with moderate to severe COPD and mild to moderate asthmatics (A) (each n=10). IL-2 and IL-5 baseline levels were without differences between the cohorts. After T cell activation, IL-2 and IL-5 releases were increased in all cohorts, however, for IL-2 this increase was significantly higher in S and by trend in COPD compared to the other groups. LTA time-dependently suppressed IL-2 release in NS, S and COPD but not in A. LTA reduced IL-5 release in COPD and A but not in NS and S. Summarized, LTA reduces T(H)2/T(C)2 cytokines indicating immunosuppressive effects, which are dysregulated in COPD and asthma. This implies a misguided response to gram-positive bacterial infections, which might help to explain the increased susceptibility to bacterial infections in COPD and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Mat
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Clinic III for Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany
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Menéndez R, Sahuquillo-Arce JM, Reyes S, Martínez R, Polverino E, Cillóniz C, Córdoba JG, Montull B, Torres A. Cytokine activation patterns and biomarkers are influenced by microorganisms in community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2011; 141:1537-1545. [PMID: 22194589 PMCID: PMC7094498 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The inflammatory response in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) depends on the host and on the challenge of the causal microorganism. Here, we analyze the patterns of inflammatory cytokines, procalcitonin (PCT), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in order to determine their diagnostic value. Methods This was a prospective study of 658 patients admitted with CAP. PCT and CRP were analyzed by immunoluminometric and immunoturbidimetric assays. Cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) were measured using enzyme immunoassay. Results The lowest medians of CRP, PCT, TNF-α, and IL-6 were found in CAP of unknown cause, and the highest were found in patients with positive blood cultures. Different cytokine profiles and biomarkers were found depending on cause: atypical bacteria (lower PCT and IL-6), viruses (lower PCT and higher IL-10), Enterobacteriaceae (higher IL-8), Streptococcus pneumoniae (high PCT), and Legionella pneumophila (higher CRP and TNF-α). PCT ≥ 0.36 mg/dL to predict positive blood cultures showed sensitivity of 85%, specificity of 42%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 98%, whereas a cutoff of ≤ 0.5 mg/dL to predict viruses or atypicals vs bacteria showed sensitivity of 89%/81%, specificity of 68%/68%, positive predictive value of 12%/22%, and NPV of 99%/97%. In a multivariate Euclidean distance model, the lowest inflammatory expression was found in unknown cause and the highest was found in L pneumophila, S pneumoniae, and Enterobacteriaceae. Atypical bacteria exhibit an inflammatory pattern closer to that of viruses. Conclusions Different inflammatory patterns elicited by different microorganisms may provide a useful tool for diagnosis. Recognizing these patterns provides additional information that may facilitate a broader understanding of host inflammatory response to microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Menéndez
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | - Soledad Reyes
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Martínez
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Polverino
- Servei de Pneumologia, Institut del Tòrax, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERES, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catia Cillóniz
- Servei de Pneumologia, Institut del Tòrax, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERES, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Ginés Córdoba
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Montull
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antoni Torres
- Servei de Pneumologia, Institut del Tòrax, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERES, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Finney SJ, Leaver SK, Evans TW, Burke-Gaffney A. Differences in lipopolysaccharide- and lipoteichoic acid-induced cytokine/chemokine expression. Intensive Care Med 2011; 38:324-32. [PMID: 22183712 PMCID: PMC3264860 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-011-2444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate differences in cytokine/chemokine release in response to lipoteichoic acid (LTA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and contributing cellular mechanisms, in order to improve understanding of the pathogenesis of sepsis. Methods Levels of cytokines/chemokines were measured in plasma and peritoneal lavage fluid of 10-week-old male mice (C57/B16) following intraperitoneal injection of LTA or LPS (250 µg), and in supernatants of murine J774.2 cells, immortalised blood monocytes, or isolated human monocytes treated with LTA or LPS (0–10 µg/ml). The role of cytokine/chemokine messenger RNA (mRNA) stability versus nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) in mediating cytokine/chemokine release in J774 cells was also assessed. Results In mice, plasma levels of keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, interleukin (IL)-10, interferon (IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and peritoneal lavage fluid levels of KC, MIP-2 and TNF-α increased significantly 1 h after LPS. Only KC and MIP-2 levels increased 1 h after LTA. LPS-treated (10 μg/ml) J774 cells released MIP-2, IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α but not KC (24 h), whereas cells treated with 10 μg/ml LTA released only MIP-2. LPS-stimulated human monocytes released IL-10 and IL-8 (24 h); by contrast, LTA-treated cells released only IL-8. LPS and LTA activated NF-κB and AP-1 in J774 cells. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide abolished LPS-induced IL-10 mRNA expression and increased LTA- and LPS-induced mRNA for MIP-2 in J774 cells. Conclusion LTA and LPS, at clinically relevant concentrations, induced differential cytokine/chemokine release in vitro and in vivo, via effects distal to activation of NF-κB/AP-1 that might include chromatin remodelling or mRNA stability. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00134-011-2444-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Finney
- Unit of Critical Care, Respiratory Science, NHLI, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
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Parker D, Prince A. Immunopathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus pulmonary infection. Semin Immunopathol 2011; 34:281-97. [PMID: 22037948 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-011-0291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common human pathogen highly evolved as both a component of the commensal flora and as a major cause of invasive infection. Severe respiratory infection due to staphylococci has been increasing due to the prevalence of more virulent USA300 CA-MRSA strains in the general population. The ability of S. aureus to adapt to the milieu of the respiratory tract has facilitated its emergence as a respiratory pathogen. Its metabolic versatility, the ability to scavenge iron, coordinate gene expression, and the horizontal acquisition of useful genetic elements have all contributed to its success as a component of the respiratory flora, in hospitalized patients, as a complication of influenza and in normal hosts. The expression of surface adhesins facilitates its persistence in the airways. In addition, the highly sophisticated interactions of the multiple S. aureus virulence factors, particularly the α-hemolysin and protein A, with diverse immune effectors in the lung such as ADAM10, TNFR1, EGFR, immunoglobulin, and complement all contribute to the pathogenesis of staphylococcal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Parker
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Endogenous MCP-1 promotes lung inflammation induced by LPS and LTA. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1468-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zhang Y, Lin X, Koga K, Takahashi K, Linge HM, Mello A, Laragione T, Gulko PS, Miller EJ. Strain differences in alveolar neutrophil infiltration and macrophage phenotypes in an acute lung inflammation model. Mol Med 2011; 17:780-9. [PMID: 21541443 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2010.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary infection is a major cause of mortality and morbidity, and the magnitude of the lung inflammatory response correlates with patient survival. Previously, we have shown that neutrophil migration into joints is regulated by arthritis severity quantitative trait loci (QTLs). However, it is unclear whether these QTLs contribute to the regulation of lung inflammation in pneumonias. Therefore, to more clearly define the factors regulating acute inflammatory responses in the lung, we examined two inbred rat strains, DA and F344, that differ in these QTLs and their susceptibility to joint inflammation. Staphylococcal cell wall components lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PGN), administered intratracheally, significantly increased the numbers of neutrophils retrieved in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). F344 had approximately 10-fold more neutrophils in the BALF compared with DA (P < 0.001) and higher BALF concentrations of total protein, tumor necrosis factor-α and macrophage inflammatory protein 2. LTA/PGN administration in DA×F344 congenic strains (Cia3d, Cia4, Cia5a, and Cia6) resulted in inflammation similar to that in DA, demonstrating that the genes responsible for the differences in pulmonary inflammation are not contained within the chromosomal intervals carried by these congenic strains. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) isolated from naïve F344 stimulated in vitro with LTA/PGN produced significantly higher levels of keratinocyte-derived chemokine and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 than alveolar macrophages from DA rats. The differences were related to differential mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. We conclude that the factors contributing to inflammation can be site and challenge dependent. A better understanding of site-specific inflammation may lead to more effective treatment of acute lung inflammation and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhong Zhang
- Center for Heart and Lung Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.
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