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Haque T, Akhter F, Alim N, Nabhan A, Kahtani FA, Sambawa AM. Identification and Characterization of Key Genes Associated with Amelogenesis. Eur J Dent 2024. [PMID: 39299262 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1787958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The identification of key genes associated with amelogenesis would be helpful in finding solutions to genetic disorders in oral biology. The study aimed to use in silico analysis to identify the key genes involved in tooth development associated with preameloblasts (PABs) and secretory ameloblasts (SABs). MATERIAL AND METHODS The data was subjected to quality analysis and uniform manifold approximation and projection analysis. To examine the distribution of the genes and identify important upregulated loci, a p-value histogram, a quantile plot, a mean difference and mean-variance plot, and a volcano plot were generated. Finally, protein-protein interaction and gene enrichment analyses were performed to determine the ontology, relevant biological processes, and molecular functions of selected genes. RESULTS A total of 157 genes were found to be significant in the PAB versus SAB comparison. HIST1H31 revealed strong interaction with HIST1H2BM, and EXO1, ASPM, SPC25, and TTK showed strong interactions with one other. The STRING database revealed that NCAPG, CENPU, NUSAP1, HIST1H2BM, and HIST1H31 are involved in biological processes. NCAPG, CENPU, SPC25, ETV5, TTK, ETV1, FAM9A, NUSAP1, HIST1H2BM, and HIST1H31 are involved in cellular components. CONCLUSION The TTK, NUSAP1, CENPU, NCAPG, FAM9A, ASPM, SPC25, and HIST1H31 genes demonstrate functions in cell division. These genes might play a role in ameloblast development. These results will be useful in developing new methods to stimulate ameloblast development, which is essential for tooth regeneration and tissue engineering. However, more research is required to validate the functions of these genes and the genes with which they interact. A wide variety of genetic, epigenetic, and exogenous signaling factors regulate these genes and pathways throughout development and differentiation, cell fate, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahsinul Haque
- Preventive Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatema Akhter
- Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nourelhoda Alim
- Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Nabhan
- Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences Department, Collage of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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Liu H, Yu M, Sun K, Zheng J, Wang J, Liu H, Feng H, Liu Y, Han D. KDF1 promotes ameloblast differentiation by inhibiting the IKK/IκB/NF-κB axis. J Cell Physiol 2024:e31437. [PMID: 39300779 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Enamel protects teeth from external irritation and its formation involves sequential differentiation of ameloblasts, a dental epithelial cell. Keratinocyte differentiation factor 1 (KDF1) is important in the development of epithelial tissues and organs. However, the specific role of KDF1 in enamel formation and corresponding regulatory mechanisms are unclear. This study demonstrated that KDF1 was persistently expressed in all stages of ameloblast differentiation, through RNAscope in situ hybridization. KDF1 expression in the mouse ameloblast cell line LS8 was demonstrated via immunofluorescence assay. KDF1 was knocked out in LS8 cells using the CRISPR/Cas-9 system or overexpressed in LS8 cells through lentiviral infection. In vitro ameloblast differentiation induction, quantitative reverse transcription PCR, western blot analysis, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay indicated that knockout or overexpression of KDF1 in LS8 cells decreased or increased the mRNA and protein levels of several key amelogenesis markers, as well as ALP activity. Furthermore, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that KDF1 can interact with the IKK complex, thereby inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. Suppressing NF-κB activity partially recovered the decreased ameloblast differentiation in LS8 cells induced by KDF1-knockout. This study demonstrated that KDF1 can promote ameloblast differentiation of LS8 cells by inhibiting the IKK/IκB/NF-κB axis, and is a potential target for functional enamel regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangbo Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Jinglei Zheng
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Haochen Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Hailan Feng
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Han
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
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Lee DJ, Kim P, Kim HY, Park J, Lee SJ, An H, Heo JS, Lee MJ, Ohshima H, Mizuno S, Takahashi S, Jung HS, Kim SJ. MAST4 regulates stem cell maintenance with DLX3 for epithelial development and amelogenesis. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:1606-1619. [PMID: 38945953 PMCID: PMC11297042 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The asymmetric division of stem cells permits the maintenance of the cell population and differentiation for harmonious progress. Developing mouse incisors allows inspection of the role of the stem cell niche to provide specific insights into essential developmental phases. Microtubule-associated serine/threonine kinase family member 4 (Mast4) knockout (KO) mice showed abnormal incisor development with low hardness, as the size of the apical bud was decreased and preameloblasts were shifted to the apical side, resulting in amelogenesis imperfecta. In addition, Mast4 KO incisors showed abnormal enamel maturation, and stem cell maintenance was inhibited as amelogenesis was accelerated with Wnt signal downregulation. Distal-Less Homeobox 3 (DLX3), a critical factor in tooth amelogenesis, is considered to be responsible for the development of amelogenesis imperfecta in humans. MAST4 directly binds to DLX3 and induces phosphorylation at three residues within the nuclear localization site (NLS) that promotes the nuclear translocation of DLX3. MAST4-mediated phosphorylation of DLX3 ultimately controls the transcription of DLX3 target genes, which are carbonic anhydrase and ion transporter genes involved in the pH regulation process during ameloblast maturation. Taken together, our data reveal a novel role for MAST4 as a critical regulator of the entire amelogenesis process through its control of Wnt signaling and DLX3 transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Joon Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Department of Oral Histology, Dankook University College of Dentistry, Cheonan, 31116, Korea
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Korea
| | - Pyunggang Kim
- GILO Institute, GILO Foundation, Seoul, 06668, Korea
| | - Hyun-Yi Kim
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- NGeneS Inc., Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15495, Korea
| | - Jinah Park
- GILO Institute, GILO Foundation, Seoul, 06668, Korea
| | - Seung-Jun Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Haein An
- GILO Institute, GILO Foundation, Seoul, 06668, Korea
| | - Jin Sun Heo
- GILO Institute, GILO Foundation, Seoul, 06668, Korea
| | - Min-Jung Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Han-Sung Jung
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | - Seong-Jin Kim
- GILO Institute, GILO Foundation, Seoul, 06668, Korea.
- Medpacto Inc., Seoul, 06668, Korea.
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Zhang Z, Zou X, Feng L, Huang Y, Chen F, Sun K, Song Y, Lv P, Gao X, Dong Y, Tian H. Splicing mutations in AMELX and ENAM cause amelogenesis imperfecta. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:893. [PMID: 37985977 PMCID: PMC10662561 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a developmental enamel defect affecting the structure of enamel, esthetic appearance, and the tooth masticatory function. Gene mutations are reported to be relevant to AI. However, the mechanism underlying AI caused by different mutations is still unclear. This study aimed to reveal the molecular pathogenesis in AI families with 2 novel pre-mRNA splicing mutations. METHODS Two Chinese families with AI were recruited. Whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed to identify mutations in candidate genes. Minigene splicing assays were performed to analyze the mutation effects on mRNA splicing alteration. Furthermore, three-dimensional structures of mutant proteins were predicted by AlphaFold2 to evaluate the detrimental effect. RESULTS The affected enamel in family 1 was thin, rough, and stained, which was diagnosed as hypoplastic-hypomature AI. Genomic analysis revealed a novel splicing mutation (NM_001142.2: c.570 + 1G > A) in the intron 6 of amelogenin (AMELX) gene in family 1, resulting in a partial intron 6 retention effect. The proband in family 2 exhibited a typical hypoplastic AI, and the splicing mutation (NM_031889.2: c.123 + 4 A > G) in the intron 4 of enamelin (ENAM) gene was observed in the proband and her father. This mutation led to exon 4 skipping. The predicted structures showed that there were obvious differences in the mutation proteins compared with wild type, leading to impaired function of mutant proteins. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we identified two new splicing mutations in AMELX and ENAM genes, which cause hypoplastic-hypomature and hypoplastic AI, respectively. These results expand the spectrum of genes causing AI and broaden our understanding of molecular genetic pathology of enamel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Zhang
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Zou
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Lin Feng
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health and Science Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kai Sun
- Department of Prosthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yilin Song
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Ping Lv
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Yanmei Dong
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
| | - Hua Tian
- Department of Cariology and Endodontology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
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Amelogenesis imperfecta in a Chinese family resulting from a FAM83H variation and the effect of FAM83H on the secretion of enamel matrix proteins. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:1289-1299. [PMID: 36318336 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the variant of an amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) family and to explore the function of the FAM83H (family with sequence similarity 83 member H) in the enamel formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated a five-generation Chinese family diagnosed with AI; clinical data was collected, whole-exome sequencing (WES) was conducted to explore the pathogenic gene and variants and Sanger sequencing was used to verify the variants. The three-dimensional protein structures of wild-type and mutant FAM83H were predicted using alpha fold 2. To study the possible regulatory function of Fam83h on amelogenesis, immunolocalization was performed to observe the expression of Fam83h protein in Sprague-Dawley rat postnatal incisors. The mRNA and protein level of amelogenin, enamelin, kallikrein-related peptidase-4 and ameloblastin were also detected after the Fam83h was knocked down by small interfering RNA (siRNA) in HAT-7 cells. RESULTS A known nonsense variant (c.973 C > T) in exon 5 of FAM83H gene was found in this family, causing a truncated protein (p.R325X). Immunolocalization of Fam83h in Sprague-Dawley rat postnatal incisors showed that Fam83h protein expression was detected in presecretory and secretory stages. When Fam83h expression was reduced by siRNA, the expression of amelogenin, enamelin, kallikrein-related peptidase-4 decreased. However, the expression of ameloblastin increased. CONCLUSIONS FAM83H gene variant (c.973 C > T) causes AI. FAM83H regulates the secretion of enamel matrix proteins and affects ameloblast differentiation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study provided that FAM83H variants could influence enamel formation and provided new insights into the pathogenesis of AI.
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Panahipour L, Sordi MB, Kargarpour Z, Gruber R. TGF-β Signalling Mediates the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Enamel Matrix Derivative In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9778. [PMID: 36077174 PMCID: PMC9456059 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) prepared from extracted porcine fetal tooth material can support the regrow of periodontal tissues. Previous findings suggest that EMD has anti-inflammatory properties and TGF-β activity in vitro. However, the anti-inflammatory activity of EMD is mediated via TGF-β has not been considered. To this aim, we first established a bioassay to confirm the anti-inflammatory activity of EMD. The bioassay was based on the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line and proven with primary macrophages where EMD significantly reduced the forced expression of IL-6. We then confirmed the presence of TGF-β1 in EMD by immunoassay and by provoking the Smad2/3 nuclear translocation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Next, we took advantage of the TGF-β receptor type I kinase-inhibitor SB431542 to block the respective signalling pathway. SB431542 reversed the anti-inflammatory activity of EMD and TGF-β in a bioassay when IL-6 and CXCL2 expression was driven by the LPS stimulation of RAW 264.7 macrophages. This central observation was supported by showing that SB431542 reversed the anti-inflammatory activity of EMD using IL-1β and TNF-α-stimulated ST2 bone marrow stromal cells. Together, these findings implicate that the TGF-β activity mediates at least part of the anti-inflammatory activity of EMD in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Panahipour
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariane Beatriz Sordi
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zahra Kargarpour
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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Nadaf N, V K, Chandra A, G S, Challa SK, Ramakrishna VV. Amelogenesis Imperfecta and Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis: A Case Report. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022; 15:121-123. [PMID: 35528488 PMCID: PMC9016905 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is an inherited dental condition affecting enamel, which can result in significant tooth discoloration and enamel breakdown, requiring lifelong dental care. Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) is a condition in which the kidneys are unable to acidify the urine to a pH < 5.5 in the presence of systemic metabolic acidosis. Management of AI and dRTA patients requires both medical and dental expertise to achieve long-term successful results. The aim of this paper is to present the dental management of a child with AI and dRTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilufer Nadaf
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, Telangana, India
- Nilufer Nadaf, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, Telangana, India, Phone: +91 9494013756, e-mail:
| | - Krishnapriya V
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Arunima Chandra
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shilpa G
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Santhosh K Challa
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, Telangana, India
| | - VV Ramakrishna
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, Telangana, India
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Suzuki A, Yoshioka H, Liu T, Gull A, Singh N, Le T, Zhao Z, Iwata J. Crucial Roles of microRNA-16-5p and microRNA-27b-3p in Ameloblast Differentiation Through Regulation of Genes Associated With Amelogenesis Imperfecta. Front Genet 2022; 13:788259. [PMID: 35401675 PMCID: PMC8990915 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.788259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amelogenesis imperfecta is a congenital disorder within a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by enamel hypoplasia. Patients suffer from early tooth loss, social embarrassment, eating difficulties, and pain due to an abnormally thin, soft, fragile, and discolored enamel with poor aesthetics and functionality. The etiology of amelogenesis imperfecta is complicated by genetic interactions. To identify mouse amelogenesis imperfecta-related genes (mAIGenes) and their respective phenotypes, we conducted a systematic literature review and database search and found and curated 70 mAIGenes across all of the databases. Our pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these genes were enriched in tooth development-associated pathways, forming four distinct groups. To explore how these genes are regulated and affect the phenotype, we predicted microRNA (miRNA)-gene interaction pairs using our bioinformatics pipeline. Our miRNA regulatory network analysis pinpointed that miR-16-5p, miR-27b-3p, and miR-23a/b-3p were hub miRNAs. The function of these hub miRNAs was evaluated through ameloblast differentiation assays with/without the candidate miRNA mimics using cultured mouse ameloblast cells. Our results revealed that overexpression of miR-16-5p and miR-27b-3p, but not miR-23a/b-3p, significantly inhibited ameloblast differentiation through regulation of mAIGenes. Thus, our study shows that miR-16-5p and miR-27b-3p are candidate pathogenic miRNAs for amelogenesis imperfecta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hiroki Yoshioka
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Teng Liu
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Aania Gull
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Naina Singh
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Thanh Le
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
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Costiniti V, Bomfim GHS, Neginskaya M, Son GY, Mitaishvili E, Giacomello M, Pavlov E, Lacruz RS. Mitochondria modulate ameloblast Ca 2+ signaling. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22169. [PMID: 35084775 PMCID: PMC8852362 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100602r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The role of mitochondria in enamel, the most mineralized tissue in the body, is poorly defined. Enamel is formed by ameloblast cells in two main sequential stages known as secretory and maturation. Defining the physiological features of each stage is essential to understand mineralization. Here, we analyzed functional features of mitochondria in rat primary secretory and maturation-stage ameloblasts focusing on their role in Ca2+ signaling. Quantification of the Ca2+ stored in the mitochondria by trifluoromethoxy carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone stimulation was comparable in both stages. The release of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pools by adenosine triphosphate in rhod2AM-loaded cells showed similar mitochondrial Ca2+ (m Ca2+ ) uptake. However, m Ca2+ extrusion via Na+ -Li+ -Ca2+ exchanger was more prominent in maturation. To address if m Ca2+ uptake via the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) played a role in cytosolic Ca2+ (c Ca2+ ) buffering, we stimulated Ca2+ influx via the store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and blocked MCU with the inhibitor Ru265. This inhibitor was first tested using the enamel cell line LS8 cells. Ru265 prevented c Ca2+ clearance in permeabilized LS8 cells like ruthenium red, and it did not affect ΔΨm in intact cells. In primary ameloblasts, SOCE stimulation elicited a significantly higher m Ca2+ uptake in maturation ameloblasts. The uptake of Ca2+ into the mitochondria was dramatically decreased in the presence of Ru265. Combined, these results suggest an increased mitochondrial Ca2+ handling in maturation but only upon stimulation of Ca2+ influx via SOCE. These functional studies provide insights not only on the role of mitochondria in ameloblast Ca2+ physiology, but also advance the concept that SOCE and m Ca2+ uptake are complementary processes in biological mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Costiniti
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA
| | - Guilherme H. S. Bomfim
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA
| | - Maria Neginskaya
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA
| | - Ga-Yeon Son
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA
| | - Erna Mitaishvili
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA
| | - Marta Giacomello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Evgeny Pavlov
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA
| | - Rodrigo S. Lacruz
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA
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10
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Developmental Defects of the Teeth and Their Hard Tissues. Pediatr Dent 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78003-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Costiniti V, Bomfim GH, Mitaishvili E, Son GY, Li Y, Lacruz RS. Calcium Transport in Specialized Dental Epithelia and Its Modulation by Fluoride. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:730913. [PMID: 34456880 PMCID: PMC8385142 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.730913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cells use calcium (Ca2+) as a second messenger to convey signals that affect a multitude of biological processes. The ability of Ca2+ to bind to proteins to alter their charge and conformation is essential to achieve its signaling role. Cytosolic Ca2+ (cCa2+) concentration is maintained low at ~100 nM so that the impact of elevations in cCa2+ is readily sensed and transduced by cells. However, such elevations in cCa2+ must be transient to prevent detrimental effects. Cells have developed a variety of systems to rapidly clear the excess of cCa2+ including Ca2+ pumps, exchangers and sequestering Ca2+ within intracellular organelles. This Ca2+ signaling toolkit is evolutionarily adapted so that each cell, tissue, and organ can fulfill its biological function optimally. One of the most specialized cells in mammals are the enamel forming cells, the ameloblasts, which also handle large quantities of Ca2+. The end goal of ameloblasts is to synthesize, secrete and mineralize a unique proteinaceous matrix without the benefit of remodeling or repair mechanisms. Ca2+ uptake into ameloblasts is mainly regulated by the store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) before it is transported across the polarized ameloblasts to reach the insulated enamel space. Here we review the ameloblasts Ca2+ signaling toolkit and address how the common electronegative non-metal fluoride can alter its function, potentially addressing the biology of dental fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rodrigo S. Lacruz
- Department Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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12
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Butera A, Maiorani C, Morandini A, Simonini M, Morittu S, Barbieri S, Bruni A, Sinesi A, Ricci M, Trombini J, Aina E, Piloni D, Fusaro B, Colnaghi A, Pepe E, Cimarossa R, Scribante A. Assessment of Genetical, Pre, Peri and Post Natal Risk Factors of Deciduous Molar Hypomineralization (DMH), Hypomineralized Second Primary Molar (HSPM) and Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH): A Narrative Review. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8060432. [PMID: 34064138 PMCID: PMC8224286 DOI: 10.3390/children8060432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Analyze defects in the state of maturation of the enamel result in an adequate volume of enamel, but in an insufficient mineralization, which can affect both deciduous teeth and permanent teeth. Among the most common defects, we recognize Deciduous Molar Hypominerlization (DMH), Hypomineralized Second Primary Molar (HSPM), and Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH). These, in fact, affect the first deciduous molars, the second deciduous molars and molars, and permanent incisors, respectively, but their etiology remains unclear. The objective of the paper is to review studies that focus on investigating possible associations between genetic factors or prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal causes and these enamel defects. Materials and methods: A comprehensive and bibliometric search for publications until January 2021 was conducted. The research question was formulated following the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome strategy. Case-control, cross-sectional, cohort studies, and clinical trials investigating genetic and environmental etiological factors of enamel defects were included. Results: Twenty-five articles are included. For genetic factors, there is a statistical relevance for SNPs expressed in the secretion or maturation stage of amelogenesis (16% of studies and 80% of studies that investigated these factors). For prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal causes, there is a statistical relevance for postnatal factors, such as the breastfeeding period (2%), asthma (16%), high fever episodes (20%), infections/illnesses (20%), chickenpox (12%), antibiotic intake (8%), diarrhea (4%), and pneumonia (4%). Conclusions: The results are in agreement with the multifactorial idea of the dental enamel defects etiology, but to prove this, further studies enrolling larger, well-diagnosed, and different ethnic populations are necessary to expand the investigation of the genetic and environmental factors that might influence the occurrence of DMH, HPSM, and MIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Butera
- Unit of Dental Hygiene, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Carolina Maiorani
- Unit of Dental Hygiene, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Annalaura Morandini
- Member Association: “ Mamme & Igieniste”, 24125 Bergamo, Italy; (A.M.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (M.R.); (J.T.); (E.A.); (D.P.); (B.F.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Manuela Simonini
- Member Association: “ Mamme & Igieniste”, 24125 Bergamo, Italy; (A.M.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (M.R.); (J.T.); (E.A.); (D.P.); (B.F.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Stefania Morittu
- Member Association: “ Mamme & Igieniste”, 24125 Bergamo, Italy; (A.M.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (M.R.); (J.T.); (E.A.); (D.P.); (B.F.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Stefania Barbieri
- Member Association: “ Mamme & Igieniste”, 24125 Bergamo, Italy; (A.M.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (M.R.); (J.T.); (E.A.); (D.P.); (B.F.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Ambra Bruni
- Member Association: “ Mamme & Igieniste”, 24125 Bergamo, Italy; (A.M.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (M.R.); (J.T.); (E.A.); (D.P.); (B.F.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Antonia Sinesi
- Member Association: “ Mamme & Igieniste”, 24125 Bergamo, Italy; (A.M.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (M.R.); (J.T.); (E.A.); (D.P.); (B.F.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Maria Ricci
- Member Association: “ Mamme & Igieniste”, 24125 Bergamo, Italy; (A.M.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (M.R.); (J.T.); (E.A.); (D.P.); (B.F.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Julia Trombini
- Member Association: “ Mamme & Igieniste”, 24125 Bergamo, Italy; (A.M.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (M.R.); (J.T.); (E.A.); (D.P.); (B.F.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Elisa Aina
- Member Association: “ Mamme & Igieniste”, 24125 Bergamo, Italy; (A.M.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (M.R.); (J.T.); (E.A.); (D.P.); (B.F.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Daniela Piloni
- Member Association: “ Mamme & Igieniste”, 24125 Bergamo, Italy; (A.M.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (M.R.); (J.T.); (E.A.); (D.P.); (B.F.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Barbara Fusaro
- Member Association: “ Mamme & Igieniste”, 24125 Bergamo, Italy; (A.M.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (M.R.); (J.T.); (E.A.); (D.P.); (B.F.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Arianna Colnaghi
- Member Association: “ Mamme & Igieniste”, 24125 Bergamo, Italy; (A.M.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (M.R.); (J.T.); (E.A.); (D.P.); (B.F.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Elisa Pepe
- Member Association: “ Mamme & Igieniste”, 24125 Bergamo, Italy; (A.M.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (M.R.); (J.T.); (E.A.); (D.P.); (B.F.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Roberta Cimarossa
- Member Association: “ Mamme & Igieniste”, 24125 Bergamo, Italy; (A.M.); (M.S.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (M.R.); (J.T.); (E.A.); (D.P.); (B.F.); (A.C.); (E.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Andrea Scribante
- Unit of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
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13
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Mu Y, Huang X, Liu R, Gai Y, Liang N, Yin D, Shan L, Xu S, Yang G. ACPT gene is inactivated in mammalian lineages that lack enamel or teeth. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10219. [PMID: 33552707 PMCID: PMC7831365 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of tooth or enamel is widespread in multiple mammal lineages. Although several studies have been reported, the evolutionary mechanisms of tooth/enamel loss are still unclear. Most previous studies have found that some tooth-related genes have been inactivated in toothless and/or enamel-less mammals, such as ENAM, ODAM, C4orf26, AMBN, AMTN, DSPP, etc. Here, we conducted evolutionary analyses on ACPT playing a key role in amelogenesis, to interrogate the mechanisms. We obtained the ACPT sequences from 116 species, including edentulous and enamel-less mammals. The results shows that variant ORF-disrupting mutations were detected in ACPT coding region among nine edentulous baleen whales and three enamel-less taxa (pygmy sperm whale, aardvark, nine-banded armadillo). Furtherly, selective pressure uncovered that the selective constraints have been relaxed among all toothless and enamel-less lineages. Moreover, our results support the hypothesis that mineralized teeth were lost or degenerated in the common ancestor of crown Mysticeti through two shared single-base sites deletion in exon 4 and 5 of ACPT among all living baleen whales. DN/dS values on transitional branches were used to estimate ACPT inactivation records. In the case of aardvark, inactivation of ACPT was estimated at ~23.60–28.32 Ma, which is earlier than oldest aardvark fossil record (Orycteropus minutus, ~19 Ma), suggesting that ACPT inactivation may result in degeneration or loss of enamel. Conversely, the inactivation time of ACPT estimated in armadillo (~10.18–11.30 Ma) is later than oldest fossil record, suggesting that inactivation of ACPT may result from degeneration or loss of enamel in these mammals. Our findings suggested that different mechanisms of degeneration of tooth/enamel might exist among toothless and enamel-less lineages during evolution. Our study further considered that ACPT is a novel gene for studying tooth evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Mu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulin Gai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Na Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daiqing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shixia Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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14
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Reddy P, Aravelli S, Goud S, Malathi L. Amelogenesis Imperfecta with Nephrocalcinosis: A Rare Association in Siblings. Cureus 2019; 11:e5060. [PMID: 31516772 PMCID: PMC6721873 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel hypoplasia secondary to amelogenesis imperfect (AI) is one of the common developmental disturbances associated with the oral cavity. AI in association with multiple unerupted teeth is a rare entity, and in adolescence it not only has an affect on esthetics but also has an impact on the psychological status of the person. AI has been reported with other systemic anomalies previously. We report a case of AI in association with multiple unerupted teeth and nephrocalcinosis in siblings. The present case also highlights the importance of systemic examination and investigations in planning the treatment of a patient with AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Reddy
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saint Joseph Dental College, Eluru, IND
| | - Swathi Aravelli
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Mallareddy Dental College for Women, Malkajgiri, IND
| | - Soujanya Goud
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Army College of Dental Sciences, Malkajgiri, IND
| | - Loka Malathi
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sri Venkateshwara Dental Hospital, Adilabad, IND
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15
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Canine models of human amelogenesis imperfecta: identification of novel recessive ENAM and ACP4 variants. Hum Genet 2019; 138:525-533. [PMID: 30877375 PMCID: PMC6536466 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-01997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) refers to a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of inherited disorders affecting the structure, composition, and quantity of tooth enamel. Both non-syndromic and syndromic forms of AI have been described and several genes affecting various aspects of the enamel physiology have been reported. Genetically modified murine models of various genes have provided insights into the complex regulation of proper amelogenesis. Non-syndromic AI occurs spontaneously also in dogs with known recessive variants in ENAM and SLC24A4 genes. Unlike rodents with a reduced dentition and continuously erupting incisors, canine models are valuable for human AI due to similarity in the dental anatomy including deciduous and permanent teeth. We have performed a series of clinical and genetic analyses to investigate AI in several breeds of dogs and describe here two novel recessive variants in the ENAM and ACP4 genes. A fully segregating missense variant (c.716C>T) in exon 8 of ENAM substitutes a well-conserved proline to leucine, p.(Pro239Leu), resulting in a clinical hypomineralization of teeth. A 1-bp insertion in ACP4 (c.1189dupG) is predicted to lead to a frameshift, p.(Ala397Glyfs), resulting in an abnormal C-terminal part of the protein, and hypoplastic AI. The ENAM variant was specific for Parson Russell Terriers with a carrier frequency of 9%. The ACP4 variant was found in two breeds, Akita and American Akita with a carrier frequency of 22%. These genetic findings establish novel canine models of human AI with a particular interest in the case of the ACP4-deficient model, since ACP4 physiology is poorly characterized in human AI. The affected dogs could also serve as preclinical models for novel treatments while the breeds would benefit from genetic tests devised here for veterinary diagnostics and breeding programs.
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16
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Yang M, Huang W, Yang F, Zhang T, Wang C, Song Y. Fam83h mutation inhibits the mineralization in ameloblasts by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:206-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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17
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Brookes SJ, Barron MJ, Smith CEL, Poulter JA, Mighell AJ, Inglehearn CF, Brown CJ, Rodd H, Kirkham J, Dixon MJ. Amelogenesis imperfecta caused by N-terminal enamelin point mutations in mice and men is driven by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1863-1876. [PMID: 28334996 PMCID: PMC5411757 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
‘Amelogenesis imperfecta’ (AI) describes a group of inherited diseases of dental enamel that have major clinical impact. Here, we identify the aetiology driving AI in mice carrying a p.S55I mutation in enamelin; one of the most commonly mutated proteins underlying AI in humans. Our data indicate that the mutation inhibits the ameloblast secretory pathway leading to ER stress and an activated unfolded protein response (UPR). Initially, with the support of the UPR acting in pro-survival mode, Enamp.S55I heterozygous mice secreted structurally normal enamel. However, enamel secreted thereafter was structurally abnormal; presumably due to the UPR modulating ameloblast behaviour and function in an attempt to relieve ER stress. Homozygous mutant mice failed to produce enamel. We also identified a novel heterozygous ENAMp.L31R mutation causing AI in humans. We hypothesize that ER stress is the aetiological factor in this case of human AI as it shared the characteristic phenotype described above for the Enamp.S55I mouse. We previously demonstrated that AI in mice carrying the Amelxp.Y64H mutation is a proteinopathy. The current data indicate that AI in Enamp.S55I mice is also a proteinopathy, and based on comparative phenotypic analysis, we suggest that human AI resulting from the ENAMp.L31R mutation is another proteinopathic disease. Identifying a common aetiology for AI resulting from mutations in two different genes opens the way for developing pharmaceutical interventions designed to relieve ER stress or modulate the UPR during enamel development to ameliorate the clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Brookes
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building University Of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Martin J Barron
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Claire E L Smith
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - James A Poulter
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alan J Mighell
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Chris F Inglehearn
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Catriona J Brown
- Birmingham Dental Hospital and School of Dentistry, Birmingham B5 7EG, UK
| | - Helen Rodd
- Unit of Oral Health and Development, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jennifer Kirkham
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building University Of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Michael J Dixon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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18
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van der Geer AAE, Galis F. High incidence of cervical ribs indicates vulnerable condition in Late Pleistocene woolly rhinoceroses. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3684. [PMID: 28875067 PMCID: PMC5580387 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals as a rule have seven cervical vertebrae, a number that remains remarkably constant. Changes of this number are associated with major congenital abnormalities (pleiotropic effects) that are, at least in humans, strongly selected against. Recently, it was found that Late Pleistocene mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius) from the North Sea have an unusually high incidence of abnormal cervical vertebral numbers, approximately ten times higher than that of extant elephants. Abnormal numbers were due to the presence of large cervical ribs on the seventh vertebra, indicating a homeotic change from a cervical rib-less vertebra into a thoracic rib-bearing vertebra. The high incidence of cervical ribs indicates a vulnerable condition and is thought to be due to inbreeding and adverse conditions that may have impacted early pregnancies in declining populations. In this study we investigated the incidence of cervical ribs in another extinct Late Pleistocene megaherbivore from the North Sea and the Netherlands, the woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis). We show that the incidence of abnormal cervical vertebral numbers in the woolly rhinoceros is unusually high for mammals (15,6%, n = 32) and much higher than in extant Rhinoceratidae (0%, n = 56). This indicates that woolly rhinoceros lived under vulnerable conditions, just like woolly mammoths. The vulnerable condition may well have contributed to their eventual extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A E van der Geer
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
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19
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Lacruz RS, Habelitz S, Wright JT, Paine ML. DENTAL ENAMEL FORMATION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ORAL HEALTH AND DISEASE. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:939-993. [PMID: 28468833 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental enamel is the hardest and most mineralized tissue in extinct and extant vertebrate species and provides maximum durability that allows teeth to function as weapons and/or tools as well as for food processing. Enamel development and mineralization is an intricate process tightly regulated by cells of the enamel organ called ameloblasts. These heavily polarized cells form a monolayer around the developing enamel tissue and move as a single forming front in specified directions as they lay down a proteinaceous matrix that serves as a template for crystal growth. Ameloblasts maintain intercellular connections creating a semi-permeable barrier that at one end (basal/proximal) receives nutrients and ions from blood vessels, and at the opposite end (secretory/apical/distal) forms extracellular crystals within specified pH conditions. In this unique environment, ameloblasts orchestrate crystal growth via multiple cellular activities including modulating the transport of minerals and ions, pH regulation, proteolysis, and endocytosis. In many vertebrates, the bulk of the enamel tissue volume is first formed and subsequently mineralized by these same cells as they retransform their morphology and function. Cell death by apoptosis and regression are the fates of many ameloblasts following enamel maturation, and what cells remain of the enamel organ are shed during tooth eruption, or are incorporated into the tooth's epithelial attachment to the oral gingiva. In this review, we examine key aspects of dental enamel formation, from its developmental genesis to the ever-increasing wealth of data on the mechanisms mediating ionic transport, as well as the clinical outcomes resulting from abnormal ameloblast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S Lacruz
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stefan Habelitz
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - J Timothy Wright
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael L Paine
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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20
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Kim Y, Hur SW, Jeong BC, Oh SH, Hwang YC, Kim SH, Koh JT. The Fam50a positively regulates ameloblast differentiation via interacting with Runx2. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:1512-1522. [PMID: 28574578 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Differentiated ameloblasts secret enamel matrix proteins such as amelogenin, ameloblastin, and enamelin. Expression levels of these proteins are regulated by various factors. To find a new regulatory factor for ameloblast differentiation, we performed 2D-PAGE analysis using mouse ameloblast lineage cell line (mALCs) cultured with mineralizing medium. Of identified proteins, family with sequence similarity 50 member A (Fam50a) was significantly increased during differentiation of mALCs. Fam50a protein was also highly expressed in secretory ameloblasts of mouse tooth germs. In mALCs cultures, forced expression of Fam50a up-regulated the expression of enamel matrix protein genes such as amelogenin, ameloblastin, and enamelin. In addition, up-regulation of Fam50a also increased ALP activity and mineralized nodule formation in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, knockdown of Fam50a decreased expression levels of enamel matrix protein genes, ALP activity, and mineralized nodule formation. By fluorescence microscopy, endogenous Fam50a protein was found to be localized to the nucleus of ameloblasts. In addition, Fam50a synergistically increased Ambn transactivation by Runx2. Moreover, Fam50a increased binding affinity of Runx2 to Ambn promoter by physically interacting with Runx2. Taken together, these results suggest Fam50a might be a new positive regulator of ameloblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.,Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sung-Woong Hur
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.,Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.,Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sin-Hye Oh
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.,Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yun-Chan Hwang
- Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sun-Hun Kim
- Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.,Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Tae Koh
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.,Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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21
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Kong YY, Zheng JM, Zhang WJ, Jiang QZ, Yang XC, Yu M, Zeng SJ. The relationship between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and deciduous tooth decay in Chinese children. BMC Oral Health 2017; 17:111. [PMID: 28697775 PMCID: PMC5505030 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-017-0398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the present study, we explored the link between vitamin D receptor (VDR) BsmI, TaqI, ApaI and FokI gene polymorphisms with deciduous tooth decay in Chinese children. Methods Our study included 380 Chinese children aged 4–7 years, whose DNA sample was collected from the buccal mucosa. VDR gene polymorphisms was determined by PCR-RFLP. Results The adjusted logistic regression analysis demonstrated that BsmI containing the Bb genotype was linked with the increased risk of deciduous tooth decay (OR = 1.856, 95% CI = [1.184, 2.908], p = 0.007). However, VDR polymorphisms ApaI, TaqI and FokI were not associated with deciduous tooth decay (ApaI: OR = 0.839, 95% CI = [0.614, 1.145], p = 0.268; TaqI: OR = 1.150, 95% CI = [0.495, 2.672], p = 0.744; FokI: OR = 0.856, 95% CI = [0.616, 1.191], p = 0.356). Conclusions Our results showed that VDR BsmI polymorphism was associated with the risk of deciduous tooth decay in Chinese children aged 4–7 years. However, the specific mechanism remains to further verify through experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 39# Huangsha Road, Guangzhou, 510140, China.,Department of Endodontics, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Jian-Mao Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Wen-Juan Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Qian-Zhou Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 39# Huangsha Road, Guangzhou, 510140, China. .,Department of Endodontics, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China.
| | - Xue-Chao Yang
- Department of Oral Digital Center, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Dongfengxi Clinic, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Su-Juan Zeng
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
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22
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Yachuan Z, Xuedong Z, Liwei Z. [Expression and function of microRNAs in enamel development]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2017; 35:328-333. [PMID: 28675021 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous short, noncoding RNAs that can negatively regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. miRNAs are involved in multiple developmental events in various tissues and organs, including dental enamel development. Any disruption during enamel development may result in inherited enamel malformations. This article reviews the expression and function of miRNAs in enamel development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Yachuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhou Xuedong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zheng Liwei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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23
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Moreira RF, Figueiredo RG, Oliveira HE, Fonseca ACLD, Miranda MSD. Immediate Desensitization in Teeth Affected by Amelogenesis Imperfecta. Braz Dent J 2017; 27:359-62. [PMID: 27224574 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201600701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to describe a clinical case of immediate dental desensitization using a self-etch adhesive system in an adolescent patient diagnosed with amelogenesis imperfecta (AI). AI was associated with severe tooth sensitivity, treated by the application of a universal adhesive system for desensitization of the teeth affected by AI. Reduction of tooth sensitivity was assessed using a visual analog scale during all reevaluations. The technique was effective for reducing tooth sensitivity. It was concluded that the adhesive system for tooth desensitization had an immediate effect and maintained its effectiveness during a 12-month follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudá França Moreira
- UERJ - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ , Brazil
| | - Rossana Gomes Figueiredo
- UERJ - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ , Brazil
| | - Henrique Eduardo Oliveira
- UFF - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro RJ , Brazil
| | - Ana Christina Lamosa da Fonseca
- UERJ - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ , Brazil
| | - Mauro Sayão de Miranda
- UERJ - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ , Brazil
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24
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Misgar RA, Hassan Z, Wani AI, Bashir MI. Amelogenesis Imperfecta with Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis: A Novel Syndrome? Indian J Nephrol 2017; 27:225-227. [PMID: 28553046 PMCID: PMC5434692 DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.202826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a heterogeneous group of inherited dental enamel defects. It has rarely been reported in association with multiorgan syndromes and metabolic disorders. The metabolic disorders that have been reported in association with AI include hypocalciuria, impaired urinary concentrating ability, and Bartter-like syndrome. In literature, only three cases of AI and distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) have been described: two cases in adults and a solitary case in the pediatric age group. Here, we report a child with AI presenting with dRTA; to the best of our knowledge, our reported case is the only second such case in pediatric age group. Our case highlights the importance of recognizing the possibility of renal abnormalities in patients with AI as it will affect the long-term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Misgar
- Department of Endocrinology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Z Hassan
- Department of Endocrinology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - A I Wani
- Department of Endocrinology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - M I Bashir
- Department of Endocrinology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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25
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Kida M, Sakiyama Y, Matsuda A, Takabayashi S, Ochi H, Sekiguchi H, Minamitake S, Ariga T. A Novel Missense Mutation (p.P52R) in Amelogenin Gene Causing X-linked Amelogenesis Imperfecta. J Dent Res 2016; 86:69-72. [PMID: 17189466 DOI: 10.1177/154405910708600111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a hereditary disease with abnormal dental enamel formation. Here we report a Japanese family with X-linked AI transmitted over at least four generations. Mutation analysis revealed a novel mutation (p.P52R) in exon 5 of the amelogenin gene. The mutation was detected as heterozygous in affected females and as hemizygous in their affected father. The affected sisters exhibited vertical ridges on the enamel surfaces, whereas the affected father had thin, smooth, yellowish enamel with distinct widening of inter-dental spaces. To study the pathological cause underlying the disease in this family, we synthesized the mutant amelogenin p.P52R protein and evaluated it in vitro. Furthermore, we studied differences in the chemical composition between normal and affected teeth by x-ray diffraction analysis and x-ray fluorescence analysis. We believe that these results will greatly aid our understanding of the pathogenesis of X-linked AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kida
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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26
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Wang L, Zhu Y, Wang D. High-fluoride acitivates the FasL signalling pathway and leads to damage of ameloblast ultrastructure. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 71:31-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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27
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Amelogenesis imperfecta: review of diagnostic findings and treatment concepts. Odontology 2016; 104:245-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-016-0266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Ma P, Yan W, Tian Y, He J, Brookes SJ, Wang X. The Importance of Serine Phosphorylation of Ameloblastin on Enamel Formation. J Dent Res 2016; 95:1408-1414. [PMID: 27470066 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516661513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
FAM20C is a newly identified kinase on the secretory pathway responsible for the phosphorylation of serine residues in the Ser-x-Glu/pSer motifs in several enamel matrix proteins. Fam20C-knockout mice showed severe enamel defects very similar to those in the ameloblastin ( Ambn)-knockout mice, implying that phosphoserines may have a critical role in AMBN function. To test this hypothesis, we generated amelogenin ( Amel) promoter-driven Ambn-transgenic mice, in which Ser48, Ser226, and Ser227 were replaced by aspartic acid (designated as D-Tg) or alanines (designated as A-Tg). The negative charge of aspartic acid is believed to be able to mimic the phosphorylation state of serine, while alanine is a commonly used residue to substitute serine due to their similar structure. Using Western immunoblotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, the authors identified transgenic lines expressing transgenes somewhat higher (Tg+) or much higher (Tg++) than endogenous Ambn. The lower incisors collected from 7-d-old and 7-wk-old mice were analyzed by histology, scanning electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and Western immunoblotting to examine the morphology and microstructure changes in enamel, as well as the expression pattern of enamel matrix proteins. The A-Tg+ and A-Tg++ mice displayed severe enamel defects in spite of the expression level of transgenes, while the D-Tg+ and D-Tg++ mice showed minor to mild enamel defects, indicating that the D-Tg transgenes disturbed enamel formation less than the A-Tg transgenes did. Our results suggest that the phosphorylation state of serines is likely an essential component for the integrity of AMBN function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ma
- 1 Department of Oral Implantology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,2 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - W Yan
- 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Y Tian
- 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J He
- 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - S J Brookes
- 3 Department of Oral Biology, University of Leeds, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - X Wang
- 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
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29
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Jeremias F, Pierri RAG, Souza JF, Fragelli CMB, Restrepo M, Finoti LS, Bussaneli DG, Cordeiro RCL, Secolin R, Maurer-Morelli CV, Scarel-Caminaga RM, Santos-Pinto L. Family-Based Genetic Association for Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization. Caries Res 2016; 50:310-8. [PMID: 27179118 DOI: 10.1159/000445726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite some evidence of genetic and environmental factors on molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH), its aetiology remains unclear. This family-based genetic association study aimed more comprehensively to investigate the genetic carriage potentially involved in MIH development. DNA was obtained from buccal cells of 391 individuals who were birth family members of 101 Brazilian nuclear families. Sixty-three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were investigated in 21 candidate genes related to amelogenesis using the TaqMan™ OpenArray™ Genotyping platform. All SNPs were genotyped in 165 birth family members unaffected by MIH, 96 with unknown MIH status and 130 affected individuals (50.7% with severe MIH). Association analysis was performed by the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT), and statistical results were corrected using the false discovery rate. Significant results were obtained for SNPs rs7821494 (FAM83H gene, OR = 3.7; 95% CI = 1.75-7.78), rs34367704 (AMBN gene, OR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.16-6.58), rs3789334 (BMP2 gene, OR = 2.9; 95% CI = 1.34-6.35), rs6099486 (BMP7 gene, OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.14-4.38), rs762642 (BMP4 gene, OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.38-3.65), rs7664896 (ENAM gene, OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.19-3.51), rs1711399 (MMP20 gene, OR = 0.4; 95% CI = 0.20-0.72), rs1711423 (MMP20 gene, OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.18-3.61), rs2278163 (DLX3 gene, OR = 2.8; 95% CI = 1.26-6.41), rs6996321 (FGFR1 gene, OR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.20-5.88), and rs5979395 (AMELX gene, OR = 11.7; 95% CI = 1.63-84.74). Through this family-based association study, we concluded that variations in genes related to amelogenesis were associated with the susceptibility to develop MIH. This result is in agreement with the multifactorial idea of the MIH aetiology, but further studies are necessary to investigate more thoroughly the factors that could influence MIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Jeremias
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
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30
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Siddiqui S, Al-Jawad M. Enamelin Directs Crystallite Organization at the Enamel-Dentine Junction. J Dent Res 2016; 95:580-7. [PMID: 26912218 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516632745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel is an acellular material formed by the intricate process of amelogenesis. Disruption caused at the initial stages of development, by means of mutations in the ENAM gene encoding the enamelin protein, results in enamel hypoplasia. Little is known about the consequence of ENAM mutation on the enamel structure at a crystallographic level. The aim of this study was to characterize the structure of ENAM-mutated enamel to develop a deeper understanding of the role of enamelin protein during formation with regard to crystal organization. Synchrotron X-ray microdiffraction (SXRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been used to measure and correlate enamel crystallography and microstructure in hypoplastic and healthy enamel. Rietveld refinement carried out on 2-dimensional diffraction patterns, collected from the Advanced Photon Source, were used to quantify changes in the preferred orientation (crystallographic texture) within the labial regions of each tooth slice and then correlated with the local microstructure. In general, healthy deciduous incisors displayed a higher degree of crystal organization across the labial surface in comparison with the hypoplastic enamel. ENAM plays the greatest functional role at the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ), as it was the region that exhibited lowest texture relative to unaffected controls. Other areas within the tooth, however, such as the cusp tip, displayed greater organization in line with healthy enamel, suggesting its effects are restricted to the early stages of enamel secretion. Observed clinically, the surface of ENAM-mutated hypoplastic enamel can appear to be normal, yet severe sub-nano and microstructural defects appear beneath the subsurface layer. Quantitative characterization of the crystallographic properties from enamel with known genotype expands the understanding of enamel formation processes and can aid better clinical diagnosis and tailor-made treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Siddiqui
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK iNANO and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M Al-Jawad
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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31
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Ohta M, Nishimura H, Asada Y. Association of DLX3 gene polymorphism and dental caries susceptibility in Japanese children. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:55-61. [PMID: 25247779 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DLX3 are associated with dental caries susceptibility in Japanese children. DESIGN Genomic DNA of 201 Japanese children was extracted from buccal epithelial cells. The subjects were divided into two groups: 'low level' group with <10,000 colony forming units (CFU) of Streptococcus mutans/mL saliva (level 0) and 'high level' group with ≥ 10,000 CFU/mL (more than level 1). Each group was further divided according to decayed, missing, filled teeth (dmft) into low caries experience (dmft ≤2) and high caries experience (dmft ≥ 3). Seven SNPs in DLX3 were genotyped using TaqMan1® SNP Genotyping Assay. RESULTS Statistical significant association was observed between DLX3 (rs2278163) and caries experience in 'high level Mutans streptococci' group. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that rs2278163 SNP of DLX3 might be associated with dental caries susceptibility in Japanese children. T and C alleles of rs2278163 SNP may potentially be involved in caries susceptibility and caries protection respectively.
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32
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Sreelatha A, Kinch LN, Tagliabracci VS. The secretory pathway kinases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1687-93. [PMID: 25862977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a nearly universal post-translation modification involved in a plethora of cellular events. Even though phosphorylation of extracellular proteins had been observed, the identity of the kinases that phosphorylate secreted proteins remained a mystery until only recently. Advances in genome sequencing and genetic studies have paved the way for the discovery of a new class of kinases that localize within the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and the extracellular space. These novel kinases phosphorylate proteins and proteoglycans in the secretory pathway and appear to regulate various extracellular processes. Mutations in these kinases cause human disease, thus underscoring the biological importance of phosphorylation within the secretory pathway. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Inhibitors of Protein Kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Sreelatha
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lisa N Kinch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Vincent S Tagliabracci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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33
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Aesthetic and functional rehabilitation of the primary dentition affected by amelogenesis imperfecta. Case Rep Dent 2015; 2015:790890. [PMID: 25705526 PMCID: PMC4332759 DOI: 10.1155/2015/790890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this case report was to describe the oral rehabilitation of a five-year-old boy patient diagnosed with amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) in the primary dentition. AI is a group of hereditary disorders that affects the enamel structure. The patient was brought to the dental clinic complaining of tooth hypersensitivity during meals. The medical history and clinical examination were used to arrive at the diagnosis of AI. The treatment was oral rehabilitation of the primary molars with stainless steel crowns and resin-filled celluloid forms. The main objectives of the selected treatment were to enhance the esthetics, restore masticatory function, and eliminate the teeth sensitivity. The child was monitored in the pediatric dentistry clinic at four-month intervals until the mixed dentition stage. Treatment not only restored function and esthetic, but also showed a positive psychological impact and thereby improved perceived quality of life. The preventive, psychological, and curative measures of a young child with AI were successful. This result can encourage the clinicians to seek a cost-effective technique such as stainless steel crowns, and resin-filled celluloid forms to reestablish the oral functions and improve the child's psychosocial development.
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34
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Abstract
In this chapter the basic premises, the recent findings and the future challenges in the use of amelogenin for enamel tissue engineering are being discoursed on. Results emerging from the experiments performed to assess the fundamental physicochemical mechanisms of the interaction of amelogenin, the main protein of the enamel matrix, and the growing crystals of apatite, are mentioned, alongside a moderately comprehensive literature review of the subject at hand. The clinical importance of understanding this protein/mineral interaction at the nanoscale are highlighted as well as the potential for tooth enamel to act as an excellent model system for studying some of the essential aspects of biomineralization processes in general. The dominant paradigm stating that amelogenin directs the uniaxial growth of apatite crystals in enamel by slowing down the growth of (hk0) faces on which it adheres is being questioned based on the results demonstrating the ability of amelogenin to promote the nucleation and crystal growth of apatite under constant titration conditions designed to mimic those present in the developing enamel matrix. The role of numerous minor components of the enamel matrix is being highlighted as essential and impossible to compensate for by utilizing its more abundant ingredients only. It is concluded that the three major aspects of amelogenesis outlined hereby--(1) the assembly of amelogenin and other enamel matrix proteins, (2) the proteolytic activity, and (3) crystallization--need to be in precise synergy with each other in order for the grounds for the proper imitation of amelogenesis in the lab to be created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuk Uskoković
- Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
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35
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Sa Y, Liang S, Ma X, Lu S, Wang Z, Jiang T, Wang Y. Compositional, structural and mechanical comparisons of normal enamel and hypomaturation enamel. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:5169-5177. [PMID: 25172537 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary disorder of the enamel that severely influences the function, aesthetics and psychosocial well-being of patients. In this study, we performed a thorough comparison of normal and hypomaturation enamel through a series of systematical tests on human permanent molars to understand the biomineralization process during pathological amelogenesis. The results of microcomputed tomography, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, microzone X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, energy diffraction spectrum and Vickers microhardness testing together show dramatic contrasts between hypomaturation enamel and normal enamel in terms of their hierarchical structures, spectral features, crystallographic characteristics, thermodynamic behavior, mineral distribution and mechanical property. Our current study highlights the importance of the organic matrix during the amelogenesis process. It is found that the retention of the organic matrix will influence the quantity, quality and distribution of mineral crystals, which will further demolish the hierarchical architecture of the enamel and affect the related mechanical property. In addition, the high carbonate content in hypomaturation enamel influences the crystallinity, crystal size and solubility of hydroxyapatite crystals. These results deepen our understanding of hypomaturation enamel biomineralization during amelogenesis, explain the clinical manifestations of hypomaturation enamel, provide fundamental evidence to help dentists choose optimal therapeutic strategies and lead to improved biofabrication and gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sa
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Ma
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China
| | - Steven Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhejun Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yining Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China.
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Yin K, Hacia JG, Zhong Z, Paine ML. Genome-wide analysis of miRNA and mRNA transcriptomes during amelogenesis. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:998. [PMID: 25406666 PMCID: PMC4254193 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the rodent incisor during amelogenesis, as ameloblast cells transition from secretory stage to maturation stage, their morphology and transcriptome profiles change dramatically. Prior whole genome transcriptome analysis has given a broad picture of the molecular activities dominating both stages of amelogenesis, but this type of analysis has not included miRNA transcript profiling. In this study, we set out to document which miRNAs and corresponding target genes change significantly as ameloblasts transition from secretory- to maturation-stage amelogenesis. RESULTS Total RNA samples from both secretory- and maturation-stage rat enamel organs were subjected to genome-wide miRNA and mRNA transcript profiling. We identified 59 miRNAs that were differentially expressed at the maturation stage relative to the secretory stage of enamel development (False Discovery Rate (FDR)<0.05, fold change (FC)≥1.8). In parallel, transcriptome profiling experiments identified 1,729 mRNA transcripts that were differentially expressed in the maturation stage compared to the secretory stage (FDR<0.05, FC≥1.8). Based on bioinformatics analyses, 5.8% (629 total) of these differentially expressed genes (DEGS) were highlighted as being the potential targets of 59 miRNAs that were differentially expressed in the opposite direction, in the same tissue samples. Although the number of predicted target DEGs was not higher than baseline expectations generated by examination of stably expressed miRNAs, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that these 629 DEGS were enriched for ion transport, pH regulation, calcium handling, endocytotic, and apoptotic activities. Seven differentially expressed miRNAs (miR-21, miR-31, miR-488, miR-153, miR-135b, miR-135a and miR298) in secretory- and/or maturation-stage enamel organs were confirmed by in situ hybridization. Further, we used luciferase reporter assays to provide evidence that two of these differentially expressed miRNAs, miR-153 and miR-31, are potential regulators for their predicated target mRNAs, Lamp1 (miR-153) and Tfrc (miR-31). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, these data indicate that miRNAs exhibit a dynamic expression pattern during the transition from secretory-stage to maturation-stage tooth enamel formation. Although they represent only one of numerous mechanisms influencing gene activities, miRNAs specific to the maturation stage could be involved in regulating several key processes of enamel maturation by influencing mRNA stability and translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Yin
- />Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA103, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Joseph G Hacia
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA140, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Zhe Zhong
- />Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA103, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Michael L Paine
- />Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA103, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
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Oliveira FV, Dionísio TJ, Neves LT, Machado MAAM, Santos CF, Oliveira TM. Amelogenin gene influence on enamel defects of cleft lip and palate patients. Braz Oral Res 2014; 28:S1806-83242014000100245. [PMID: 25166767 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2014.vol28.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of mutations in the amelogenin gene (AMELX) in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and enamel defects (ED). A total of 165 patients were divided into four groups: with CLP and ED (n=46), with CLP and without ED (n = 34), without CLP and with ED (n = 34), and without CLP or ED (n = 51). Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva followed by conducting a Polymerase Chain Reaction and direct DNA sequencing of exons 2 through 7 of AMELX. Mutations were found in 30% (n = 14), 35% (n = 12), 11% (n = 4) and 13% (n = 7) of the subjects from groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Thirty seven mutations were detected and distributed throughout exons 2 (1 mutation - 2.7%), 6 (30 mutations - 81.08%) and 7 (6 mutations - 16.22%) of AMELX. No mutations were found in exons 3, 4 or 5. Of the 30 mutations found in exon 6, 43.34% (n = 13), 23.33% (n = 7), 13.33% (n = 4) and 20% (n = 6) were found in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. c.261 C > T (rs2106416), a silent mutation, was detected in 26 subjects, and found more significantly (p = 0.003) in patients with CLP (groups 1 and 2 - 23.75%), compared with those without CLP (groups 3 and 4 - 8.23%). In the groups without ED, this silent mutation was also found more significantly (p = 0.032) among subjects with CLP (17.65% in group 2), compared with those without CLP (7.8% in group 4). In conclusion, this study suggested that AMELX may be a candidate gene for cleft lip and palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Veronese Oliveira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Community Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago José Dionísio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucimara Teixeira Neves
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Ferreira Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais Marchini Oliveira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Community Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Alachioti XS, Dimopoulou E, Vlasakidou A, Athanasiou AE. Amelogenesis imperfecta and anterior open bite: Etiological, classification, clinical and management interrelationships. J Orthod Sci 2014; 3:1-6. [PMID: 24987656 PMCID: PMC4072389 DOI: 10.4103/2278-0203.127547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although amelogenesis imperfecta is not a common dental pathological condition, its etiological, classification, clinical and management aspects have been addressed extensively in the scientific literature. Of special clinical consideration is the frequent co-existence of amelogenesis imperfecta with the anterior open bite. This paper provides an updated review on amelogenesis imperfecta as well as anterior open bite, in general, and documents the association of these two separate entities, in particular. Diagnosis and treatment of amelogenesis imperfecta patients presenting also with anterior open bite require a lengthy, comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach, which should aim to successfully address all dental, occlusal, developmental, skeletal and soft tissue problems associated with these two serious clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xanthippi Sofia Alachioti
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Dimopoulou
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anatoli Vlasakidou
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios E Athanasiou
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; Dubai School of Dental Medicine, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Oliveira FV, Gurgel CV, Kobayashi TY, Dionísio TJ, Neves LT, Santos CF, Machado MAAM, Oliveira TM. Amelogenesis imperfecta and screening of mutation in amelogenin gene. Case Rep Dent 2014; 2014:319680. [PMID: 25045544 PMCID: PMC4089840 DOI: 10.1155/2014/319680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to report the clinical findings and the screening of mutations of amelogenin gene of a 7-year-old boy with amelogenesis imperfecta (AI). The genomic DNA was extracted from saliva of patient and his family, followed by PCR and direct DNA sequencing. The c.261C>T mutation was found in samples of mother, father, and brother, but the mutation was not found in the sequence of the patient. This mutation is a silent mutation and a single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs2106416). Thus, it is suggested that the mutation found was not related to the clinical presence of AI. Further research is necessary to examine larger number of patients and genes related to AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Veronese Oliveira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Community Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, No. 9-75, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Vecchione Gurgel
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Community Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, No. 9-75, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Yuriko Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Community Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, No. 9-75, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago José Dionísio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, No. 9-75, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucimara Teixeira Neves
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, No. 9-75, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil
- Hospital for the Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Rua Silvio Marchione, No. 3-20, 17012-900 Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ferreira Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, No. 9-75, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Andrade Moreira Machado
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Community Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, No. 9-75, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais Marchini Oliveira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Community Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, No. 9-75, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil
- Hospital for the Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Rua Silvio Marchione, No. 3-20, 17012-900 Bauru, SP, Brazil
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40
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Ravi P, Ekambaranath TS, Arasi SE, Fernando E. Distal renal tubular acidosis and amelogenesis imperfecta: A rare association. Indian J Nephrol 2013; 23:452-5. [PMID: 24339526 PMCID: PMC3841516 DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.120345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is characterized by a normal anion gap with hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Primary distal RTA (type I) is the most common RTA in children. Childhood presentation of distal RTA includes vomiting, failure to thrive, metabolic acidosis, and hypokalemia. Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) represents a condition where the dental enamel and oral tissues are affected in an equal manner resulting in the hypoplastic or hypopigmented teeth. We report a 10-year-old girl, previously asymptomatic presented with the hypokalemic paralysis and on work-up found out to have type I RTA. The discoloration of teeth and enamel was diagnosed as AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ravi
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Social Pediatrics, Stanley Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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41
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Abstract
Since the discovery of protein kinases, protein phosphorylation has emerged as a key regulatory mechanism. The majority of phosphoproteins reside within the nucleus and cytoplasm; however, many secreted proteins are phosphorylated by unknown kinases located within the secretory pathway and/or in the extracellular space. The Fam20 kinases are emerging as the enzymes responsible for phosphorylating secreted proteins and proteoglycans. Evolutionary analysis reveals that these kinases are exclusively present in metazoans and contain conserved features that are common among all eukaryotic protein kinases. Mutations in the Fam20 family members cause disorders of biomineralization in humans that highlight the physiological significance of secreted protein phosphorylation.
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42
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Li Z, Yu M, Tian W. An inductive signalling network regulates mammalian tooth morphogenesis with implications for tooth regeneration. Cell Prolif 2013; 46:501-8. [PMID: 23952789 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequential and reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, essential throughout such aspects of tooth morphogenesis as patterning, size and number of teeth, involves a well-ordered series of inductive and permissive signals that exert global control over cell proliferation, differentiation and organogenesis. In particular, growth factors, transcription factors and their corresponding receptors, as well as other soluble morphogens, make up a regulatory network at the molecular level that synergistically or antagonistically controls intra-/inter-cellular signal transduction during odontogenesis. This review summarizes recent advances in the study of crucial signalling pathways, for example of BMPs, Wnt, Notch, Shh and FGF, with emphasis on the potential integrated signalling network responsible for tooth formation. Our work probes into the complexity of these inductive signalling pathways to promote the understanding of tooth regeneration. Additionally, our study provides further insights into therapeutic strategies for various dental abnormalities in patterning and number, such as tooth agenesis and supernumerary teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Mete JJ, Dange SP, Khalikar AN, Vaidya SP. Functional and esthetic rehabilitation of mutilated dentition associated with amelogenesis imperfecta. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2013; 12:94-100. [PMID: 23858282 DOI: 10.1007/s13191-011-0102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This clinical case report describes the oral rehabilitation of an adult female patient diagnosed with hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta with inadequate, deteriorated restorations of anterior teeth, inadequate clinical crown heights of posterior teeth due to severe attrition of hypoplastic enamel. Treatment included extraction of teeth with poor prognosis, root canal treatment and crown lengthening of severely worn out teeth & full coverage porcelain-fused-to metal fixed restoration of entire dentition. The main objectives of the selected treatment were to enhance the esthetics, restore masticatory function and eliminate the teeth sensitivity. These treatment objectives were successfully met by sequential fixed prosthodontics treatment using Pankey-Mann-Schuyler philosophy of complete occlusal rehabilitation. Treatment not only restored function and esthetic, but also showed a positive psychological impact and thereby improved perceived quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra J Mete
- Department of Prosthodontics, Government Dental College, Aurangabad, 431001 Maharashtra India
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44
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Jeremias F, Koruyucu M, Küchler EC, Bayram M, Tuna EB, Deeley K, Pierri RA, Souza JF, Fragelli CMB, Paschoal MAB, Gencay K, Seymen F, Caminaga RMS, dos Santos-Pinto L, Vieira AR. Genes expressed in dental enamel development are associated with molar-incisor hypomineralization. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1434-42. [PMID: 23790503 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genetic disturbances during dental development influence variation of number and shape of the dentition. In this study, we tested if genetic variation in enamel formation genes is associated with molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH), also taking into consideration caries experience. DNA samples from 163 cases with MIH and 82 unaffected controls from Turkey, and 71 cases with MIH and 89 unaffected controls from Brazil were studied. Eleven markers in five genes [ameloblastin (AMBN), amelogenin (AMELX), enamelin (ENAM), tuftelin (TUFT1), and tuftelin-interacting protein 11 (TFIP11)] were genotyped by the TaqMan method. Chi-square was used to compare allele and genotype frequencies between cases with MIH and controls. In the Brazilian data, distinct caries experience within the MIH group was also tested for association with genetic variation in enamel formation genes. The ENAM rs3796704 marker was associated with MIH in both populations (Brazil: p=0.03; OR=0.28; 95% C.I.=0.06-1.0; Turkey: p=1.22e-012; OR=17.36; 95% C.I.=5.98-56.78). Associations between TFIP11 (p=0.02), ENAM (p=0.00001), and AMELX (p=0.01) could be seen with caries independent of having MIH or genomic DNA copies of Streptococcus mutans detected by real time PCR in the Brazilian sample. Several genes involved in enamel formation appear to contribute to MIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Jeremias
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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45
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Abstract
The family with sequence similarity 20 (Fam20) kinases phosphorylate extracellular substrates and play important roles in biomineralization. Fam20C is the Golgi casein kinase that phosphorylates secretory pathway proteins within Ser-x-Glu/pSer motifs. Mutations in Fam20C cause Raine syndrome, an osteosclerotic bone dysplasia. Here we report the crystal structure of the Fam20C ortholog from Caenorhabditis elegans. The nucleotide-free and Mn/ADP-bound structures unveil an atypical protein kinase-like fold and highlight residues critical for activity. The position of the regulatory αC helix and the lack of an activation loop indicate an architecture primed for efficient catalysis. Furthermore, several distinct elements, including the presence of disulfide bonds, suggest that the Fam20 family diverged early in the evolution of the protein kinase superfamily. Our results reinforce the structural diversity of protein kinases and have important implications for patients with disorders of biomineralization.
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46
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Wei W, Gao Y, Wang C, Zhao L, Sun D. Excessive fluoride induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and interferes enamel proteinases secretion. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2013; 28:332-341. [PMID: 21626649 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Protein retention in the enamel layer during tooth formation is well known to be associated with dental fluorosis but the underlying mechanism is unclear. The functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) correlate directly with secreted protein metabolism. We used an ameloblast-derived cell line to determine whether excessive amounts of fluoride cause ER stress, and whether this interferes with the secretion of enamel matrix proteinases. ER stress activates a signaling network called the unfolded protein response (UPR). Here, we used real-time RT-PCR and immunofluorescence to study the effect of fluoride on the expression, translation, and secretion of UPR transcription factors in ameloblast-like cells. Measurement of both the gene and protein expression of UPR transcription factors indicated that high-dose fluoride increases the expression of UPR transcription factors in a dose-dependent manner. We also used ELISA to detect and quantify the enamel proteinases secreted by ameloblasts. We found a corresponding decrease in extracellular secretion of the enamel proteinases matrix metalloproteinase-20 and kallikrein-4, after exposure to fluoride. Furthermore, correlation analysis indicated that the expression of UPR transcription factors showed a strong inverse correlation with that of enamel proteinases. The results suggest that high-dose fluoride initiates an ER stress response in ameloblasts and induces the UPR, which interferes with the synthesis and secretion of enamel proteinases. Taken together, these results suggest that excessive ingestion of fluoride during tooth formation can decrease the secretion of proteinases, thus causing protein retention in the enamel layer, indicating that the ER stress response may be responsible for dental fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
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47
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Gandolfi B, Liu H, Griffioen L, Pedersen NC. Simple recessive mutation inENAMis associated with amelogenesis imperfecta in Italian Greyhounds. Anim Genet 2013; 44:569-78. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gandolfi
- Center for Companion Animal Health; Koret Center for Veterinary Genetics; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; One Shields Avenue; Davis; CA; 95616; USA
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Center for Companion Animal Health; Koret Center for Veterinary Genetics; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; One Shields Avenue; Davis; CA; 95616; USA
| | - Layle Griffioen
- Center for Companion Animal Health; Koret Center for Veterinary Genetics; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; One Shields Avenue; Davis; CA; 95616; USA
| | - Niels C. Pedersen
- Center for Companion Animal Health; Koret Center for Veterinary Genetics; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; One Shields Avenue; Davis; CA; 95616; USA
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48
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Amelogenesis imperfecta – Functional and esthetic rehabilitation of a mutilated dentition. Indian J Dent 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijd.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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49
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Modesto A, Klein O, Tenuta LMA, Gerlach RF, Vieira AR. Summary of the IADR Cariology Research, Craniofacial Biology, and Mineralized Tissue Groups Symposium, Iguaçu Falls, Brazil, June 2012: Gene-environment Interactions and Epigenetics in Oral Diseases: Enamel Formation and its Clinical Impact on Tooth Defects, Caries, and Erosion. DENTISTRY 3000 2013; 1:http://dentistry3000.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/dentistry3000/article/view/16/17. [PMID: 25392764 PMCID: PMC4225817 DOI: 10.5195/d3000.2013.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Characteristics of enamel may influence or modulate individual susceptibility to caries and erosion. These characteristics are defined during development, which is under strict genetic control, but can easily be modified in many ways by environmental factors. In the symposium, translational aspects of embryology, biochemistry, and genetics of amelogenesis were presented. The symposium provided unique insight into how basic sciences integrate with clinically relevant problems. The need for improved understanding of risks at the individual level, taking into consideration both environmental exposures and genetic background, was presented. The symposium was divided into four stepwise and interconnected topics as follows: 1) The Many Faces of Enamel Development; 2) Enamel Pathogenesis: Biochemistry Lessons; 3) Environmental Factors on Enamel Formation; and, 4) Genetic Variation in Enamel Formation Genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Modesto
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ophir Klein
- University of California, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Livia M A Tenuta
- University of Campinas, Piracicaba Dental School, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre R Vieira
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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50
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Tagliabracci VS, Pinna LA, Dixon JE. Secreted protein kinases. Trends Biochem Sci 2012; 38:121-30. [PMID: 23276407 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases constitute one of the largest gene families and control many aspects of cellular life. In retrospect, the first indication for their existence was reported 130 years ago when the secreted protein, casein, was shown to contain phosphate. Despite its identification as the first phosphoprotein, the responsible kinase has remained obscure. This conundrum was solved with the discovery of a novel family of atypical protein kinases that are secreted and appear to phosphorylate numerous extracellular proteins, including casein. Fam20C, the archetypical member, phosphorylates secreted proteins within Ser-x-Glu/pSer motifs. This discovery has solved a 130-year-old mystery and has shed light on several human disorders of biomineralization.
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