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Herrmann M, Rodriguez-Blanco G, Balasso M, Sobolewska K, Semeraro MD, Alonso N, Herrmann W. The role of bile acid metabolism in bone and muscle: from analytics to mechanisms. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024; 61:510-528. [PMID: 38488591 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2323132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are both common age-related disorders that are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Bone and muscle are metabolically very active tissues that require large amounts of energy. Bile acids (BAs), a group of liver-derived steroid compounds, are primarily known as emulsifiers that facilitate the resorption of dietary fat and lipids. In addition, they have pleiotropic metabolic functions in lipoprotein and glucose metabolism, inflammation, and intestinal bacterial growth. Through these effects, they are related to metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. BAs mediate their metabolic effects through receptor dependent and receptor-independent mechanisms. Emerging evidence suggests that BAs are also involved in bone and muscle metabolism. Under normal circumstances, BAs support bone health by shifting the delicate equilibrium of bone turnover toward bone formation. In contrast, low or excessive amounts of BAs promote bone resorption. In cholestatic liver disease, BAs accumulate in the liver, reach toxic concentrations in the circulation, and thus may contribute to bone loss and muscle wasting. In addition, the measurement of BAs is in rapid evolution with modern mass spectrometry techniques that allow for the detection of a continuously growing number of BAs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the biochemistry, physiology and measurement of bile acids. Furthermore, it summarizes the existing literature regarding their role in bone and muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Giovanny Rodriguez-Blanco
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marco Balasso
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Sobolewska
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria Donatella Semeraro
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nerea Alonso
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Qi D, Zheng T, Yang M, Huang Z, Wang T, Wang Q, Chen B. Bile Acid Composition and Transcriptome Analysis of the Liver and Small Intestine in Different Species. Metabolites 2024; 14:451. [PMID: 39195547 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14080451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile, a crucial fluid produced continuously by the liver, plays an essential role in digestion within the small intestine. Beyond its primary function in lipid digestion, bile also acts as a pathway for the elimination of various endogenous and exogenous substances. There have been limited studies focusing on interspecies differences. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of bile acid (BA) composition and its correlation with gene expression patterns across six different species, including mammals and poultry, through combining Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and transcriptome sequencing. The BA profiles revealed distinct metabolite clusters: D-glucuronic acid (GLCA) and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) were predominant in mammals, while taurolithocholic acid (TLCA) and T-alpha-MCA were prevalent in poultry, highlighting species-specific BA compositions. Differentially abundant metabolites, particularly GDCA, glycohyodeoxycholic acid (GHDCA) and taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA) showed significant variations across species, with pigs showing the highest BA content. Transcriptome analysis of the liver and small intestine tissues of 56 cDNA libraries across the six species revealed distinct mRNA expression patterns. These patterns clustered samples into broad categories based on tissue type and phylogenetic relationships. Furthermore, the correlation between gene expression and BA content was examined, identifying the top 20 genes with significant associations. These genes potentially serve as biomarkers for BA regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Qi
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang 615000, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Maosen Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agrobioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhiying Huang
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030801, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Ningnan County Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xichang 615400, China
| | - Binlong Chen
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang 615000, China
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Sheng Y, Meng G, Zhang M, Chen X, Chai X, Yu H, Han L, Wang Q, Wang Y, Jiang M. Dan-shen Yin promotes bile acid metabolism and excretion to prevent atherosclerosis via activating FXR/BSEP signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118209. [PMID: 38663779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dan-shen Yin (DSY), a traditional prescription, has been demonstrated to be effective in decreasing hyperlipidemia and preventing atherosclerosis (AS), but its mechanism remains unknown. We hypothesized that DSY activates farnesoid X receptor (FXR) to promote bile acid metabolism and excretion, thereby alleviating AS. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was designed to explore whether DSY reduces liver lipid accumulation and prevents AS by activating FXR and increasing cholesterol metabolism and bile acid excretion. MATERIALS AND METHODS The comprehensive chemical characterization of DSY was analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS. The AS models of ApoE-/- mice and SD rats was established by high-fat diet and high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of vitamin D3, respectively. The aortic plaque and pathological changes were used to evaluate AS. Lipid levels, H&E staining and oil red O staining were used to evaluate liver lipid accumulation. The cholesterol metabolism and bile acid excretion were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, UPLC-QQQ/MS. In vitro, the lipid and FXR/bile salt export pump (BSEP) levels were evaluated by oil red O staining, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting. RESULTS A total of 36 ingredients in DSY were identified by UPLC-MS/MS analysis. In vivo, high-dose DSY significantly inhibited aortic intimal thickening, improved arrangement disorder, tortuosity, and rupture of elastic fibers, decreased lipid levels, and reduced the number of fat vacuoles and lipid droplets in liver tissue in SD rats and ApoE-/- mice. Further studies found that high-dose DSY significantly reduced liver lipid and total bile acids levels, increased liver ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and other non-conjugated bile acids levels, increased fecal total cholesterol (TC) levels, and augmented FXR, BSEP, cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase (CYP7A1), ATP binding cassette subfamily G5/G8 (ABCG5/8) expression levels, while decreasing ASBT expression levels. In vitro studies showed that DSY significantly reduced TC and TG levels, as well as lipid droplets, while also increasing the expression of ABCG5/8, FXR, and BSEP in both HepG2 and Nr1h4 knockdown HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that DSY promotes bile acid metabolism and excretion to prevent AS by activating FXR. For the prevent of AS and drug discovery provided experimental basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkun Sheng
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Guibing Meng
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Min Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xiaopeng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xin Chai
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Lifeng Han
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Qilong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Miaomiao Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Sheng Y, Meng G, Zhang M, Chen X, Chai X, Yu H, Han L, Wang Q, Wang Y, Jiang M. Dan-shen Yin promotes bile acid metabolism and excretion to prevent atherosclerosis via activating FXR/BSEP signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118209. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2024.118209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
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Chan JCN, Yang A, Chu N, Chow E. Current type 2 diabetes guidelines: Individualized treatment and how to make the most of metformin. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26 Suppl 3:55-74. [PMID: 38992869 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Evidence-based guidelines provide the premise for the delivery of quality care to preserve health and prevent disabilities and premature death. The systematic gathering of observational, mechanistic and experimental data contributes to the hierarchy of evidence used to guide clinical practice. In the field of diabetes, metformin was discovered more than 100 years ago, and with 60 years of clinical use, it has stood the test of time regarding its value in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. Although some guidelines have challenged the role of metformin as the first-line glucose-lowering drug, it is important to point out that the cardiovascular-renal protective effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists were gathered from patients with type 2 diabetes, the majority of whom were treated with metformin. Most national, regional and international guidelines recommend metformin as a foundation therapy with emphasis on avoidance of therapeutic inertia and early attainment of multiple treatment goals. Moreover, real-world evidence has confirmed the glucose-lowering and cardiovascular-renal benefits of metformin accompanied by an extremely low risk of lactic acidosis. In patients with type 2 diabetes and advanced chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate 15-30 mL/min/1.73m2), metformin discontinuation was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular-renal events compared with metformin persistence. Meanwhile, it is understood that microbiota, nutrients and metformin can interact through the gut-brain-kidney axis to modulate homeostasis of bioactive molecules, systemic inflammation and energy metabolism. While these biological changes contribute to the multisystem effects of metformin, they may also explain the gastrointestinal side effects and vitamin B12 deficiency associated with metformin intolerance. By understanding the interactions between metformin, foods and microbiota, healthcare professionals are in a better position to optimize the use of metformin and mitigate potential side effects. The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study and the Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Program commenced 40 years ago provided the first evidence that type 2 diabetes is preventable and treatable. To drive real-world impact from this evidence, payors, practitioners and planners need to co-design and implement an integrated, data-driven, metformin-based programme to detect people with undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes (intermediate hyperglycaemia), notably impaired glucose tolerance, for early intervention. The systematic data collection will create real-world evidence to bring out the best of metformin and make healthcare sustainable, affordable and accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C N Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aimin Yang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Natural Chu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Elaine Chow
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Phase 1 Clinical Trial Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Guo W, Zhong W, He L, Wei X, Hao L, Dong H, Yue R, Sun X, Yin X, Zhao J, Zhang X, Zhou Z. Reversal of hepatic accumulation of nordeoxycholic acid underlines the beneficial effects of cholestyramine on alcohol-associated liver disease in mice. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0507. [PMID: 39082957 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of bile acids (BAs) has been reported in alcohol-associated liver disease. However, the causal relationship between BA dyshomeostasis and alcohol-associated liver disease remains unclear. The study aimed to determine whether correcting BA perturbation protects against alcohol-associated liver disease and elucidate the underlying mechanism. METHODS BA sequestrant cholestyramine (CTM) was administered to C57BL/6J mice fed alcohol for 8 weeks to assess its protective effect and explore potential BA targets. The causal relationship between identified BA metabolite and cellular damage was examined in hepatocytes, with further manipulation of the detoxifying enzyme cytochrome p450 3A11. The toxicity of the BA metabolite was further validated in mice in an acute study. RESULTS We found that CTM effectively reversed hepatic BA accumulation, leading to a reversal of alcohol-induced hepatic inflammation, cell death, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy dysfunction. Specifically, nordeoxycholic acid (NorDCA), a hydrophobic BA metabolite, was identified as predominantly upregulated by alcohol and reduced by CTM. Hepatic cytochrome p450 3A11 expression was in parallel with NorDCA levels, being upregulated by alcohol and reduced by CTM. Moreover, CTM reversed alcohol-induced gut barrier disruption and endotoxin translocation. Mechanistically, NorDCA was implicated in causing endoplasmic reticulum stress, suppressing autophagy flux, and inducing cell injury, and such deleterious effects could be mitigated by cytochrome p450 3A11 overexpression. Acute NorDCA administration in mice significantly induced hepatic inflammation and injury along with disrupting gut barrier integrity, leading to subsequent endotoxemia. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that CTM treatment effectively reversed alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. The beneficial effects of BA sequestrant involve lowering toxic NorDCA levels. NorDCA not only worsens hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress and inhibits autophagy but also mediates gut barrier disruption and systemic translocation of pathogen-associated molecular patterns in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research
| | - Wei Zhong
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Liqing He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Wei
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Liuyi Hao
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research
| | - Haibo Dong
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research
| | - Ruichao Yue
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research
| | - Xinguo Sun
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research
| | - Xinmin Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Zhanxiang Zhou
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
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Khosravi S, Tabatabaei-Malazy O, Emamgholipour S, Sojoodi M, Shabani P. Editorial: Prebiotics in the management of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1432530. [PMID: 39022339 PMCID: PMC11252036 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1432530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Khosravi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solaleh Emamgholipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Parisa Shabani
- Frankel Institute For Heart and Brain Health, University of Michigan, Medial Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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8
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Tang Y, Fan Y, Wang Y, Wang D, Huang Q, Chen T, Cao X, Wen C, Shen X, Li J, You Y. A Current Understanding of FXR in NAFLD: The multifaceted regulatory role of FXR and novel lead discovery for drug development. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116658. [PMID: 38701562 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has reached 30 %, with an annual increase. The incidence of NAFLD-induced cirrhosis is rapidly rising and has become the leading indicator for liver transplantation in the US. However, there are currently no US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs for NAFLD. Increasing evidence underscores the close association between NAFLD and bile acid metabolism disorder, highlighting the feasibility of targeting the bile acid signaling pathway for NAFLD treatment. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is an endogenous receptor for bile acids that exhibits favorable effects in ameliorating the metabolic imbalance of bile acids, lipid disorders, and disruption of intestinal homeostasis, all of which are key characteristics of NAFLD, making FXR a promising therapeutic target for NAFLD. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse mechanisms through which FXR improves NAFLD, with particular emphasis on its involvement in regulating bile acid homeostasis and the recent advancements in drug development targeting FXR for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Tang
- School of Pharmacy & Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujuan Fan
- School of Pharmacy & Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Pharmacy & Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongqing Chen
- School of Pharmacy & Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Cao
- School of Pharmacy & Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cailing Wen
- School of Pharmacy & Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Shen
- School of Pharmacy & Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan You
- School of Pharmacy & Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Alrehaili BD. Unravelling the therapeutic landscape of bile acid-based therapies in gastrointestinal disorders. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2024:00936815-990000000-00080. [PMID: 38708898 DOI: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_53_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bile acids serve as endogenous ligands for nuclear and cell membrane receptors and play a crucial role in bile acid and lipid metabolism. These detergent-like compounds promote bile flow and aid in the absorption of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the intestine. Synthesized in the liver as end products of cholesterol catabolism, bile acids exhibit a chemical structure comprising a nucleus and a side chain featuring a carboxyl group, with diverse steric arrangements and potential polar substituents. Critical interactions occur between bile acid species and various nuclear and cell membrane receptors, including the farnesoid X receptor and G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1. This research aimed to review the literature on bile acids and their roles in treating different diseases. Currently, numerous investigations are concentrating on specific bile acid species that target nuclear receptors in the gastrointestinal system, aiming to improve the treatment of conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Given the global attention this topic has garnered from research groups, it is considered relatively new, thus anticipating some gaps or incomplete data. Bile acid species have a significant therapeutic promise, especially in their ability to activate or inhibit nuclear receptors, such as farnesoid X receptor. This research provides to offer essential information for scientists and medical practitioners interested in discovering new studies that underscore the importance of bile acids in ameliorating and impeding the progression of disorders. Furthermore, it opens avenues for previously overlooked bile acid-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandar D Alrehaili
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Pharmacy College, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
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Cheng Z, Chen Y, Schnabl B, Chu H, Yang L. Bile acid and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Molecular insights and therapeutic targets. J Adv Res 2024; 59:173-187. [PMID: 37356804 PMCID: PMC11081971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has been the second most common cause of liver transplantation in the United States. To date, NASH pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated but is multifactorial, involving insulin resistance, obesity, metabolic disorders, diet, dysbiosis, and gene polymorphism. An effective and approved therapy for NASH has also not been established. Bile acid is long known to have physiological detergent function in emulsifying and absorbing lipids and lipid-soluble molecules within the intestinal lumen. With more and more in-depth understandings of bile acid, it has been deemed to be a pivotal signaling molecule, which is capable of regulating lipid and glucose metabolism, liver inflammation, and fibrosis. In recent years, a plethora of studies have delineated that disrupted bile acid homeostasis is intimately correlated with NASH disease severity. AIMS The review aims to clarify the role of bile acid in hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism, liver inflammation, as well as liver fibrosis, and discusses the safety and efficacy of some pharmacological agents targeting bile acid and its associated pathways for NASH. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Bile acid has a salutary effect on hepatic metabolic disorders, which can ameliorate liver fat accumulation and insulin resistance mainly through activating Takeda G-protein coupled receptor 5 and farnesoid X receptor. Moreover, bile acid also exerts anti-inflammation and anti-fibrosis properties. Furthermore, bile acid has great potential in nonalcoholic liver disease stratification and treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilu Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China
| | - Yixiong Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Huikuan Chu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China.
| | - Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430022, China.
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Adorini L, Rigbolt K, Feigh M, Roth J, Erickson M. Increased hepatoprotective effects of the novel farnesoid X receptor agonist INT-787 versus obeticholic acid in a mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300809. [PMID: 38662778 PMCID: PMC11045142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a master regulator of bile acid and metabolic homeostasis, is a key target for treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This study compared efficacy of FXR agonists obeticholic acid (OCA) and INT-787 by liver histopathology, plasma biomarkers of liver damage, and hepatic gene expression profiles in the Amylin liver NASH (AMLN) diet-induced and biopsy-confirmed Lepob/ob mouse model of NASH. Lepob/ob mice were fed the AMLN diet for 12 weeks before liver biopsy and subsequent treatment with vehicle, OCA, or INT-787 for 8 weeks. Hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis (liver lipids, galectin-3, and collagen 1a1 [Col1a1], respectively), as well as plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels, were assessed. Hepatic gene expression was assessed in Lepob/ob mice that were fed the AMLN diet for 14 weeks then treated with vehicle, OCA, or INT-787 for 2 weeks. INT-787, which is equipotent to OCA but more hydrophilic, significantly reduced liver lipids, galectin-3, and Col1a1 compared with vehicle, and to a greater extent than OCA. INT-787 significantly reduced plasma ALT and AST levels, whereas OCA did not. INT-787 modulated a substantially greater number of genes associated with FXR signaling, lipid metabolism, and stellate cell activation relative to OCA in hepatic tissue. These findings demonstrate greater efficacy of INT-787 treatment compared with OCA in improving liver histopathology, decreasing liver enzyme levels, and enhancing gene regulation, suggesting superior clinical potential of INT-787 for the treatment of NASH and other chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Adorini
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Jonathan Roth
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mary Erickson
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Redondo-Flórez L, Rubio-Zarapuz A, Martín-Rodríguez A, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Microbiota Implications in Endocrine-Related Diseases: From Development to Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines 2024; 12:221. [PMID: 38255326 PMCID: PMC10813640 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review article delves into the critical role of the human microbiota in the development and management of endocrine-related diseases. We explore the complex interactions between the microbiota and the endocrine system, emphasizing the implications of microbiota dysbiosis for the onset and progression of various endocrine disorders. The review aims to synthesize current knowledge, highlighting recent advancements and the potential of novel therapeutic approaches targeting microbiota-endocrine interactions. Key topics include the impact of microbiota on hormone regulation, its role in endocrine pathologies, and the promising avenues of microbiota modulation through diet, probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. We underscore the importance of this research in advancing personalized medicine, offering insights for more tailored and effective treatments for endocrine-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (V.J.C.-S.); (A.R.-Z.); (J.F.T.-A.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Laura Redondo-Flórez
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/ Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Alejandro Rubio-Zarapuz
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (V.J.C.-S.); (A.R.-Z.); (J.F.T.-A.)
| | - Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (V.J.C.-S.); (A.R.-Z.); (J.F.T.-A.)
| | - José Francisco Tornero-Aguilera
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (V.J.C.-S.); (A.R.-Z.); (J.F.T.-A.)
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Xue Y, Wei Y, Cao L, Shi M, Sheng J, Xiao Q, Cheng Z, Luo T, Jiao Q, Wu A, Chen C, Zhong L, Zhang C. Protective effects of scutellaria-coptis herb couple against non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via activating NRF2 and FXR pathways in vivo and in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116933. [PMID: 37482263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Scutellaria-coptis herb couple (SC) is a classic herbal pair used in many Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulations in the treatment of endocrine and metabolic deseases. Diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are both endocrine and metabolic diseases. Previous studies have shown that SC has anti-diabetic effects. However, the effect and mechanism of SC against NASH remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to demonstrate the effect and mechanism of SC against NASH through the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) dual signaling pathways in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS The high fat diet-fed rat model, and HepG2 and RAW264.7 cell models were used. Serum biochemical indexes and liver histopathological changes were examined. Metabolomics, transcriptomics, and flow cytometry were performed. RT-qPCR and western blot analysis were performed to provide expression of NRF2 and FXR pathway signal molecules during SC's anti-NASH treatment in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS SC had anti-NASH effects in vivo with significantly improvement of serum NASH biochemical index and hepatopathological structure; meanwhile, SC significantly elevated the expression levels of FXR protein in liver and intestinal tissues, and cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) protein in liver. The mRNA expression levels of Takeda G protein receptor 5 (TGR5), CYP7A1, fibroblast growth factor receptor-4 (FGFR4), FXR, small heterodimer partner (SHP), fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were significantly elevated by SC. SC reduced the levels of NorCA, isoLCA and α-MCA in the feces of NAFLD rats. In vitro, SC-containing serum (SC-CS) was found to significantly reduce intracellular lipid deposition, inhibit ROS production, reduce intracellular Malondialdehyde (MDA) and IL-1β levels, and enhance the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Six differential genes closely related to oxidative stress and Nrf2 were identified by transcriptomic analysis. SC-CS up-regulated the expression of NRF2, and reduced the expression of TXNIP and Caspase-1 genes in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, SC-CS reduced the expression of Keap1 and NF-κB, and up-regulated the expression of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and SOD; SC-CS elevated the protein level of NRF2, and reduced the protein level of TXNIP in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSIONS the mechanisms of SC action against NASH was closely related to the simultaneous activations of both NRF2 and FXR signaling pathways. These findings provide a new insight into the anti-NASH application of SC in clinical settings and demonstrate the potential of SC in the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Xue
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, PR China
| | - Yue Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, PR China
| | - Lan Cao
- Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, PR China
| | - Min Shi
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, PR China
| | - Junqing Sheng
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China
| | - Qin Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, PR China
| | - Ziwen Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, PR China
| | - Tao Luo
- First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, PR China
| | - Quanhui Jiao
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, PR China
| | - Ailan Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Lingyun Zhong
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, PR China.
| | - Changhua Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, PR China; Nanchang Research Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Jiangxi, 330096, PR China.
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Yan M, Man S, Sun B, Ma L, Guo L, Huang L, Gao W. Gut liver brain axis in diseases: the implications for therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:443. [PMID: 38057297 PMCID: PMC10700720 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01673-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut-liver-brain axis is a three-way highway of information interaction system among the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and nervous systems. In the past few decades, breakthrough progress has been made in the gut liver brain axis, mainly through understanding its formation mechanism and increasing treatment strategies. In this review, we discuss various complex networks including barrier permeability, gut hormones, gut microbial metabolites, vagus nerve, neurotransmitters, immunity, brain toxic metabolites, β-amyloid (Aβ) metabolism, and epigenetic regulation in the gut-liver-brain axis. Some therapies containing antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), polyphenols, low FODMAP diet and nanotechnology application regulate the gut liver brain axis. Besides, some special treatments targeting gut-liver axis include farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists, takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) agonists, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor antagonists and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) analogs. Targeting gut-brain axis embraces cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), antidepressants and tryptophan metabolism-related therapies. Targeting liver-brain axis contains epigenetic regulation and Aβ metabolism-related therapies. In the future, a better understanding of gut-liver-brain axis interactions will promote the development of novel preventative strategies and the discovery of precise therapeutic targets in multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuli Man
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457, Tianjin, China.
| | - Benyue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457, Tianjin, China
| | - Long Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457, Tianjin, China
| | - Lanping Guo
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China.
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, 300072, Tianjin, China.
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Xiao L, Xu G, Chen S, He Y, Peng F, Yuan C. Kaempferol ameliorated alcoholic liver disease through inhibiting hepatic bile acid synthesis by targeting intestinal FXR-FGF15 signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 120:155055. [PMID: 37678053 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is characterized by the disturbance of bile acids homeostasis, which further deteriorates ALD. Bile acid metabolism and its related signal molecules have become new therapeutic targets for alcoholic liver disease. This study aimed to investigate the impact of kaempferol (KAE) on ALD and elucidate its underlying mechanisms. METHODS C57BL/6 N mice were utilized to establish Binge-on-Chronic alcohol exposure mice model. KAE was administered as an interventional drug to chronic alcohol-fed mice for four weeks to assess its effects on liver damage and bile acid metabolism. And Z-Guggulsterone (Z-Gu), a global FXR inhibitor, was used to investigate the impact of intestinal FXR-FGF15 signal in ALD mice. Additionally, intestinal epithelial cells were exposed to alcohol or specific bile acid to induce the damage of FXR activity in vitro. The dual luciferase activity assay was employed to ascertain the interplay between KAE and FXR activity. RESULTS The results indicated that KAE treatment exhibited a significant hepatoprotective effect against chronic alcohol-fed mice. Accompanied by the intestinal FXR activation, the administration of KAE suppressed hepatic bile acid synthesis and promoted intestinal bile acid excretion in chronic ALD mice. And the notable alterations in total bile acid levels and composition were observed in mice after chronic alcohol feeding, which were reversed by KAE supplementation. And more, the protective effects of KAE on ALD mice were deprived by the inhibition of intestinal FXR activation. In vitro experiments demonstrated that KAE effectively activated FXR-FGF15 signaling, mitigated the damage to FXR activity in intestinal epithelial cells caused by alcohol or specific bile acids. Additionally, luciferase activity assays revealed that KAE directly promoted FXR expression, thereby enhancing FXR activity. CONCLUSION KAE treatment inhibited hepatic bile acids synthesis, maintained bile acids homeostasis in ALD mice by directly activating intestinal FXR-FGF15 signaling, which effectively alleviated liver injury induced by chronic alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Guangfu Xu
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Silong Chen
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yumin He
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Fan Peng
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Chengfu Yuan
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.
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Guo X, Zhou Q, Jin J, Lan F, Wen C, Li J, Yang N, Sun C. Hepatic steatosis is associated with dysregulated cholesterol metabolism and altered protein acetylation dynamics in chickens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:108. [PMID: 37568219 PMCID: PMC10422840 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic steatosis is a prevalent manifestation of fatty liver, that has detrimental effect on the health and productivity of laying hens, resulting in economic losses to the poultry industry. Here, we aimed to systematically investigate the genetic regulatory mechanisms of hepatic steatosis in laying hens. METHODS Ninety individuals with the most prominent characteristics were selected from 686 laying hens according to the accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver, and were graded into three groups, including the control, mild hepatic steatosis and severe hepatic steatosis groups. A combination of transcriptome, proteome, acetylome and lipidome analyses, along with bioinformatics analysis were used to screen the key biological processes, modifications and lipids associated with hepatic steatosis. RESULTS The rationality of the hepatic steatosis grouping was verified through liver biochemical assays and RNA-seq. Hepatic steatosis was characterized by increased lipid deposition and multiple metabolic abnormalities. Integration of proteome and acetylome revealed that differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) interacted with differentially acetylated proteins (DAPs) and were involved in maintaining the metabolic balance in the liver. Acetylation alterations mainly occurred in the progression from mild to severe hepatic steatosis, i.e., the enzymes in the fatty acid oxidation and bile acid synthesis pathways were significantly less acetylated in severe hepatic steatosis group than that in mild group (P < 0.05). Lipidomics detected a variety of sphingolipids (SPs) and glycerophospholipids (GPs) were negatively correlated with hepatic steatosis (r ≤ -0.5, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the severity of hepatic steatosis was associated with a decrease in cholesterol and bile acid synthesis and an increase in exogenous cholesterol transport. CONCLUSIONS In addition to acquiring a global and thorough picture of hepatic steatosis in laying hens, we were able to reveal the role of acetylation in hepatic steatosis and depict the changes in hepatic cholesterol metabolism. The findings provides a wealth of information to facilitate a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of fatty liver and contributes to the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Qianqian Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jiaming Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Fangren Lan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Chaoliang Wen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Junying Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ning Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Congjiao Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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Grander C, Grabherr F, Tilg H. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: pathophysiological concepts and treatment options. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:1787-1798. [PMID: 37364164 PMCID: PMC10405569 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is continually increasing due to the global obesity epidemic. NAFLD comprises a systemic metabolic disease accompanied frequently by insulin resistance and hepatic and systemic inflammation. Whereas simple hepatic steatosis is the most common disease manifestation, a more progressive disease course characterized by liver fibrosis and inflammation (i.e. non-alcoholic steatohepatitis) is present in 10-20% of affected individuals. NAFLD furthermore progresses in a substantial number of patients towards liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Whereas this disease now affects almost 25% of the world's population and is mainly observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes, NAFLD also affects lean individuals. Pathophysiology involves lipotoxicity, hepatic immune disturbances accompanied by hepatic insulin resistance, a gut dysbiosis, and commonly hepatic and systemic insulin resistance defining this disorder a prototypic systemic metabolic disorder. Not surprisingly many affected patients have other disease manifestations, and indeed cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and extrahepatic malignancies are all contributing substantially to patient outcome. Weight loss and lifestyle change reflect the cornerstone of treatment, and several medical treatment options are currently under investigation. The most promising treatment strategies include glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor antagonists, sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors, Fibroblast Growth Factor analogues, Farnesoid X receptor agonists, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists. Here, we review epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutic options for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Grander
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Felix Grabherr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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Deng Y, Jiang S, Huang Y, Tan X, Huang Y, Chen L, Xu J, Xiong X, Zhou J, Xu Y. Metformin Contributes to the Therapeutic Effects of Acne Vulgaris by Modifying the Gut Microbiome. Dermatol Ther 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/9336867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Background. Considering the increasing side effects of the first-line treatment for acne vulgaris, metformin was developed to be an effective adjunct therapy, but its mechanism of action is poorly defined. Recent evidence shows that the gut microbiota is a site of metformin action. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects and mechanism of action for metformin in the adjuvant treatment of acne vulgaris by regulating gut microbiota. Methods. First, untreated acne patients were randomly allocated into two treatment groups. Both groups were treated with isotretinoin, but only one was additionally treated with metformin, for three months. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were used as acne models, and they were also separated into groups that received isotretinoin, metformin, a combination of isotretinoin and metformin, and the vehicle, respectively. Then, the fecal samples from drug-intervention rats were transferred to germ-free rats with acne. The severity of the disease was evaluated using the Global Acne Grading System (GAGS) scoring for patients, and the number of comedones and mononuclear cells in pathological sections was used for rats. The composition of the gut microbiota was detected using gene sequencing for 16S rDNA. Results. Metformin had strong effects on the composition and function of the gut microbiota, and this correlated with the reduction in the severity of acne in both humans and rats. The fecal transfer to pseudo-germ-free rats improved both the inflammatory phenotype and comedones of acne in recipients of metformin-altered microbiota. Conclusion. The results suggest that metformin improves the symptoms of acne vulgaris by modulating the gut microbiota.
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Cui S, Hu H, Chen A, Cui M, Pan X, Zhang P, Wang G, Wang H, Hao H. SIRT1 activation synergizes with FXR agonism in hepatoprotection via governing nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and degradation of FXR. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:559-576. [PMID: 36873184 PMCID: PMC9978964 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is widely accepted as a promising target for various liver diseases; however, panels of ligands in drug development show limited clinical benefits, without a clear mechanism. Here, we reveal that acetylation initiates and orchestrates FXR nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and then enhances degradation by the cytosolic E3 ligase CHIP under conditions of liver injury, which represents the major culprit that limits the clinical benefits of FXR agonists against liver diseases. Upon inflammatory and apoptotic stimulation, enhanced FXR acetylation at K217, closed to the nuclear location signal, blocks its recognition by importin KPNA3, thereby preventing its nuclear import. Concomitantly, reduced phosphorylation at T442 within the nuclear export signals promotes its recognition by exportin CRM1, and thereby facilitating FXR export to the cytosol. Acetylation governs nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of FXR, resulting in enhanced cytosolic retention of FXR that is amenable to degradation by CHIP. SIRT1 activators reduce FXR acetylation and prevent its cytosolic degradation. More importantly, SIRT1 activators synergize with FXR agonists in combating acute and chronic liver injuries. In conclusion, these findings innovate a promising strategy to develop therapeutics against liver diseases by combining SIRT1 activators and FXR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Huijian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - An Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaojie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Zhang G, Chen H, Ren W, Huang J. Efficacy of bile acid profiles in diagnosing and staging of alcoholic liver disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2023; 83:8-17. [PMID: 36484775 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2022.2151508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM The diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is still a great challenge. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify and characterize new metabolomic biomarkers for the diagnosis and staging of ALD. METHODS A total of 127 patients with early liver injury, 40 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (ALC) and 40 healthy controls were included in this study. Patients with early liver injury included 45 patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD), 40 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and 40 patients with viral liver disease (VLD). The differential metabolites in serum samples were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and partial metabolites in the differential metabolic pathway were identified by liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS A total of 40 differential metabolites and five differential metabolic pathways in the four groups of patients with early liver disease and healthy controls were found, and the metabolic pathway of primary bile acid (BA) biosynthesis was the pathway that included the most differential metabolites. Therefore, 22 BA profiles were detected. The results revealed that the changes of BA profiles were most pronounced in patients with ALD compared with patients with NAFLD and VLD, in whom 12 differential BAs were diagnostic markers of ALD (AUC = 0.883). The 19 differential BAs in ALC and ALD were diagnostic markers of the stage of alcoholic hepatic fibrosis (AUC = 0.868). CONCLUSION BA profiles are potential indicators in the diagnosis of ALD and evaluation of different stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaixia Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haizhen Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenbo Ren
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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One-step metal affinity purification of recombinant hFGF19 without using tags. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 201:106186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Che Y, Fu S, Wang H, Suo J, Chen C, Pu D, Li C, Yang Y. Correlation of the Gut Microbiota and Antitumor Immune Responses Induced by a Human Papillomavirus Therapeutic Vaccine. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:2494-2504. [PMID: 36342280 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted pathogen worldwide and the major risk factor for cervical cancer. According to our previous study, antitumor immune responses induced by a therapeutic vaccine based on HPV E7 peptide are highly variable among individuals. Many studies have demonstrated that the discrepancy in the gut microbiota is an important factor in the development and regulation of the immune system. Therefore, we performed a systematic comparative analysis of gut microbiota in two groups of mice with significant differences in antitumor effects induced by the vaccine, as well as the correlation between immune cells and gut microbiota. We divided the mice into group A, in which the tumor continued growing, and group B, in which the tumor volume was significantly reduced. In group B mice, the vaccination induced a stronger antitumor activity with significantly enhanced IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, as well as decreased immunosuppressive cells. A detailed gut microbiota analysis revealed a positive Spearman correlation between the percentage of CD8+ T cells and the relative abundance of Corynebacteriales, Parabacteroides, and Bacteroides_sp. Furthermore, the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells negatively correlated with the abundance of Proteobacteria and Bilophila. By contrast, the abundance of Proteobacteria, Desulfovibrio, and Bilophila positively correlated with the percentage of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and type 2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages (M2-TAMs). Overall, the composition of gut microbiota is related to vaccine-induced antitumor effects, and there is a correlation between some gut bacteria and vaccine-induced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Che
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Shihan Fu
- International School, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Nursing College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Jinguo Suo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Dan Pu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Can Li
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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Chen R, Ruan M, Chen S, Tian Y, Wang H, Li N, Zhang J, Yu X, Liu Z. Circadian dysregulation disrupts gut microbe-related bile acid metabolism. Food Nutr Res 2022. [DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v66.7653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Disturbance of circadian rhythm leads to abnormalities in bile acid (BA) and lipid metabolism, and it is of great significance to explore the relationship between them. This study explored the effects of circadian dysregulation on the rhythms of intestinal BA metabolism.
Method: Period circadian clock 1/period circadian clock 2 (Per1/Per2) double gene knockout (DKO) and wild-type (WT) male C57BL/6 mice were fed with a control or high-fat diet for 16 weeks. We measure plasma parameters of mice. Pathological changes including those in liver and intestine were detected by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and oil O staining. Western blot was used to detect the intestinal core rhythm protein clock circadian regulator (CLOCK), nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 1 (REV-ERBα), Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), Small heterodimer partner (SHP), and Fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) expressions. We analyzed the bile acid and intestinal flora profile in the mice intestine tissues by BA-targeted metabolomics detection and high-throughput sequencing.
Results: Rhythmic chaos affected lipid metabolism and lipid accumulation in mice liver and intestine, and diurnal fluctuations of plasma triglycerides (TGs) were absent in normal-feeding DKO mice. The normal circadian fluctuations of the CLOCK and REV-ERBα observed in wild mice disappeared (normal diet) or were reversed (high-fat diet) in DKO mice. In WT mice intestine, total BA and conjugated BA were affected by circadian rhythm under both normal and high-fat diets, while these circadian fluctuations disappeared in DKO mice. Unconjugated BA seemed to be affected exclusively by diet (significantly increased in the high-fat group) without obvious fluctuations associated with circadian rhythm. Correlation analysis showed that the ratio of conjugated/unconjugated BA was positively correlated with the presence of Bacteroidetes and displayed a circadian rhythm. The expression levels of BA receptor pathway protein FXR, SHP, and FGF15 were affected by the ratio of conjugated/unconjugated BA.
Conclusion: Bacteroidetes-related diurnal changes to intestinal ratios of conjugated/unconjugated BA have the potential to regulate diurnal fluctuations in liver BA synthesis via FXR-FGF15. The inverted intestinal circadian rhythm observed in DKO mice fed with a high-fat diet may be an important reason for their abnormal circadian plasma TG rhythms and their susceptibility to lipid metabolism disorders.
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Zhou S, You H, Qiu S, Yu D, Bai Y, He J, Cao H, Che Q, Guo J, Su Z. A new perspective on NAFLD: Focusing on the crosstalk between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113577. [PMID: 35988420 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is primarily caused by abnormal lipid metabolism and the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver. NAFLD is also associated with hepatic steatosis and nutritional and energy imbalances and is a chronic liver disease associated with a number of factors. Nuclear receptors play a key role in balancing energy and nutrient metabolism, and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulate lipid metabolism genes, controlling hepatocyte lipid utilization and regulating bile acid (BA) synthesis and transport. They play an important role in lipid metabolism and BA homeostasis. At present, PPARα and FXR are the most promising targets for the treatment of NAFLD among nuclear receptors. This review focuses on the crosstalk mechanisms and transcriptional regulation of PPARα and FXR in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and summarizes PPARα and FXR drugs in clinical trials, laying a theoretical foundation for the targeted treatment of NAFLD and the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Zhou
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huimin You
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuting Qiu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dawei Yu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Jincan He
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
| | - Qishi Che
- Guangzhou Rainhome Pharm & Tech Co., Ltd, Science City, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Abdi M, Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh H, Ranjbar R. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium as anti-atherosclerotic agents. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:934-946. [PMID: 36159325 PMCID: PMC9464336 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.63860.14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the thickening or hardening of the arteries which is caused by a buildup of atheromatous plaque in the inner lining of an artery. Hypercholesterolemia, inflammation, oxidative stress, and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) are important risk factors for atherosclerosis. Therefore, this study aimed to review the anti-atherosclerotic effects of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium via improving lipid profile and reducing the effects of oxidative stress, inflammation, and TMAO. To prepare the present review, several databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched, and relevant articles from 1990 until 2022 were selected and reviewed. The present review showed that Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium reduce the risk of atherosclerosis in both in vitro and in vivo studies by breaking down or altering cholesterol metabolism with the help of their by-products and by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress and TMAO. Consumption of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium can be useful in prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Abdi
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Reza Ranjbar. Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Panzitt K, Zollner G, Marschall HU, Wagner M. Recent advances on FXR-targeting therapeutics. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 552:111678. [PMID: 35605722 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The bile acid receptor FXR has emerged as a bona fide drug target for chronic cholestatic and metabolic liver diseases, ahead of all non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). FXR is highly expressed in the liver and intestine and activation at both sites differentially contributes to its desired metabolic effects. Unrestricted FXR activation, however, also comes along with undesired effects such as a pro-atherogenic lipid profile, pruritus and hepatocellular toxicity under certain conditions. Several pre-clinical studies have confirmed the potency of FXR activation for cholestatic and metabolic liver diseases, but overall it remains still open whether selective activation of intestinal FXR is advantageous over pan-FXR activation and whether restricted or modulated FXR activation can limit some of the side effects. Even more, FXR antagonist also bear the potential as intestinal-selective drugs in NAFLD models. In this review we will discuss the molecular prerequisites for FXR activation, pan-FXR activation and intestinal FXR in/activation from a therapeutic point of view, different steroidal and non-steroidal FXR agonists, ways to restrict FXR activation and finally what we have learned from pre-clinical models and clinical trials with different FXR therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Panzitt
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Zollner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Wagner
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Bertolini A, Fiorotto R, Strazzabosco M. Bile acids and their receptors: modulators and therapeutic targets in liver inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:547-564. [PMID: 35415765 PMCID: PMC9256560 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids participate in the intestinal emulsion, digestion, and absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. When present in high concentrations, as in cholestatic liver diseases, bile acids can damage cells and cause inflammation. After the discovery of bile acids receptors about two decades ago, bile acids are considered signaling molecules. Besides regulating bile acid, xenobiotic, and nutrient metabolism, bile acids and their receptors have shown immunomodulatory properties and have been proposed as therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases of the liver. This review focuses on bile acid-related signaling pathways that affect inflammation in the liver and provides an overview of the preclinical and clinical applications of modulators of these pathways for the treatment of cholestatic and autoimmune liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bertolini
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208019, New Haven, CT, 06520-8019, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208019, New Haven, CT, 06520-8019, USA
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale Liver Center, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208019, New Haven, CT, 06520-8019, USA.
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28
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The Activity of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Hepatogastrointestinal Disorders and Diseases Associated with Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137229. [PMID: 35806234 PMCID: PMC9266451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and hepatogastrointestinal diseases are widespread worldwide, since many factors associated with lifestyle and diet influence their development and correlation. Due to these growing health problems, it is necessary to search for effective alternatives for prevention or adjuvants in treating them. The positive impact of regulated microbiota on health is known; however, states of dysbiosis are closely related to the development of the conditions mentioned above. Therefore, the role of prebiotics, probiotics, or symbiotic complexes has been extensively evaluated; the results are favorable, showing that they play a crucial role in the regulation of the immune system, the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, and the biotransformation of bile acids, as well as the modulation of their central receptors FXR and TGR-5, which also have essential immunomodulatory and metabolic activities. It has also been observed that they can benefit the host by displacing pathogenic species, improving the dysbiosis state in MetS. Current studies have reported that paraprobiotics (dead or inactive probiotics) or postbiotics (metabolites generated by active probiotics) also benefit hepatogastrointestinal health.
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29
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Li C, Yu S, Li X, Cao Y, Li M, Ji G, Zhang L. Medicinal Formula Huazhi-Rougan Attenuates Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Through Enhancing Fecal Bile Acid Excretion in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:833414. [PMID: 35721143 PMCID: PMC9198489 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.833414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huazhi-Rougan (HZRG) formula is a Traditional Chinese medicine prescription, and has been widely used to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the anti-NASH effects and the underlying mechanisms of HZRG have not yet been characterized. Here we showed that 4-week HZRG treatment alleviated methionine-choline-deficiency (MCD) diet-induced NASH in C57BL/6J mice, as evidenced by the improvement of hepatic steatosis and inflammation, as well as the decrease of serum levels of alanine and aspartate transaminases. Fecal 16S rDNA sequencing indicated that HZRG reduced the enrichment of pathogenic bacteria and increased the abundance of bacteria gena that are involved in bile acid (BA) conversation. The alteration of fecal and serum BA profile suggested that HZRG enhanced fecal BA excretion, and reduced the reabsorption of toxic secondary BA species (LCA, DCA, HCA). We further analyzed the BA receptors and transporters, and found that HZRG inhibited the expression of ileal bile acid transporter, and organic solute transporter subunit β, and increased the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-2). The modulation of gut dysbiosis and BA profile, as well as the improvement of the intestinal environment, may contribute to the decrease of the p-65 subunit of NF-κB phosphorylation, liver F4/80 positive macrophages, inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and TNF-α expression. In conclusion, HZRG treatment enhances fecal BA excretion via inhibiting BA transporters, modulates BA profiles, gut dysbiosis as well as the intestinal environment, thus contributing to the beneficial effect of HZRG on NASH mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Li
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyu Yu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Cao
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Li
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Zeng Z, Zhou Y, Xu Y, Wang S, Wang B, Zeng Z, Wang Q, Ye X, Jin L, Yue M, Tang L, Zou P, Zhao P, Li W. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SC06 alleviates the obesity of ob/ob mice and improves their intestinal microbiota and bile acid metabolism. Food Funct 2022; 13:5381-5395. [PMID: 35470823 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03170h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dietary interventions with probiotics have been widely reported to be effective in regulating obesity, and the intestinal microbiota is considered to be an important environmental factor. However, few reports focus on the interactions of microbiota-metabolites-phenotypic variables in ob/ob mice, and they have not been characterized in great detail. In this study, we investigated the effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SC06 on obesity, the intestinal microbiota and the bile acid metabolism of ob/ob mice using biochemical testing, histochemical staining, high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, LC-MS/MS analysis and qRT-PCR. The results showed that SC06 ameliorated the fat mass percentage, hepatic steatosis and liver lipid metabolism disorders and reshaped the gut microbiota and metabolites in male ob/ob mice, specifically deceasing f_S24-7, p_TM7, s_Alistipes massiliensis, f_Rikenellaceae, f_Prevotellaceae, f_Lactobacillaceae, g_Alistipes, g_Flexispira, g_Lactobacillus, g_Odoribacter, g_AF12 and g_Prevotella and increasing f_Bacteroidaceae, g_Bacteroides and f_Desulfovibrionaceae. Meanwhile, SC06 treatment groups had lower ibuprofen and higher glycodeoxycholic acid and 7-dehydrocholesterol. Correlation analysis further clarified the relationships between compositional changes in the microbiota and alterations in the metabolites and phenotypes of ob/ob mice. Moreover, SC06 downregulated bile acid synthesis, export and re-absorption in the liver and increased ileum re-absorption into the blood in ob/ob mice, which may be mediated by the FXR-SHP/FGF15 signaling pathway. These results suggest that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SC06 can ameliorate obesity in male ob/ob mice by reshaping the intestinal microbial composition, changing metabolites and regulating bile acid metabolism via the FXR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Yuanhao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Yibin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Song Wang
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Baikui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Zihan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Xiaolin Ye
- University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lu Jin
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Cardiology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Min Yue
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Li Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Peng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Pengwei Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Cardiology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Weifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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Guo P, Xue M, Teng X, Wang Y, Ren R, Han J, Zhang H, Tian Y, Liang H. Antarctic Krill Oil ameliorates liver injury in rats exposed to alcohol by regulating bile acids metabolism and gut microbiota. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 107:109061. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jiao TY, Ma YD, Guo XZ, Ye YF, Xie C. Bile acid and receptors: biology and drug discovery for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1103-1119. [PMID: 35217817 PMCID: PMC9061718 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a series of liver metabolic disorders manifested by lipid accumulation within hepatocytes, has become the primary cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide. About 20%-30% of NAFLD patients advance to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), along with cell death, inflammation response and fibrogenesis. The pathogenesis of NASH is complex and its development is strongly related to multiple metabolic disorders (e.g. obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases). The clinical outcomes include liver failure and hepatocellular cancer. There is no FDA-approved NASH drug so far, and thus effective therapeutics are urgently needed. Bile acids are synthesized in hepatocytes, transported into the intestine, metabolized by gut bacteria and recirculated back to the liver by the enterohepatic system. They exert pleiotropic roles in the absorption of fats and regulation of metabolism. Studies on the relevance of bile acid disturbance with NASH render it as an etiological factor in NASH pathogenesis. Recent findings on the functional identification of bile acid receptors have led to a further understanding of the pathophysiology of NASH such as metabolic dysregulation and inflammation, and bile acid receptors are recognized as attractive targets for NASH treatment. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of bile acids and the receptors in the development of NAFLD and NASH, especially the functions of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in different tissues including liver and intestine. The progress in the development of bile acid and its receptors-based drugs for the treatment of NASH including bile acid analogs and non-bile acid modulators on bile acid metabolism is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuan-di Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Zhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yun-Fei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Way GW, Jackson KG, Muscu SR, Zhou H. Key Signaling in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease: The Role of Bile Acids. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081374. [PMID: 35456053 PMCID: PMC9031669 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a spectrum of diseases, the onset and progression of which are due to chronic alcohol use. ALD ranges, by increasing severity, from hepatic steatosis to alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and alcohol-associated cirrhosis (AC), and in some cases, can lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). ALD continues to be a significant health burden and is now the main cause of liver transplantations in the United States. ALD leads to biological, microbial, physical, metabolic, and inflammatory changes in patients that vary depending on disease severity. ALD deaths have been increasing in recent years and are projected to continue to increase. Current treatment centers focus on abstinence and symptom management, with little in the way of resolving disease progression. Due to the metabolic disruption and gut dysbiosis in ALD, bile acid (BA) signaling and metabolism are also notably affected and play a prominent role in disease progression in ALD, as well as other liver disease states, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which alcohol consumption induces hepatic injury and the role of BA-mediated signaling in the pathogenesis of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grayson W. Way
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Kaitlyn G. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (K.G.J.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Shreya R. Muscu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (K.G.J.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (K.G.J.); (S.R.M.)
- Central Virginia Veterans Healthcare System, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
- Correspondence: or
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Zhu QF, Wang YZ, An N, Hao JD, Mei PC, Bai YL, Hu YN, Bai PR, Feng YQ. Alternating Dual-Collision Energy Scanning Mass Spectrometry Approach: Discovery of Novel Microbial Bile-Acid Conjugates. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2655-2664. [PMID: 35085440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are a type of gut microbiota-host cometabolites with abundant structural diversity, and they play critical roles in maintaining host-microbiota homeostasis. In this study, we developed a new N-(4-aminomethylphenyl) pyridinium (AMPP) derivatization-assisted alternating dual-collision energy scanning mass spectrometry (AMPP-dual-CE MS) method for the profiling of BAs derived from host-gut microbiota cometabolism in mice. Using the proposed method, we discovered two new types of amino acid conjugations (alanine conjugation and proline conjugation) and acetyl conjugation with host BAs, for the first time, from mouse intestine contents and feces. Additionally, we also determined and identified nine new leucine- and phenylalanine-conjugated BAs. These findings broaden our knowledge of the composition of the BA pool and provide insight into the mechanism of host-gut microbiota cometabolism of BAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Fei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yan-Zhen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Na An
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jun-Di Hao
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ya-Li Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yu-Ning Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Pei-Rong Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yu-Qi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Garbuzenko DV. Drug Therapy for Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis-Induced Liver Fibrosis. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY, HEPATOLOGY, COLOPROCTOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22416/1382-4376-2021-31-5-16-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aim. An overview of current pharmacotherapy for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-associated liver fibrosis.Key points. In current clinical recommendations, therapeutic measures in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease should include lifestyle change, body weight normalisation, NASH-associated liver fibrosis-specific drug therapy and treatment for metabolic syndrome-related diseases. Given a lack of approved antifibrotic therapies in NASH, several drugs have nevertheless demonstrated an adequate efficacy and safety in phase 3 clinical trials, also in compensated cirrhosis, which allows their practical validation in phase 4.Conclusion. The understanding of liver fibrosis as an adverse natural consequence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease clearly attests for an early introduction and wide use of antifibrotic therapy to improve NASH outcomes and avoid associated complications.
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Xiang H, Sun D, Liu X, She ZG, Chen Y. The Role of the Intestinal Microbiota in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:812610. [PMID: 35211093 PMCID: PMC8861316 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.812610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a serious disease threatening public health, and its pathogenesis remains largely unclear. Recent scientific research has shown that intestinal microbiota and its metabolites have an important impact on the development of NASH. A balanced intestinal microbiota contributes to the maintenance of liver homeostasis, but when the intestinal microbiota is disequilibrated, it serves as a source of pathogens and molecules that lead to NASH. In this review, we mainly emphasize the key mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites affect NASH. In addition, recent clinical trials and animal studies on the treatment of NASH by regulating the intestinal microbiota through prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and FMT have also been briefly elaborated. With the increasing understanding of interactions between the intestinal microbiota and liver, accurate and personalized detection and treatment methods for NASH are expected to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiang
- Infectious Disease Department, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Xiang, ; Zhi-Gang She, ; Yonghong Chen,
| | - Dating Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan NO.1 Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Infectious Disease Department, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Xiang, ; Zhi-Gang She, ; Yonghong Chen,
| | - Yonghong Chen
- Infectious Disease Department, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Xiang, ; Zhi-Gang She, ; Yonghong Chen,
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Wu P, Qiao L, Yu H, Ming H, Liu C, Wu W, Li B. Arbutin Alleviates the Liver Injury of α-Naphthylisothiocyanate-induced Cholestasis Through Farnesoid X Receptor Activation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:758632. [PMID: 34926449 PMCID: PMC8675020 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.758632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is a kind of stressful syndrome along with liver toxicity, which has been demonstrated to be related to fibrosis, cirrhosis, even cholangiocellular or hepatocellular carcinomas. Cholestasis usually caused by the dysregulated metabolism of bile acids that possess high cellular toxicity and synthesized by cholesterol in the liver to undergo enterohepatic circulation. In cholestasis, the accumulation of bile acids in the liver causes biliary and hepatocyte injury, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is regarded as a bile acid–activated receptor that regulates a network of genes involved in bile acid metabolism, providing a new therapeutic target to treat cholestatic diseases. Arbutin is a glycosylated hydroquinone isolated from medicinal plants in the genus Arctostaphylos, which has a variety of potentially pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, antiviral, antihyperglycemic, and antioxidant activity. However, the mechanistic contributions of arbutin to alleviate liver injury of cholestasis, especially its role on bile acid homeostasis via nuclear receptors, have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that arbutin has a protective effect on α-naphthylisothiocyanate–induced cholestasis via upregulation of the levels of FXR and downstream enzymes associated with bile acid homeostasis such as Bsep, Ntcp, and Sult2a1, as well as Ugt1a1. Furthermore, the regulation of these functional proteins related to bile acid homeostasis by arbutin could be alleviated by FXR silencing in L-02 cells. In conclusion, a protective effect could be supported by arbutin to alleviate ANIT-induced cholestatic liver toxicity, which was partly through the FXR pathway, suggesting arbutin may be a potential chemical molecule for the cholestatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Qiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Han Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Ming
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjun Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Baixue Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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38
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Thangamani S, Monasky R, Lee JK, Antharam V, HogenEsch H, Hazbun TR, Jin Y, Gu H, Guo GL. Bile Acid Regulates the Colonization and Dissemination of Candida albicans from the Gastrointestinal Tract by Controlling Host Defense System and Microbiota. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121030. [PMID: 34947012 PMCID: PMC8708873 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (CA), a commensal and opportunistic eukaryotic organism, frequently inhabits the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and causes life-threatening infections. Antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis is a major risk factor for increased CA colonization and dissemination from the GI tract. We identified a significant increase of taurocholic acid (TCA), a major bile acid in antibiotic-treated mice susceptible to CA infection. In vivo findings indicate that administration of TCA through drinking water is sufficient to induce colonization and dissemination of CA in wild-type and immunosuppressed mice. Treatment with TCA significantly reduced mRNA expression of immune genes ang4 and Cxcr3 in the colon. In addition, TCA significantly decreased the relative abundance of three culturable species of commensal bacteria, Turicibacter sanguinis, Lactobacillus johnsonii, and Clostridium celatum, in both cecal contents and mucosal scrapings from the colon. Taken together, our results indicate that TCA promotes fungal colonization and dissemination of CA from the GI tract by controlling the host defense system and intestinal microbiota that play a critical role in regulating CA in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Thangamani
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA;
- Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases (PI4D), West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA; (R.M.); (J.K.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-765-494-0763
| | - Ross Monasky
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA; (R.M.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Jung Keun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA; (R.M.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Vijay Antharam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts, Humanities and Sciences, Methodist University, Fayetteville, NC 28311, USA;
| | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA;
- Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases (PI4D), West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Tony R. Hazbun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA;
| | - Yan Jin
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (Y.J.); (H.G.)
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (Y.J.); (H.G.)
- Center for Translational Science, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL 33199, USA
| | - Grace L. Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Earnest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Department of Veterans Affairs New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ 07018, USA
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Probiotics Improve Gastrointestinal Function and Life Quality in Pregnancy. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113931. [PMID: 34836186 PMCID: PMC8624890 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied whether probiotics were beneficial for hormonal change-associated dysbiosis, which may influence the enteric nervous system and GI function during early pregnancy. The study was 16 days consisting of two cycles of six daily probiotics mainly Lactobacillus and 2 days without probiotics. Daily surveys were conducted to monitor GI function and life quality. A subset of the participants who contributed fecal specimens was used for microbiota metagenomic sequencing, metabolomics, and quantification of bacterial genes to understand potential underlying mechanisms. Statistical analyses were done by generalized linear mixed-effects models. Thirty-two obstetric patients and 535 daily observations were included. The data revealed that probiotic supplementation significantly reduced the severity of nausea, vomiting, constipation, and improved life quality. Moreover, a low copy number of fecal bsh (bile salt hydrolase), which generates free bile acids, was associated with high vomiting scores and probiotic intake increased fecal bsh. In exploratory analysis without adjusting for multiplicity, a low fecal α-tocopherol, as well as a high abundance of Akkemansia muciniphila, was associated with high vomiting scores and times, respectively. The potential implications of these biomarkers in pregnancy and GI function are discussed. Probiotics likely produce free bile acids to facilitate intestinal mobility and metabolism.
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40
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Luxenburger A, Harris LD, Ure EM, Landaeta Aponte RA, Woolhouse AD, Cameron SA, Ling CD, Piltz RO, Lewis AR, Gainsford GJ, Weymouth-Wilson A, Furneaux RH. Synthesis of 12β-Methyl-18- nor-bile Acids. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:25019-25039. [PMID: 34604682 PMCID: PMC8482778 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Decoupling the roles of the farnesoid X nuclear receptor and Takeda G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 5 is essential for the development of novel bile acid therapeutics targeting metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we describe the synthesis of 12β-methyl-18-nor-bile acids which may serve as probes in the search for new bile acid analogues with clinical applicability. A Nametkin-type rearrangement was applied to protected cholic acid derivatives, giving rise to tetra-substituted Δ13,14- and Δ13,17-unsaturated 12β-methyl-18-nor-bile acid intermediates (24a and 25a). Subsequent catalytic hydrogenation and deprotection yielded 12β-methyl-18-nor-chenodeoxycholic acid (27a) and its 17-epi-epimer (28a) as the two major reaction products. Optimization of the synthetic sequence enabled a chromatography-free route to prepare these bile acids at a multi-gram scale. In addition, the first cis-C-D ring-junctured bile acid and a new 14(13 → 12)-abeo-bile acid are described. Furthermore, deuteration experiments were performed to provide mechanistic insights into the formation of the formal anti-hydrogenation product 12β-methyl-18-nor-chenodeoxycholic acid (27a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Luxenburger
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield
Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence D. Harris
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield
Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth M. Ure
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield
Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Roselis A. Landaeta Aponte
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield
Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Anthony D. Woolhouse
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield
Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Scott A. Cameron
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield
Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Chris D. Ling
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ross O. Piltz
- Australian
Centre for Neutron Scattering, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, Sydney, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Andrew R. Lewis
- Callaghan
Innovation, P.O. Box 31 310, Lower
Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Graeme J. Gainsford
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield
Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Alex Weymouth-Wilson
- New
Zealand Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 68 Weld Street, RD2, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand
| | - Richard H. Furneaux
- Ferrier
Research Institute, Victoria University
of Wellington, 69 Gracefield
Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
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Kong L, Dong R, Huang K, Wang X, Wang D, Yue N, Wang C, Sun P, Gu J, Luo H, Liu K, Wu J, Sun H, Meng Q. Yangonin modulates lipid homeostasis, ameliorates cholestasis and cellular senescence in alcoholic liver disease via activating nuclear receptor FXR. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 90:153629. [PMID: 34304130 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a progressive disease beginning with simple steatosis but can progress to alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. The morbidity of ALD is on the rise and has been a large burden on global healthcare system. It is unfortunately that there are currently no approved therapeutic drugs against ALD. Hence, it is of utmost urgency to develop the efficacious therapies. The ability of many molecular targets against ALD is under investigation. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a member of the ligand-activated transcription factor superfamily, has been recently demonstrated to have a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of ALD. PURPOSE The purpose of the study is to determine whether Yangonin (YAN), a FXR agonist previously demonstrated by us, exerts the hepatoprotective effects against ALD and further to clarify the mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. STUDY DESIGN The alcoholic liver disease model induced by Lieber-Decarli liquid diet was established with or without Yan treatment. METHODS We determined the liver to body weight ratios, the body weight, serum and hepatic biochemical indicators. The alleviation of the liver histopathological progression was evaluated by H&E and immunohistochemical staining. Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR were used to demonstrate YAN treatment-mediated alleviation mechanisms of ALD. RESULTS The data indicated that YAN existed hepatoprotective activity against ALD via FXR activation. YAN improved the lipid homeostasis by decreasing hepatic lipogenesis and increasing fatty acid β-oxidation and lipoprotein lipolysis through modulating the related protein. Also, YAN ameliorated ethanol-induced cholestasis via inhibiting bile acid uptake transporter Ntcp and inducing bile acid efflux transporter Bsep and Mrp2 expression. Besides, YAN improved bile acid homeostasis via inducing Sult2a1 expression and inhibiting Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1 expression. Furthermore, YAN attenuated ethanol-triggered hepatocyte damage by inhibiting cellular senescence marker P16, P21 and Hmga1 expression. Also, YAN alleviated ethanol-induced inflammation by down-regulating the inflammation-related gene IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α expression. Notably, the protective effects of YAN were cancelled by FXR siRNA in vitro and FXR antagonist GS in vivo. CONCLUSIONS YAN exerted significant hepatoprotective effects against liver injury triggered by ethanol via FXR-mediated target gene modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Kong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Renchao Dong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, the Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Dalong Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Nan Yue
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Pengyuan Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jiangning Gu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Haifeng Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Huijun Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Qiang Meng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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Yan S, Yin XM. Gut microbiome in liver pathophysiology and cholestatic liver disease. LIVER RESEARCH 2021; 5:151-163. [PMID: 35355516 PMCID: PMC8963136 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An increasing amount of evidence has shown critical roles of gut microbiome in host pathophysiology. The gut and the liver are anatomically and physiologically connected. Given the critical role of gut-liver axis in the homeostasis of the liver, gut microbiome interplays with a diverse spectrum of hepatic changes, including steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, cholestasis, and tumorigenesis. In clinic, cholestasis manifests with fatigue, pruritus, and jaundice, caused by the impairment in bile formation or flow. Studies have shown that the gut microbiome is altered in cholestatic liver disease. In this review, we will explore the interaction between the gut microbiome and the liver with a focus on the alteration and the role of gut microbiome in cholestatic liver disease. We will also discuss the prospect of exploiting the gut microbiome in the development of novel therapies for cholestatic liver disease.
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43
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Hashimoto N, Han KH, Wakagi M, Ishikawa-Takano Y, Ippoushi K, Fukushima M. Bile acids induced hepatic lipid accumulation in mice by inhibiting mRNA expression of patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. Nutr Res 2021; 92:12-20. [PMID: 34174520 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Preliminary studies have shown that a lithogenic diet (LG), which contains cholesterol and cholic acid, induces gallstones and hepatic lipid accumulation (HLA), and reduction of blood triglyceride in mice. We hypothesized that an LG induces HLA by diminishing hepatic triglyceride excretion; however, there is no clear understanding of the mechanism of LG-induced HLA. This study aimed to investigate transcript expression related to the synthesis, expenditure, and efflux of hepatic triglyceride, in mice fed an LG for 4 weeks. Results showed lower plasma concentrations of triglyceride in the LG group than in the control group, but no symptoms of hepatic injury were observed. Hepatic mRNA expressions of patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (Pnpla3), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp), and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (Acox1) were also reduced in the LG group. Deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid promoted intracellular lipid accumulation, reduced triglyceride concentration in media, and suppressed expression of PNPLA3 and MTTP in HepG2 human hepatoma cells. These findings suggest that deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid promote HLA by inhibiting the expression of PNPLA3, ACOX1, and MTTP that are involved in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Hashimoto
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Division of Food Function Research, Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan; Division of Field Crop Research and Development, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kasai, Hokkaido 082-0071, Japan.
| | - Kyu-Ho Han
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Manabu Wakagi
- Division of Food Function Research, Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Yuko Ishikawa-Takano
- Division of Food Function Research, Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Katsunari Ippoushi
- Division of Food Function Research, Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Michihiro Fukushima
- Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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The Role of Gut Microbiota on Cholesterol Metabolism in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158074. [PMID: 34360839 PMCID: PMC8347163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia plays a causal role in the development of atherosclerosis and is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death worldwide especially in developed countries. Current data show that the role of microbiota extends beyond digestion by being implicated in several metabolic and inflammatory processes linked to several diseases including CVD. Studies have reported associations between bacterial metabolites and hypercholesterolemia. However, such associations remain poorly investigated and characterized. In this review, the mechanisms of microbial derived metabolites such as primary and secondary bile acids (BAs), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) will be explored in the context of cholesterol metabolism. These metabolites play critical roles in maintaining cardiovascular health and if dysregulated can potentially contribute to CVD. They can be modulated via nutritional and pharmacological interventions such as statins, prebiotics, and probiotics. However, the mechanisms behind these interactions also remain unclear, and mechanistic insights into their impact will be provided. Therefore, the objectives of this paper are to present current knowledge on potential mechanisms whereby microbial metabolites regulate cholesterol homeostasis and to discuss the feasibility of modulating intestinal microbes and metabolites as a novel therapeutic for hypercholesterolemia.
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Zhou Y, Song W, Wang C, Mu C, Li R. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics reveal the anti-aging effect of melanin from Sepiella maindroni ink (MSMI) on D-galactose-induced aging mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:11889-11906. [PMID: 33952720 PMCID: PMC8109126 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sepiella maindroni ink, a flavoring and coloring agent in food, has attracted considerable attention due to its various pharmacological activities. Our previous study showed that the melanin of Sepiella maindroni ink (MSMI) can alleviate oxidative damage and delay aging in D-galactose(D-gal)-induced aging mice. This study aimed to reveal the possible mechanisms of the anti-aging effect of MSMI. In this article, a comprehensive analysis of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics and microarray-based transcriptomics revealed that 221 mRNAs were differentially expressed and 46 metabolites were significantly changed in the anti-aging progress of MSMI. Integrated analysis of transcript and metabolic profiles indicated that MSMI mainly altered carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and insulin signaling pathway. MSMI achieved anti-aging effects not only by reducing oxidative damage and sorbitol toxicity but also by regulating lipid metabolism, improving insulin sensitivity, and reducing the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Moreover, our findings firstly demonstrated that MSMI could increase the expression of interferon-induced proteins and might be a potential antiviral compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Weiwei Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Changkao Mu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ronghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Yao W, Xu Z, Sun J, Luo J, Wei Y, Zou J. Deoxycholic acid-functionalised nanoparticles for oral delivery of rhein. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 159:105713. [PMID: 33453389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rhein (RH) is a candidate for the treatment of kidney diseases. However, clinical application of RH is impeded by low aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability. Deoxycholic acid-conjugated nanoparticles (DNPs) were prepared by ionic interaction for enhancing intestinal absorption by targeting the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter in the small intestine. Resultant DNPs showed relatively high entrapment efficiency (90.7 ± 0.73)% and drug-loading efficiency (6.5 ± 0.29)% with a particle size of approximately 190 nm and good overall dispersibility. In vitro release of RH from DNPs exhibited sustained and pH-dependent profiles. Cellular uptake and apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of the DNPs were 3.25- and 5.05-fold higher than that of RH suspensions, respectively. An in vivo pharmacokinetic study demonstrated significantly enhanced oral bioavailability of RH when encapsulated in DNPs, with 2.40- and 3.33-fold higher Cmax and AUC0-inf compared to RH suspensions, respectively. DNPs are promising delivery platforms for poorly absorbed drugs by oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Yao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhishi Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingwen Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinghui Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jiafeng Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, Zhejiang, China
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Sang L, Kang K, Sun Y, Li Y, Chang B. FOXO4 ameliorates alcohol-induced chronic liver injury via inhibiting NF-κB and modulating gut microbiota in C57BL/6J mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107572. [PMID: 33798806 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal mucosa barrier function and gut-liver axis are impaired by ethanol in chronic alcoholic liver disease (ALD). However, the possible mechanism is not clear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Forkhead Box O4 (FOXO4) on alcohol-induced chronic liver injury and its molecular mechanism(s). METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were injected with or without FOXO4-WT, FOXO4-TB or NF-κB vectors, and fed with Lieber-DeCarli liquid diets containing 36% ethanol for eight weeks to induce chronic ALD. Thereafter, blood, liver, colon and fecal samples were collected. Biochemical parameters, endotoxin and inflammatory cytokines in the blood and antioxidant enzymes in the liver were tested by commercial kits. Histopathological changes in the liver were evaluated by HE staining. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression of FOXO4, NF-κB, ZO-1 and Occluding in the colon were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. Furthermore, gut microbiota composition in the fecal samples was investigated with 16S rDNA sequencing. RESULTS FOXO4 significantly ameliorated liver histopathological damage. Moreover, FOXO4 reduced the serum endotoxin, biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, ALP and TG), antioxidant enzymes (ROS and MDA), inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α), but restored the levels of GSH, SOD and IL-10. Furthermore, FOXO4 significantly inhibited the expression of NF-κB, p-NF-κB p65, p-IKKα and p-IKKβ, and up-regulated the expression of ZO-1 and Occludin. Additionally, FOXO4 modulated the gut microbiota composition and certain bacteria including Odoribacter, Parasutterella and Psychrobacter. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that FOXO4 protects against alcohol-induced chronic liver injury via inhibiting NF-κB and modulating gut microbiota in C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixuan Sang
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kai Kang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yiling Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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He B, Jiang J, Shi Z, Wu L, Yan J, Chen Z, Luo M, Cui D, Xu S, Yan M, Zhang S, Chen Z. Pure total flavonoids from citrus attenuate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via regulating the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 135:111183. [PMID: 33401222 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous studies found that Pure total flavnoids from citrus (PTFC) can effectively improve non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in mice. Here, we discuss on the mechanism of PTFC in treating NASH with focus on the regulation of the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism. METHODS C57BL/6 J mice were randomly divided into three groups: normal diet group (Normal), high-fat diet group (HFD) and high-fat + PTFC treatment group (PTFC). Mice in the Normal group were fed chow diet, while the other groups were fed high fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. In the 5th week, the mice in the PTFC group were treated with 50 mg/kg/day PTFC for an additional twelve weeks. After sacrifice, histopathology of the liver was assessed, and the gut microbial composition was analyzed by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Bile Acid profiles in serum were determined by ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS PTFC intervention significantly attenuated HFD-induced NASH symptoms compared with the HFD group in mice. 16S rDNA sequencing showed that PTFC treatment increased the phylogenetic diversity of the HFD-induced microbiota dysbiosis. PTFC intervention significantly increased the relative abundances of Bacteroidaceae and Christensenellaceae. Furthermore, PTFC reduced the content of toxic bile acids, such as TDCA, DCA, TCA, CA and increased the ratio of secondary to primary bile acids. FXR and TGR5 deficiency were significantly alleviated. CONCLUSION PTFC can improve NASH via the the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beihui He
- The Second Central Laboratory, Key Lab of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jianping Jiang
- The Second Central Laboratory, Key Lab of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China; Preparation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Zheng Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Liyan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Junbin Yan
- The Second Central Laboratory, Key Lab of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- The Second Central Laboratory, Key Lab of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Minmin Luo
- The Second Central Laboratory, Key Lab of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Dawei Cui
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Sumei Xu
- Department of General Family Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Maoxiang Yan
- The Second Central Laboratory, Key Lab of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
| | - Zhiyun Chen
- The Second Central Laboratory, Key Lab of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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Functions of nuclear receptors SUMOylation. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 516:27-33. [PMID: 33476589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor superfamily is a family of ligand-activated transcription factors that play a key role in cell metabolism and human diseases. They can be modified after translation, such as acetylation, ubiquitination, phosphorylation and SUMOylation. Crosstalk between SUMO and ubiquitin, phosphorylation and acetylation regulates a variety of metabolic and physiological activities. Nuclear receptors play an important role in lipid metabolism, inflammation, bile acid homeostasis and autophagy. SUMOylation nuclear receptors can regulate their function and affect cell metabolism. It also provides a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis, tumor and other metabolic and inflammation-related diseases. This review focuses on the function of SUMOylation nuclear receptors.
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Xiang J, Zhang Z, Xie H, Zhang C, Bai Y, Cao H, Che Q, Guo J, Su Z. Effect of different bile acids on the intestine through enterohepatic circulation based on FXR. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1949095. [PMID: 34313539 PMCID: PMC8346203 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1949095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor for bile acids (BAs) that is widely expressed in the intestine, liver and kidney. FXR has important regulatory impacts on a wide variety of metabolic pathways (such as glucose, lipid, and sterol metabolism) and has been recognized to ameliorate obesity, liver damage, cholestasis and chronic inflammatory diseases. The types of BAs are complex and diverse. BAs link the intestine with the liver through the enterohepatic circulation. BAs derivatives have entered clinical trials for liver disease. In addition to the liver, the intestine is also targeted by BAs. This article reviews the effects of different BAs on the intestinal tract through the enterohepatic circulation from the perspective of FXR, aiming to elucidate the effects of different BAs on the intestinal tract and lay a foundation for new treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Xiang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyan Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyi Xie
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Cao
- Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, China
| | - Qishi Che
- Guangzhou Rainhome Pharm & Tech Co., Board of Directors, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- CONTACT Zhengquan Su ; Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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