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Picchi D, Biglione C, Horcajada P. Nanocomposites Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles and Metal-Organic Frameworks for Therapy, Diagnosis, and Theragnostics. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2024; 4:85-114. [PMID: 38644966 PMCID: PMC11027209 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.3c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
In the last two decades, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with highly tunable structure and porosity, have emerged as drug nanocarriers in the biomedical field. In particular, nanoscaled MOFs (nanoMOFs) have been widely investigated because of their potential biocompatibility, high drug loadings, and progressive release. To enhance their properties, MOFs have been combined with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to form magnetic nanocomposites (MNP@MOF) with additional functionalities. Due to the magnetic properties of the MNPs, their presence in the nanosystems enables potential combinatorial magnetic targeted therapy and diagnosis. In this Review, we analyze the four main synthetic strategies currently employed for the fabrication of MNP@MOF nanocomposites, namely, mixing, in situ formation of MNPs in presynthesized MOF, in situ formation of MOFs in the presence of MNPs, and layer-by-layer methods. Additionally, we discuss the current progress in bioapplications, focusing on drug delivery systems (DDSs), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic hyperthermia (MHT), and theragnostic systems. Overall, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the development and bioapplications of MNP@MOF nanocomposites, highlighting their potential for future biomedical applications with a critical analysis of the challenges and limitations of these nanocomposites in terms of their synthesis, characterization, biocompatibility, and applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catalina Biglione
- Advanced Porous Materials
Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Móstoles, 28935 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Horcajada
- Advanced Porous Materials
Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Móstoles, 28935 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Gupta U, Maity D, Sharma VK. Recent advances of polymeric nanoplatforms for cancer treatment: smart delivery systems (SDS), nanotheranostics and multidrug resistance (MDR) inhibition. Biomed Mater 2023; 19:012003. [PMID: 37944188 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad0b23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanotheranostics is a promising field that combines the benefits of diagnostic and treatment into a single nano-platform that not only administers treatment but also allows for real-time monitoring of therapeutic response, decreasing the possibility of under/over-drug dosing. Furthermore, developing smart delivery systems (SDSs) for cancer theranostics that can take advantage of various tumour microenvironment (TME) conditions (such as deformed tumour vasculature, various over-expressed receptor proteins, reduced pH, oxidative stress, and resulting elevated glutathione levels) can aid in achieving improved pharmacokinetics, higher tumour accumulation, enhanced antitumour efficacy, and/or decreased side effects and multidrug resistance (MDR) inhibition. Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) are being widely investigated in this regard due to their unique features such as small size, passive/active targeting possibility, better pharmaceutical kinetics and biological distribution, decreased adverse reactions of the established drugs, inherent inhibitory properties to MDR efflux pump proteins, as well as the feasibility of delivering numerous therapeutic substances in just one design. Hence in this review, we have primarily discussed PNPs based targeted and/or controlled SDSs in which we have elaborated upon different TME mediated nanotheranostic platforms (NTPs) including active/passive/magnetic targeting platforms along with pH/ROS/redox-responsive platforms. Besides, we have elucidated different imaging guided cancer therapeutic platforms based on four major cancer imaging techniques i.e., fluorescence/photo-acoustic/radionuclide/magnetic resonance imaging, Furthermore, we have deliberated some of the most recently developed PNPs based multimodal NTPs (by combining two or more imaging or therapy techniques on a single nanoplatform) in cancer theranostics. Moreover, we have provided a brief update on PNPs based NTP which are recently developed to overcome MDR for effective cancer treatment. Additionally, we have briefly discussed about the tissue biodistribution/tumour targeting efficiency of these nanoplatforms along with recent preclinical/clinical studies. Finally, we have elaborated on various limitations associated with PNPs based nanoplatforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvashi Gupta
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, United Kingdom
| | - Dipak Maity
- School of Health Sciences & Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, United States of America
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3
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Kostryukova LV, Tereshkina YA, Tikhonova EG, Khudoklinova YY, Bobrova DV, Gisina AM, Morozevich GE, Pronina VV, Bulko TV, Shumyantseva VV. Effect of an NGR Peptide on the Efficacy of the Doxorubicin Phospholipid Delivery System. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2229. [PMID: 37570547 PMCID: PMC10420982 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
This study is a continuation of an investigation into the effect of a targeted component, a peptide with an NGR, on the properties of the previously developed doxorubicin phospholipid delivery system. The NGR peptide has an affinity for aminopeptidase N (known as the CD13 marker on the membrane surface of tumor cells) and has been extensively used to target drug delivery systems. This article presents the results of a study investigating the physical properties of the phospholipid composition with and without the peptide chain: particle size, zeta potential, stability in fluids, and dependence of doxorubicin release from nanoparticles at different pH levels (5.0, 6.5, 7.4). The cytotoxic effect of the compositions has also been shown to depend on the dose of the drug used for incubation, the presence of the targeted component in the composition, and the time of incubation time of the substances. There was a significant difference in the cytotoxic effect on HT-1080 (CD13-positive) and MCF-7 (CD13-negative) cells. Cell death pathway analysis has shown that death occurred mainly by apoptosis. We also present data on the effect of doxorubicin embedded in phospholipid nanoparticles with the targeted peptide on DNA assessed by differential pulse voltammetry, the mechanism of action being electrostatic interactions. The interactions of native dsDNA with doxorubicin encapsulated in phospholipid nanoparticles with the targeted peptide were studied electrochemically by differential pulse voltammetry. Here, we have highlighted that the targeted peptide in the doxorubicin composition moved specific interaction of the drug with dsDNA from intercalative mode to electrostatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yulia Yu. Khudoklinova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Pogodinskaya St., 119121 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.K.); (Y.A.T.); (E.G.T.); (D.V.B.); (A.M.G.); (G.E.M.); (V.V.P.); (T.V.B.); (V.V.S.)
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4
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Swetha KL, Paul M, Maravajjala KS, Kumbham S, Biswas S, Roy A. Overcoming drug resistance with a docetaxel and disulfiram loaded pH-sensitive nanoparticle. J Control Release 2023; 356:93-114. [PMID: 36841286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that breast cancer cells deploy a myriad array of strategies to thwart the activity of anticancer drugs like docetaxel (DTX), including acquired drug resistance due to overexpression of drug-efflux pumps like P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and innate drug resistance by cancer stem cells (CSCs). As disulfiram (DSF) can inhibit both P-gp and CSCs, we hypothesized that co-treatment of DTX and DSF could sensitize the drug-resistant breast cancer cells. To deliver a fixed dose ratio of DTX and DSF targeted to the tumor, a tumor extracellular pH-responsive nanoparticle (NP) was developed using a histidine-conjugated star-shaped PLGA with TPGS surface decoration ([DD]NpH-T). By releasing the encapsulated drugs in the tumor microenvironment, pH-sensitive NPs can overcome the tumor stroma-based resistance against nanomedicines. In in-vitro studies, [DD]NpH-T exhibited increased drug release at pH 6.8, improved penetration in a 3D tumor spheroid, reduced serum protein adsorption, and enhanced cytotoxic efficacy against both innate and acquired DTX-resistant breast cancer cells. In in-vivo studies, a significant increase in plasma AUC and tumor drug delivery was observed with [DD]NpH-T, which resulted in an enhanced in-vivo anti-tumor efficacy against a mouse orthotopic breast cancer, with a significantly increased intratumoral ROS and apoptosis, while decreasing P-gp expression and prevention of lung metastasis. Altogether, the current study demonstrated that the DTX and DSF combination could effectively target multiple drug-resistance pathways in-vitro, and the in-vivo delivery of this drug combination using TPGS-decorated pH-sensitive NPs could increase tumor accumulation, resulting in improved anti-tumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Laxmi Swetha
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Vidya Vihar, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Milan Paul
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Kavya Sree Maravajjala
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Vidya Vihar, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Soniya Kumbham
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Swati Biswas
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India.
| | - Aniruddha Roy
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Vidya Vihar, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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5
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Jiao Q, Liu B, Xu X, Huang T, Cao B, Wang L, Wang Q, Du A, Li J, Zhou B, Wang T. Biodegradable porous polymeric drug as a drug delivery system: alleviation of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity via passive targeted release. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5444-5456. [PMID: 36793291 PMCID: PMC9923820 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07410a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective chemotherapeutic drug developed against a broad range of cancers, and its clinical applications are greatly restricted by the side effects of severe cardiotoxicity during tumour treatment. Herein, the DOX-loaded biodegradable porous polymeric drug, namely, Fc-Ma-DOX, which was stable in the circulation, but easy to compose in the acidic medium, was used as the drug delivery system avoiding the indiscriminate release of DOX. Fc-Ma was constructed via the copolymerization of 1,1'-ferrocenecarbaldehyde with d-mannitol (Ma) through the pH-sensitive acetal bonds. Echocardiography, biochemical parameters, pathological examination, and western blot results showed that DOX treatment caused increased myocardial injury and oxidative stress damage. In contrast, treatment with Fc-Ma-DOX significantly reduced myocardial injury and oxidative stress by DOX treatment. Notably, in the Fc-Ma-DOX treatment group, we observed a significant decrease in the uptake of DOX by H9C2 cells and a significant decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Jiao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University Weifang 261031 Shandong China
| | - Baoting Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University Weifang 261031 Shandong China
| | - Xiufeng Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical UniversityWeifang 261031ShandongChina
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University Weifang 261031 Shandong China
| | - Bufan Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University Weifang 261031 Shandong China
| | - Lide Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University Weifang 261031 Shandong China
| | - Qingguo Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University Weifang 261031 Shandong China
| | - Ailing Du
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University Weifang 261031 Shandong China
| | - Jingtian Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University Weifang 261031 Shandong China
| | - Baolong Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University Weifang 261031 Shandong China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University Weifang 261031 Shandong China
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6
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Khakbaz F, Mirzaei M, Mahani M. Lecithin sensitized thermo-sensitive niosome using NIR-carbon dots for breast cancer combined chemo-photothermal therapy. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Kostryukova LV, Tereshkina YA, Tikhonova EG, Sanzhakov MA, Bobrova DV, Khudoklinova YY. [Study of the efficiency of cellular accumulation of doxorubicin supplied with a targeted delivery system based on phospholipid nanoparticles with integrin-directed peptide]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2022; 68:437-443. [PMID: 36573410 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20226806437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents containing targeted systems are a promising pathway to increase the effectiveness of glioblastoma treatment. Specific proteins characterized by increased expression on the surface of tumor cells are considered as possible targets. Integrin αvβ3 is one of such proteins on the cell surface. It effectively binds the cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (cRGD) peptide. In this study, the cRGD peptide-modified doxorubicin (Dox) phospholipid composition was investigated. The particle size of this composition was 43.76±2.09 nm, the ζ-potential was 4.33±0.54 mV. Dox was almost completely incorporated into the nanoparticles (99.7±0.58%). The drug release increased in an acidic medium (at pH 5.0 of about 35±3.2%). The total accumulation and internalization of Dox used the composition of phospholipid nanoparticles with the targeted vector was 1.4-fold higher as compared to the free form. In the HeLa cell line (not expressing αvβ3 integrin) this effect was not observed. These results suggest the prospects of using the cyclic RGD peptide in the delivery of Dox to glioblastoma cells and the feasibility of further investigation of the mechanism of action of the entire composition as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - D V Bobrova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Rauta PR, Mackeyev Y, Sanders K, Kim JB, Gonzalez VV, Zahra Y, Shohayeb MA, Abousaida B, Vijay GV, Tezcan O, Derry P, Liopo AV, Zubarev ER, Carter R, Singh P, Krishnan S. Pancreatic tumor microenvironmental acidosis and hypoxia transform gold nanorods into cell-penetrant particles for potent radiosensitization. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm9729. [PMID: 36367938 PMCID: PMC9651859 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm9729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Coating nanoparticles with stealth epilayers increases circulation time by evading opsonization, macrophage phagocytosis, and reticuloendothelial sequestration. However, this also reduces internalization by cancer cells upon reaching the tumor. We designed gold nanorods (GNRs) with an epilayer that retains stealth properties in circulation but transforms spontaneously in the acidotic tumor microenvironment to a cell-penetrating particle. We used a customized stoichiometric ratio of l-glutamic acid and l-lysine within an amphiphilic polymer of poly(l-glutamic acid-co-l-lysine), or P(Glu-co-Lys), to effect this transformation in acidotic environments. P(Glu-co-Lys)-GNRs were internalized by cancer cells to facilitate potent in vitro radiosensitization. When administered intravenously in mice, they accumulate in the periphery and core of tumors without any signs of serum biochemical or hematological alterations, normal organ histopathological abnormalities, or overt deterioration in animal health. Furthermore, P(Glu-co-Lys)-GNRs penetrated the tumor microenvironment to accumulate in the hypoxic cores of tumors to potently radiosensitize heterotopic and orthotopic pancreatic cancers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuri Mackeyev
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Keith Sanders
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph B.K. Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Yasmin Zahra
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Belal Abousaida
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Okan Tezcan
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul Derry
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anton V. Liopo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Rickey Carter
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Pankaj Singh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
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9
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Liu W, Ma X, Kheyr SM, Dong A, Zhang J. Covalent Organic Frameworks as Nanocarriers for Improved Delivery of Chemotherapeutic Agents. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7215. [PMID: 36295281 PMCID: PMC9611971 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cancer has become one of the main causes of death worldwide. Chemotherapy as one of the main therapy modalities is very unsatisfactory. The various nanocarriers have brought new opportunities for effective tumor treatment. However, most of the current nanocarriers still suffer from low efficiency and confront significant challenges in overcoming multiple biological barriers. Compared with conventional nanocarriers, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with unique and attractive features exhibited great potential to serve as a promising platform for anticancer drug delivery. In this review, we first summarize the strategies and challenges of nanocarriers for cancer chemotherapy and then highlight the recent advances in COF-based nanocarriers for improved delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. Finally, the challenges remaining for COF-based nanocarriers for clinical applications are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shuayb Mohamed Kheyr
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Anjie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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10
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CD44-targeted nanoparticles with GSH-responsive activity as powerful therapeutic agents against breast cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:1491-1503. [PMID: 36130642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DOX-loaded nanoparticles able to actively target CD44-receptors and respond to redox stimuli were proposed as non-conventional chemotherapeutic strategy in breast cancer. A covalent conjugate of human serum albumin and hyaluronic acid was prepared and assembled by a GSH-mediated desolvation in disulfide-crosslinked solid nanoparticles with mean diameter of 120 nm ± 3.4. The effective internalization of nanoparticles in cancer cells via CD44-receptors, together with the more efficient intracellular release, resulted in a significant increase of drug efficacy, with IC50 reduced from 0.9959 and 2.516 μg mL-1 to 0.4014 and 0.3094 μg mL-1 for MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, respectively. Conversely, no enhancement in drug toxicity was recorded in healthy MCF-10A cells. The efficacy of the proposed formulation was further investigated in the different biological steps involved in metastasis process, paving the way for further in vivo experiments.
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11
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Hamimed S, Jabberi M, Chatti A. Nanotechnology in drug and gene delivery. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:769-787. [PMID: 35505234 PMCID: PMC9064725 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02245-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, nanotechnology has widely addressed many nanomaterials in the biomedical area with an opportunity to achieve better-targeted delivery, effective treatment, and an improved safety profile. Nanocarriers have the potential property to protect the active molecule during drug delivery. Depending on the employing nanosystem, the delivery of drugs and genes has enhanced the bioavailability of the molecule at the disease site and exercised an excellent control of the molecule release. Herein, the chapter discusses various advanced nanomaterials designed to develop better nanocarrier systems used to face different diseases such as cancer, heart failure, and malaria. Furthermore, we demonstrate the great attention to the promising role of nanocarriers in ease diagnostic and biodistribution for successful clinical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Hamimed
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, CP 7021, Jarzouna, Tunisia. .,Departement of Biology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Natural and Life Sciences, Chaikh Larbi Tebessi University, Tebessa, Algeria.
| | - Marwa Jabberi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, CP 7021, Jarzouna, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Energy and Matter for Development of Nuclear Sciences (LR16CNSTN02), National Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technology (CNSTN), Sidi Thabet Technopark, 2020, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Abdelwaheb Chatti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, CP 7021, Jarzouna, Tunisia
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12
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Solid-Phase Synthesized Copolymers for the Assembly of pH-Sensitive Micelles Suitable for Drug Delivery Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12111798. [PMID: 35683654 PMCID: PMC9181997 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Diblock copolymers of polyhistidine are known for their self-assembly into micelles and their pH-dependent disassembly due to the amphiphilic character of the copolymer and the unsaturated imidazole groups that undergo a hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic transition in an acidic pH. This property has been largely utilized for the design of drug delivery systems that target a tumor environment possessing a slightly lower extracellular pH (6.8–7.2). The main purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of designed poly(ethylene glycol)-polyhistidine sequences synthesized using solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), to self-assemble into micelles, to assess the ability of the corresponding micelles to be loaded with doxorubicin (DOX), and to investigate the drug release profile at pH values similar to a malignant extracellular environment. The designed and assembled free and DOX-loaded micelles were characterized from a physico-chemical point of view, their cytotoxicity was evaluated on a human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231), while the cellular areas where micelles disassembled and released DOX were assessed using immunofluorescence. We concluded that the utilization of SPPS for the synthesis of the polyhistidine diblock copolymers yielded sequences that behaved similarly to the copolymeric sequences synthesized using ring-opening polymerization, while the advantages of SPPS may offer facile tuning of the histidine site or the attachment of a large variety of functional molecules.
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13
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Zhou M, Zou X, Cheng K, Zhong S, Su Y, Wu T, Tao Y, Cong L, Yan B, Jiang Y. The role of cell-penetrating peptides in potential anti-cancer therapy. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e822. [PMID: 35593206 PMCID: PMC9121317 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the complex physiological structure, microenvironment and multiple physiological barriers, traditional anti-cancer drugs are severely restricted from reaching the tumour site. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are typically made up of 5-30 amino acids, and can be utilised as molecular transporters to facilitate the passage of therapeutic drugs across physiological barriers. Up to now, CPPs have widely been used in many anti-cancer treatment strategies, serving as an excellent potential choice for oncology treatment. However, their drawbacks, such as the lack of cell specificity, short duration of action, poor stability in vivo, compatibility problems (i.e. immunogenicity), poor therapeutic efficacy and formation of unwanted metabolites, have limited their further application in cancer treatment. The cellular uptake mechanisms of CPPs involve mainly endocytosis and direct penetration, but still remain highly controversial in academia. The CPPs-based drug delivery strategy could be improved by clever design or chemical modifications to develop the next-generation CPPs with enhanced cell penetration capability, stability and selectivity. In addition, some recent advances in targeted cell penetration that involve CPPs provide some new ideas to optimise CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xi Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kexin Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Suye Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yangzhou Su
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tao Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Cong
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiqun Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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14
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Mahi B, Gauthier M, Hadjichristidis N. Hybrid Arborescent Polypeptide-Based Unimolecular Micelles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Drug Encapsulation. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2441-2458. [PMID: 35588158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports novel hybrid arborescent polypeptides based on poly(γ-benzyl l-glutamate)-co-poly(γ-tert-butyl l-glutamate)-g-polysarcosine [P(BG-co-Glu(OtBu))-g-PSar]. The synthesis is launched by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of N-carboxyanhydride of γ-benzyl l-glutamate (BG-NCA) and γ-tert-butyl l-glutamate (Glu(OtBu)-NCA) to synthesize a random copolymer P(BG-co-Glu(OtBu)) serving as a precursor for the arborescent system, followed by deprotection of the tert-butyl (tBu) groups to afford free COOH moieties serving as coupling sites. Two copolymerization reactions were carried out to afford the side chains. One type of side chain was a random copolymer P(BG-co-Glu(OtBu)), while the other type was a triblock copolymer PGlu(OtBu)-b-PBG-b-PGlu(OtBu). The peptide coupling reactions were conducted between the COOH moieties on the precursor and the terminus amine on the chain end of the P(BG-co-Glu(OtBu)) random copolymer or the PGlu(OtBu)-b-PBG-b-PGlu(OtBu) triblock copolymer to obtain G0 polymers. Afterward, hydrolyzing the tBu moieties of the G0 substrates yielded randomly functionalized G0 and end-functionalized G0. Randomly functionalized G0 was used as a substrate for the next generation G1 (randomly functionalized and end-functionalized G1 after deprotection) or coated with polysarcosine (PSar) to gain G0-g-PSar. The G0 substrate prepared with the triblock copolymer PGlu(OtBu)-b-PBG-b-PGlu(OtBu) was only grafted with PSar after deprotection, resulting in G0-eg-PSar. Depending on the functionality mode of the G1 substrate, the PSar coating yielded two different graft polymers, G1-g-PSar and G1-eg-PSar, for randomly functionalized and end-functionalized G1, respectively. The PSar hydrophilic shell was decorated with the sequence of (arginine, glycine, and aspartic acid) tripeptides (RGD) as a targeting ligand to improve the potentiality of the arborescent unimolecular micelles as drug carriers. Preparative size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used to fractionate these complex macromolecular architectures. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and SEC were used for molecular characterization of all intermediate and final products and dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) for micellar characterization. A comparison between randomly grafted (g) and end-grafted (eg) unimolecular micelles demonstrates that the former has an undefined core-shell structure, unlike its end-grafted analog. In addition, this study has proved that decoration of the shell with RGD contributed to avoiding micelle aggregation but limited chemotherapy agent encapsulation. However, more than their naked analog, the sustained release was noticeable in decorated micelles. Doxorubicin was utilized as a chemotherapy model, and loading was achieved successfully by physical entrapment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Mahi
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mario Gauthier
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Polymer Research, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Kamibe T, Guégan R, Kunitake M, Tsukahara T, Idota N, Sugahara Y. Preparation of double-layered nanosheets containing pH-responsive polymer networks in the interlayers and their conversion into single-layered nanosheets through the cleavage of cross-linking points. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:6264-6274. [PMID: 35377373 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04355b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Double-layered nanosheets containing pH-cleavable polymer networks between two niobate layers were prepared by copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide and an acid-degradable crosslinker via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization on the surface of hydrated interlayers (interlayer I) of K4Nb6O17·3H2O and subsequent exfoliation by the introduction of tetra-n-butylammonium (TBA) ions into anhydrous interlayers (interlayer II). Moreover, the double-layered nanosheets were converted into single-layered nanosheets by the cleavage of cross-linking points in polymer networks by lowering pH. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetry (TG) results showed that polymer networks were present, and nanosheets with a thickness of 10.8 ± 1.6 nm were observed by using an atomic force microscope (AFM) after exfoliation using TBA ions. The thickness of the nanosheets was decreased to 6.1 ± 0.9 nm by lowering the pH, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and UV-vis spectroscopy showed that the degradation of the cross-linkers proceeded, suggesting that the cleavage of the cross-linking points led to the conversion of double-layered nanosheets into single-layered nanosheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kamibe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Régis Guégan
- Global Center for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Kunitake
- Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1, Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Takehiko Tsukahara
- Laboratory for Zero-Carbon Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-N1-6, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
| | - Naokazu Idota
- Laboratory for Zero-Carbon Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-N1-6, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan. .,Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sugahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan. .,Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
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16
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Yang S, Cai C, Wang H, Ma X, Shao A, Sheng J, Yu C. Drug delivery strategy in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:26. [PMID: 35248060 PMCID: PMC8898478 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, with high rates of recurrence and death. Surgical resection and ablation therapy have limited efficacy for patients with advanced HCC and poor liver function, so pharmacotherapy is the first-line option for those patients. Traditional antitumor drugs have the disadvantages of poor biological distribution and pharmacokinetics, poor target selectivity, high resistance, and high toxicity to nontargeted tissues. Recently, the development of nanotechnology has significantly improved drug delivery to tumor sites by changing the physical and biological characteristics of drugs and nanocarriers to improve their pharmacokinetics and biological distribution and to selectively accumulate cytotoxic agents at tumor sites. Here, we systematically review the tumor microenvironment of HCC and the recent application of nanotechnology in HCC.
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17
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Raikwar S, Jain A, Saraf S, Bidla PD, Panda PK, Tiwari A, Verma A, Jain SK. Opportunities in combinational chemo-immunotherapy for breast cancer using nanotechnology: an emerging landscape. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:247-268. [PMID: 35184620 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2044785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast carcinoma (BC) is one of the most frequent causes of cancer-related death among women, which is due to the poor response to conventional therapy. There are several complications associated with monotherapy for cancer, such as cytotoxicity to normal cells, multidrug resistance (MDR), side effects, and limited applications. To overcome these challenges, a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy (monoclonal antibodies, anticancer vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, and cytokines) has been introduced. Drug delivery systems (DDSs) based on nanotechnology have more applications in BC treatment owing to their controlled and targeted drug release with lower toxicity and reduced adverse drug effects. Several nanocarriers, such as liposomes, nanoparticles, dendrimers, and micelles, have been used for the effective delivery of drugs. AREAS COVERED This article presents opportunities and challenges in BC treatment, the rationale for cancer immunotherapy, and several combinational approaches with their applications for BC treatment. EXPERT OPINION Nanotechnology can be used for the early prognosis and cure of BC. Several novel and targeted DDSs have been developed to enhance the efficacy of anticancer drugs. This article aims to understand new strategies for the treatment of BC and the appropriate design of nanocarriers used as a combinational DDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarjana Raikwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Ankit Jain
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shivani Saraf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Pooja Das Bidla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Pritish Kumar Panda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Ankita Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Amit Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
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18
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Wu J, Lu Q, Fu X, Xu H, Wan P, Fu H, Ding J, Zhang J, Mei Q. ZIF-8 encapsulated upconversion nanoprobes to evaluate pH variations in food spoilage. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Xin H, Naficy S. Drug Delivery Based on Stimuli-Responsive Injectable Hydrogels for Breast Cancer Therapy: A Review. Gels 2022; 8:gels8010045. [PMID: 35049580 PMCID: PMC8774468 DOI: 10.3390/gels8010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common and biggest health threat for women. There is an urgent need to develop novel breast cancer therapies to overcome the shortcomings of conventional surgery and chemotherapy, which include poor drug efficiency, damage to normal tissues, and increased side effects. Drug delivery systems based on injectable hydrogels have recently gained remarkable attention, as they offer encouraging solutions for localized, targeted, and controlled drug release to the tumor site. Such systems have great potential for improving drug efficiency and reducing the side effects caused by long-term exposure to chemotherapy. The present review aims to provide a critical analysis of the latest developments in the application of drug delivery systems using stimuli-responsive injectable hydrogels for breast cancer treatment. The focus is on discussing how such hydrogel systems enhance treatment efficacy and incorporate multiple breast cancer therapies into one system, in response to multiple stimuli, including temperature, pH, photo-, magnetic field, and glutathione. The present work also features a brief outline of the recent progress in the use of tough hydrogels. As the breast undergoes significant physical stress and movement during sporting and daily activities, it is important for drug delivery hydrogels to have sufficient mechanical toughness to maintain structural integrity for a desired period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Xin
- Independent Researcher, Hornsby, NSW 2077, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Sina Naficy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
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20
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Novel Use of Hypoxia-Inducible Polymerizable Protein to Augment Chemotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010128. [PMID: 35057024 PMCID: PMC8777667 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies and is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Unfortunately, 80-85% of patients are diagnosed with unresectable, advanced stage tumors. These tumors are incurable and result in a median survival less than approximately six months and an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 7%. Whilst chemotherapy is a critical treatment, cure is not possible without surgical resection. The poor clinical outcomes in PDAC can be partially attributed to its dense desmoplastic stroma, taking up roughly 80% of the tumor mass. The stroma surrounding the tumor disrupts the normal architecture of pancreatic tissue leading to poor vascularization, high intratumoral pressure along with hypoxia and an acidic tumor microenvironment. This complicated microenvironment presents a significant challenge for drug delivery. The current manuscript discusses a novel approach to overcome many of these various obstacles. A complex of gemcitabine (GEM) and hemoglobin S (HbS) was formulated, which self-polymerizes under hypoxic and acidic conditions. When polymerized, HbS has the potential to break the tumor stroma, decrease intratumoral pressure, and therefore improve the treatment efficacy of standard therapy. Intratumoral injection of HbS with a fluorescent small molecule surrogate for GEM into a pancreatic tumor xenograft resulted in improved dissemination of the small molecule throughout the pancreatic tumor. The self-polymerization of HbS + GEM was significantly more effective than either agent individually at decreasing tumor size in an in vivo PDAC mouse model. These findings would suggest a clinical benefit from delivering the complex of GEM and HbS via direct injection by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). With such a treatment option, patients with locally advanced disease would have the potential to become surgical candidates, offering them a chance for cure.
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21
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Li S, Ferrer-Ruiz A, Dai J, Ramos-Soriano J, Du X, Zhu M, Zhang W, Wang Y, Herranz MÁ, Jing L, Zhang Z, Li H, Xia F, Martín N. A pH-independent electrochemical aptamer-based biosensor supports quantitative, real-time measurement in vivo. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8813-8820. [PMID: 35975161 PMCID: PMC9350589 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02021a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An electrochemical aptamer-based sensor, enabling in vivo measurements of drug concentrations directly in the bladder of living rats under pH-variable conditions, was developed employing a π-extended tetrathiafulvalene (exTTF) as redox reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Andrés Ferrer-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jun Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Javier Ramos-Soriano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xuewei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Man Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wanxue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - M. Ángeles Herranz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Le Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zishuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanoscience, C/Faraday, 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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22
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Sarathkumar E, Victor M, Menon JA, Jibin K, Padmini S, Jayasree RS. Nanotechnology in cardiac stem cell therapy: cell modulation, imaging and gene delivery. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34572-34588. [PMID: 35494731 PMCID: PMC9043027 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06404e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The wide arena of applications opened by nanotechnology is multidimensional. It is already been proven that its prominence can continuously influence human life. The role of stem cells in curing degenerative diseases is another major area of research. Cardiovascular diseases are one of the major causes of death globally. Nanotechnology-assisted stem cell therapy could be used to tackle the challenges faced in the management of cardiovascular diseases. In spite of the positive indications and proven potential of stem cells to differentiate into cardiomyocytes for cardiac repair and regeneration during myocardial infarction, this therapeutic approach still remains in its infancy due to several factors such as non-specificity of injected cells, insignificant survival rate, and low cell retention. Attempts to improve stem cell therapy using nanoparticles have shown some interest among researchers. This review focuses on the major hurdles associated with cardiac stem cell therapy and the role of nanoparticles to overcome the major challenges in this field, including cell modulation, imaging, tracking and gene delivery. This review summarizes the potential challenges present in cardiac stem cell therapy and the major role of nanotechnology to overcome these challenges including cell modulation, tracking and imaging of stem cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Elangovan Sarathkumar
- Division of Biophotonics and Imaging, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing Trivandrum India
| | - Marina Victor
- Division of Biophotonics and Imaging, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing Trivandrum India
| | | | - Kunnumpurathu Jibin
- Division of Biophotonics and Imaging, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing Trivandrum India
| | - Suresh Padmini
- Sree Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences Kochi Kerala India
| | - Ramapurath S Jayasree
- Division of Biophotonics and Imaging, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing Trivandrum India
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23
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Gao S, Yang X, Xu J, Qiu N, Zhai G. Nanotechnology for Boosting Cancer Immunotherapy and Remodeling Tumor Microenvironment: The Horizons in Cancer Treatment. ACS NANO 2021; 15:12567-12603. [PMID: 34339170 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy that harnesses the human immune system to fight cancer has received widespread attention and become a mainstream strategy for cancer treatment. Cancer immunotherapy not only eliminates primary tumors but also treats metastasis and recurrence, representing a major advantage over traditional cancer treatments. Recently with the development of nanotechnology, there exists much work applying nanomaterials to cancer immunotherapy on the basis of their excellent physiochemical properties, such as efficient tissue-specific delivery function, huge specific surface area, and controllable surface chemistry. Consequently, nanotechnology holds significant potential in improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Nanotechnology-based immunotherapy mainly manifests its inhibitory effect on tumors via two different approaches: one is to produce an effective anti-tumor immune response during tumorigenesis, and the other is to enhance tumor immune defense ability by modulating the immune suppression mechanism in the tumor microenvironment. With the success of tumor immunotherapy, understanding the interaction between the immune system and smart nanomedicine has provided vigorous vitality for the development of cancer treatment. This review highlights the application, progress, and prospect of nanomedicine in the process of tumor immunoediting and also discusses several engineering methods to improve the efficiency of tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 WenhuaXilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiaoye Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 WenhuaXilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jiangkang Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 WenhuaXilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Na Qiu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 WenhuaXilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 WenhuaXilu, Jinan 250012, China
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24
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Tan R, Tian D, Liu J, Wang C, Wan Y. Doxorubicin-Bound Hydroxyethyl Starch Conjugate Nanoparticles with pH/Redox Responsive Linkage for Enhancing Antitumor Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4527-4544. [PMID: 34276212 PMCID: PMC8277972 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s314705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapeutic drugs used for tumor treatments often show limited efficiency due to their short lifetime, nonspecific delivery, and slow or insufficient intracellular drug release, and also, they can cause severe system or organ toxicity. The development of chemotherapeutic nanomedicines with high efficacy and satisfactory safety still remains a challenge for current tumor chemotherapy. METHODS A novel type of conjugate was synthesized using hydroxyethyl starch (HES) as a carrier while binding doxorubicin (DOX) onto HES backbone through a pH/redox responsive linker containing both disulfide and hydrazone bonds in series. The built conjugates were self-assembled into nanoparticles (NPs) (HES-SS-hyd-DOX NPs) for achieving enhanced antitumor therapy and adequate safety. RESULTS HES-SS-hyd-DOX NPs had a certain ability for the tumor-orientated drug accumulation and were capable of releasing DOX itself rather than DOX derivatives. It was found that the pH/redox responsive linkage enabled the NPs to achieve fast and sufficient intracellular drug release. Based on the tumor-bearing mouse model, antitumor results demonstrated that these NPs were able to inhibit the growth of the advanced tumors with significantly enhanced efficacy when compared to free DOX, and to those conjugate NPs containing only a single responsive or unresponsive bond. Besides, HES-SS-hyd-DOX NPs also showed adequate safety to the normal organs of the treated mice. CONCLUSION The pH/redox responsive linkage in HES-SS-hyd-DOX was found to play a critical role in mediating the drug accumulation and the fast and sufficient intracellular drug release. The HES-exposed surface of HES-SS-hyd-DOX NPs endowed the NPs with long circulation capability and remarkably reduced the DOX-induced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Tan
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danlei Tian
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaoyan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Congcong Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wan
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Zhang LY, Yang X, Wang SB, Chen H, Pan HY, Hu ZM. Membrane Derived Vesicles as Biomimetic Carriers for Targeted Drug Delivery System. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:2472-2492. [PMID: 32962615 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200922113054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles (MVs) playing important roles in various cellular and molecular functions in cell-to-cell signaling and transmitting molecular signals to adjacent as well as distant cells. The preserved cell membrane characteristics in MVs derived from live cells, give them great potential in biological applications. EVs are nanoscale particulates secreted from living cells and play crucial roles in several important cellular functions both in physiological and pathological states. EVs are the main elements in intercellular communication in which they serve as carriers for various endogenous cargo molecules, such as RNAs, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. High tissue tropism capacity that can be conveniently mediated by surface molecules, such as integrins and glycans, is a unique feature of EVs that makes them interesting candidates for targeted drug delivery systems. The cell-derived giant MVs have been exploited as vehicles for delivery of various anticancer agents and imaging probes and for implementing combinational phototherapy for targeted cancer treatment. Giant MVs can efficiently encapsulate therapeutic drugs and deliver them to target cells through the membrane fusion process to synergize photodynamic/photothermal treatment under light exposure. EVs can load diagnostic or therapeutic agents using different encapsulation or conjugation methods. Moreover, to prolong the blood circulation and enhance the targeting of the loaded agents, a variety of modification strategies can be exploited. This paper reviews the EVs-based drug delivery strategies in cancer therapy. Biological, pharmacokinetics and physicochemical characteristics, isolation techniques, engineering, and drug loading strategies of EVs are discussed. The recent preclinical and clinical progresses in applications of EVs and oncolytic virus therapy based on EVs, the clinical challenges and perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Yi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Chun’an First People’s Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun’an
Branch), Hangzhou 311700, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shi-Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou
Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hong-Ying Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China,Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China,Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
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Potential Applications of Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials to Surpass the Gastrointestinal Physiological Obstacles and Enhance the Intestinal Drug Absorption. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060887. [PMID: 34203816 PMCID: PMC8232820 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The small intestine provides the major site for the absorption of numerous orally administered drugs. However, before reaching to the systemic circulation to exert beneficial pharmacological activities, the oral drug delivery is hindered by poor absorption/metabolic instability of the drugs in gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the presence of the mucus layer overlying intestinal epithelium. Therefore, a polymeric drug delivery system has emerged as a robust approach to enhance oral drug bioavailability and intestinal drug absorption. Chitosan, a cationic polymer derived from chitin, and its derivatives have received remarkable attention to serve as a promising drug carrier, chiefly owing to their versatile, biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic properties. Several types of chitosan-based drug delivery systems have been developed, including chemical modification, conjugates, capsules, and hybrids. They have been shown to be effective in improving intestinal assimilation of several types of drugs, e.g., antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory drugs. In this review, the physiological challenges affecting intestinal drug absorption and the effects of chitosan on those parameters impacting on oral bioavailability are summarized. More appreciably, types of chitosan-based nanomaterials enhancing intestinal drug absorption and their mechanisms, as well as potential applications in diabetes, cancers, infections, and inflammation, are highlighted. The future perspective of chitosan applications is also discussed.
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Desale K, Kuche K, Jain S. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs): an overview of applications for improving the potential of nanotherapeutics. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:1153-1188. [PMID: 33355322 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01755h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the field of nanotherapeutics, gaining cellular entry into the cytoplasm of the target cell continues to be an ultimate challenge. There are many physicochemical factors such as charge, size and molecular weight of the molecules and delivery vehicles, which restrict their cellular entry. Hence, to dodge such situations, a class of short peptides called cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) was brought into use. CPPs can effectively interact with the cell membrane and can assist in achieving the desired intracellular entry. Such strategy is majorly employed in the field of cancer therapy and diagnosis, but now it is also used for other purposes such as evaluation of atherosclerotic plaques, determination of thrombin levels and HIV therapy. Thus, the current review expounds on each of these mentioned aspects. Further, the review briefly summarizes the basic know-how of CPPs, their utility as therapeutic molecules, their use in cancer therapy, tumor imaging and their assistance to nanocarriers in improving their membrane penetrability. The review also discusses the challenges faced with CPPs pertaining to their stability and also mentions the strategies to overcome them. Thus, in a nutshell, this review will assist in understanding how CPPs can present novel possibilities for resolving the conventional issues faced with the present-day nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Desale
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab-160062, India.
| | - Kaushik Kuche
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab-160062, India.
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab-160062, India.
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28
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Wang B, Yuan T, Zha L, Liu Y, Chen W, Zhang C, Bao Y, Dong Q. Oral Delivery of Gambogenic Acid by Functional Polydopamine Nanoparticles for Targeted Tumor Therapy. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1470-1479. [PMID: 33586444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the water solubility, oral bioavailability, and tumor targeting of gambogenic acid (GNA), polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NPs) were prepared to encapsulate and stabilize GNA surface modified by folic acid (FA) and then coated with sodium alginate (GNA@PDA-FA SA NPs) to achieve an antitumor effect by oral administration. GNA@PDA-FA SA NPs exhibited in vitro pH-sensitive release behavior. In vitro cell studies manifested that GNA@PDA-FA NPs had higher cytotoxicity to 4T1 cells compared with raw GNA (IC50 = 2.58 μM vs 7.57 μM). After being modified with FA, GNA@PDA-FA NPs were taken up easily by 4T1 cells. In vivo studies demonstrated that the area under the curve (AUC0→∞) of the plasma drug concentration-time of GNA@PDA-FA SA NPs was 2.97-fold higher than that of raw GNA, along with improving drug distribution in the liver, lung, and kidney tissues. In vivo anti-tumor experiments, GNA@PDA-FA SA NPs significantly inhibited the growth of breast tumors in the 4T1 xenograft breast cancer model via oral administration without obvious toxicity on major organs. Our studies indicated that the GNA@PDA-FA SA NPs modified with FA and coated with SA were a promising drug delivery system for targeting tumor therapy via oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Tengteng Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Liqiong Zha
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Yuanxu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Youmei Bao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Qiannian Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
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29
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Ban J, Li S, Zhan Q, Li X, Xing H, Chen N, Long L, Hou X, Zhao J, Yuan X. PMPC Modified PAMAM Dendrimer Enhances Brain Tumor-Targeted Drug Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2000392. [PMID: 33506646 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The excellent biocompatibility drug delivery system for effective treatment of glioma is still greatly challenged by the existence of blood-brain barrier, blood-brain tumor barrier, and the tissue toxicity caused by chemotherapy drugs. In this study, poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) is used for the first time for modifying third-generation poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) to enhance their brain tumor-targeted drug delivery ability as well as simultaneously reducing the toxicity of PAMAM dendrimers and the tissue toxicity of the loaded doxorubicin (DOX). The cytotoxicity, the therapeutic ability in vitro, and the brain tumor-targeted ability of the PMPC modified PAMAM nanoparticles are further studied. Results indicate that PMPC, as a dual-functional modifier, can significantly reduce the cytotoxicity of PAMAM dendrimers, while efficiently target the brain tumor. In addition, the therapeutic effect of DOX-loaded PAMAM-PMPC in mice inoculated with U-87 is also studied in vivo. In comparison with DOX solution, DOX-loaded PAMAM-PMPC alleviates weight loss of tumor-inoculated mice and reduces the cardiotoxicity of DOX. The tumor growth inhibition, in vivo, is significantly increased up to (80.76 ± 1.66)%. In conclusion, this strategy of PMPC dual-functional targeted nanocarrier provides a new method for the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to treat glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Ban
- Tianjin Nano-Biotechnology and Translational Medicine Lab School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Sidi Li
- Tianjin Nano-Biotechnology and Translational Medicine Lab School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.,School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Qi Zhan
- Tianjin Nano-Biotechnology and Translational Medicine Lab School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xuepin Li
- Tianjin Nano-Biotechnology and Translational Medicine Lab School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Huike Xing
- Tianjin Nano-Biotechnology and Translational Medicine Lab School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Tianjin Nano-Biotechnology and Translational Medicine Lab School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lixia Long
- Tianjin Nano-Biotechnology and Translational Medicine Lab School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xin Hou
- Tianjin Nano-Biotechnology and Translational Medicine Lab School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Tianjin Nano-Biotechnology and Translational Medicine Lab School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xubo Yuan
- Tianjin Nano-Biotechnology and Translational Medicine Lab School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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30
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Zeng S, Quan X, Zhu H, Sun D, Miao Z, Zhang L, Zhou J. Computer Simulations on a pH-Responsive Anticancer Drug Delivery System Using Zwitterion-Grafted Polyamidoamine Dendrimer Unimolecular Micelles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:1225-1234. [PMID: 33417464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Unimolecular micelles have attracted wide attention in the field of drug delivery because of their thermodynamic stability and uniform size distribution. However, their drug loading/release mechanisms at the molecular level have been poorly understood. In this work, the stability and drug loading/release behaviors of unimolecular micelles formed using generation-5 polyamidoamine-graft-poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) (PAMAM(G5)-PCBMA) were studied by dissipative particle dynamics simulations. In addition, the unimolecular micelles formed using generation-5 polyamidoamine-graft-poly(ethyleneglycol methacrylate) (PAMAM(G5)-PEGMA) were used as a comparison. The simulation results showed that PAMAM(G5)-PCBMA can spontaneously form core-shell unimolecular micelles. The PAMAM(G5) dendrimer constitutes a hydrophobic core to load the doxorubicin (DOX), while the zwitterionic PCBMA serves as a protective shell to improve the stability of the unimolecular micelle. The DOX can be encapsulated into the cavity of PAMAM(G5) at the physiological pH 7.4. The drug loading efficiency and drug loading content showed some regularities with the increase in the drug concentration. At the acidic pH 5.0, the loaded DOX can be released gradually from the hydrophobic core. The comparison of DOX-loaded morphologies between the PAMAM(G5)-PCBMA system and PAMAM(G5)-PEGMA system showed that the former has better monodisperse stability. This work could offer theoretical guidance for the design and development of promising unimolecular micelles for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijun Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xuebo Quan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Huilin Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Delin Sun
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Zhaohong Miao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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31
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Jin R, Sun J, Zhou L, Guo X, Cao A. Dual-responsive click-crosslinked micelles designed for enhanced chemotherapy for solid tumors. Biomater Sci 2021; 8:2507-2513. [PMID: 32211707 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00078g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The design of multiple stimuli-responsive, stable polymeric drug carriers is key for efficient drug release against solid tumors. Herein, core-crosslinked micelles were readily prepared from a pair of redox/pH-sensitive clickable copolymers. The two copolymers comprised the same poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-poly(ε-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-lysine) (PZLL) block but with either disulfide-linked azadibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) or azide (AZ) group-tagged branched polyethylenimine (BPEI, 1.8 kDa). The data showed that an equivalent of the two copolymers could self-assemble into nanosized micelles with the crosslinked core via the DBCO-AZ click chemistry. The click-crosslinked micelles showed excellent size stability under multiple dilutions but destabilization in an acidic or reductive environment. Besides, they could load doxorubicin (DOX), an anticancer drug, and mediate slow drug release in a neutral environment but sufficient drug unloading under acidic plus reductive conditions. In vitro, DOX-loaded crosslinked micelles led to higher DOX accumulation in the cellular nucleus in comparison with non-crosslinked micelles from the PEG-PZLL-BPEI copolymer (PP), thus causing more marked cytotoxicity in SKOV-3 cells. In vivo, DOX-loaded crosslinked micelles caused significant growth inhibition of SKOV-3 tumors xenografted in BALB/c nude mice, and showed superior anticancer efficacy to non-crosslinked PP micelles. Chemotherapy with core-crosslinked micelles had no adverse side effects on the health (serum levels and body weight) of the mice. This study highlights the design of clickable block copolymers to easily construct core-crosslinked and multiple stimuli-responsive micelles for enhanced anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Liefu Zhou
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Xuelian Guo
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Aoneng Cao
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
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32
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The application of nano-medicine to overcome the challenges related to immune checkpoint blockades in cancer immunotherapy: Recent advances and opportunities. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 157:103160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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33
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Robust and smart polypeptide-based nanomedicines for targeted tumor therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 160:199-211. [PMID: 33137364 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicines based on synthetic polypeptides are among the most versatile and advanced platforms for tumor therapy. Notably, several polypeptide-based nanodrugs are currently under human clinical assessments. The previous (pre)clinical studies clearly show that dynamic stability (i.e. stable in circulation while destabilized in tumor) of nanomedicines plays a vital role in their anti-tumor performance. Various strategies have recently been developed to design dynamically stabilized polypeptide-based nanomedicines by e.g. crosslinking the nanovehicles with acid, reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), or photo-sensitive linkers, inter-crosslinking between vehicles and drugs, introducing π-π stacking or lipid-lipid interactions in the nanovehicles, chemically conjugating drugs to vehicles, and forming unimolecular micelles. Interestingly, these robust and smart nanodrugs have demonstrated improved tumor targetability, anti-tumor efficacy, as well as safety profiles in different tumor models. In this review, representative strategies to robust and smart polypeptide-based nanomedicines for targeted treatment of varying malignancies are highlighted. The exciting development of dynamic nanomedicines will foresee further increasing clinical translation in the future.
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34
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Zhang L, Xie L, Xu S, Kuchel RP, Dai Y, Jung K, Boyer C. Dual Role of Doxorubicin for Photopolymerization and Therapy. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3887-3897. [PMID: 32786533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report dual roles for doxorubicin (DOX), which can serve as an antitumor drug as well as a cocatalyst for a photoliving radical polymerization. DOX enhances the polymerization rates of a broad range of monomers, including acrylamide, acrylate, and methacrylates, allowing for high monomer conversion and well-defined molecular weights under irradiation with a blue light-emitting diode light (λmax = 485 nm, 2.2 mW/cm2). Utilizing this property, the photopolymerization of N,N-diethylacrylamide was performed in the presence of a poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate) macroreversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (macroRAFT) agent to prepare polymeric nanoparticles via aqueous polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). By varying the monomer:macroRAFT ratio, spherical polymeric nanoparticles of various diameters could be produced. Most notably, DOX was successfully encapsulated into the hydrophobic core of nanoparticles during the PISA process. The DOX-loaded nanoparticles were effectively uptaken into tumor cells and significantly inhibited the proliferation of tumor cells, demonstrating that the DOX bioactivity was not affected by the polymerization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Lisi Xie
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR 999078, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR 999078, China
| | - Sihao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Rhiannon P Kuchel
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Yunlu Dai
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR 999078, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR 999078, China
| | - Kenward Jung
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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35
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Domiński A, Krawczyk M, Konieczny T, Kasprów M, Foryś A, Pastuch-Gawołek G, Kurcok P. Biodegradable pH-responsive micelles loaded with 8-hydroxyquinoline glycoconjugates for Warburg effect based tumor targeting. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 154:317-329. [PMID: 32717390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable triblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-b-polycarbonate-b-oligo([R]-3-hydroxybutyrate) was prepared via metal-free ring-opening polymerization of ketal protected six-membered cyclic carbonate followed by esterification with bacterial oligo([R]-3-hydroxybutyrate) (oPHB). Amphiphilic triblock copolymer self-organizes into micelles with a diameter of ~25 nm. Acid-triggered hydrolysis of ketal groups to two hydroxyl groups causes an increase in hydrophilicity of the hydrophobic micelle core, resulting in the micelles swell and drug release. oPHB was added as core-forming block to increase the stability of prepared micelles in all pH (7.4, 6.4, 5.5) studied. Doxorubicin and 8-hydroxyquinoline glucose- and galactose conjugates were loaded in the micelles. In vitro drug release profiles in PBS buffers with different pH showed that a small amount of loaded drug was released in PBS at pH 7.4, while the drug was released much faster at pH 5.5. MTT assay showed that the blank micelles were non-toxic to different cell lines, while glycoconjugates-loaded micelles, showed significantly increased ability to inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 and HCT-116 cells compared to free glycoconjugates. The glycoconjugation of anti-cancer drugs and pH-responsive nanocarriers have separately shown great potential to increase the tumor-targeted drug delivery efficiency. The combination of drug glycoconjugation and the use of pH-responsive nanocarrier opens up new possibilities to develop novel strategies for efficient tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Domiński
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej St, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Monika Krawczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Konieczny
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej St, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Maciej Kasprów
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej St, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Aleksander Foryś
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej St, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Gabriela Pastuch-Gawołek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Piotr Kurcok
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej St, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland.
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Shetab Boushehri MA, Dietrich D, Lamprecht A. Nanotechnology as a Platform for the Development of Injectable Parenteral Formulations: A Comprehensive Review of the Know-Hows and State of the Art. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060510. [PMID: 32503171 PMCID: PMC7356945 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Within recent decades, the development of nanotechnology has made a significant contribution to the progress of various fields of study, including the domains of medical and pharmaceutical sciences. A substantially transformed arena within the context of the latter is the development and production of various injectable parenteral formulations. Indeed, recent decades have witnessed a rapid growth of the marketed and pipeline nanotechnology-based injectable products, which is a testimony to the remarkability of the aforementioned contribution. Adjunct to the ability of nanomaterials to deliver the incorporated payloads to many different targets of interest, nanotechnology has substantially assisted to the development of many further facets of the art. Such contributions include the enhancement of the drug solubility, development of long-acting locally and systemically injectable formulations, tuning the onset of the drug’s release through the endowment of sensitivity to various internal or external stimuli, as well as adjuvancy and immune activation, which is a desirable component for injectable vaccines and immunotherapeutic formulations. The current work seeks to provide a comprehensive review of all the abovementioned contributions, along with the most recent advances made within each domain. Furthermore, recent developments within the domains of passive and active targeting will be briefly debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam A. Shetab Boushehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-228-736428; Fax: +49-228-735268
| | - Dirk Dietrich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinic of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany;
- PEPITE EA4267, Institute of Pharmacy, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
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del Prado A, González‐Rodríguez D, Wu Y. Functional Systems Derived from Nucleobase Self-assembly. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:409-430. [PMID: 32257750 PMCID: PMC7110180 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic and reversible non-covalent interactions endow synthetic systems and materials with smart adaptive functions that allow them to response to diverse stimuli, interact with external agents, or repair structural defects. Inspired by the outstanding performance and selectivity of DNA in living systems, scientists are increasingly employing Watson-Crick nucleobase pairing to control the structure and properties of self-assembled materials. Two sets of complementary purine-pyrimidine pairs (guanine:cytosine and adenine:thymine(uracil)) are available that provide selective and directional H-bonding interactions, present multiple metal-coordination sites, and exhibit rich redox chemistry. In this review, we highlight several recent examples that profit from these features and employ nucleobase interactions in functional systems and materials, covering the fields of energy/electron transfer, charge transport, adaptive nanoparticles, porous materials, macromolecule self-assembly, or polymeric materials with adhesive or self-healing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselmo del Prado
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid28049MadridSpain
| | - David González‐Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid28049MadridSpain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)Universidad Autónoma de Madrid28049MadridSpain
| | - Yi‐Lin Wu
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
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Abdel-Hakeem MA, Abdel-Haseb OM, Abdel-Ghany SE, Cevik E, Sabit H. Doxorubicin loaded on chitosan-protamine nanoparticles triggers apoptosis via downregulating Bcl-2 in breast cancer cells. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Piorecka K, Smith D, Kurjata J, Stanczyk M, Stanczyk WA. Synthetic routes to nanoconjugates of anthracyclines. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103617. [PMID: 32014639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anthracyclines (Anth) are widely used in the treatment of various types of cancer. Unfortunately, they exhibit serious adverse effects, such as hematopoietic depression and cardiotoxicity, leading to heart failure. In this review, we focus on recently developed conjugates of anthracyclines with a range of nanocarriers, such as polymers, peptides, DNA or inorganic systems. Manipulation of the composition, size and shape of chemical entities at the nanometer scale makes possible the design and development of a range of prodrugs. In this review we concentrate on synthetic chemistry in the long process leading to the introduction of novel therapeutic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Piorecka
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - David Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Jan Kurjata
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Wlodzimierz A Stanczyk
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
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Zuo L, Ding J, Li C, Lin F, Chen PR, Wang P, Lu G, Zhang J, Huang LL, Xie HY. Coordinating bioorthogonal reactions with two tumor-microenvironment-responsive nanovehicles for spatiotemporally controlled prodrug activation. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2155-2160. [PMID: 34123305 PMCID: PMC8150104 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05036a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise activation of prodrugs in tumor tissues is critical to ensuring specific antitumor efficacy, meanwhile reducing the serious adverse effects. Here, a spatiotemporally controlled prodrug activation strategy was provided by integrating the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction with two tumor-microenvironment-responsive nanovehicles. The prodrug (Dox-TCO) and [4-(6-methyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3-yl)phenyl]methanamine (Tz) were separately camouflaged into low pH and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) sensitive micellar nanoparticles. After systemic administration, only in the tumor tissues could both the nanovehicles dissociate via responding to two special tumor microenvironments, with Dox-TCO and Tz released and then immediately triggering the prodrug activation through the IEDDA reaction. The hierarchically regulated and locally confined Dox liberation led to dramatically decreased side-effects that were much lower than those of the clinical Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Liposomal Injection (Doxil), while the antitumor therapeutic effect was potent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zuo
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology No. 5 South Zhong Guan Cun Street Beijing 100081 China
| | - Jingjing Ding
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology No. 5 South Zhong Guan Cun Street Beijing 100081 China
| | - Changkun Li
- Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd Beijing Branch Beijing 100020 PR China
| | - Feng Lin
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Peng R Chen
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Peilin Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology No. 5 South Zhong Guan Cun Street Beijing 100081 China
| | - Guihong Lu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology No. 5 South Zhong Guan Cun Street Beijing 100081 China
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology No. 5 South Zhong Guan Cun Street Beijing 100081 China
| | - Li-Li Huang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology No. 5 South Zhong Guan Cun Street Beijing 100081 China
| | - Hai-Yan Xie
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology No. 5 South Zhong Guan Cun Street Beijing 100081 China
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Zhang W, Huang Z, Pu X, Chen X, Yin G, Wang L, Zhang F, Gao F. Fabrication of doxorubicin and chlorotoxin-linked Eu-Gd2O3 nanorods with dual-model imaging and targeted therapy of brain tumor. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tumor microenvironment targeted nanotherapeutics for cancer therapy and diagnosis: A review. Acta Biomater 2020; 101:43-68. [PMID: 31518706 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that the cellular and extracellular materials surrounding the cancerous cells from an atypical tumor microenvironment (TM) play a pivotal role in the process of tumor initiation and progression. TM comprises an intricate system involving diverse cell types including endothelial cells, pericytes, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, various inflammatory cells, dendritic cells, and cancer stem cells (CSCs). The TM-forming cells dynamically interact with the cancerous cells through various signaling mechanisms and pathways. The existence of this dynamic cellular communication is responsible for creating an environment suitable for sustaining a reasonably high cellular proliferation. Presently, researchers are showing interest to use these TM conditions to mediate effective targeting measures for cancer therapy. The use of nanotherapeutics-based combination therapy; stimuli-responsive nanotherapeutics targeting acidic pH, hypoxic environment; and nanoparticle-induced hyperthermia are some of the approaches that are under intense investigation for cancer therapy. This review discusses TM and its role in cancer progression and crosstalk understanding, opportunities, and epigenetic modifications involved therein to materialize the capability of nanotherapeutics to target cancer by availing TM. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This article presents various recent reports, proof-of-concept studies, patents, and clinical trials on the concept of tumor microenvironment for mediating the cancer-specific delivery of nanotechnology-based systems bearing anticancer drug and diagnostics. We highlight the potential of tumor microenvironment; its role in disease progression, opportunities, challenges, and allied treatment strategies for effective cancer therapy by conceptual understanding of tumor microenvironment and epigenetic modifications involved. Specifically, nanoparticle-based approaches to target various processes related to tumor microenvironment (pH responsive, hypoxic environment responsive, targeting of specific cells involved in tumor microenvironment, etc.) are dealt in detail.
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Sun H, Gu X, Zhang Q, Xu H, Zhong Z, Deng C. Cancer Nanomedicines Based on Synthetic Polypeptides. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:4299-4311. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huanli Sun
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaolei Gu
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Walker S, Busatto S, Pham A, Tian M, Suh A, Carson K, Quintero A, Lafrence M, Malik H, Santana MX, Wolfram J. Extracellular vesicle-based drug delivery systems for cancer treatment. Theranostics 2019; 9:8001-8017. [PMID: 31754377 PMCID: PMC6857056 DOI: 10.7150/thno.37097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally occurring cell-secreted nanoparticles that play important roles in many physiological and pathological processes. EVs enable intercellular communication by serving as delivery vehicles for a wide range of endogenous cargo molecules, such as RNAs, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. EVs have also been found to display tissue tropism mediated by surface molecules, such as integrins and glycans, making them promising for drug delivery applications. Various methods can be used to load therapeutic agents into EVs, and additional modification strategies have been employed to prolong circulation and improve targeting. This review gives an overview of EV-based drug delivery strategies in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra Walker
- Department of Transplantation/Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Sara Busatto
- Department of Transplantation/Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Anthony Pham
- Department of Transplantation/Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Ming Tian
- Department of Transplantation/Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Annie Suh
- Department of Transplantation/Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Kelsey Carson
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Astrid Quintero
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Maria Lafrence
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Hanna Malik
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Moises X. Santana
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Joy Wolfram
- Department of Transplantation/Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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45
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Li Y, Wang T, Liu Y, Xu Y, Sun Z, Yang G. NIR-laser-triggered drug release from folate decorated albumin nanoparticles for synergistic chemo-photothermal tumor therapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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46
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Cheng CC, Gebeyehu BT, Huang SY, Abebe Alemayehu Y, Sun YT, Lai YC, Chang YH, Lai JY, Lee DJ. Entrapment of an adenine derivative by a photo-irradiated uracil-functionalized micelle confers controlled self-assembly behavior. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 552:166-178. [PMID: 31125827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Invoking cooperative assembly of the uracil-functionalized supramolecular polymer BU-PPG [uracil end-capped poly(propylene glycol)] upon association with the nucleobase adenine derivative A-MA [methyl 3-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propanoate] as a model drug provides a new concept to control and tune the properties of supramolecular complexes and holds significant potential for the development of safer, more effective drug delivery systems. EXPERIMENTS BU-PPG and A-MA were successfully developed and exhibited specific recognition and high affinity, which enabled reversible complementary adenine-uracil (A-U) hydrogen bonding-induced formation of spherical micelles in aqueous solution. The self-assembly and controllable A-MA release behavior of BU-PPG/A-MA micelles were studied using morphological analysis and optical and light scattering techniques to investigate the effect of photoirradiation and temperature on the complementary hydrogen bond interactions between BU-PPG and A-MA. FINDINGS The resulting micelles possess unusual physical properties, including controlled photoreactivity kinetics, controllable self-assembled morphology and low cytotoxicity in vitro, as well as reversible temperature-responsive behavior. Importantly, irradiated micelles exhibited excellent long-term structural stability under normal physiological conditions and serum disturbance. Increasing the temperature triggered rapid release of A-MA by disrupting A-U complexes. These findings represent an entirely new, promising strategy for the development of multi-controlled release drug delivery nanocarriers based on complementary hydrogen bonding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chia Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; Advanced Membrane Materials Research Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
| | - Belete Tewabe Gebeyehu
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Shan-You Huang
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Yihalem Abebe Alemayehu
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Sun
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - You-Cheng Lai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Chang
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Juin-Yih Lai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; Advanced Membrane Materials Research Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan 32043, Taiwan
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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47
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Levit SL, Walker RC, Tang C. Rapid, Single-Step Protein Encapsulation via Flash NanoPrecipitation. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1406. [PMID: 31461925 PMCID: PMC6780228 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Flash NanoPrecipitation (FNP) is a rapid method for encapsulating hydrophobic materials in polymer nanoparticles with high loading capacity. Encapsulating biologics such as proteins remains a challenge due to their low hydrophobicity (logP < 6) and current methods require multiple processing steps. In this work, we report rapid, single-step protein encapsulation via FNP using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein. Nanoparticle formation involves complexation and precipitation of protein with tannic acid and stabilization with a cationic polyelectrolyte. Nanoparticle self-assembly is driven by hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. Using this approach, high encapsulation efficiency (up to ~80%) of protein can be achieved. The resulting nanoparticles are stable at physiological pH and ionic strength. Overall, FNP is a rapid, efficient platform for encapsulating proteins for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani L Levit
- Chemical and Life Science Engineering Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-3028, USA
| | - Rebecca C Walker
- Chemical and Life Science Engineering Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-3028, USA
| | - Christina Tang
- Chemical and Life Science Engineering Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-3028, USA.
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48
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Zhang Y, Gal N, Itel F, Westensee IN, Brodszkij E, Mayer D, Stenger S, Castellote-Borrell M, Boesen T, Tabaei SR, Höök F, Städler B. Hybrid vesicles as intracellular reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide generators. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:11530-11541. [PMID: 31150038 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02584g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Artificial organelles are envisioned as nanosized assemblies with intracellular biocatalytic activity to provide the host cells with non-native or missing/lost function. Hybrid vesicles loaded with glucose oxidase (NRGOx) or β-galactosidase (NRβ-Gal) and equipped with lysosomal escape ability are assembled using phospholipids and the block copolymer poly(cholesteryl methacrylate)-block-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate). The co-localization of the building blocks and the catalytic activity of NRGOx and NRβ-Gal are illustrated. The intracellular activity of the nanoreactors in RAW 264.7 macrophages is confirmed by an enhanced reduction in viability for cells pre-incubated with NRGOx in the presence of glucose due to the generation of cytotoxic hydrogen peroxide compared to the controls. In addition, RAW 264.7 macrophages and primary human macrophages equipped with NRβ-Gal are able to intracellularly convert β-Gal-NONOate into nitric oxide. The successful use of these hybrid vesicles to equip host macrophages with additional catalytic activity diversifies the available toolbox of nanocarriers with envisioned application in cell mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
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Zheng G, Zheng M, Yang B, Fu H, Li Y. Improving breast cancer therapy using doxorubicin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: Synthesis of a novel arginine-glycine-aspartic tripeptide conjugated, pH sensitive lipid and evaluation of the nanomedicine in vitro and in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 116:109006. [PMID: 31152925 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in women worldwide. To overcome the toxic side effects and multidrug resistance (MDR) during doxorubicin (DOX) chemotherapy, an arginine-glycine-aspartic (RGD) tripeptide modified, pH-sensitive solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) is employed in this study. In this study, a RGD conjugated, pH sensitive lipid was synthesized using glycerin monostearate (GMS) and adipic acid dihydrazide (HZ) as lipid materials and named RGD-HZ-GMS. RGD-HZ-GMS was applied to encapsulate DOX to construct a RGD modified, DOX loaded SLNs (RGD-DOX-SLNs). To evaluate the anticancer effect of RGD-DOX-SLNs, breast cancer cell line (MCF-7 cells) and DOX resistant cell line (MCF-7/ADR cells) were used. in vivo tumor suspension and toxicity effects were evaluated on mice bearing MCF-7/ADR cells breast cancer model. RGD-DOX-SLNs had a uniformly spherical shape. The mean particle size and zeta potential of the RGD-DOX-SLNs was 96.3 nm and 35.6 mV, respectively. RGD-DOX-SLNs showed 5.58 fold higher area under the plasma concentration - time curve (AUC) compared with DOX solution. Terminal half life (T1/2) and peak concentration (Cmax) of RGD-DOX-SLNs was 10.85 h and 39.12 ± 2.71 L/kg/h. in vitro and in vivo antitumor results indicate that RGD-DOX-SLNs might be a promising novel lipid carrier which could improve breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zheng
- Department of Surgical Ward 2, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Meizhu Zheng
- Department of Surgical Ward 2, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Ben Yang
- Department of Surgical Ward 2, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Hui Fu
- Department of Surgical Ward 2, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yongqing Li
- Department of Surgical Ward 1, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong Province, PR China.
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50
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Gillies RJ, Pilot C, Marunaka Y, Fais S. Targeting acidity in cancer and diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:273-280. [PMID: 30708040 PMCID: PMC6525044 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
While cancer is commonly described as "a disease of the genes", it is also a disease of metabolism. Indeed, carcinogenesis and malignancy are highly associated with metabolic re-programming, and there is clinical evidence that interrupting a cancer's metabolic program can improve patients' outcomes. Notably, many of the metabolic adaptations observed in cancer are similar to the same perturbations observed in diabetic patients. For example, metformin is commonly used to reduce hyperglycemia in diabetic patients, and has been demonstrated to reduce cancer incidence. Treatment with PI3K inhibitors can induce hyperinsulinemia, which can blunt therapeutic efficacy if unchecked. While commonalities between metabolism in cancer and diabetes have been extensively reviewed, here we examine a less explored and emergent convergence between diabetic and cancer metabolism: the generation of lactic acid and subsequent acidification of the surrounding microenvironment. Extracellular lactic acidosis is integral in disease manifestation and is a negative prognostic in both disease states. In tumors, this results in important sequela for cancer progression including increased invasion and metastasis, as well as inhibition of immune surveillance. In diabetes, acidosis impacts the ability of insulin to bind to its receptor, leading to peripheral resistance and an exacerbation of symptoms. Thus, acidosis may be a relevant therapeutic target, and we describe three approaches for targeting: buffers, nanomedicine, and proton pump inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Gillies
- Dept. Cancer Physiology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33602, USA.
| | - Christian Pilot
- Dept. Cancer Physiology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; Research Institute for Clinical Physiology, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto 604-8472, Japan; Research Center for Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Development Science, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Stefano Fais
- Dept. of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma 00161, Italy.
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