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Banerjee S, Dien BS, Singh V. Hydrothermal conditioning of oleaginous yeast cells to enable recovery of lipids as potential drop-in fuel precursors. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:114. [PMID: 39152495 PMCID: PMC11330000 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02561-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipids produced using oleaginous yeast cells are an emerging feedstock to manufacture commercially valuable oleochemicals ranging from pharmaceuticals to lipid-derived biofuels. Production of biofuels using oleaginous yeast is a multistep procedure that requires yeast cultivation and harvesting, lipid recovery, and conversion of the lipids to biofuels. The quantitative recovery of the total intracellular lipid from the yeast cells is a critical step during the development of a bioprocess. Their rigid cell walls often make them resistant to lysis. The existing methods include mechanical, chemical, biological and thermochemical lysis of yeast cell walls followed by solvent extraction. In this study, an aqueous thermal pretreatment was explored as a method for lysing the cell wall of the oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula toruloides for lipid recovery. RESULTS Hydrothermal pretreatment for 60 min at 121 °C with a dry cell weight of 7% (w/v) in the yeast slurry led to a recovery of 84.6 ± 3.2% (w/w) of the total lipids when extracted with organic solvents. The conventional sonication and acid-assisted thermal cell lysis led to a lipid recovery yield of 99.8 ± 0.03% (w/w) and 109.5 ± 1.9% (w/w), respectively. The fatty acid profiles of the hydrothermally pretreated cells and freeze-dried control were similar, suggesting that the thermal lysis of the cells did not degrade the lipids. CONCLUSION This work demonstrates that hydrothermal pretreatment of yeast cell slurry at 121 °C for 60 min is a robust and sustainable method for cell conditioning to extract intracellular microbial lipids for biofuel production and provides a baseline for further scale-up and process integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivali Banerjee
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Bruce S Dien
- Bioenergy Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Vijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Dadashi Ouranj Z, Hosseini S, Alipour A, Homaeigohar S, Azari S, Ghazizadeh L, Shokrgozar M, Thomas S, Irian S, Shahsavarani H. The potent osteo-inductive capacity of bioinspired brown seaweed-derived carbohydrate nanofibrous three-dimensional scaffolds. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 6:515-534. [PMID: 39219680 PMCID: PMC11358581 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-024-00241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the osteo-inductive capacity of a fucoidan polysaccharide network derived from brown algae on human adipose-derived stem cells (HA-MSCs) for bone regeneration. The physiochemical properties of the scaffold including surface morphology, surface chemistry, hydrophilicity, mechanical stiffness, and porosity were thoroughly characterized. Both in vitro and in vivo measurements implied a superior cell viability, proliferation, adhesion, and osteo-inductive performance of obtained scaffolds compared to using specific osteogenic induction medium with increased irregular growth of calcium crystallites, which mimic the structure of natural bones. That scaffold was highly biocompatible and suitable for cell cultures. Various examinations, such as quantification of mineralization, alkaline phosphatase, gene expression, and immunocytochemical staining of pre-osteocyte and bone markers confirmed that HAD-MSCs differentiate into osteoblasts, even without an osteogenic induction medium. This study provides evidence for the positive relationship and synergistic effects between the physical properties of the decellularized seaweed scaffold and the chemical composition of fucoidan in promoting the osteogenic differentiation of HA-MSCs. Altogether, the natural matrices derived from brown seaweed offers a sustainable, cost-effective, non-toxic bioinspired scaffold and holds promise for future clinical applications in orthopedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Dadashi Ouranj
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 15719-14911 Iran
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Innovations, National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 13169-43551 Iran
| | - Saadi Hosseini
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Innovations, National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 13169-43551 Iran
| | - Atefeh Alipour
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Innovations, National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 13169-43551 Iran
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 13169-43551 Iran
| | - Shahin Homaeigohar
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN UK
| | - Shahram Azari
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Innovations, National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 13169-43551 Iran
| | - Leila Ghazizadeh
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Innovations, National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 13169-43551 Iran
| | - Mohammadali Shokrgozar
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Innovations, National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, 13169-43551 Iran
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala India
| | - Saeed Irian
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 15719-14911 Iran
| | - Hosein Shahsavarani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 19839-69411 Iran
- Iranian Biological Resource Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, 1533734716 Iran
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Torbati S, Atashbar Kangarloei B, Asalpisheh Z. Fluoranthene biotreatment using prominent freshwater microalgae: physiological responses of microalgae and artificial neural network modeling of the bioremoval process. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2024; 26:1038-1048. [PMID: 38084668 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2288900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Due to the intensified industrial activities and other anthropogenic actions, contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been growing at an alarming rate, turning in to a serious environmental concern. Bioremediation, as an eco-friendly and sustainable removal technology, can be used by organisms to reduce the resulting contaminations. In the present study, the ability of Tetradesmus obliquus to remove of fluoranthene (FLA) was evaluated. It was confirmed that FLA removal efficiency was managed by various environmental parameters and pH was found to be one of the most important influencial factors. The reusability of the algae in long-term repetitive operations confirmed the occurrence of biodegradation along with other natural attenuation and 10 intermediate compounds were identified in the FLA biodegradation pathway by GC-MS. As a result of physiological assays, induced antioxidant enzymes activities and augmentation of phenol and flavonoids contents, after the treatment of the microalgae by a high concentration of FLA, confirmed the ability of the microalgae to upregulate its antioxidant defense system in response to the toxic effects of FLA. An artificial neural network (ANN) model was then developed to predict FLA biodegradation efficiency and the appropriate predictive performance of ANN was confirmed by comparing the experimental FLA removal efficiency with its predicted amounts (R2 = 0.99).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Torbati
- Department of Ecology and Aquatic Stocks Management, Artemia and Aquaculture Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Behrouz Atashbar Kangarloei
- Department of Ecology and Aquatic Stocks Management, Artemia and Aquaculture Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Zahra Asalpisheh
- Department of Ecology and Aquatic Stocks Management, Artemia and Aquaculture Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Gao S, Chen W, Cao S, Sun P, Gao X. Microalgae as fishmeal alternatives in aquaculture: current status, existing problems, and possible solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:16113-16130. [PMID: 38315337 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Fishmeal is an indispensable ingredient for most aquatic animals. However, the finite supply and escalating price of fishmeal seriously limit its use in aquaculture. Thus the development of new, sustainable protein ingredients has been a research focus. Microalgae are potential fishmeal alternatives owing to their high protein content and balanced amino acid profile. Studies suggest that suitable replacement of fishmeal with microalgae is beneficial for fish growth performance, but excessive replacement would induce poor growth and feed utilization. Therefore, this paper aims to review research on the maximum substitutional level of fishmeal by microalgae and propose the main issues and possible solutions for fishmeal replacement by microalgae. The maximum replacement level is affected by microalgal species, fish feeding habits, quality of fishmeal and microalgal meals, and supplemental levels of fishmeal in the control group. Microalgae could generally replace 100%, 95%, 95%, 64.1%, 25.6%, and 18.6% fishmeal protein in diets of carp, shrimp, catfish, tilapia, marine fish, and salmon and trout, respectively. The main issues with fishmeal replacement using microalgae include low production and high production cost, poor digestibility, and anti-nutritional factors. Possible solutions to these problems are recommended in this paper. Overall, microalgae are promising fishmeal alternatives in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Weijun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China.
| | - Shenping Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, China
| | - Ping Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Xiaochan Gao
- College of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Salazar-Alekseyeva K, Herndl GJ, Baltar F. Influence of Salinity on the Extracellular Enzymatic Activities of Marine Pelagic Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:152. [PMID: 38392824 PMCID: PMC10890631 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Even though fungi are ubiquitous in the biosphere, the ecological knowledge of marine fungi remains rather rudimentary. Also, little is known about their tolerance to salinity and how it influences their activities. Extracellular enzymatic activities (EEAs) are widely used to determine heterotrophic microbes' enzymatic capabilities and substrate preferences. Five marine fungal species belonging to the most abundant pelagic phyla (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) were grown under non-saline and saline conditions (0 g/L and 35 g/L, respectively). Due to their sensitivity and specificity, fluorogenic substrate analogues were used to determine hydrolytic activity on carbohydrates (β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase); peptides (leucine aminopeptidase and trypsin); lipids (lipase); organic phosphorus (alkaline phosphatase), and sulfur compounds (sulfatase). Afterwards, kinetic parameters such as maximum velocity (Vmax) and half-saturation constant (Km) were calculated. All fungal species investigated cleaved these substrates, but some species were more efficient than others. Moreover, most enzymatic activities were reduced in the saline medium, with some exceptions like sulfatase. In non-saline conditions, the average Vmax ranged between 208.5 to 0.02 μmol/g biomass/h, and in saline conditions, 88.4 to 0.02 μmol/g biomass/h. The average Km ranged between 1553.2 and 0.02 μM with no clear influence of salinity. Taken together, our results highlight a potential tolerance of marine fungi to freshwater conditions and indicate that changes in salinity (due to freshwater input or evaporation) might impact their enzymatic activities spectrum and, therefore, their contribution to the oceanic elemental cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Salazar-Alekseyeva
- Bio-Oceanography and Marine Biology Unit, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Bioprocess Engineering Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard J Herndl
- Bio-Oceanography and Marine Biology Unit, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), University of Utrecht, 1790 AB Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Baltar
- Bio-Oceanography and Marine Biology Unit, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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Hui TKL, Lo ICN, Wong KKW, Tsang CTT, Tsang LM. Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome illuminates the mechanisms and evolution of lignocellulose degradation in mangrove herbivorous crabs. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:57. [PMID: 38350856 PMCID: PMC10863281 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sesarmid crabs dominate mangrove habitats as the major primary consumers, which facilitates the trophic link and nutrient recycling in the ecosystem. Therefore, the adaptations and mechanisms of sesarmid crabs to herbivory are not only crucial to terrestrialization and its evolutionary success, but also to the healthy functioning of mangrove ecosystems. Although endogenous cellulase expressions were reported in crabs, it remains unknown if endogenous enzymes alone can complete the whole lignocellulolytic pathway, or if they also depend on the contribution from the intestinal microbiome. We attempt to investigate the role of gut symbiotic microbes of mangrove-feeding sesarmid crabs in plant digestion using a comparative metagenomic approach. RESULTS Metagenomics analyses on 43 crab gut samples from 23 species of mangrove crabs with different dietary preferences revealed a wide coverage of 127 CAZy families and nine KOs targeting lignocellulose and their derivatives in all species analyzed, including predominantly carnivorous species, suggesting the crab gut microbiomes have lignocellulolytic capacity regardless of dietary preference. Microbial cellulase, hemicellulase and pectinase genes in herbivorous and detritivorous crabs were differentially more abundant when compared to omnivorous and carnivorous crabs, indicating the importance of gut symbionts in lignocellulose degradation and the enrichment of lignocellulolytic microbes in response to diet with higher lignocellulose content. Herbivorous and detritivorous crabs showed highly similar CAZyme composition despite dissimilarities in taxonomic profiles observed in both groups, suggesting a stronger selection force on gut microbiota by functional capacity than by taxonomy. The gut microbiota in herbivorous sesarmid crabs were also enriched with nitrogen reduction and fixation genes, implying possible roles of gut microbiota in supplementing nitrogen that is deficient in plant diet. CONCLUSIONS Endosymbiotic microbes play an important role in lignocellulose degradation in most crab species. Their abundance is strongly correlated with dietary preference, and they are highly enriched in herbivorous sesarmids, thus enhancing their capacity in digesting mangrove leaves. Dietary preference is a stronger driver in determining the microbial CAZyme composition and taxonomic profile in the crab microbiome, resulting in functional redundancy of endosymbiotic microbes. Our results showed that crabs implement a mixed mode of digestion utilizing both endogenous and microbial enzymes in lignocellulose degradation, as observed in most of the more advanced herbivorous invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kwok Lun Hui
- Simon F. S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Irene Ching Nam Lo
- Simon F. S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karen Ka Wing Wong
- Simon F. S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chandler Tsz To Tsang
- Simon F. S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ling Ming Tsang
- Simon F. S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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Poulhazan A, Arnold AA, Mentink-Vigier F, Muszyński A, Azadi P, Halim A, Vakhrushev SY, Joshi HJ, Wang T, Warschawski DE, Marcotte I. Molecular-level architecture of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii's glycoprotein-rich cell wall. Nat Commun 2024; 15:986. [PMID: 38307857 PMCID: PMC10837150 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are a renewable and promising biomass for large-scale biofuel, food and nutrient production. However, their efficient exploitation depends on our knowledge of the cell wall composition and organization as it can limit access to high-value molecules. Here we provide an atomic-level model of the non-crystalline and water-insoluble glycoprotein-rich cell wall of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Using in situ solid-state and sensitivity-enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance, we reveal unprecedented details on the protein and carbohydrate composition and their nanoscale heterogeneity, as well as the presence of spatially segregated protein- and glycan-rich regions with different dynamics and hydration levels. We show that mannose-rich lower-molecular-weight proteins likely contribute to the cell wall cohesion by binding to high-molecular weight protein components, and that water provides plasticity to the cell-wall architecture. The structural insight exemplifies strategies used by nature to form cell walls devoid of cellulose or other glycan polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Poulhazan
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 2J6, Canada
| | - Alexandre A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 2J6, Canada
| | - Frederic Mentink-Vigier
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Artur Muszyński
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Adnan Halim
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Dror E Warschawski
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, CNRS UMR 7203, Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Isabelle Marcotte
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, H2X 2J6, Canada.
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Zhang F, Li Z, Chen C, Luan H, Fang RH, Zhang L, Wang J. Biohybrid Microalgae Robots: Design, Fabrication, Materials, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2303714. [PMID: 37471001 PMCID: PMC10799182 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The integration of microorganisms and engineered artificial components has shown considerable promise for creating biohybrid microrobots. The unique features of microalgae make them attractive candidates as natural actuation materials for the design of biohybrid microrobotic systems. In this review, microalgae-based biohybrid microrobots are introduced for diverse biomedical and environmental applications. The distinct propulsion and phototaxis behaviors of green microalgae, as well as important properties from other photosynthetic microalga systems (blue-green algae and diatom) that are crucial to constructing powerful biohybrid microrobots, will be described first. Then the focus is on chemical and physical routes for functionalizing the algae surface with diverse reactive materials toward the fabrication of advanced biohybrid microalgae robots. Finally, representative applications of such algae-driven microrobots are presented, including drug delivery, imaging, and water decontamination, highlighting the distinct advantages of these active biohybrid robots, along with future prospects and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhengxing Li
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chuanrui Chen
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hao Luan
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H. Fang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Purayil NC, Thomas B, Tom RT. Microplastics - A major contaminant in marine macro algal population: Review. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 193:106281. [PMID: 38016300 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are a significant concern in this modern environment, and the marine environment is a sink for them now. Researchers have taken an interest in marine microplastic studies recently, which has opened the door to research in macroalgae and microalgae. Macroalgae are the primary producers in maritime ecosystems and are economically significant. This review aimed to identify the microplastic interactions with marine macroalgae and the impacts of microplastics on macroalgae based on existing literature while also recognizing knowledge gaps. MPs were mostly fibers and polymers with notable production and application levels; their abundance differed among species. More MPs were found in filamentous species than in other types. The results of this study indicated that, in maritime environments, macroalgae contribute to MP biomagnification and bioaccumulation. Adequate studies are needed to fill the research gaps in this area of MPs in macroalgae and their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navya Chettiam Purayil
- Centre for PG Studies and Research in Botany, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Kozhikode, 673008, Kerala, India
| | - Binu Thomas
- Centre for PG Studies and Research in Botany, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Kozhikode, 673008, Kerala, India.
| | - Renjis T Tom
- Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Kozhikode, 673008, Kerala, India
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Domozych DS, LoRicco JG. The extracellular matrix of green algae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:15-32. [PMID: 37399237 PMCID: PMC10762512 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Green algae display a wide range of extracellular matrix (ECM) components that include various types of cell walls (CW), scales, crystalline glycoprotein coverings, hydrophobic compounds, and complex gels or mucilage. Recently, new information derived from genomic/transcriptomic screening, advanced biochemical analyses, immunocytochemical studies, and ecophysiology has significantly enhanced and refined our understanding of the green algal ECM. In the later diverging charophyte group of green algae, the CW and other ECM components provide insight into the evolution of plants and the ways the ECM modulates during environmental stress. Chlorophytes produce diverse ECM components, many of which have been exploited for various uses in medicine, food, and biofuel production. This review highlights major advances in ECM studies of green algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Domozych
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
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Zhang W, Shang M, Qiu L, Liu B, Zang X. Based on Transcriptome Sequencing of Cell Wall Deficient Strain, Research on Arabinosyltransferase Inhibition's Effect on the Synthesis of Cell Wall in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17595. [PMID: 38139423 PMCID: PMC10744005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the key genes involved in cell wall synthesis and understand the molecular mechanism of cell wall assembly in the model alga-Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, transcriptome sequencing was used to discover the differentially expressed genes in the cell wall defective strain. In the glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism pathways, the gene expressions involved in the synthesis of cell wall functional components were analyzed. The results showed that in the cell wall defective strain, arabinosyltransferase gene (XEG113, RRA) related to synthesis of plant extensin and some cell wall structural protein genes (hyp, PHC19, PHC15, PHC4, PHC3) were up-regulated, 1,3-β-glucan synthase gene (Gls2) and endoglucanase gene (EG2) about synthesis and degradation of glycoskeleton were both mainly up-regulated. Then, ethambutol dihydrochloride, an arabinosyltransferase inhibitor, was found to affect the permeability of the cell wall of the normal strain, while the cell wall deficient strain was not affected. To further research the function of arabinosyltransferase, the RRA gene was inactivated by knockout in the normal cell wall algal strain. Through a combination of microscope observation and physiological index detection, it was found that the cell wall of the mutant strains showed reduced structure levels, suggesting that the structure and function of the cell wall glycoprotein were weakened. Therefore, arabinosyltransferase may affect the glycosylation modification of cell wall glycoprotein, further affecting the structure assembly of cell wall glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (W.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Q.)
| | - Menghui Shang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (W.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Q.)
| | - Lexin Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (W.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Q.)
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (W.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Q.)
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaonan Zang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (W.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Q.)
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Lee ZJ, Xie C, Ng K, Suleria HAR. Unraveling the bioactive interplay: seaweed polysaccharide, polyphenol and their gut modulation effect. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-24. [PMID: 37991467 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2274453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Seaweed is rich in many unique bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and sulfated polysaccharides that are not found in terrestrial plant. The discovery of numerous biological activities from seaweed has made seaweed an attractive functional food source with the potential to be exploited for human health benefits. During food processing and digestion, cell wall polysaccharide and polyphenols commonly interact, and this may influence the nutritional properties of food. Interactions between cell wall polysaccharide and polyphenols in plant-based system has been extensively studied. However, similar interactions in seaweed have received little attention despite the vast disparity between the structural and chemical composition of plant and seaweed cell wall. This poses a challenge in extracting seaweed bioactive compounds with intact biological properties. This review aims to summarize the cell wall polysaccharide and polyphenols present in brown, red and green seaweed, and current knowledge on their potential interactions. Moreover, this review gives an overview of the gut modulation effect of seaweed polysaccharide and polyphenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu Jia Lee
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Cundong Xie
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ken Ng
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Hafiz A R Suleria
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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13
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Mikhailidi A, Ungureanu E, Belosinschi D, Tofanica BM, Volf I. Cellulose-Based Metallogels-Part 3: Multifunctional Materials. Gels 2023; 9:878. [PMID: 37998968 PMCID: PMC10671087 DOI: 10.3390/gels9110878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of the metal phase into cellulose hydrogels, resulting in the formation of metallogels, greatly expands their application potential by introducing new functionalities and improving their performance in various fields. The unique antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer properties of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (Ag, Au, Cu, CuxOy, ZnO, Al2O3, TiO2, etc.), coupled with the biocompatibility of cellulose, allow the development of composite hydrogels with multifunctional therapeutic potential. These materials can serve as efficient carriers for controlled drug delivery, targeting specific cells or pathogens, as well as for the design of artificial tissues or wound and burn dressings. Cellulose-based metallogels can be used in the food packaging industry to provide biodegradable and biocidal materials to extend the shelf life of the goods. Metal and bimetallic nanoparticles (Au, Cu, Ni, AuAg, and AuPt) can catalyze chemical reactions, enabling composite cellulose hydrogels to be used as efficient catalysts in organic synthesis. In addition, metal-loaded hydrogels (with ZnO, TiO2, Ag, and Fe3O4 nanoparticles) can exhibit enhanced adsorption capacities for pollutants, such as dyes, heavy metal ions, and pharmaceuticals, making them valuable materials for water purification and environmental remediation. Magnetic properties imparted to metallogels by iron oxides (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4) simplify the wastewater treatment process, making it more cost-effective and environmentally friendly. The conductivity of metallogels due to Ag, TiO2, ZnO, and Al2O3 is useful for the design of various sensors. The integration of metal nanoparticles also allows the development of responsive materials, where changes in metal properties can be exploited for stimuli-responsive applications, such as controlled release systems. Overall, the introduction of metal phases augments the functionality of cellulose hydrogels, expanding their versatility for diverse applications across a broad spectrum of industries not envisaged during the initial research stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Mikhailidi
- Higher School of Printing and Media Technologies, St. Petersburg State University of Industrial Technologies and Design, 18 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 191186 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Elena Ungureanu
- “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences Iasi, 3 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700490 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Dan Belosinschi
- Innovations Institute in Ecomaterials, Ecoproducts, and Ecoenergies, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivières, 3351, Boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada;
- CellON AS, Lakkegata 75C, NO-0562 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bogdan-Marian Tofanica
- “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 73 Prof. Dr. Docent D. Mangeron Boulevard, 700050 Iasi, Romania
- IF2000 Academic Foundation, 73 Prof. Dr. Docent D. Mangeron Boulevard, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina Volf
- “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 73 Prof. Dr. Docent D. Mangeron Boulevard, 700050 Iasi, Romania
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14
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Keenan T, Hatton NE, Porter J, Vendeville JB, Wheatley DE, Ghirardello M, Wahart AJC, Ahmadipour S, Walton J, Galan MC, Linclau B, Miller GJ, Fascione MA. Reverse thiophosphorylase activity of a glycoside phosphorylase in the synthesis of an unnatural Manβ1,4GlcNAc library. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11638-11646. [PMID: 37920340 PMCID: PMC10619541 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04169g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Mannosides are ubiquitous in nature, with diverse roles in many biological processes. Notably, Manβ1,4GlcNAc a constituent of the core N-glycan in eukaryotes was recently identified as an immune activator, highlighting its potential for use in immunotherapy. Despite their biological significance, the synthesis of β-mannosidic linkages remains one of the major challenges in glycoscience. Here we present a chemoenzymatic strategy that affords a series of novel unnatural Manβ1,4GlcNAc analogues using the β-1,4-d-mannosyl-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine phosphorylase, BT1033. We show that the presence of fluorine in the GlcNAc acceptor facilitates the formation of longer β-mannan-like glycans. We also pioneer a "reverse thiophosphorylase" enzymatic activity, favouring the synthesis of longer glycans by catalysing the formation of a phosphorolysis-stable thioglycoside linkage, an approach that may be generally applicable to other phosphorylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Keenan
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Natasha E Hatton
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Jack Porter
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences and Centre for Glycosciences, Keele University Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK
| | | | - David E Wheatley
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Mattia Ghirardello
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Alice J C Wahart
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences and Centre for Glycosciences, Keele University Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK
| | - Sanaz Ahmadipour
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences and Centre for Glycosciences, Keele University Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK
| | - Julia Walton
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - M Carmen Galan
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Bruno Linclau
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S4 Ghent 9000 Belgium
| | - Gavin J Miller
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences and Centre for Glycosciences, Keele University Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK
| | - Martin A Fascione
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
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15
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Mavrommatis A, Tsiplakou E, Zerva A, Pantiora PD, Georgakis ND, Tsintzou GP, Madesis P, Labrou NE. Microalgae as a Sustainable Source of Antioxidants in Animal Nutrition, Health and Livestock Development. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1882. [PMID: 37891962 PMCID: PMC10604252 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are a renewable and sustainable source of bioactive compounds, such as essential amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and antioxidant compounds, that have been documented to have beneficial effects on nutrition and health. Among these natural products, the demand for natural antioxidants, as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants, has increased. The antioxidant activity of microalgae significantly varies between species and depends on growth conditions. In the last decade, microalgae have been explored in livestock animals as feed additives with the aim of improving both animals' health and performance as well as product quality and the environmental impact of livestock. These findings are highly dependent on the composition of microalgae strain and their amount in the diet. The use of carbohydrate-active enzymes can increase nutrient bioavailability as a consequence of recalcitrant microalgae cell wall degradation, making it a promising strategy for monogastric nutrition for improving livestock productivity. The use of microalgae as an alternative to conventional feedstuffs is becoming increasingly important due to food-feed competition, land degradation, water deprivation, and climate change. However, the cost-effective production and use of microalgae is a major challenge in the near future, and their cultivation technology should be improved by reducing production costs, thus increasing profitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Mavrommatis
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., GR-11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Tsiplakou
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., GR-11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Zerva
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., GR-11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota D Pantiora
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., GR-11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos D Georgakis
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., GR-11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia P Tsintzou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plants, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, GR-38221 Volos, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Madesis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plants, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, GR-38221 Volos, Greece
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, 6th km Charilaou-Thermis Road, P.O. Box 361, Thermi, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos E Labrou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., GR-11855 Athens, Greece
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16
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Chi Y, Jiang Y, Wang Z, Nie X, Luo S. Preparation, structures, and biological functions of rhamnan sulfate from green seaweed of the genus Monostroma: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:125964. [PMID: 37487994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Rhamnan sulfate, a rhamnose-rich sulfated polysaccharide, is present in the cell walls of green seaweed belonging to the genus Monostroma. This macromolecule demonstrates promising therapeutic properties, including anti-coagulant, thrombolytic, anti-viral, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammatory activities, which hold potential applications in food and medical industries. However, rhamnan sulfate has not garnered as much attention from researchers as other seaweed polysaccharides, including alginate, carrageenan, and fucoidan. This review discusses the extraction and purification techniques of rhamnan sulfate, delves into its chemical structures and related elucidation approaches, and provides an overview of its biological functions. Future research should focus on the structure-activity relationship of rhamnan sulfate and the industrial preparation of rhamnan sulfate with a specific homogeneous structure to facilitate its practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhou Chi
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China.
| | - Yanhui Jiang
- Faculty of Electronic Information Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China
| | - Zhaoyu Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China
| | - Xiaobao Nie
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China
| | - Si Luo
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China
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17
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Mikhailidi A, Volf I, Belosinschi D, Tofanica BM, Ungureanu E. Cellulose-Based Metallogels-Part 2: Physico-Chemical Properties and Biological Stability. Gels 2023; 9:633. [PMID: 37623088 PMCID: PMC10453698 DOI: 10.3390/gels9080633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallogels represent a class of composite materials in which a metal can be a part of the gel network as a coordinated ion, act as a cross-linker, or be incorporated as metal nanoparticles in the gel matrix. Cellulose is a natural polymer that has a set of beneficial ecological, economic, and other properties that make it sustainable: wide availability, renewability of raw materials, low-cost, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. That is why metallogels based on cellulose hydrogels and additionally enriched with new properties delivered by metals offer exciting opportunities for advanced biomaterials. Cellulosic metallogels can be either transparent or opaque, which is determined by the nature of the raw materials for the hydrogel and the metal content in the metallogel. They also exhibit a variety of colors depending on the type of metal or its compounds. Due to the introduction of metals, the mechanical strength, thermal stability, and swelling ability of cellulosic materials are improved; however, in certain conditions, metal nanoparticles can deteriorate these characteristics. The embedding of metal into the hydrogel generally does not alter the supramolecular structure of the cellulose matrix, but the crystallinity index changes after decoration with metal particles. Metallogels containing silver (0), gold (0), and Zn(II) reveal antimicrobial and antiviral properties; in some cases, promotion of cell activity and proliferation are reported. The pore system of cellulose-based metallogels allows for a prolonged biocidal effect. Thus, the incorporation of metals into cellulose-based gels introduces unique properties and functionalities of this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Mikhailidi
- Higher School of Printing and Media Technologies, St. Petersburg State University of Industrial Technologies and Design, 18 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 191186 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Irina Volf
- “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 73 Prof. Dr. Docent D. Mangeron Boulevard, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Dan Belosinschi
- Département de Chimie-Biologie/Biologie Medicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivieres, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada;
| | - Bogdan-Marian Tofanica
- “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 73 Prof. Dr. Docent D. Mangeron Boulevard, 700050 Iasi, Romania
- IF2000 Academic Foundation, 73 Prof. Dr. Docent D. Mangeron Boulevard, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Elena Ungureanu
- “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences Iasi, 3 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700490 Iasi, Romania;
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18
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Padil, Putra MD, Hidayat M, Kasiamdari RS, Mutamima A, Iwamoto K, Darmawan MA, Gozan M. Mechanism and kinetic model of microalgal enzymatic hydrolysis for prospective bioethanol conversion. RSC Adv 2023; 13:21403-21413. [PMID: 37465575 PMCID: PMC10350658 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01556d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetraselmis chuii is a potential microalgae that is in consideration for producing bioethanol owing to its large content of carbohydrates. The glucose production from T. chuii through an enzymatic process with cellulase and xylanase (pretreatment process) and α-amylase and glucoamylase (saccharification process) was studied. The mechanism of the enzymatic process was developed and the kinetic models were then evaluated. For the pretreatment process, enzymes with 30% concentration reacted at 30 °C for 40 min resulted in 35.9% glucose yield. For the saccharification process, the highest glucose yield of 90.03% was obtained using simultaneous α-amylase (0.0006%) and glucoamylase (0.01%) enzymes at 55 °C and for 40 min. The kinetic models fitted well with the experimental data. The model also revealed that the saccharification process performed better than the pretreatment process with a higher kinetic constant and lower activation energy. The proposed kinetic model plays an important role in implementing processes at a larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Riau University Pekanbaru 28293 Indonesia
| | - Meilana Dharma Putra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lambung Mangkurat University Banjarbaru 70713 Indonesia
| | - Muslikhin Hidayat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta 55284 Indonesia
| | | | - Anisa Mutamima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Riau University Pekanbaru 28293 Indonesia
| | - Koji Iwamoto
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Technologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 54100 Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Arif Darmawan
- Research Center for Process and Manufacturing Industry Technology, Research Organization for Energy and Manufacture, National Research and Innovation Agency Jakarta Pusat 10340 Indonesia
| | - Misri Gozan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Indonesia Depok 16424 Indonesia
- Research Center for Biomass Valorization, University of Indonesia Depok 16424 Indonesia
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19
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Mehdizadeh Allaf M, Erratt KJ, Peerhossaini H. Comparative assessment of algaecide performance on freshwater phytoplankton: Understanding differential sensitivities to frame cyanobacteria management. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 234:119811. [PMID: 36889096 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial bloom represent a growing threat to global water security. With fast proliferation, they raise great concern due to potential health and socioeconomic concerns. Algaecides are commonly employed as a mitigative measure to suppress and manage cyanobacteria. However, recent research on algaecides has a limited phycological focus, concentrated predominately on cyanobacteria and chlorophytes. Without considering phycological diversity, generalizations crafted from these algaecide comparisons present a biased perpective. To limit the collateral impacts of algaecide interventions on phytoplankton communities it is critical to understand differential phycological sensitivities for establishing optimal dosage and tolerance thresholds. This research attempts to fill this knowledge gap and provide effective guidelines to frame cyanobacterial management. We investigate the effect of two common algaecides, copper sulfate (CuSO4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), on four major phycological divisions (chlorophytes, cyanobacteria, diatoms, and mixotrophs). All phycological divisions exhibited greater sensitivity to copper sulfate, except chlorophytes. Mixotrophs and cyanobacteria displayed the highest sensitivity to both algaecides with the highest to lowest sensitivity being observed as follows: mixotrophs, cyanobacteria, diatoms, and chlorophytes. Our results suggest that H2O2 represents a comparable alternative to CuSO4 for cyanobacterial control. However, some eukaryotic divisions such as mixotrophs and diatoms mirrored cyanobacteria sensitivity, challenging the assumption that H2O2 is a selective cyanocide. Our findings suggest that optimizing algaecide treatments to suppress cyanobacteria while minimizing potential adverse effects on other phycological members is unattainable. An apparent trade-off between effective cyanobacterial management and conserving non-targeted phycological divisions is expected and should be a prime consideration of lake management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Mehdizadeh Allaf
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, Spencer Engineering Building, 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON, Canada, N6A5B9.
| | - Kevin J Erratt
- School of Environment & Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Collaborative Science Research Building, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N5E2
| | - Hassan Peerhossaini
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, Spencer Engineering Building, 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON, Canada, N6A5B9; Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Western University, Spencer Engineering Building, 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON, Canada, N6A5B9; Energy Physics Research Group - AstroParticule and Cosmologie Lab. (APC) - CNRS - UMR 7164, Univ. Paris Cité, Paris, 75013 Paris, France
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20
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Feng L, Guo W, Guo J, Zhang X, Zou X, Rao M, Ye J, Kuang C, Chen G, Chen C, Qin S, Yang W, Cheng J. FIB-SEM analysis on three-dimensional structures of growing organelles in wild Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:885-897. [PMID: 36416933 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To clarify dynamic changes of organelle microstructures in Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells during photosynthetic growth with CO2 fixation, three-dimensional (3D) organelle microstructures in three growth periods of meristem, elongation, and maturity were quantitatively determined and comprehensively reconstructed with focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). The single round-pancake mitochondria in each cell split into a dumbbell and then into a circular ring, while the barycenter distance of mitochondria to chloroplast and nucleus was reduced to 45.5% and 88.3% to strengthen energy transfer, respectively. The single pyrenoid consisting of a large part and another small part in each chloroplast gradually developed to a mature state in which the two parts were nearly equal in size. The nucleolus progressively became larger with euchromatin replication. The number of starch grains gradually increased, but the mean grain volume remained nearly unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingchong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wangbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiansheng Guo
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiangbo Zou
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Mumin Rao
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Ji Ye
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Cao Kuang
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Gongda Chen
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Chuangting Chen
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Shiwei Qin
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Weijuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.
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21
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Nguyen TTH, Vuong TQ, Han HL, Li Z, Lee YJ, Ko J, Nedashkovskaya OI, Kim SG. Three marine species of the genus Fulvivirga, rich sources of carbohydrate-active enzymes degrading alginate, chitin, laminarin, starch, and xylan. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6301. [PMID: 37072506 PMCID: PMC10113389 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteroidota is a group of marine polysaccharide degraders, which play a crucial role in the carbon cycle in the marine ecosystems. In this study, three novel gliding strains, designated as SS9-22T, W9P-11T, and SW1-E11T, isolated from algae and decaying wood were proposed to represent three novel species of the genus Fulvivirga. We identified a large number of genes encoding for carbohydrate-active enzymes, which potentially participate in polysaccharide degradation, based on whole genome sequencing. The 16S rRNA sequence similarities among them were 94.4-97.2%, and against existing species in the genus Fulvivirga 93.1-99.8%. The complete genomes of strains SS9-22T, W9P-11T, and SW1-E11T comprised one circular chromosome with size of 6.98, 6.52, and 6.39 Mb, respectively; the GC contents were 41.9%, 39.0%, and 38.1%, respectively. The average nucleotide identity and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values with members in the genus Fulvivirga including the isolates were in a range of 68.9-85.4% and 17.1-29.7%, respectively, which are low for the proposal of novel species. Genomic mining in three genomes identified hundreds of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) covering up to 93 CAZyme families and 58-70 CAZyme gene clusters, exceeding the numbers of genes present in the other species of the genus Fulvivirga. Polysaccharides of alginate, chitin, laminarin, starch, and xylan were degraded in vitro, highlighting that the three strains are rich sources of CAZymes of polysaccharide degraders for biotechnological applications. The phenotypic, biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and genomic characteristics supported the proposal of three novel species in the genus Fulvivirga, for which the names Fulvivirga ulvae sp. nov. (SS9-22T = KCTC 82072T = GDMCC 1.2804T), Fulvivirga ligni sp. nov. (W9P-11T = KCTC 72992T = GDMCC 1.2803T), and Fulvivirga maritima sp. nov. (SW1-E11T = KCTC 72832T = GDMCC 1.2802T) are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tra T H Nguyen
- Biological Resource Center, Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Tien Q Vuong
- Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Ho Le Han
- The University of Danang, University of Science and Technology, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang St., Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Zhun Li
- Biological Resource Center, Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jae Lee
- Biological Resource Center, Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Ko
- Biological Resource Center, Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Olga I Nedashkovskaya
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia, 690022
| | - Song-Gun Kim
- Biological Resource Center, Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biotechnology, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Dar RA, Phutela UG. Improvement of Asterarcys quadricellulare biomass solubilization and subsequent biogas production via pretreatment approaches: structural changes and kinetic modeling evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:58450-58465. [PMID: 36977882 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of enzymatic and hydrothermal pretreatment approaches on the solubilization of organic matter, structure, and biogas yield from microalgal biomass. The soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) concentration increased by 1.21-3.30- and 5.54-6.60-fold compared to control by enzymatic and hydrothermal pretreatments respectively. The hydrothermal pretreatment affected the structural changes in the microalgal biomass markedly; nonetheless, increased enzymatic concentration also had a definite effect on it as determined by qualitative approaches like scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Also, the hydrothermal pretreatment (100 °C for 30 min) resulted in the highest biogas production potential (P) of 765.37 mLg-1 VS at a maximum biogas production rate (Rm) of 22.66 mLg-1 day-1 with a very short lag phase (λ) of 0.07 days. The biogas production of pretreated microalgal biomass particularly at higher enzyme dose (20%, 24 h) and higher hydrothermal pretreatment temperature (120 °C, 30 min) showed a significant but weak correlation (R = 0.53) with sCOD, thus demonstrating that the less organic matter was used up for the biogas production. The modified Gompertz model explained the anaerobic digestion of microalgal biomass more accurately and had a better fit to the experimental data comparatively because of the low root mean square error (3.259-16.728), residual sum of squares (78.887-177.025), and Akaike's Information Criterion (38.605-62.853).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouf Ahmad Dar
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India.
| | - Urmila Gupta Phutela
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India
- Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India
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23
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Elevated aerial temperature modulates digestive enzyme activities in Mytilus californianus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 265:110825. [PMID: 36572236 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The marine intertidal mussel Mytilus californianus aggregates to form beds along the Pacific shores of North America. As a sessile organism it must cope with fluctuations in temperature during low-tide aerial exposure, which elevates maintenance costs and negatively affects its overall energy budget. The function of its digestive gland is to release enzymes that break apart ingested polymers for subsequent nutrient absorption. The effects of elevated aerial warming acclimation on the functioning of digestive gland enzymes are not well studied. In this study we asked whether digestive gland carbohydases and proteases could be overstimulated in warm condition to possibly mitigate the costs related to the heat-shock response. We compared mussels acclimated to a + 9 °C heat-shock during daily low-tide aerial exposure to mussels acclimated to isothermal tidal conditions in a simulated intertidal system. The results showed fairly consistent activities of cellulase, trypsin, and amino-peptidase across tidal variation and between thermal treatments; however, amylase activity was lower in warmed versus cool mussels across low and high-tide. We also observed the expression of heat-shock genes in gill tissue during warm tidal conditions, suggestive that moderate temperatures during aerial exposure can induce a stress response.
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24
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Glucose Conversion for Biobutanol Production from Fresh Chlorella sorokiniana via Direct Enzymatic Hydrolysis. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9030284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae, which accumulate considerable carbohydrates, are a potential source of glucose for biofuel fermentation. In this study, we investigated the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of wet microalgal biomass compared with freeze-dried and oven-dried biomasses, both with and without an acidic pretreatment. With the dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment followed by amy (α-amylase and amyloglucosidase) and cellulase hydrolysis, approximately 95.4% of the glucose was recovered; however, 88.5% was released by the pretreatment with 2% (w/v) sulfuric acid, which indicates the potential of the acids for direct saccharification process. There were no considerable differences in the glucose yields among the three kinds of materials. In the direct amy hydrolysis without any pretreatment, a 78.7% glucose yield was obtained, and the addition of cellulase had no significant effect on the hydrolysis to glucose. Compared with the oven-dried biomass, the wet biomass produced a substantially higher glucose yield, which is possibly because the cross-linked cells of the oven-dried biomass prevented the accessibility of the enzymes. According to the results, the fresh microalgal biomass without cell disruption can be directly used for enzymatic hydrolysis to produce glucose. The enzymatic hydrolysate of the wet microalgal biomass was successfully used for acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation, which produced 7.2 g/L of ABE, indicating the application potential of wet microalgae in the bioalcohol fuel fermentation process.
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25
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Almer J, Resl P, Gudmundsson H, Warshan D, Andrésson ÓS, Werth S. Symbiont-specific responses to environmental cues in a threesome lichen symbiosis. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:1045-1061. [PMID: 36478478 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photosymbiodemes are a special case of lichen symbiosis where one lichenized fungus engages in symbiosis with two different photosynthetic partners, a cyanobacterium and a green alga, to develop two distinctly looking photomorphs. We compared gene expression of thallus sectors of the photosymbiodeme-forming lichen Peltigera britannica containing cyanobacterial photobionts with thallus sectors with both green algal and cyanobacterial photobionts and investigated differential gene expression at different temperatures representing mild and putatively stressful conditions. First, we quantified photobiont-mediated differences in fungal gene expression. Second, because of known ecological differences between photomorphs, we investigated symbiont-specific responses in gene expression to temperature increases. Photobiont-mediated differences in fungal gene expression could be identified, with upregulation of distinct biological processes in the different morphs, showing that interaction with specific symbiosis partners profoundly impacts fungal gene expression. Furthermore, high temperatures expectedly led to an upregulation of genes involved in heat shock responses in all organisms in whole transcriptome data and to an increased expression of genes involved in photosynthesis in both photobiont types at 15 and 25°C. The fungus and the cyanobacteria exhibited thermal stress responses already at 15°C, the green algae mainly at 25°C, demonstrating symbiont-specific responses to environmental cues and symbiont-specific ecological optima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Almer
- Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Resl
- Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hörður Gudmundsson
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Denis Warshan
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ólafur S Andrésson
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Silke Werth
- Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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26
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Zygnematophycean algae: Possible models for cellular and evolutionary biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 134:59-68. [PMID: 35430142 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant terrestrialization was a critical event for our planet. For the study of plant evolution, charophytes have received a great deal of attention because of their phylogenetic position. Among charophytes, the class Zygnematophyceae is the closest lineage to land plants. During sexual reproduction, they show isogamous conjugation by immotile gametes, which is characteristic of zygnematophycean algae. Here, we introduce the genera Mougeotia, Penium, and Closterium, which are representative model organisms of Zygnematophyceae in terms of chloroplast photorelocation movement, the cell wall, and sexual reproduction, respectively.
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27
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Deep learning-enabled Inference of 3D molecular absorption distribution of biological cells from IR spectra. Commun Chem 2022; 5:175. [PMID: 36697906 PMCID: PMC9814771 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00792-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared spectroscopy delivers abundant information about the chemical composition, as well as the structural and optical properties of intact samples in a non-destructive manner. We present a deep convolutional neural network which exploits all of this information and solves full-wave inverse scattering problems and thereby obtains the 3D optical, structural and chemical properties from infrared spectroscopic measurements of intact micro-samples. The proposed model encodes scatter-distorted infrared spectra and infers the distribution of the complex refractive index function of concentrically spherical samples, such as many biological cells. The approach delivers simultaneously the molecular absorption, sample morphology and effective refractive index in both the cell wall and interior from a single measured spectrum. The model is trained on simulated scatter-distorted spectra, where absorption in the distinct layers is simulated and the scatter-distorted spectra are estimated by analytic solutions of Maxwell's equations for samples of different sizes. This allows for essentially real-time deep learning-enabled infrared diffraction micro-tomography, for a large subset of biological cells.
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28
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Algal Biomass Accumulation in Waste Digestate after Anaerobic Digestion of Wheat Straw. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8120715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultivation of microalgae in waste digestate is a promising cost-effective and environmentally friendly strategy for algal biomass accumulation and valuable product production. Two different digestates obtained as by-products of the anaerobic fermentation at 35 °C and 55 °C of wheat straw as a renewable source for biogas production in laboratory-scale bioreactors were tested as cultivation media for microalgae after pretreatment with active carbon for clarification. The strains of microalgae involved were the red marine microalga Porphyridium cruentum, which reached 4.7 mg/mL dry matter when grown in thermophilic digestate and green freshwater microalga-Scenedesmus acutus, whose growth was the highest—7.3 mg/mL in the mesophilic digestate. During cultivation, algae reduced the available nutrient components in the liquid digestate at the expense of increasing their biomass. This biomass can find further applications in cosmetics, pharmacy, and feed. The nitrogen and phosphorus uptake from both digestates during algae cultivation was monitored and modeled. The results led to the idea of nonlinear dynamic approximations with an exponential character. The purpose was to develop relatively simple nonlinear dynamic models based on available experimental data, as knowing the mechanisms of the considered processes can permit creating protocols for industrial-scale algal production toward obtaining economically valuable products from microalgae grown in organic waste digestate.
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Permann C, Gierlinger N, Holzinger A. Zygospores of the green alga Spirogyra: new insights from structural and chemical imaging. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1080111. [PMID: 36561459 PMCID: PMC9763465 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1080111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Zygnematophyceae, a class of streptophyte green algae and sister group to land plants (Embryophytes) live in aquatic to semi-terrestrial habitats. The transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments requires adaptations in the physiology of vegetative cells and in the structural properties of their cell walls. Sexual reproduction occurs in Zygnematophyceae by conjugation and results in the formation of zygospores, possessing unique multi-layered cell walls, which might have been crucial in terrestrialization. We investigated the structure and chemical composition of field sampled Spirogyra sp. zygospore cell walls by multiple microscopical and spectral imaging techniques: light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, transmission electron microscopy following high pressure freeze fixation/freeze substitution, Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. This comprehensive analysis allowed the detection of the subcellular organization and showed three main layers of the zygospore wall, termed endo-, meso- and exospore. The endo- and exospore are composed of polysaccharides with different ultrastructural appearance, whereas the electron dense middle layer contains aromatic compounds as further characterized by Raman spectroscopy. The possible chemical composition remains elusive, but algaenan or a sporopollenin-like material is suggested. Similar compounds with a non-hydrolysable character can be found in moss spores and pollen of higher plants, suggesting a protective function against desiccation stress and high irradiation. While the tripartite differentiation of the zygospore wall is well established in Zygnematopyhceae, Spirogyra showed cellulose fibrils arranged in a helicoidal pattern in the endo- and exospore. Initial incorporation of lipid bodies during early zygospore wall formation was also observed, suggesting a key role of lipids in zygospore wall synthesis. Multimodal imaging revealed that the cell wall of the sexually formed zygospores possess a highly complex internal structure as well as aromatics, likely acting as protective compounds and leading to impregnation. Both, the newly discovered special three-dimensional arrangement of microfibrils and the integration of highly resistant components in the cell wall are not found in the vegetative state. The variety of methods gave a comprehensive view on the intricate zygospore cell wall and its potential key role in the terrestrial colonization and plant evolution is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Permann
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Functional Plant Biology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Functional Plant Biology, Innsbruck, Austria
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30
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Steinbruch E, Wise J, Levkov K, Chemodnov A, Israel Á, Livney Y, Golberg A. Enzymatic cell wall degradation combined with pulsed electric fields increases yields of water-soluble-protein extraction from the green marine macroalga Ulva sp. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.103231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Oh YK, Kim S, Ilhamsyah DPA, Lee SG, Kim JR. Cell disruption and lipid extraction from Chlorella species for biorefinery applications: Recent advances. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 366:128183. [PMID: 36307027 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chlorella is a promising microalga for CO2-neutral biorefinery that co-produces drop-in biofuels and multiple biochemicals. Cell disruption and selective lipid extraction steps are major technical bottlenecks in biorefinement because of the inherent robustness and complexity of algal cell walls. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art achievements in cell disruption and lipid extraction methods for Chlorella species within the last five years. Various chemical, physical, and biological approaches have been detailed theoretically, compared, and discussed in terms of the degree of cell wall disruption, lipid extractability, chemical toxicity, cost-effectiveness, energy use, scalability, customer preferences, environment friendliness, and synergistic combinations of different methods. Future challenges and prospects of environmental-friendly and efficient extraction technologies are also outlined for practical applications in sustainable Chlorella biorefineries. Given the diverse industrial applications of Chlorella, this review may provide useful information for downstream processing of the advanced biorefineries of other algae genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Kwan Oh
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University (PNU), Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangui Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University (PNU), Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sun-Gu Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University (PNU), Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Rae Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University (PNU), Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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32
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Two different morphotypes of freshwater Cladophora surera (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta) produce similar sulfated cell wall polysaccharides. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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33
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Holistic exploitation of pulsed electric field (PEF)-treated and lipid extracted microalgae Auxenochlorella protothecoides, utilizing anaerobic digestion (AD). ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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34
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Navvabi A, Homaei A, Pletschke BI, Navvabi N, Kim SK. Marine Cellulases and their Biotechnological Significance from Industrial Perspectives. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:3325-3336. [PMID: 35388747 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220406125132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Marine microorganisms represent virtually unlimited sources of novel biological compounds and can survive extreme conditions. Cellulases, a group of enzymes that are able to degrade cellulosic materials, are in high demand in various industrial and biotechnological applications, such as in the medical and pharmaceutical industries, food, fuel, agriculture, and single-cell protein, and as probiotics in aquaculture. The cellulosic biopolymer is a renewable resource and is a linearly arranged polysaccharide of glucose, with repeating units of disaccharide connected via β-1,4-glycosidic bonds, which are broken down by cellulase. A great deal of biodiversity resides in the ocean, and marine systems produce a wide range of distinct, new bioactive compounds that remain available but dormant for many years. The marine environment is filled with biomass from known and unknown vertebrates and invertebrate microorganisms, with much potential for use in medicine and biotechnology. Hence, complex polysaccharides derived from marine sources are a rich resource of microorganisms equipped with enzymes for polysaccharides degradation. Marine cellulases' extracts from the isolates are tested for their functional role in degrading seaweed and modifying wastes to low molecular fragments. They purify and renew environments by eliminating possible feedstocks of pollution. This review aims to examine the various types of marine cellulase producers and assess the ability of these microorganisms to produce these enzymes and their subsequent biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azita Navvabi
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Brett I Pletschke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Nazila Navvabi
- Department of Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy, Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Seoul 426-791, Republic of Korea
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35
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Domozych DS, Bagdan K. The cell biology of charophytes: Exploring the past and models for the future. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1588-1608. [PMID: 35993883 PMCID: PMC9614468 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Charophytes (Streptophyta) represent a diverse assemblage of extant green algae that are the sister lineage to land plants. About 500-600+ million years ago, a charophyte progenitor successfully colonized land and subsequently gave rise to land plants. Charophytes have diverse but relatively simple body plans that make them highly attractive organisms for many areas of biological research. At the cellular level, many charophytes have been used for deciphering cytoskeletal networks and their dynamics, membrane trafficking, extracellular matrix secretion, and cell division mechanisms. Some charophytes live in challenging habitats and have become excellent models for elucidating the cellular and molecular effects of various abiotic stressors on plant cells. Recent sequencing of several charophyte genomes has also opened doors for the dissection of biosynthetic and signaling pathways. While we are only in an infancy stage of elucidating the cell biology of charophytes, the future application of novel analytical methodologies in charophyte studies that include a broader survey of inclusive taxa will enhance our understanding of plant evolution and cell dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaylee Bagdan
- Department of Biology, Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866, USA
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36
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Dehghani J, Movafeghi A, Mathieu-Rivet E, Mati-Baouche N, Calbo S, Lerouge P, Bardor M. Microalgae as an Efficient Vehicle for the Production and Targeted Delivery of Therapeutic Glycoproteins against SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20110657. [PMID: 36354980 PMCID: PMC9698596 DOI: 10.3390/md20110657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome–Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can infect various human organs, including the respiratory, circulatory, nervous, and gastrointestinal ones. The virus is internalized into human cells by binding to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor through its spike protein (S-glycoprotein). As S-glycoprotein is required for the attachment and entry into the human target cells, it is the primary mediator of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Currently, this glycoprotein has received considerable attention as a key component for the development of antiviral vaccines or biologics against SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, since the ACE2 receptor constitutes the main entry route for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, its soluble form could be considered as a promising approach for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 infection (COVID-19). Both S-glycoprotein and ACE2 are highly glycosylated molecules containing 22 and 7 consensus N-glycosylation sites, respectively. The N-glycan structures attached to these specific sites are required for the folding, conformation, recycling, and biological activity of both glycoproteins. Thus far, recombinant S-glycoprotein and ACE2 have been produced primarily in mammalian cells, which is an expensive process. Therefore, benefiting from a cheaper cell-based biofactory would be a good value added to the development of cost-effective recombinant vaccines and biopharmaceuticals directed against COVID-19. To this end, efficient protein synthesis machinery and the ability to properly impose post-translational modifications make microalgae an eco-friendly platform for the production of pharmaceutical glycoproteins. Notably, several microalgae (e.g., Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Dunaliella bardawil, and Chlorella species) are already approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as safe human food. Because microalgal cells contain a rigid cell wall that could act as a natural encapsulation to protect the recombinant proteins from the aggressive environment of the stomach, this feature could be used for the rapid production and edible targeted delivery of S-glycoprotein and soluble ACE2 for the treatment/inhibition of SARS-CoV-2. Herein, we have reviewed the pathogenesis mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 and then highlighted the potential of microalgae for the treatment/inhibition of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Dehghani
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire GlycoMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Ali Movafeghi
- Department of Plant, Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran
| | - Elodie Mathieu-Rivet
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire GlycoMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Narimane Mati-Baouche
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire GlycoMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Sébastien Calbo
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1234, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire GlycoMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire GlycoMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, F-76000 Rouen, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-35-14-67-51
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Colaconema formosanum, Sarcodia suae, and Nostoc commune as Fermentation Substrates for Bioactive Substance Production. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8070343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds extracted from natural renewable sources have attracted an increased interest from both industry and academia. Recently, algae have been highlighted as promising sources of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, fatty acids, proteins, and pigments, which can be used as functional ingredients in many industrial applications. Therefore, a simple green extraction and purification methodology capable of recovering biocompounds from algal biomass is of extreme importance in commercial production. In this study, we evaluated the application of three valuable algae (Colaconema formosanum, Sarcodia suae, and Nostoc commune) in combination with Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis (type strain ATCC 14393) for the production of versatile compounds. The results illustrate that after 6 h of first-stage fermentation, the production of phycobiliproteins in C. formosanum was significantly increased by 156.2%, 188.9%, and 254.17% for PE, PC, and APC, respectively. This indicates that the production of phycobiliproteins from algae can be enhanced by P. haloplanktis. Furthermore, we discovered that after S. suae and N. commune were fermented with P. haloplanktis, mannose was produced. In this study, we describe a feasible biorefinery process for the production of phycobiliproteins and mannose by fermenting marine macroalgae with cyanobacteria. We believe it is worth establishing a scale-up technique by applying this fermentation method to the production of phycobiliproteins and mannose in the future.
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38
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Microalgae-derived polysaccharides: Potential building blocks for biomedical applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:150. [PMID: 35776270 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the increasing concern about human health well-being has strongly boosted the search for natural alternatives that can be used in different fields, especially in biomedicine. This has put microalgae-based products in evidence since they contain many bioactive compounds, of which polysaccharides are attractive due to the diverse physicochemical properties and new or improved biological roles they play. Polysaccharides from microalgae, specially exopolysaccharides, are critically important for market purposes because they can be used as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-glycemic, antitumor, antioxidant, anticoagulant, antilipidemic, antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal agents. Therefore, to obtain higher productivity and competitiveness of these naturally available compounds, the cultivation parameters and the extraction/purification processes must be better optimized in order to bring perspectives for the exploitation of products in commercial and clinical practice. In this sense, the objective of the present review is to elucidate the potential biomedical applications of microalgae-derived polysaccharides. A closer look is taken at the main polysaccharides produced by microalgae, methods of extraction, purification and structural determination, biological activities and their applications, and current status.
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Partial enzymatic cell wall disruption of Oocystis sp. for simultaneous cultivation and extraction. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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The Genome of the Marine Alga Ulva compressa (Chlorophyta) Reveals Protein-Coding Genes with Similarity to Plants and Green Microalgae, but Also to Animal, Bacterial, and Fungal Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137279. [PMID: 35806287 PMCID: PMC9266709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome of the marine alga Ulva compressa was assembled using long and short reads. The genome assembly was 80.8 Mb in size and encoded 19,207 protein-coding genes. Several genes encoding antioxidant enzymes and a few genes encoding enzymes that synthesize ascorbate and glutathione were identified, showing similarity to plant and bacterial enzymes. Additionally, several genes encoding signal transduction protein kinases, such as MAPKs, CDPKS, CBLPKs, and CaMKs, were also detected, showing similarity to plants, green microalgae, and bacterial proteins. Regulatory transcription factors, such as ethylene- and ABA-responsive factors, MYB, WRKY, and HSTF, were also present and showed similarity to plant and green microalgae transcription factors. Genes encoding enzymes that synthesize ACC and ABA-aldehyde were also identified, but oxidases that synthesize ethylene and ABA, as well as enzymes that synthesize other plant hormones, were absent. Interestingly, genes involved in plant cell wall synthesis and proteins related to animal extracellular matrix were also detected. Genes encoding cyclins and CDKs were also found, and CDKs showed similarity to animal and fungal CDKs. Few genes encoding voltage-dependent calcium channels and ionotropic glutamate receptors were identified as showing similarity to animal channels. Genes encoding Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels were not identified, even though TRPs have been experimentally detected, indicating that the genome is not yet complete. Thus, protein-coding genes present in the genome of U. compressa showed similarity to plant and green microalgae, but also to animal, bacterial, and fungal genes.
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Han X, Tolu J, Deng L, Fiskal A, Schubert CJ, Winkel LHE, Lever MA. Long-term preservation of biomolecules in lake sediments: potential importance of physical shielding by recalcitrant cell walls. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac076. [PMID: 36741427 PMCID: PMC9896894 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Even though lake sediments are globally important organic carbon (OC) sinks, the controls on long-term OC storage in these sediments are unclear. Using a multiproxy approach, we investigate changes in diatom, green algae, and vascular plant biomolecules in sedimentary records from the past centuries across five temperate lakes with different trophic histories. Despite past increases in the input and burial of OC in sediments of eutrophic lakes, biomolecule quantities in sediments of all lakes are primarily controlled by postburial microbial degradation over the time scales studied. We, moreover, observe major differences in biomolecule degradation patterns across diatoms, green algae, and vascular plants. Degradation rates of labile diatom DNA exceed those of chemically more resistant diatom lipids, suggesting that chemical reactivity mainly controls diatom biomolecule degradation rates in the lakes studied. By contrast, degradation rates of green algal and vascular plant DNA are significantly lower than those of diatom DNA, and in a similar range as corresponding, much less reactive lipid biomarkers and structural macromolecules, including lignin. We propose that physical shielding by degradation-resistant cell wall components, such as algaenan in green algae and lignin in vascular plants, contributes to the long-term preservation of labile biomolecules in both groups and significantly influences the long-term burial of OC in lake sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Tolu
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich (ETH Zurich), Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland,Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Longhui Deng
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich (ETH Zurich), Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Carsten Johnny Schubert
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich (ETH Zurich), Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland,Department of Surface Waters - Research and Management, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Seestrasse 79, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Lenny H E Winkel
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich (ETH Zurich), Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland,Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Extracellular Enzymatic Activities of Oceanic Pelagic Fungal Strains and the Influence of Temperature. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060571. [PMID: 35736054 PMCID: PMC9225461 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although terrestrial and aquatic fungi are well-known decomposers of organic matter, the role of marine fungi remains largely unknown. Recent studies based on omics suggest that marine fungi potentially play a major role in elemental cycles. However, there is very limited information on the diversity of extracellular enzymatic activities performed by pelagic fungi in the ocean and how these might be affected by community composition and/or critical environmental parameters such as temperature. In order to obtain information on the potential metabolic activity of marine fungi, extracellular enzymatic activities (EEA) were investigated. Five marine fungal species belonging to the most abundant pelagic phyla (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) were grown at 5 °C and 20 °C, and fluorogenic enzymatic assays were performed using six substrate analogues for the hydrolysis of carbohydrates (β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase), amino acids (leucine aminopeptidase), and of organic phosphorus (alkaline phosphatase) and sulfur compounds (sulfatase). Remarkably, all fungal strains were capable of hydrolyzing all the offered substrates. However, the hydrolysis rate (Vmax) and half-saturation constant (Km) varied among the fungal strains depending on the enzyme type. Temperature had a strong impact on the EEAs, resulting in Q10 values of up to 6.1 and was species and substrate dependent. The observed impact of temperature on fungal EEA suggests that warming of the global ocean might alter the contribution of pelagic fungi in marine biogeochemical cycles.
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Bachy C, Wittmers F, Muschiol J, Hamilton M, Henrissat B, Worden AZ. The Land-Sea Connection: Insights Into the Plant Lineage from a Green Algal Perspective. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:585-616. [PMID: 35259927 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-071921-100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The colonization of land by plants generated opportunities for the rise of new heterotrophic life forms, including humankind. A unique event underpinned this massive change to earth ecosystems-the advent of eukaryotic green algae. Today, an abundant marine green algal group, the prasinophytes, alongside prasinodermophytes and nonmarine chlorophyte algae, is facilitating insights into plant developments. Genome-level data allow identification of conserved proteins and protein families with extensive modifications, losses, or gains and expansion patterns that connect to niche specialization and diversification. Here, we contextualize attributes according to Viridiplantae evolutionary relationships, starting with orthologous protein families, and then focusing on key elements with marked differentiation, resulting in patchy distributions across green algae and plants. We place attention on peptidoglycan biosynthesis, important for plastid division and walls; phytochrome photosensors that are master regulators in plants; and carbohydrate-active enzymes, essential to all manner of carbohydratebiotransformations. Together with advances in algal model systems, these areas are ripe for discovering molecular roles and innovations within and across plant and algal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Bachy
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fabian Wittmers
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Muschiol
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maria Hamilton
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS UMR 7257, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Z Worden
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Marine Biological Laboratories, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
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Přerovská T, Jindřichová B, Henke S, Yvin JC, Ferrieres V, Burketová L, Lipovová P, Nguema-Ona E. Arabinogalactan Protein-Like Proteins From Ulva lactuca Activate Immune Responses and Plant Resistance in an Oilseed Crop. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:893858. [PMID: 35668790 PMCID: PMC9164130 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.893858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural compounds isolated from macroalgae are promising, ecofriendly, and multifunctional bioinoculants, which have been tested and used in agriculture. Ulvans, for instance, one of the major polysaccharides present in Ulva spp. cell walls, have been tested for their plant growth-promoting properties as well as their ability to activate plant immune defense, on a large variety of crops. Recently, we have characterized for the first time an arabinogalactan protein-like (AGP-like) from Ulva lactuca, which exhibits several features associated to land plant AGPs. In land plant, AGPs were shown to play a role in several plant biological functions, including cell morphogenesis, reproduction, and plant-microbe interactions. Thus, isolated AGP-like proteins may be good candidates for either the plant growth-promoting properties or the activation of plant immune defense. Here, we have isolated an AGP-like enriched fraction from Ulva lactuca and we have evaluated its ability to (i) protect oilseed rape (Brassica napus) cotyledons against Leptosphaeria maculans, and (ii) its ability to activate immune responses. Preventive application of the Ulva AGP-like enriched fraction on oilseed rape, followed by cotyledon inoculation with the fungal hemibiotroph L. maculans, resulted in a major reduction of infection propagation. The noticed reduction correlated with an accumulation of H2O2 in treated cotyledons and with the activation of SA and ET signaling pathways in oilseed rape cotyledons. In parallel, an ulvan was also isolated from Ulva lactuca. Preventive application of ulvan also enhanced plant resistance against L. maculans. Surprisingly, reduction of infection severity was only observed at high concentration of ulvan. Here, no such significant changes in gene expression and H2O2 production were observed. Together, this study indicates that U. lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins exhibit promising elicitor activity and that plant eliciting properties of Ulva extract, might result not only from an ulvan-originated eliciting activities, but also AGP-like originated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Přerovská
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Barbora Jindřichová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Svatopluk Henke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jean-Claude Yvin
- Agro Innovation International TIMAC AGRO, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Pôle Stress Biotique, Saint Malo, France
| | - Vincent Ferrieres
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Lenka Burketová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Lipovová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Eric Nguema-Ona
- Agro Innovation International TIMAC AGRO, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Pôle Stress Biotique, Saint Malo, France
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Large differences in carbohydrate degradation and transport potential among lichen fungal symbionts. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2634. [PMID: 35551185 PMCID: PMC9098629 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichen symbioses are thought to be stabilized by the transfer of fixed carbon from a photosynthesizing symbiont to a fungus. In other fungal symbioses, carbohydrate subsidies correlate with reductions in plant cell wall-degrading enzymes, but whether this is true of lichen fungal symbionts (LFSs) is unknown. Here, we predict genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and sugar transporters in 46 genomes from the Lecanoromycetes, the largest extant clade of LFSs. All LFSs possess a robust CAZyme arsenal including enzymes acting on cellulose and hemicellulose, confirmed by experimental assays. However, the number of genes and predicted functions of CAZymes vary widely, with some fungal symbionts possessing arsenals on par with well-known saprotrophic fungi. These results suggest that stable fungal association with a phototroph does not in itself result in fungal CAZyme loss, and lends support to long-standing hypotheses that some lichens may augment fixed CO2 with carbon from external sources. Lichen symbioses are thought to be stabilized by the transfer of fixed carbon from a photosynthesizing symbiont to a fungus. Here, Resl et al. show that, contrary to other fungal symbioses, fungal association with a phototroph in lichens does not result in loss of fungal enzymes for plant cell-wall degradation.
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Shao Z, Duan D. The Cell Wall Polysaccharides Biosynthesis in Seaweeds: A Molecular Perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:902823. [PMID: 35620682 PMCID: PMC9127767 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.902823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall polysaccharides (CWPS) of seaweeds play crucial roles in mechanical shear resistance, cell-cell adhesion and the interactions with changeable marine environments. They have diverse applications in food, cosmetics, agriculture, pharmaceuticals and therapeutics. The recent boost of multi-omics sequence analysis has rapidly progressed the mining of presumed genes encoding enzymes involved in CWPS biosynthesis pathways. In this review, we summarize the biosynthetic pathways of alginate, fucoidan, agar, carrageenan and ulvan in seaweeds referred to the literatures on published genomes and biochemical characterization of encoded enzymes. Some transcriptomic data were briefly reported to discuss the correlation between gene expression levels and CWPS contents. Mannuronan C-5 epimerase (MC5E) and carbohydrate sulfotransferase (CST) are crucial enzymes for alginate and sulfated CWPS, respectively. Nonetheless, most CWPS-relevant genes were merely investigated by gene mining and phylogenetic analysis. We offer an integrative view of CWPS biosynthesis from a molecular perspective and discuss about the underlying regulation mechanism. However, a clear understanding of the relationship between chemical structure and bioactivities of CWPS is limited, and reverse genetic manipulation and effective gene editing tools need to be developed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanru Shao
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Delin Duan
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Seaweed Substances, Qingdao Bright Moon Seaweed Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
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Chen H, Shen X, Ying Y, Li X, Chen L, Shen C, Wen Y. Effect of trace elements in the toxicity of copper to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:576-585. [PMID: 35266473 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00521a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Copper sulfate (CuSO4) is widely used in the control of algal blooms. Cu can promote or inhibit algal growth, while also affecting trace element uptake, therefore, the response mechanisms of algae cells under Cu2+ interference should be studied. In this study, wild-type Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii) and wall-less mutant C. reinhardtii were selected as the research objects. Except for the cell wall, these two algae were physiologically the same. While manipulating the concentration of Cu, the accumulation of Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn by the two algal cell types was studied. The cell wall hindered the accumulation of Cu by cells and alleviated the toxicity of Cu to C. reinhardtii. The addition of Cu increased the accumulation of Fe by both cell types. In an environment with excess Cu, the total amount of Zn and Mn accumulated by cells also increased. On the one hand, this may be due to the synergistic and antagonistic effects of trace elements in the adsorption and uptake process, and on the other hand, it may be due to the changes in metal speciation in the culture medium. In addition, the difference in the total accumulation of various trace elements between wild-type and wall-less-type C. reinhardtii may be due to the structure and function differences between cell wall and cell membrane. At the same time, by measuring the changes in the levels of glutathione (GSH) in algal cells, the relevant mechanisms underlying the algae's uptake of trace elements by algae were further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Cixi 315302, China
| | - Xin Shen
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Cixi 315302, China
| | - Yiping Ying
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Cixi 315302, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Cixi 315302, China
| | - Lili Chen
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Cixi 315302, China
| | - Chensi Shen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yuezhong Wen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
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Microbial pathways for advanced biofuel production. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:987-1001. [PMID: 35411379 PMCID: PMC9162456 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Decarbonisation of the transport sector is essential to mitigate anthropogenic climate change. Microbial metabolisms are already integral to the production of renewable, sustainable fuels and, building on that foundation, are being re-engineered to generate the advanced biofuels that will maintain mobility of people and goods during the energy transition. This review surveys the range of natural and engineered microbial systems for advanced biofuels production and summarises some of the techno-economic challenges associated with their implementation at industrial scales.
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Vimali E, Senthil Kumar A, Sakthi Vignesh N, Ashokkumar B, Dhakshinamoorthy A, Udayan A, Arumugam M, Pugazhendhi A, Varalakshmi P. Enhancement of lipid accumulation in microalga Desmodesmus sp. VV2: Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network modeling for biodiesel production. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133477. [PMID: 35007613 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are the most attractive renewable energy sources for the production of biofuels because of their luxurious growth and lipid accumulation ability in diverse nutritional conditions. In the present study, Desmodesmus sp. VV2, an indigenous microalga, was evaluated for its biodiesel potential using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to improve the lipid accumulation with the combination of nutrients stress NaNO3 starvation, CaCl2 depletion, and supplementation of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO). Among different stress conditions, 57.6% lipid content was achieved from RSM optimized media. Owing to this, RSM results were also validated by the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with 11 training algorithms and it is found that RSM was more significant. In addition, the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was noticeably increased in RSM optimized media (95.8%) while compared with control. Further, the highest total FAME content 97.21% was also achieved in cells grown in RSM optimized media. Biodiesel quality parameters were analyzed and found that they are in accordance with international standards. Thus, this study suggesting that the fatty acid profile of Desmodesmus sp. VV2 attained under optimized media conditions would be suitable for biodiesel production for future energy demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elamathi Vimali
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arumugasamy Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Nagamalai Sakthi Vignesh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramaniem Ashokkumar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Aswathy Udayan
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Muthu Arumugam
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Center for Transdisciplinary Research (CFTR), Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Perumal Varalakshmi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 625021, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Shakya M, Silvester E, Rees G, Rajapaksha KH, Faou P, Holland A. Changes to the amino acid profile and proteome of the tropical freshwater microalga Chlorella sp. in response to copper stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 233:113336. [PMID: 35228027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of freshwaters is increasing globally, with microalgae considered one of the most sensitive taxa to metal pollution. Here, we used 72 h bioassays to explore the biochemical effects of copper (Cu) on the amino acid (AA) profile and proteome of Chlorella sp. and advance our understanding of the molecular changes that occur in algal cells during exposure to environmentally realistic Cu concentrations. The Cu concentrations required to inhibit algal growth rate by 10% (EC10) and 50% (EC50) were 1.0 (0.7-1.2) µg L-1 and 2.0 (1.9-2.4) µg L-1, respectively. The AA profile of Chlorella sp. showed increases in glycine and decreases in isoleucine, leucine, valine, and arginine, with increasing Cu. Proteomic analysis revealed the modulation of several proteins involved in energy production pathways, including: photosynthesis, carbon fixation, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation, which likely assists in meeting increased energy demands under Cu-stressed conditions. Copper exposure also caused up-regulation of cellular processes and signalling proteins, and the down-regulation of proteins related to ribosomal structure and protein translation. These changes in biomolecular pathways have direct effects on the AA profile and total protein content and provide an explanation for the observed changes in amino acid profile, cell growth and morphology. This study shows the complex mode of action of Cu on Chlorella under environmentally realistic Cu concentrations and highlights several potential biomarkers for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Shakya
- Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems, Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution (DEEE), La Trobe University, Albury/Wodonga Campus, Vic 3690, Australia.
| | - Ewen Silvester
- Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems, Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution (DEEE), La Trobe University, Albury/Wodonga Campus, Vic 3690, Australia
| | - Gavin Rees
- CSIRO Land and Water, and Institute of Land Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Thurgoona, NSW 2640, Australia
| | - Kolin Harinda Rajapaksha
- La Trobe Comprehensive Proteomics Platform, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic 3083, Australia
| | - Pierre Faou
- La Trobe Comprehensive Proteomics Platform, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic 3083, Australia
| | - Aleicia Holland
- Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems, Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution (DEEE), La Trobe University, Albury/Wodonga Campus, Vic 3690, Australia
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