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Lorek JK, Karkov HS, Matthiesen F, Dainiak M. High throughput screening for rapid and reliable prediction of monovalent antibody binding behavior in flowthrough mode. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:2332-2346. [PMID: 37926999 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Flowthrough (FT) anion exchange (AEX) chromatography is a widely used polishing step for the purification of monoclonal antibody (mAb) formats. To accelerate downstream process development, high throughput screening (HTS) tools have proven useful. In this study, the binding behavior of six monovalent mAbs (mvAbs) was investigated by HTS in batch binding mode on different AEX and mixed-mode resins at process-relevant pH and NaCl concentrations. The HTS entailed the evaluation of mvAb partition coefficients (Kp) and visualization of results in surface-response models. Interestingly, the HTS data grouped the mvAbs into either a strong-binding group or a weak-binding/FT group independent of theoretical Isoelectric point. Mapping the charged and hydrophobic patches by in silico protein surface property analyses revealed that the distribution of patches play a major role in predicting FT behavior. Importantly, the conditions identified by HTS were successfully verified by 1 mL on-column experiments. Finally, employing the optimal FT conditions (7-9 mS/cm and pH 7.0) at a mini-pilot scale (CV = 259 mL) resulted in 99% yield and a 21-23-fold reduction of host cell protein to <100 ppm, depending on the varying host cell protein (HCP) levels in the load. This work opens the possibility of using HTS in FT mode to accelerate downstream process development for mvAb candidates in early research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Finn Matthiesen
- Purification Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Maria Dainiak
- Purification Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
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2
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Sharma VK, Menis S, Brower ET, Sayeed E, Ackland J, Lombardo A, Cottrell CA, Torres JL, Hassell T, Ward AB, Tsvetnitsky V, Schief WR. Use of Transient Transfection for cGMP Manufacturing of eOD-GT8 60mer, a Self-Assembling Nanoparticle Germline-Targeting HIV-1 Vaccine Candidate. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:742. [PMID: 38931864 PMCID: PMC11206926 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We describe the current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) production and subsequent characterization of eOD-GT8 60mer, a glycosylated self-assembling nanoparticle HIV-1 vaccine candidate and germline targeting priming immunogen. Production was carried out via transient expression in the human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cell line followed by a combination of purification techniques. A large-scale cGMP (200 L) production run yielded 354 mg of the purified eOD-GT8 60mer drug product material, which was formulated at 1 mg/mL in 10% sucrose in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.2. The clinical trial material was comprehensively characterized for purity, antigenicity, glycan composition, amino acid sequence, and aggregation and by several safety-related tests during cGMP lot release. A comparison of the purified products produced at the 1 L scale and 200 L cGMP scale demonstrated the consistency and robustness of the transient transfection upstream process and the downstream purification strategies. The cGMP clinical trial material was tested in a Phase 1 clinical trial (NCT03547245), is currently being stored at -80 °C, and is on a stability testing program as per regulatory guidelines. The methods described here illustrate the utility of transient transfection for cGMP production of complex products such as glycosylated self-assembling nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaneet K. Sharma
- IAVI, New York, NY 10004, USA; (V.K.S.); (E.S.); (A.L.)
- Servier Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Evan T. Brower
- Paragon BioServices, Catalent Biologics, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Eddy Sayeed
- IAVI, New York, NY 10004, USA; (V.K.S.); (E.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Jim Ackland
- IAVI, New York, NY 10004, USA; (V.K.S.); (E.S.); (A.L.)
- Global BioSolutions, P.O. Box 253, Vermont, VIC 3133, Australia
| | | | - Christopher A. Cottrell
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Torres
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Andrew B. Ward
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vadim Tsvetnitsky
- IAVI, New York, NY 10004, USA; (V.K.S.); (E.S.); (A.L.)
- OncoC4, Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - William R. Schief
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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3
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Panikulam S, Hanke A, Kroener F, Karle A, Anderka O, Villiger TK, Lebesgue N. Host cell protein networks as a novel co-elution mechanism during protein A chromatography. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1716-1728. [PMID: 38454640 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Host cell proteins (HCPs) are process-related impurities of therapeutic proteins produced in for example, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Protein A affinity chromatography is the initial capture step to purify monoclonal antibodies or Fc-based proteins and is most effective for HCP removal. Previously proposed mechanisms that contribute to co-purification of HCPs with the therapeutic protein are either HCP-drug association or leaching from chromatin heteroaggregates. In this study, we analyzed protein A eluates of 23 Fc-based proteins by LC-MS/MS to determine their HCP content. The analysis revealed a high degree of heterogeneity in the number of HCPs identified in the different protein A eluates. Among all identified HCPs, the majority co-eluted with less than three Fc-based proteins indicating a drug-specific co-purification for most HCPs. Only ten HCPs co-purified with over 50% of the 23 Fc-based proteins. A correlation analysis of HCPs identified across multiple protein A eluates revealed their co-elution as HCP groups. Functional annotation and protein interaction analysis confirmed that some HCP groups are associated with protein-protein interaction networks. Here, we propose an additional mechanism for HCP co-elution involving protein-protein interactions within functional networks. Our findings may help to guide cell line development and to refine downstream purification strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherin Panikulam
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Hanke
- Analytical Development and Characterization, Biopharmaceutical Product and Process Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frieder Kroener
- Analytical Development and Characterization, Biopharmaceutical Product and Process Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anette Karle
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Anderka
- Analytical Development and Characterization, Biopharmaceutical Product and Process Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas K Villiger
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Lebesgue
- Analytical Development and Characterization, Biopharmaceutical Product and Process Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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Szabo R, Nagy C, Gaspar A. Direct Injection Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) Analysis of Proteins with High Matrix Content:Utilizing Taylor-Aris Dispersion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318225. [PMID: 38294363 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
This is the first work demonstrating the utility of the Taylor-Aris (TA) dispersion in avoiding serious interference issues commonly occurring in the electrospray ionization-mass spectrometric (ESI-MS) determination of therapeutic protein pharmaceuticals undergoing no pre-separation or sample purification. It was also pointed out that the TA dispersion conditions and its analytical utilization for proteomics can be easily accomplished in a commercial CE-MS instrument. In the proposed Taylor-Aris dispersion-assisted mass spectrometry (TADA-MS) analysis 0.5 μL sample is injected into a 65 cm long 50 μm i.d. capillary and pumped with 1 bar toward the MS. The procedure is efficient for the direct injection analysis of components having low diffusion coefficients (proteins) that are present in complex matrices of small organic and inorganic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Szabo
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Cynthia Nagy
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Attila Gaspar
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
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Kumar V, Barwal A, Sharma N, Mir DS, Kumar P, Kumar V. Therapeutic proteins: developments, progress, challenges, and future perspectives. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:112. [PMID: 38510462 PMCID: PMC10948735 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03958-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins are considered magic molecules due to their enormous applications in the health sector. Over the past few decades, therapeutic proteins have emerged as a promising treatment option for various diseases, particularly cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and others. The formulation of protein-based therapies is a major area of research, however, a few factors still hinder the large-scale production of these therapeutic products, such as stability, heterogenicity, immunogenicity, high cost of production, etc. This review provides comprehensive information on various sources and production of therapeutic proteins. The review also summarizes the challenges currently faced by scientists while developing protein-based therapeutics, along with possible solutions. It can be concluded that these proteins can be used in combination with small molecular drugs to give synergistic benefits in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Kumar
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab 140413 India
| | - Arti Barwal
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, South Campus, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014 India
| | - Nitin Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Mohali, Punjab 140307 India
| | - Danish Shafi Mir
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab 140413 India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229 India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab 140413 India
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6
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Cheng J, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Cao L, Liu X, Miao S, Zhao L, Ye Q, Zhou Y, Tan WS. Development of a novel tyrosine-based selection system for generation of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 137:221-229. [PMID: 38220502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Efficiently expanding Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which serve as the primary host cells for recombinant protein production, have gained increasing industrial significance. A significant hurdle in stable cell line development is the low efficiency of the target gene integrated into the host genome, implying the necessity for an effective screening and selection procedure to separate these stable cells. In this study, the genes of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) and pterin 4 alpha carbinolamine dehydratase 1 (PCBD1), which are key enzymes in the tyrosine synthesis pathway, were utilized as selection markers and transduced into host cells together with the target genes. This research investigated the enrichment effect of this system and advanced further in understanding its benefits for cell line development and rCHO cell culture. A novel tyrosine-based selection system that only used PCBD1 as a selection marker was designed to promote the enrichment effect. Post 9 days of starvation, positive transductants in the cell pool approached 100%. Applied the novel tyrosine-based selection system, rCHO cells expressing E2 protein were generated and named CHO TS cells. It could continue to grow, and the yield of E2 achieved 95.95 mg/L in a tyrosine-free and chemically-defined (CD) medium. Herein, we introduced an alternative to antibiotic-based selections for the establishment of CHO cell lines and provided useful insights for the design and development of CD medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuping Liu
- Shanghai BioEngine Sci-Tech Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shiwei Miao
- Hangzhou Sumgen Biotech Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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7
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Yang YX, Chen YC, Yao SJ, Lin DQ. Parameter-by-parameter estimation method for adsorption isotherm in hydrophobic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1716:464638. [PMID: 38219627 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) is used as a critical polishing step in the downstream processing of biopharmaceuticals. Normally the process development of HIC is a cumbersome and time-consuming task, and the mechanical models can provide a powerful tool to characterize the process, assist process design and accelerate process development. However, the current estimation of model parameters relies on the inverse method, which lacks an efficient and logical parameter estimation strategy. In this study, a parameter-by-parameter (PbP) method based on the theoretical derivation and simplifying assumptions was proposed to estimate the Mollerup isotherm parameters for HIC. The method involves three key steps: (1) linear regression (LR) to estimate the salt-protein interaction parameter and the equilibrium constant; (2) linear approximation (LA) to estimate the stoichiometric parameter and the maximum binding capacity; and (3) inverse method to estimate the protein-protein interaction parameter and the kinetic coefficient. The results indicated that the LR step should be used for dilution condition (loading factor below 5%), while the LA step should be conducted when the isotherm is in the transition or nonlinear regions. Six numerical experiments were conducted to implement the PbP method. The results demonstrated that the PbP method developed allows for the systematic estimation of HIC parameters one-by-one, effectively reducing the number of parameters required for inverse method estimation from six to two. This helps prevent non-identifiability of structural parameters. The feasibility of the PbP-HIC method was further validated by real-world experiments. Moreover, the PbP method enhances the mechanistic understanding of adsorption behavior of HIC and shows a promising application to other stoichiometric displacement model-derived isotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shan-Jing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dong-Qiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Valentine JL, Dengler A, Zhao A, Truong T, McAfee S, Hassanein M, Irvin SC, Chen J, Meng X, Yan H, Torri A, Sumner G, Andisik MD, Paccaly A, Partridge MA. Immunogenicity of Cemiplimab: Low Incidence of Antidrug Antibodies and Cut-Point Suitability Across Tumor Types. J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 64:125-136. [PMID: 37656820 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The immunogenicity of cemiplimab, a fully human immunoglobulin G4 monoclonal antibody directed against programmed cell death 1, was assessed in patients across multiple tumor types. The development of antidrug antibodies (ADAs) against cemiplimab was monitored using a validated bridging immunoassay. To identify ADA-positive samples in the assay, statistically determined cut points were established by analyzing baseline clinical study samples from a mixed population of different tumor types, and this validation cut point was used to assess immunogenicity in all subsequent studies. Regulatory guidance requires that ADA assay cut points be verified for appropriateness in different patient populations. Thus, for the cemiplimab ADA assay, we evaluated whether each new oncology population was comparable with the validation population used to set the cut point. Assay responses from 2393 individual serum samples from 8 different tumor types were compared with the validation population, using established statistical methods for cut-point determination and comparison, with no significant differences observed. Across tumor types, the immunogenicity of cemiplimab was low, with an overall treatment-emergent ADA incidence rate of 1.9% and 2.5% at intravenous dose regimens of 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks and 350 mg every 3 weeks, respectively. Moreover, no neutralizing antibodies to cemiplimab were detected in patients with ADA-positive samples, and there was no observed impact of cemiplimab ADAs on pharmacokinetics. Study-specific cut points may be required in some diseases, such as immune and inflammatory diseases; however, based on this analysis, in-study cut points are not required for each new oncology disease indication for cemiplimab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Valentine
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Dengler
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - An Zhao
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Tiffany Truong
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Sean McAfee
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Mohamed Hassanein
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Susan C Irvin
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Jihua Chen
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Xiao Meng
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Hong Yan
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Albert Torri
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Giane Sumner
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Matthew D Andisik
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Anne Paccaly
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Michael A Partridge
- Bioanalytical Sciences and Pharmacometrics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
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Chauhan S, Khasa YP. Challenges and Opportunities in the Process Development of Chimeric Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1828. [PMID: 38140232 PMCID: PMC10747103 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are integral to human life to protect them from life-threatening diseases. However, conventional vaccines often suffer limitations like inefficiency, safety concerns, unavailability for non-culturable microbes, and genetic variability among pathogens. Chimeric vaccines combine multiple antigen-encoding genes of similar or different microbial strains to protect against hyper-evolving drug-resistant pathogens. The outbreaks of dreadful diseases have led researchers to develop economical chimeric vaccines that can cater to a large population in a shorter time. The process development begins with computationally aided omics-based approaches to design chimeric vaccines. Furthermore, developing these vaccines requires optimizing upstream and downstream processes for mass production at an industrial scale. Owing to the complex structures and complicated bioprocessing of evolving pathogens, various high-throughput process technologies have come up with added advantages. Recent advancements in high-throughput tools, process analytical technology (PAT), quality-by-design (QbD), design of experiments (DoE), modeling and simulations, single-use technology, and integrated continuous bioprocessing have made scalable production more convenient and economical. The paradigm shift to innovative strategies requires significant attention to deal with major health threats at the global scale. This review outlines the challenges and emerging avenues in the bioprocess development of chimeric vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yogender Pal Khasa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India;
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10
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Wysor SK, Marcus RK. Quantitative Recoveries of Exosomes and Monoclonal Antibodies from Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Cultures by Use of a Single, Integrated Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Method. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17886-17893. [PMID: 37995145 PMCID: PMC11095952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Cultured cell lines are very commonly used for the mass production of therapeutic proteins, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In particular, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines are widely employed due to their high tolerance to variations in experimental conditions and their ability to grow in suspension or serum free media. CHO cell lines are known for their ability to produce high titers of biotherapeutic products such as immunoglobulin G (IgG). An emergent alternative means of treating diseases, such as cancer, is the use of gene therapies, wherein genetic cargo is "packaged" in nanosized vesicular structures, referred to as "vectors". One particularly attractive vector option is extracellular vesicles (EVs), of which exosomes are of greatest interest. While exosomes can be harvested from virtually any human body fluid, bovine milk, or even plants, their production in cell cultures is an attractive commercial approach. In fact, the same CHO cell types employed for mAb production also produce exosomes as a natural byproduct. Here, we describe a single integrated 2D liquid chromatography (2DLC) method for the quantitative recovery of both exosomes and antibodies from a singular sample aliquot. At the heart of the method is the use of polyester capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers as the first dimension column, wherein exosomes/EVs are captured from the supernatant sample and subsequently determined by multiangle light scattering (MALS), while the mAbs are captured, eluted, and quantified using a protein A-modified C-CP fiber column in the second dimension, all in a 10 min workflow. These efforts demonstrate the versatility of the C-CP fiber phases with the capacity to harvest both forms of therapeutics from a single bioreactor, suggesting an appreciable potential impact in the field of biotherapeutics production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Wysor
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973, United States
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973, United States
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11
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Park SY, Choi DH, Song J, Park U, Cho H, Hong BH, Silberberg YR, Lee DY. Debottlenecking and reformulating feed media for improved CHO cell growth and titer by data-driven and model-guided analyses. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2300126. [PMID: 37605365 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Designing and selecting cell culture media along with their feeding are a key strategy to maximize culture performance in biopharmaceutical processes. However, the sensitivity of mammalian cells to their culture environment necessitates specific nutritional requirements for their growth and the production of high-quality proteins such as antibodies, depending on the cell lines and operational conditions employed. In this regard, previously we developed a data-driven and in-silico model-guided systematic framework to investigate the effect of growth media on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture performance, allowing us to design and reformulate basal media. To expand our exploration for media development research, we evaluated two chemically defined feed media, A and B, using a monoclonal antibody-producing CHO-K1 cell line in ambr15 bioreactor runs. We observed a significant impact of the feed media on various aspects of cell culture, including growth, longevity, viability, productivity, and the production of toxic metabolites. Specifically, the concentrated feed A was inadequate in sustaining prolonged cell culture and achieving high titers when compared to feed B. Within our framework, we systematically investigated the major metabolic bottlenecks in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and relevant amino acid transferase reactions. This analysis identified target components that play a crucial role in alleviating bottlenecks and designing highly productive cell cultures, specifically the addition of glutamate to feed A and asparagine to feed B. Based on our findings, we reformulated the feeds by adjusting the amounts of the targeted amino acids and successfully validated the effectiveness of the strategy in promoting cell growth, life span, and/or titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Young Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyuk Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsung Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Uiseon Park
- Ajinomoto Genexine Co., Ltd., CELLiST Solution Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeran Cho
- Ajinomoto Genexine Co., Ltd., CELLiST Solution Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bee Hak Hong
- Ajinomoto Genexine Co., Ltd., CELLiST Solution Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yaron R Silberberg
- Ajinomoto Genexine Co., Ltd., CELLiST Solution Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yup Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Bitwinners Pte. Ltd., Singapore
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12
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Vitharana S, Stillahn JM, Katayama DS, Henry CS, Manning MC. Application of Formulation Principles to Stability Issues Encountered During Processing, Manufacturing, and Storage of Drug Substance and Drug Product Protein Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2724-2751. [PMID: 37572779 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The field of formulation and stabilization of protein therapeutics has become rather extensive. However, most of the focus has been on stabilization of the final drug product. Yet, proteins experience stress and degradation through the manufacturing process, starting with fermentaition. This review describes how formulation principles can be applied to stabilize biopharmaceutical proteins during bioprocessing and manufacturing, considering each unit operation involved in prepration of the drug substance. In addition, the impact of the container on stabilty is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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13
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Drobnjakovic M, Hart R, Kulvatunyou BS, Ivezic N, Srinivasan V. Current challenges and recent advances on the path towards continuous biomanufacturing. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3378. [PMID: 37493037 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Continuous biopharmaceutical manufacturing is currently a field of intense research due to its potential to make the entire production process more optimal for the modern, ever-evolving biopharmaceutical market. Compared to traditional batch manufacturing, continuous bioprocessing is more efficient, adjustable, and sustainable and has reduced capital costs. However, despite its clear advantages, continuous bioprocessing is yet to be widely adopted in commercial manufacturing. This article provides an overview of the technological roadblocks for extensive adoptions and points out the recent advances that could help overcome them. In total, three key areas for improvement are identified: Quality by Design (QbD) implementation, integration of upstream and downstream technologies, and data and knowledge management. First, the challenges to QbD implementation are explored. Specifically, process control, process analytical technology (PAT), critical process parameter (CPP) identification, and mathematical models for bioprocess control and design are recognized as crucial for successful QbD realizations. Next, the difficulties of end-to-end process integration are examined, with a particular emphasis on downstream processing. Finally, the problem of data and knowledge management and its potential solutions are outlined where ontologies and data standards are pointed out as key drivers of progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Drobnjakovic
- Systems Integration Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Roger Hart
- National Institute for Innovation in Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Boonserm Serm Kulvatunyou
- Systems Integration Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Nenad Ivezic
- Systems Integration Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Vijay Srinivasan
- Systems Integration Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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14
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Heinemann L, Davies M, Home P, Forst T, Vilsbøll T, Schnell O. Understanding Biosimilar Insulins - Development, Manufacturing, and Clinical Trials. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2023; 17:1649-1661. [PMID: 35818669 PMCID: PMC10658691 DOI: 10.1177/19322968221105864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A wave of expiring patents for first-generation insulin analogues has created opportunities in the global insulin market for highly similar versions of these products, biosimilar insulins. Biologics are generally large, complex molecules produced through biotechnology in a living system, such as a microorganism, plant cell, or animal cell. Since manufacturing processes of biologics vary, biosimilars cannot be exact copies of their reference product but must exhibit a high degree of functional and structural similarity. Biosimilarity is proven by analytical approaches in comparative assessments, preclinical cell-based and animal studies, as well as clinical studies in humans facilitating the accumulation of evidence across all assessments. The approval of biosimilars follows detailed regulatory pathways derived from those of their reference products and established by agencies such as the European Medicines Agency and the US Food and Drug Administration. Regulatory authorities impose requirements to ensure that biosimilars meet high standards of quality, safety, and efficacy and are highly similar to their reference product. PURPOSE This review aims to aid clinical understanding of the high standards of development, manufacturing, and regulation of biosimilar insulins. METHODS Recent relevant studies indexed by PubMed and regulatory documents were included. CONCLUSIONS Driven by price competition, the emergence of biosimilar insulins may help expand global access to current insulin analogues. To maximize the impact of the advantage for falling retail costs of biosimilar insulins compared with that of reference insulins, healthcare professionals and insulin users must gain further awareness and confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Heinemann
- Science Consulting in Diabetes GmbH, Kaarst, Deutschland
| | - Melanie Davies
- University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Philip Home
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Thomas Forst
- CRS Clinical Research Services Mannheim GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oliver Schnell
- Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
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15
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Johnson TF, Conti M, Iacoviello F, Shearing PR, Pullen J, Dimartino S, Bracewell DG. Evaluating 3D-printed bioseparation structures using multi-length scale tomography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5961-5971. [PMID: 37522918 PMCID: PMC10556175 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
X-ray computed tomography was applied in imaging 3D-printed gyroids used for bioseparation in order to visualize and characterize structures from the entire geometry down to individual nanopores. Methacrylate prints were fabricated with feature sizes of 500 µm, 300 µm, and 200 µm, with the material phase exhibiting a porous substructure in all cases. Two X-ray scanners achieved pixel sizes from 5 µm to 16 nm to produce digital representations of samples across multiple length scales as the basis for geometric analysis and flow simulation. At the gyroid scale, imaged samples were visually compared to the original computed-aided designs to analyze printing fidelity across all feature sizes. An individual 500 µm feature, part of the overall gyroid structure, was compared and overlaid between design and imaged volumes, identifying individual printed layers. Internal subvolumes of all feature sizes were segmented into material and void phases for permeable flow analysis. Small pieces of 3D-printed material were optimized for nanotomographic imaging at a pixel size of 63 nm, with all three gyroid samples exhibiting similar geometric characteristics when measured. An average porosity of 45% was obtained that was within the expected design range, and a tortuosity factor of 2.52 was measured. Applying a voidage network map enabled the size, location, and connectivity of pores to be identified, obtaining an average pore size of 793 nm. Using Avizo XLAB at a bulk diffusivity of 7.00 × 10-11 m2s-1 resulted in a simulated material diffusivity of 2.17 × 10-11 m2s-1 ± 0.16 × 10-11 m2s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Johnson
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Mariachiara Conti
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL UK
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical Innovation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
| | - Paul R. Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
| | - James Pullen
- Fujifilm Diosynth Technologies, Belasis Avenue, Billingham, TS23 1LH UK
| | - Simone Dimartino
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL UK
| | - Daniel G. Bracewell
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz, London, WC1E 6BT UK
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16
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Kumari P, Saldanha M, Jain R, Dandekar P. Controlling monoclonal antibody aggregation during cell culture using medium additives facilitated by the monitoring of aggregation in cell culture matrix using size exclusion chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115575. [PMID: 37467528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Controlling monoclonal antibody aggregation at the upstream stage itself can significantly reduce the burden on downstream processing and can improve the process yield. Hence, we have investigated the use of sugar osmolytes (glucose, mannose, sucrose and maltose) and formulation excipients (mannitol, polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80) as medium additives to reduce protein aggregation during cell culture. Aggregate content in cell culture samples was estimated using a high-resolution size-exclusion chromatography technique, which efficiently resolved the antibody monomer and aggregates in the cell culture matrix i.e., without purification. Glucose, mannose, maltose and the polysorbates effectively reduced the mean aggregate content over the course of the culture. Sugar-based additives exhibited a higher degree of variation during aggregate quantitation as compared to polysorbate additives, rendering the latter a preferred additive. Therefore, this study demonstrated the potential of sugar osmolytes and formulation excipients as media additives during cell culture to reduce aggregate formation, without negatively impacting cell growth and antibody production, facilitated by the monitoring of aggregate content in cell culture samples without purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prity Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Marianne Saldanha
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
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17
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Asher D, Dai D, Klimchak AC, Sedita LE, Gooch KL, Rodino-Klapac L. Paving the way for future gene therapies: A case study of scientific spillover from delandistrogene moxeparvovec. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 30:474-483. [PMID: 37674905 PMCID: PMC10477757 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapies have potential to improve outcomes of severe diseases after only a single administration. Novel therapies are continually being developed using knowledge gained from prior successes, a concept known as scientific spillover. Gene therapy advancement requires extensive development at each stage: preclinical work to create and evaluate vehicles for delivery of the therapy, design of clinical development programs, and establishment of a large-scale manufacturing process. Pioneering gene therapies are generating spillover as investigators confront myriad issues specific to this treatment modality. These include frameworks for construct engineering, dose evaluation, patient selection, outcome assessment, and safety monitoring. Consequently, the benefits of these therapies extend beyond offering knowledge for treating any one disease to establishing new platforms and paradigms that will accelerate advancement of future gene therapies. This impact is even more profound in rare diseases, where developing therapies in isolation may not be possible. This review describes some instances of scientific spillover in healthcare, and specifically gene therapy, using delandistrogene moxeparvovec (SRP-9001), a gene therapy recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of ambulatory pediatric patients aged 4-5 years with Duchenne muscular dystrophy with a confirmed mutation in the DMD gene, as a case study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon Asher
- Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daisy Dai
- Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alexa C. Klimchak
- Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lauren E. Sedita
- Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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18
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Fujii T, Matsuda Y. Novel formats of antibody conjugates: recent advances in payload diversity, conjugation, and linker chemistry. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:1053-1065. [PMID: 37953519 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2023.2276873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the field of bioconjugates, the focus on antibody - drug conjugates (ADCs) with novel payloads beyond the traditional categories of potent cytotoxic agents is increasing. These innovative ADCs exhibit various molecular formats, ranging from small-molecule payloads, such as immune agonists and proteolytic agents, to macromolecular payloads, such as oligonucleotides and proteins. AREAS COVERED This review offers an in-depth exploration of unconventional strategies for designing conjugates with novel mechanisms of action and notable examples of approaches that show promising prospects. Representative examples of novel format payloads and their classification, attributes, and appropriate conjugation techniques are discussed in detail. EXPERT OPINION The existing basic technologies used to manufacture ADCs can be directly applied to synthesize novel formatted conjugates. However, a wide variety of new payloads require the creation of customized technologies adapted to the unique characteristics of these payloads. Consequently, fundamental technologies, such as conjugation methods aimed at achieving high drug - antibody ratios and developing stable crosslinkers, are likely to become increasingly important research areas in the future.
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19
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Dhandapani G, Wachtel E, Patchornik G. Conjugated surfactant micelles: A non‐denaturing purification platform for concentrated human immunoglobulin G. NANO SELECT 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202200251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
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20
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McCue C, Girard HL, Varanasi KK. Enhancing Protein Crystal Nucleation Using In Situ Templating on Bioconjugate-Functionalized Nanoparticles and Machine Learning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:12622-12630. [PMID: 36853011 PMCID: PMC10020963 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although protein crystallization offers a promising alternative to chromatography for lower-cost protein purification, slow nucleation kinetics and high protein concentration requirements are major barriers for using crystallization as a viable strategy in downstream protein purification. Here, we demonstrate that nanoparticles functionalized with bioconjugates can result in an in situ template for inducing rapid crystallization of proteins at low protein concentration conditions. We use a microbatch crystallization setup to show that the range of successful crystallization conditions is expanded by the presence of functionalized nanoparticles. Furthermore, we use a custom machine learning-enabled emulsion crystallization setup to rigorously quantify nucleation parameters. We show that bioconjugate-functionalized nanoparticles can result in up to a 7-fold decrease in the induction time and a 3-fold increase in the nucleation rate of model proteins compared to those in control environments. We thus provide foundational insight that could enable crystallization to be used in protein manufacturing by reducing both the protein concentration and the time required to nucleate protein crystals.
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21
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Goyal A, Vu B, Maranholkar V, Patil U, Kourentzi K, Willson RC. Continuous monitoring of IgG using immobilized fluorescent reporters. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:482-490. [PMID: 36225160 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the manufacture of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, the clarified cell culture fluid (CCF) is typically loaded onto an initial protein A affinity capture column. Imperfect mass transfer and loading to maximum capacity can risk antibody breakthrough and loss of valuable product, but conservative underloading wastes expensive protein A resin. In addition, the effects of column fouling and ligand degradation require the frequent optimization of immunoglobulin G (IgG) loading to avoid wastage. Continuous real-time monitoring of IgG flowthrough is of great interest, therefore. We previously developed a fluorescence-based monitoring technology that allows batch mix-and-read mAb detection in the CCF. Here, we report the use of reporters immobilized on cyanogenbromide-activated Sepharose 4B resin for continuous detection of IgG in column breakthrough. The column effluent is continuously contacted with immobilized fluorescein-labeled Fc-binding ligands in a small monitoring column to produce an immediately-detectable change in fluorescence intensity. The technology allows rapid and reliable monitoring of IgG in a flowing stream of clarified CCF emerging from a protein A column, without prior sample preparation. We observed a significant change in fluorescence intensity at 0.5 g/L human IgG, sufficient to detect a 5% breakthrough of a 10 g/L load, within 18 s at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The current small-scale technology is suitable for use in process development, but the chemistry should be readily adaptable to larger scale applications using fiber-optic sensors, and continuous IgG monitoring could be applicable in a variety of upstream and downstream process settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Goyal
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Binh Vu
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vijay Maranholkar
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ujwal Patil
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Katerina Kourentzi
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard C Willson
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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22
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Chen SW, Zheng ZY, Mahfut FB, Yang Y, Ogino M, Okada K, Sato K, Zhang W. Leveraging an advanced simulated moving bed approach to achieve 3-component separation for enhanced impurity removal in a non-affinity cation exchange capture step. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280760. [PMID: 36696419 PMCID: PMC9876269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the key challenges in downstream bioprocessing is to obtain products of high purity in a productive fashion through the effective removal of process and product related impurities. While a classical simulated moving bed (SMB) system operation can typically achieve a 2-component separation between the weakly bound impurities and target species, here we present an advanced SMB approach that can achieve a 3-component separation, including the removal of the strongly bound impurities from the target species. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate the enhanced removal of strongly bound host cell proteins (HCP) from the target monoclonal antibody (mAb) through the utilisation of the advanced SMB approach in a non-affinity cation exchange (CEX) capture step. In this way, 1 less polishing step was required to achieve the therapeutic requirements of < 100 ppm HCP and the overall process recovery was increased by ~ 6% compared to the corresponding process that utilised a batch CEX operation. The non-affinity CEX capture platform technology established through the utilisation of the advanced SMB approach presented here can potentially be further applied to address the downstream processing challenges presented by other challenging biotherapeutic modalities to yield a final target product with improved purity and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serene W. Chen
- Downstream Processing Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zi Ying Zheng
- Downstream Processing Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Farouq Bin Mahfut
- Cell Line Development Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuansheng Yang
- Cell Line Development Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Masahiro Ogino
- Functional Materials Development, R&D Center, R&D and Engineering, Organo Corporation, Koto City, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okada
- Functional Materials Development, R&D Center, R&D and Engineering, Organo Corporation, Koto City, Japan
| | - Kohei Sato
- Functional Materials Development, R&D Center, R&D and Engineering, Organo Corporation, Koto City, Japan
| | - Wei Zhang
- Downstream Processing Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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23
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Milewska A, Baekelandt G, Boutaieb S, Mozin V, Falconbridge A. In-line monitoring of protein concentration with MIR spectroscopy during UFDF. Eng Life Sci 2022; 23:e2200050. [PMID: 36751473 PMCID: PMC9893749 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202200050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid increase of product titers in upstream processes has presented challenges for downstream processing, where purification costs increase linearly with the increase of the product yield. Hence, innovative solutions are becoming increasingly popular. Process Analytical Technology (PAT) tools, such as spectroscopic techniques, are on the rise due to their capacity to provide real-time, precise analytics. This ensures consistent product quality and increased process understanding, as well as process control. Mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) has emerged as a highly promising technique within recent years, owing to its ability to monitor several critical process parameters at the same time and unchallenging spectral analysis and data interpretation. For in-line monitoring, Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) is a method of choice, as it enables reliable measurements in a liquid environment, even though water absorption bands are present in the region of interest. Here, we present MIR spectroscopy as a monitoring tool of critical process parameters in ultrafiltration/diafiltration (UFDF). MIR spectrometer was integrated in the UFDF process in an in-line fashion through a single-use flow cell containing a single bounce silicon ATR crystal. The results indicate that the one-point calibration algorithm applied to the MIR spectra, predicts highly accurate protein concentrations, as compared with validated offline analytical methods.
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24
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Ju Y, Hu Y, Yang P, Xie X, Fang B. Extracellular vesicle-loaded hydrogels for tissue repair and regeneration. Mater Today Bio 2022; 18:100522. [PMID: 36593913 PMCID: PMC9803958 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a collective term for nanoscale or microscale vesicles secreted by cells that play important biological roles. Mesenchymal stem cells are a class of cells with the potential for self-healing and multidirectional differentiation. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that EVs, especially those secreted by mesenchymal stem cells, can promote the repair and regeneration of various tissues and, thus, have significant potential in regenerative medicine. However, due to the rapid clearance capacity of the circulatory system, EVs are barely able to act persistently at specific sites for repair of target tissues. Hydrogels have good biocompatibility and loose and porous structural properties that allow them to serve as EV carriers, thereby prolonging the retention in certain specific areas and slowing the release of EVs. When EVs are needed to function at specific sites, the EV-loaded hydrogels can stand as an excellent approach. In this review, we first introduce the sources, roles, and extraction and characterization methods of EVs and describe their current application status. We then review the different types of hydrogels and discuss factors influencing their abilities to carry and release EVs. We summarize several strategies for loading EVs into hydrogels and characterizing EV-loaded hydrogels. Furthermore, we discuss application strategies for EV-loaded hydrogels and review their specific applications in tissue regeneration and repair. This article concludes with a summary of the current state of research on EV-loaded hydrogels and an outlook on future research directions, which we hope will provide promising ideas for researchers.
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Key Words
- 4-arm-PEG-MAL, four-armed polyethylene glycol (PEG) functionalized with maleimide group
- AD/CS/RSF, alginate-dopamine chondroitin sulfate and regenerated silk fibroin
- ADSC, Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells
- ADSC-EVs, adipose mesenchymal stem cells derived EVs
- ADSC-Exos, adipose mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes
- ATRP, Atom transfer radical polymerization
- BCA, bicinchoninic acid
- BMSC, Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
- BMSC-EVs, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells derived EVs
- BMSC-Exos, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes
- CGC, chitosan-gelatin-chondroitin sulfate
- CL, chitosan lactate
- CNS, central nervous system
- CPCs, cardiac progenitor cells
- CS-g-PEG, chitosan-g-PEG
- DPSC-Exos, dental pulp stem cells derived exosomes
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EVMs, extracellular vesicles mimetics
- EVs, Extracellular vesicles
- Exos, Exosomes
- Exosome
- Extracellular vesicle
- FEEs, functionally engineered EVs
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- GelMA, Gelatin methacryloyl
- HA, Hyaluronic acid
- HAMA, Hyaluronic acid methacryloyl
- HG, nano-hydroxyapatite-gelatin
- HIF-1 α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α
- HS-HA, hypoxia-sensitive hyaluronic acid
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell
- Hydrogel
- LAP, Lithium Phenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphinate
- LSCM, laser scanning confocal microscopy
- MC-CHO, Aldehyde methylcellulose
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- MNs, microneedles
- MSC-EVs, mesenchymal stem cells derived EVs
- MSC-Exos, mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes
- MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells
- NPCs, neural progenitor cells
- NTA, nanoparticle tracking analysis
- OHA, oxidized hyaluronic acid
- OSA, oxidized sodium alginate
- PDA, Polydopamine
- PDLLA, poly(D l-lactic acid)
- PDNPs-PELA, Polydopamine nanoparticles incorporated poly (ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-cap-rolactone-co-lactide)
- PEG, Polyethylene glycol
- PF-127, Pluronic F-127
- PHEMA, phenoxyethyl methacrylate
- PIC, photo-induced imine crosslinking
- PKA, protein kinase A system
- PLA, Poly lactic acid
- PLGA, polylactic acid-hydroxy acetic acid copolymer
- PLLA, poly(l-lactic acid)
- PPy, polypyrrole
- PVA, polyvinyl alcohol
- RDRP, Reversible deactivation radical polymerization
- Regeneration
- SCI, spinal cord injury
- SEM, Scanning electron microscopy
- SF, Silk fibroin
- SPT, single-particle tracking
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- Tissue repair
- UMSC, umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells
- UMSC-EVs, umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells derived EVs
- UMSC-Exos, umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes
- UV, ultraviolet
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGF-R, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
- WB, western blotting
- dECM, decellularized ECM
- hiPS-MSC-Exos, human induced pluripotent stem cell-MSC-derived exosomes
- iPS-CPCs, pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac progenitors
- nHP, nanohydroxyapatite/poly-ε-caprolactone
- sEVs, small extracellular vesicles
- β-TCP, β-Tricalcium Phosphate
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikun Ju
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic (Burn) Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Hu
- School of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Yang
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic (Burn) Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Xie
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Bairong Fang
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic (Burn) Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China,Corresponding author.
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Tran T, Martinsson E, Gustavsson R, Tronarp O, Nilsson M, Hansson KR, Lundström I, Mandenius CF, Aili D. Process integrated biosensors for real-time monitoring of antibodies for automated affinity purification. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4555-4562. [PMID: 36314900 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01567f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) provide new means for treatments of a wide range of diseases and comprise a large fraction of all new approved drugs. Production of mAbs is expensive compared to conventional drug production, primarily due to the complex processes involved. The affinity purification step is dominating the cost of goods in mAb manufacturing. Process intensification and automation could reduce costs, but the lack of real-time process analytical technologies (PAT) complicates this development. We show a specific and robust fiber optical localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensor technology that is optimized for in-line product detection in the effluent in affinity capture steps. The sensor system comprises a flow cell and a replaceable sensor chip functionalized with biorecognition elements for specific analyte detection. The high selectivity of the sensor enable detection of mAbs in complex sample matrices at concentrations below 2.5 μg mL-1. In place regeneration of the sensor chips allowed for continuous monitoring of multiple consecutive chromatographic separation cycles. Excellent performance was obtained at different purification scales with flow rates up to 200 mL min-1. This sensor technology facilitates efficient column loading, optimization, and control of chromatography systems, which can pave the way for continuous operation and automation of protein purification steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Tran
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials, Division of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden.
| | | | - Robert Gustavsson
- Biotechnology, Division of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | - Otto Tronarp
- Wolfram MathCore AB, Teknikringen 1E, Linköping 583 30, Sweden
| | - Mats Nilsson
- BioInvent International AB, Ideon Science Park, Lund 223 70, Sweden
| | | | - Ingemar Lundström
- Sensor and Actuator Systems, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | - Carl-Fredrik Mandenius
- Biotechnology, Division of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | - Daniel Aili
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials, Division of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden.
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26
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Tran T, Martinsson E, Vargas S, Lundström I, Mandenius CF, Aili D. Nanoplasmonic Avidity-Based Detection and Quantification of IgG Aggregates. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15754-15762. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Tran
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials, Division of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | | | - Sergio Vargas
- Wolfram MathCore AB, Teknikringen 1E, Linköping 583 30, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Lundström
- Sensor and Actuator Systems, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | - Carl-Fredrik Mandenius
- Biotechnology, Division of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
| | - Daniel Aili
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials, Division of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
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Cantera JL, Lillis LM, Peck RB, Moreau E, Schouten JA, Davis P, Drain PK, Andama A, Pinter A, Kawasaki M, Källenius G, Sundling C, Dobos KM, Flores D, Chatterjee D, Murphy E, Halas OR, Boyle DS. Performance of novel antibodies for lipoarabinomannan to develop diagnostic tests for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274415. [PMID: 36178936 PMCID: PMC9524686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoarabinomannan (LAM), a component of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) cell wall, is detectable in the urine of MTB infected patients with active tuberculosis (TB). LAM-specific antibodies (Igs) have been developed by a variety of traditional and recombinant methods for potential use in a rapid diagnostic test (RDT). We evaluated the analytical performance of the TB LAM Igs to identify pairs that offer superior performance over existing urine LAM tests. We assessed 25 new and 4 existing Igs in a matrixed format using a multiplex electrochemiluminescence-based liquid immunoassay. A total of 841 paired Ig combinations were challenged with in vitro cultured LAM (cLAM) derived from MTB strains representing diverse phylogenetic lineages, alongside urinary LAM (uLAM) from the urine of adults with active pulmonary TB. Analytical sensitivity of down-selected Ig pairs was determined using MTB Aoyama-B cLAM, while diagnostic accuracy was determined using clinical samples. When testing cLAM, the reactivity of Ig pairs was similar across MTB lineages 1-4 but lineage 5:6 had significantly more reactivity among Ig pairs. Overall, 41 Ig pairs had a strong binding affinity to cLAM, as compared to the reference pair of S4-20/A194-01, and 28 Ig pairs therein exhibited a strong affinity for both cLAM and uLAM. Retrospective testing on clinical urine specimens demonstrated varying sensitivities (12-80%) and specificities (14-100%). The five top pairs had a similar analytical limit of detection to the reference pair but in four instances, the sensitivity and specificity with clinical uLAM samples was poor. Overall, epitopes presented by uLAM are different from cLAM, which may affect antibody performance when testing uLAM in patient samples. Several new Ig pairs had similar ranges of high sensitivity to cLAM but overall, there were no new candidate Ig pairs identified in this round of screening with increased performance with uLAM as compared to an existing optimal pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L. Cantera
- Diagnostics Program, PATH, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lorraine M. Lillis
- Diagnostics Program, PATH, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Roger B. Peck
- Diagnostics Program, PATH, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | | | - Paul Davis
- Mologic, Thurleigh, Beds, United Kingdom
| | - Paul K. Drain
- Departments of Global Health, Medicine, and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alfred Andama
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | - Gunilla Källenius
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Karen M. Dobos
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Danara Flores
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Delphi Chatterjee
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Eileen Murphy
- Diagnostics Program, PATH, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Olivia R. Halas
- Diagnostics Program, PATH, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David S. Boyle
- Diagnostics Program, PATH, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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28
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Thakur G, Bansode V, Rathore AS. Continuous manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies: Automated downstream control strategy for dynamic handling of titer variations. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1682:463496. [PMID: 36126561 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Handling long-term dynamic variability in harvest titer is a critical challenge in continuous downstream manufacturing. This challenge is becoming increasingly important with the advent of high-titer clones and modern upstream perfusion processes where the titer can vary significantly across the course of a campaign. In this paper, we present a strategy for real-time, dynamic adjustment of the entire downstream train, including capture chromatography, viral inactivation, depth filtration, polishing chromatography, and single-pass formulation, to accommodate variations in titer from 1-7 g/L. The strategy was tested in real time in a continuous downstream purification process of 36 h duration with induced titer variations. The dynamic control strategy leverages real-time NIR-based concentration sensors in the harvest material to continuously track the titer, integrated with an in-house Python-based control system that operates a BioSMB for carrying out capture and polishing chromatography, as well as a series of pumps and solenoid valves for carrying out viral inactivation and formulation. A set of 9 different methods, corresponding to the different harvest titers have been coded onto the Python controller. The methods have a varying number of chromatography columns (3-6 for Protein A and 2-10 for CEX), designed to ensure proper scheduling and optimize productivity across the entire titer variation space. The approach allows for a wide range of titers to be processed on a single integrated setup without having to change equipment or to re-design each time. The strategy also overcomes a key unexplored challenge in continuous processing, namely hand-shaking the downstream train to upstream conditions with long-term titer variability while maintaining automated operation with high productivity and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Thakur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Vikrant Bansode
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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29
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Thu MM, Takheaw N, Laopajon W, Pata S. Optimization of culture conditions for stable expression of recombinant fc-fused human extracellular CD99 in HEK293T cells. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 200:106151. [PMID: 35988884 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
CD99 has been demonstrated to play a key role in several biological processes, including the regulation of T-cell activation, cell adhesion, and cell migration. We have also demonstrated that CD99 and its ligands regulate proinflammatory cytokines in NK cells, monocytes and activated T cells. These data suggest CD99 as a potential therapeutic target in cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms by which CD99 and CD99 counter receptors participate in such processes are unclear. High-quality CD99 recombinant proteins produced in large amounts are essential for biological studies and clinical research. In this study, we optimized the various culture conditions for increasing amounts of recombinant protein production with good biological activity. Intracellular immunofluorescence staining was performed to identify the highly expressing CD99HIgG cells. We further investigated the culture conditions for recombinant protein production. A double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to determine the level of secreted CD99HIgG proteins in the culture supernatant of various culture conditions. Later, affinity chromatography using protein G was used to purify CD99HIgG proteins from the culture supernatant of three proper culture conditions. According to our previous report, which utilized Western blotting, the purified CD99HIgG obtained from all tested culture conditions is composed of the CD99 extracellular part fused with the human IgG Fc part in dimer form. For biological activity, the obtained CD99HIgG proteins showed the ability to ligate with the CD99 counter receptor, resulting in the induction of cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myint Myat Thu
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nuchjira Takheaw
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Witida Laopajon
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Supansa Pata
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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30
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Chen R, Chen XJ, Shi C, Jiao B, Shi Y, Yao B, Lin DQ, Gong W, Hsu S. Converting a mAb downstream process from batch to continuous using process modeling and process analytical technology. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2100351. [PMID: 35908168 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The biopharmaceutical market is driving the revolution from traditional batch processes to continuous manufacturing for higher productivity and lower costs. In this work, a batch mAb downstream process has been converted into an integrated continuous process with the combination of multiple techniques. For process intensification, two batch mode unit operations (protein A capture chromatography, ultrafiltration/diafiltration) are converted into continuous ones; For continuity, surge tanks were used between adjacent steps, and level signals were used to trigger process start or stop, forming a holistic continuous process. For process automation, manual operations (e.g., pH and conductivity adjustment) were changed into automatic operation and load mass was controlled with process analytical technology (PAT). A model-based simulation was applied to estimate the loading conditions for the continuous capture process, resulting in 21% resin capacity utilization and 28% productivity improvement as compared to the batch process. Automatic load mass control of cation exchange chromatography was achieved through a customized in-line protein quantity monitoring system, with a difference of less than 1.3% as compared to off-line analysis. Total process time was shortened from 4 days (batch process) to less than 24 hours using the continuous downstream process with the overall productivity of 23.8 g mAb /day for the bench-scale system. Comparable yield and quality data were obtained in three test runs, indicating a successful conversion from a batch process to a continuous process. The insight of this work could be a reference to other similar situations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Anti-tumor Biological Drugs, Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Jun Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Anti-tumor Biological Drugs, Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Ce Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biao Jiao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Anti-tumor Biological Drugs, Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Shi
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Anti-tumor Biological Drugs, Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Yao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Anti-tumor Biological Drugs, Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Qiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Anti-tumor Biological Drugs, Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Simon Hsu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Anti-tumor Biological Drugs, Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
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31
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Ramos AF, Fernandes LA, Batista F, de Souza Vieira B, Thompson M, Mattos JJ, Marques MRF, de Lourdes Borba Magalhães M, da Silva GF. TRIM21 chimeric protein as a new molecular tool for multispecies IgG detection. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:111. [PMID: 35900674 PMCID: PMC9334459 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The production of monoclonal antibodies for immunoglobulin detection is not cost-effective, while polyclonal antibody production depends on laboratory animals, raising concerns on animal welfare. The widespread use of immunoglobulins in the pharmaceutical industry and the increasing number and variety of new antibodies entering the market require new detection and purification strategies. The Tripartite motif-containing protein 21 is a soluble intracellular immunoglobulin G receptor that binds to the constant region of immunoglobulin G from various species with high affinity. We hypothesized that using this protein as an antibody-binding module to create immunoglobulin detection probes will improve the portfolio of antibody affinity ligands for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Results We created a chimeric protein containing a mutated form of the C-terminal domain of mouse Tripartite motif-containing protein 21 linked to streptavidin to detect immunoglobulin G from various species of mammals. The protein is produced by heterologous expression and consists of an improved molecular tool, expanding the portfolio of antibody-affinity ligands for immunoassays. We also demonstrate that this affinity ligand may be used for purification purposes since imidazole elution of antibodies can be achieved instead of acidic elution conditions of current antibody purification methods. Conclusion Data reported here provides an additional and superior alternative to the use of secondary antibodies, expanding the portfolio of antibodies affinity ligands for detection and purification purposes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43141-022-00396-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelize Felicio Ramos
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina, 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Antônio Fernandes
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina, 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Franciane Batista
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina, 88520-000, Brazil
| | | | - Mayerson Thompson
- Research and Development Department, Bioclin®, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31.565-130, Brazil
| | - Jacó Joaquim Mattos
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Maria de Lourdes Borba Magalhães
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina, 88520-000, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Felippe da Silva
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Center of Agroveterinary Sciences, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina, 88520-000, Brazil.
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32
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Luo H, Du Q, Qian C, Mlynarczyk M, Pabst TM, Damschroder M, Hunter AK, Wang WK. Formation of Transient Highly-Charged mAb Clusters Strengthens Interactions with Host Cell Proteins and Results in Poor Clearance of Host Cell Proteins by Protein A Chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1679:463385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Emerging affinity ligands and support materials for the enrichment of monoclonal antibodies. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Data-driven and model-guided systematic framework for media development in CHO cell culture. Metab Eng 2022; 73:114-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Xue A, Fan S. Matrices and Affinity Ligands for Antibody Purification and Corresponding Applications in Radiotherapy. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060821. [PMID: 35740946 PMCID: PMC9221399 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies have become an important class of biological products in cancer treatments such as radiotherapy. The growing therapeutic applications have driven a demand for high-purity antibodies. Affinity chromatography with a high affinity and specificity has always been utilized to separate antibodies from complex mixtures. Quality chromatographic components (matrices and affinity ligands) have either been found or generated to increase the purity and yield of antibodies. More importantly, some matrices (mainly particles) and affinity ligands (including design protocols) for antibody purification can act as radiosensitizers or carriers for therapeutic radionuclides (or for radiosensitizers) either directly or indirectly to improve the therapeutic efficiency of radiotherapy. This paper provides a brief overview on the matrices and ligands used in affinity chromatography that are involved in antibody purification and emphasizes their applications in radiotherapy to enrich potential approaches for improving the efficacy of radiotherapy.
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36
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The impact of endotoxin masking on the removal of endotoxin during manufacturing of a biopharmaceutical drug product. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1671:462995. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Krieg D, Winter G, Svilenov HL. It is never too late for a cocktail - Development and analytical characterization of fixed-dose antibody combinations. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2149-2157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Espinoza D, Andersson N, Nilsson B. Binary separation control in preparative gradient chromatography using iterative learning control. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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39
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Singh M, Mal N, Mohapatra R, Bagchi T, Parambath SD, Chavali M, Rao KM, Ramanaiah SV, Kadier A, Kumar G, Chandrasekhar K, Kim SH. Recent biotechnological developments in reshaping the microalgal genome: A signal for green recovery in biorefinery practices. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133513. [PMID: 34990720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of renewable energy sources as a substitute for nonrenewable fossil fuels is urgently required. Algae biorefinery platform provides an excellent alternate to overcome future energy problems. However, to let this viable biomass be competent with existing feedstocks, it is necessary to exploit genetic manipulation and improvement in upstream and downstream platforms for optimal bio-product recovery. Furthermore, the techno-economic strategies further maximize metabolites production for biofuel, biohydrogen, and other industrial applications. The experimental methodologies in algal photobioreactor promote high biomass production, enriched in lipid and starch content in limited environmental conditions. This review presents an optimization framework combining genetic manipulation methods to simulate microalgal growth dynamics, understand the complexity of algal biorefinery to scale up, and identify green strategies for techno-economic feasibility of algae for biomass conversion. Overall, the algal biorefinery opens up new possibilities for the valorization of algae biomass and the synthesis of various novel products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Singh
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Navonil Mal
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Reecha Mohapatra
- Department of Life Sciences, NIT Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Trisha Bagchi
- Department of Botany, West Bengal State University, Barasat, 700126, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Murthy Chavali
- Office of the Dean (Research) & Division of Chemistry, Department of Science, Faculty of Science & Technology, Alliance University (Central Campus), Chandapura-Anekal Main Road, Bengaluru, 562106, Karnataka, India; NTRC-MCETRC and 109 Nano Composite Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Guntur District, 522201, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kummara Madhusudana Rao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Joyeong-dong, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, South Korea; Department of Automotive Lighting Convergence Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Joyeong-dong, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, South Korea
| | - S V Ramanaiah
- Food and Biotechnology Research Lab, South Ural State University (National Research University), 454080, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation
| | - Abudukeremu Kadier
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Center of Material and Opto-electronic Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - K Chandrasekhar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Hyoun Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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40
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Peddapatla RVG, Slevin C, Sheridan G, Beirne C, Swaminathan S, Browning I, O’Reilly C, Worku ZA, Egan D, Sheehan S, Crean AM. Modelling the Compaction Step of a Platform Direct Compression Process. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040695. [PMID: 35456529 PMCID: PMC9027228 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to predict formulation behaviour at production scale during formulation design can reduce the time to market and decrease product development costs. However, it is challenging to extrapolate compaction settings for direct compression formulations between tablet press models during scale-up and transfer from R&D to commercial production. The aim of this study was to develop statistical process models to predict tablet tensile strength, porosity and disintegration time from compaction parameters (pre-compression and main compression force, and press speed), for three formulations, with differing deformation characteristics (plastic, brittle and elastic), on three tablet press models (one pilot-scale tablet press (KG RoTab) and two production-scale presses (Fette 1200i and GEA Modul P)). The deformation characteristics of yield pressure and elastic recovery were determined for the model placebo formulations investigated. To facilitate comparison of dwell time settings between tablet press models, the design of experiments (DoE) approach was 9 individual 16-run response surface DoEs (3 formulation × 3 press models), whose results were combined to create a polynomial regression model for each tablet property. These models predicted tablet tensile strength, porosity and disintegration time and enabled the construction of design spaces to produce tablets with specified target properties, for each formulation on each press. The models were successfully validated. This modelling approach provides an understanding of the compaction behaviour of formulations with varying deformation behaviour on development and commercial tablet press models. This understanding can be applied to inform achievable production rates at a commercial scale, during the formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu V. G. Peddapatla
- SSPC Pharmaceutical Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (R.V.G.P.); (A.M.C.)
- Alkermes Pharma Ireland Limited, N37 EA09 Athlone, Ireland; (C.S.); (G.S.); (C.B.); (I.B.); (C.O.); (Z.A.W.)
| | - Conor Slevin
- Alkermes Pharma Ireland Limited, N37 EA09 Athlone, Ireland; (C.S.); (G.S.); (C.B.); (I.B.); (C.O.); (Z.A.W.)
- Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Technology Centre (PMTC), Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
| | - Gerard Sheridan
- Alkermes Pharma Ireland Limited, N37 EA09 Athlone, Ireland; (C.S.); (G.S.); (C.B.); (I.B.); (C.O.); (Z.A.W.)
- Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Technology Centre (PMTC), Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
| | - Caoimhe Beirne
- Alkermes Pharma Ireland Limited, N37 EA09 Athlone, Ireland; (C.S.); (G.S.); (C.B.); (I.B.); (C.O.); (Z.A.W.)
| | | | - Ivan Browning
- Alkermes Pharma Ireland Limited, N37 EA09 Athlone, Ireland; (C.S.); (G.S.); (C.B.); (I.B.); (C.O.); (Z.A.W.)
| | - Clare O’Reilly
- Alkermes Pharma Ireland Limited, N37 EA09 Athlone, Ireland; (C.S.); (G.S.); (C.B.); (I.B.); (C.O.); (Z.A.W.)
| | - Zelalem A. Worku
- Alkermes Pharma Ireland Limited, N37 EA09 Athlone, Ireland; (C.S.); (G.S.); (C.B.); (I.B.); (C.O.); (Z.A.W.)
| | - David Egan
- Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Technology Centre (PMTC), Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
| | - Stephen Sheehan
- Alkermes Pharma Ireland Limited, N37 EA09 Athlone, Ireland; (C.S.); (G.S.); (C.B.); (I.B.); (C.O.); (Z.A.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-877-413-140
| | - Abina M. Crean
- SSPC Pharmaceutical Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (R.V.G.P.); (A.M.C.)
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Kurata H, Ishino T, Ohshima Y, Yohda M. CDMOs Play a Critical Role in the Biopharmaceutical Ecosystem. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:841420. [PMID: 35387299 PMCID: PMC8978586 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.841420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopharmaceutical industries have advanced significantly after the millennium. Novel biopharmaceuticals have been developed one after another, and blockbuster drugs have been produced. Accompanying the increase in the demand for biopharmaceuticals, a business model called “contract development manufacturing organization (CDMO)” has emerged. A CDMO is entrusted with the development and manufacturing of production processes from pharmaceutical companies. In this review, we identify the success factors of the biopharmaceutical CDMO by analyzing the foundry business for the semiconductor industry. Furthermore, we also review monoclonal antibody production platforms and new technologies that are critical aspects of differentiation strategies in the biopharmaceutical CDMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Kurata
- Technology General Division, AGC Inc., Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ishino
- Technology General Division, AGC Inc., Tokyo, Japan
- AGC Biologics, Bothell, WA, United States
| | | | - Masafumi Yohda
- Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Masafumi Yohda,
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42
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Hendricks R, Reese D, Fedesco M, Chinn M, Zhang J, Hutchinson M. Simplified strategy for developing purification processes for antibody-drug conjugates using cation-exchange chromatography in flow-through mode. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1666:462865. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Towards Autonomous Process Control—Digital Twin for CHO Cell-Based Antibody Manufacturing Using a Dynamic Metabolic Model. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new biologics is becoming more challenging due to global competition and increased requirements for process understanding and assured quality in regulatory approval. As a result, there is a need for predictive, mechanistic process models. These reduce the resources and time required in process development, generating understanding, expanding the possible operating space, and providing the basis for a digital twin for automated process control. Monoclonal antibodies are an important representative of industrially produced biologics that can be used for a wide range of applications. In this work, the validation of a mechanistic process model with respect to sensitivity, as well as accuracy and precision, is presented. For the investigated process conditions, the concentration of glycine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and glutamine have been identified as significant influencing factors for product formation via statistical evaluation. Cell growth is, under the investigated process conditions, significantly dependent on the concentration of glucose within the investigated design space. Other significant amino acids were identified. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to simulate the cultivation run with an optimized medium resulting from the sensitivity analysis. The precision of the model was shown to have a 95% confidence interval. The model shown here includes the implementation of cell death in addition to models described in the literature.
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44
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Altamura R, Doshi J, Benenson Y. Rational design and construction of multi-copy biomanufacturing islands in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:561-578. [PMID: 34893882 PMCID: PMC8754653 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell line development is a critical step in the establishment of a biopharmaceutical manufacturing process. Current protocols rely on random transgene integration and amplification. Due to considerable variability in transgene integration profiles, this workflow results in laborious screening campaigns before stable producers can be identified. Alternative approaches for transgene dosage increase and integration are therefore highly desirable. In this study, we present a novel strategy for the rapid design, construction, and genomic integration of engineered multiple-copy gene constructs consisting of up to 10 gene expression cassettes. Key to this strategy is the diversification, at the sequence level, of the individual gene cassettes without altering their protein products. We show a computational workflow for coding and regulatory sequence diversification and optimization followed by experimental assembly of up to nine gene copies and a sentinel reporter on a contiguous scaffold. Transient transfections in CHO cells indicates that protein expression increases with the gene copy number on the scaffold. Further, we stably integrate these cassettes into a pre-validated genomic locus. Altogether, our findings point to the feasibility of engineering a fully mapped multi-copy recombinant protein 'production island' in a mammalian cell line with greatly reduced screening effort, improved stability, and predictable product titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Altamura
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Jiten Doshi
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Yaakov Benenson
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
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Scheffel J, Isaksson M, Gomis-Fons J, Schwarz H, Andersson N, Norén B, Solbrand A, Chotteau V, Hober S, Nilsson B. Design of an integrated continuous downstream process for acid-sensitive monoclonal antibodies based on a calcium-dependent Protein A ligand. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1664:462806. [PMID: 35033788 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are used as therapeutics and for diagnostics of a variety of diseases, and novel antibodies are continuously being developed to find treatments for new diseases. Therefore, the manufacturing process must accommodate a range of mAb characteristics. Acid-sensitive mAbs can severely compromise product purity and yield in the purification process due to the potential formation of aggregates. To address this problem, we have developed an integrated downstream process for the purification of pH-sensitive mAbs at mild conditions. A calcium-dependent Protein A-based ligand, called ZCa, was used in the capture step in a 3-column periodic counter-current chromatography operation. The binding of ZCa to antibodies is regulated by calcium, meaning that acidic conditions are not needed to break the interaction and elute the antibodies. Further, the virus inactivation was achieved by a solvent/detergent method, where the pH could remain unchanged. The polishing steps included a cation and an anion exchange chromatography step, and screening of the capture and polishing steps was performed to allow for a seamless integration of the process steps. The process was implemented at laboratory scale for 9 days obtaining a high yield, and a consistently pure drug substance, including high reduction values of the host cell protein and DNA concentrations, as well as aggregate levels below the detection limit, which is attributed to the mild conditions used in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Scheffel
- Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Madelène Isaksson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-211 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Joaquín Gomis-Fons
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-211 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hubert Schwarz
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Andersson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-211 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Veronique Chotteau
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Bernt Nilsson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-211 00 Lund, Sweden.
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46
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Ethanol as additive enhances expression of Ranibizumab in Escherichia coli: Impact on cellular physiology and transcriptome. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sodhi AS, Sharma N, Bhatia S, Verma A, Soni S, Batra N. Insights on sustainable approaches for production and applications of value added products. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131623. [PMID: 34346348 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for the development of sustainable strategies to utilize and process agro-industrial residues paves new paths for exploring innovative approaches in this area. Biotechnology based microbial transformations provide efficient, low cost and sustainable approaches for the production of value added products. The use of organic rich residues opens new avenues for the production of enzymes, pigments, biofuels, bioactive compounds, biopolymers etc. with vast industrial and therapeutic applications. Innovative technologies like strain improvement, enzyme immobilization, genome editing, morphological engineering, ultrasound/supercritical fluid/pulse electric field extraction, etc. can be employed. These will be helpful in achieving significant improvement in qualitative and quantitative parameters of the finished products. The global trend for the valorisation of biowaste has boosted the commercialization of these products which has transformed the markets by providing new investment opportunities. The upstream processing of raw materials using microbes poses a limitation in terms of product development and recovery which can be overcome by modifying the bioreactor design, physiological parameters or employing alternate technologies which will be discussed in this review. The other problems related to the processes include product stability, industrial applicability and cost competitiveness which needs to be addressed. This review comprehensively discusses the recent progress, avenues and challenges in the approaches aimed at valorisation of agro-industrial wastes along with possible opportunities in the bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinashi Singh Sodhi
- Department of Biotechnology, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector-32-C, Chandigarh, 160030, India
| | - Neetu Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector-32-C, Chandigarh, 160030, India
| | - Sonu Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector-32-C, Chandigarh, 160030, India
| | - Anoop Verma
- School of Energy and Environment, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Sajeev Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector-32-C, Chandigarh, 160030, India
| | - Navneet Batra
- Department of Biotechnology, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Sector-32-C, Chandigarh, 160030, India.
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48
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Moharkar S, Dhamole PB, Gole VL. Integrated ultrasound-mediated sugaring-out extraction of erythromycin from fermentation broth. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Non-Antibody-Based Binders for the Enrichment of Proteins for Analysis by Mass Spectrometry. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121791. [PMID: 34944435 PMCID: PMC8698613 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is often a need to isolate proteins from body fluids, such as plasma or serum, prior to further analysis with (targeted) mass spectrometry. Although immunoglobulin or antibody-based binders have been successful in this regard, they possess certain disadvantages, which stimulated the development and validation of alternative, non-antibody-based binders. These binders are based on different protein scaffolds and are often selected and optimized using phage or other display technologies. This review focuses on several non-antibody-based binders in the context of enriching proteins for subsequent liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis and compares them to antibodies. In addition, we give a brief introduction to approaches for the immobilization of binders. The combination of non-antibody-based binders and targeted mass spectrometry is promising in areas, like regulated bioanalysis of therapeutic proteins or the quantification of biomarkers. However, the rather limited commercial availability of these binders presents a bottleneck that needs to be addressed.
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50
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Aoyama S, Matsumoto Y, Mori C, Sota K. Application of novel mixed mode chromatography (MMC) resins having a hydrophobic modified polyallylamine ligand for monoclonal antibody purification. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1191:123072. [PMID: 35051681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyallylamine (PAA) has been utilized as a salt tolerant anion exchange chromatography ligand in downstream processing of biopharmaceuticals. We have developed novel MMC resins based on PAA polymer ligand partially modified with hydrophobic butyl or phenyl group. The resulting hydrophobic modified PAA ligand reduced HCP level to 12% (21-23 ppm) under 6 mS/cm in a flow-through polishing step of mAb, while not modified PAA ligand showed only 79% (145 ppm). We also found that structure of hydrophobic groups in the ligand mainly influenced on mAb yield. That is 25% increase of phenyl group modification ratio reduces mAb yield from 95% to 90%. On the other hand, modification with butyl group kept mAb yield more than 95%. The optimized ligand structure displayed a wide operational conductivity range. Extended purification studies of mAb using the MMC resin in the flow-through polishing step were carried out under optimized pH and conductivity condition as determined in a DOE study. The study revealed that the MMC resin was effective for developing one-step flow-through polishing workflow for mAb purification. In addition, the MMC flow-through polishing step could be directly coupled with a specified CEX chromatography step to efficiently remove mAb aggregates from 2.3% to <1.0% to achieve a biopharmaceutical-grade quality and a high yield of mAb (>93%) with a high loading capacity around 1000 mg/mL-resin. This new MMC resin will be useful in future mAb manufacturing platforms comprising of a robust and cost-effective flow-through polishing step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Aoyama
- Minamata Factory, JNC Corporation, 1-1 Noguchi-cho, Minamata-shi, Kumamoto 867-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matsumoto
- Yokohama Research Center, JNC Corporation, 5-1 Ookawa, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi Kanagawa 236-8605, Japan.
| | - Chigusa Mori
- Yokohama Research Center, JNC Corporation, 5-1 Ookawa, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi Kanagawa 236-8605, Japan
| | - Kojiro Sota
- Yokohama Research Center, JNC Corporation, 5-1 Ookawa, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi Kanagawa 236-8605, Japan
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