FAK in Cancer: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies

A novel FAK-degrading PROTAC molecule exhibited both anti-tumor activities and efficient MDR reversal effects

FAK (focal adhesion kinase) is widely involved in cancer growth and drug resistance development. Thus, FAK inhibition has emerged as an effective strategy for tumor treatment both as a monotherapy or in combination with other treatments. But the current FAK inhibitors mainly concentrate on its kinase activity, overlooking the potential significance of FAK scaffold proteins. In this study we employed the PROTAC technology, and designed a novel PROTAC molecule F2 targeting FAK based on the FAK inhibitor IN10018. F2 exhibited potent inhibitory activities against 4T1, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-435 cells with IC50 values of 0.73, 1.09, 5.84 and 3.05 μM, respectively. On the other hand, F2 also remarkably reversed the multidrug resistance (MDR) in HCT8/T, A549/T and MCF-7/ADR cells. Both the effects of F2 were stronger than the FAK inhibitor IN10018. To our knowledge, F2 was the first reported FAK-targeted PROTAC molecule exhibiting reversing effects on chemotherapeutic drug resistance, and its highest reversal fold could reach 158 times. The anti-tumor and MDR-reversing effects of F2 might be based on its inhibition on AKT (protein kinase B, PKB) and ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) signaling pathways, as well as its impact on EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition). Furthermore, we found that F2 could reduce the protein level of P-gp in HCT8/T cells, thereby contributing to reverse drug resistance from another perspective. Our results will boost confidence in future research focusing on targeting FAK and encourage further investigation of PROTAC with potent in vivo effects.

DCUN1D1 and neddylation: Potential targets for cancer therapy

Cancer affects millions of people and understanding the molecular mechanisms related to disease development and progression is essential to manage the disease. Post-translational modification (PTM) processes such as ubiquitination and neddylation have a significant role in cancer development and progression by regulating protein stability, function, and interaction with other biomolecules. Both ubiquitination and neddylation are analogous processes that involves a series of enzymatic steps leading to the covalent attachment of ubiquitin or NEDD8 to target proteins. Neddylation modifies the CRL family of E3 ligase and regulates target proteins' function and stability. The DCUN1D1 protein is a regulator of protein neddylation and ubiquitination and acts promoting the neddylation of the cullin family components of E3-CRL complexes and is known to be upregulated in several types of cancers. In this review we compare the PTM ubiquitination and neddylation. Our discussion is focused on the neddylation process and the role of DCUN1D1 protein in cancer development. Furthermore, we provide describe DCUN1D1 protein and discuss its role in pathogenesis and signalling pathway in six different types of cancer. Additionally, we explore both the neddylation and DCUN1D1 pathways as potential druggable targets for therapeutic interventions. We focus our analysis on the development of compounds that target specifically neddylation or DCUN1D1. Finally, we provide a critical analysis about the challenges and perspectives in the field of DCUN1D1 and neddylation in cancer research. KEY POINTS: Neddylation is a post-translational modification that regulates target proteins' function and stability. One regulator of the neddylation process is a protein named DCUN1D1 and it is known to have its expression deregulated in several types of cancers. Here, we provide a detailed description of DCUN1D1 structure and its consequence for the development of cancer. We discuss both the neddylation and DCUN1D1 pathways as potential druggable targets for therapeutic interventions and provide a critical analysis about the challenges and perspectives in the field of DCUN1D1 and neddylation in cancer research.

Targeted inhibition of CHKα and mTOR in models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: A novel regimen for metastasis

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly metastatic malignancy for which there are currently no effective anti-metastatic therapies. Herein, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing and metabolomics analysis to demonstrate that metastatic cells highly express focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which promotes metastasis by remodeling choline kinase α (CHKα)-dependent choline metabolism. We designed a novel CHKα inhibitor, CHKI-03, and verified its efficacy in inhibiting metastasis in multiple preclinical models. Classical and newly synthesized small-molecule inhibitors have previously been used to assess the therapeutic potential of targeting mTOR and CHKα in various animal models. Mechanistically, FAK activated mTOR and its downstream HIF-1α, thereby elevating CHKα expression and promoting the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PDAC cells, as well as tumor growth and metastasis. Consistently, high expression levels of both FAK and CHKα are correlated with poor prognosis in patients with PDAC. Notably, CHK1-03 inhibited CHKα expression and also suppressed mTORC1 phosphorylation, disrupting the mTORC1-CHKα positive feedback loop. In addition, the combination of CHKI-03 and the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin synergistically inhibited tumor growth and metastasis in PDX models. The combination of CHKI-03 and rapamycin demonstrates considerable therapeutic efficacy in PDO models resistant to gemcitabine. Our findings reveal a pivotal mechanism underlying PDAC metastasis regulated by mTORC1-CHKα loop-dependent choline metabolism reprogramming, highlighting the therapeutic potential of this novel regimen for treating PDAC metastasis.

LncRNA FAISL Inhibits Calpain 2-Mediated Proteolysis of FAK to Promote Progression and Metastasis of Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype in breast tumors. When re-analyzing TCGA breast cancer dataset, we found cell adhesion molecules are highly enriched in differentially expressed genes in TNBC samples, among which Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) is most significantly associated with poor survival of TNBC patients. FAK is precisely modulated in the focal adhesion dynamics. To investigate whether lncRNAs regulate FAK signaling, we performed RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing and found FAISL (FAK Interacting and Stabilizing LncRNA) abundantly enriched in FAK-interacting lncRNAs and frequently overexpressed in TCGA TNBC tissues. FAISL promotes TNBC cell adhesion, cytoskeleton spreading, proliferation, and anchor-independent survival. FAISL doesn't affect FAK mRNA but positively regulates FAK protein level by blocking Calpain 2-mediated proteolysis. FAISL interacts with the C-terminus domain of FAK, whereby masks the binding site of Calpain 2 and prevents FAK cleavage. High level of FAISL correlates with FAK expression in tumor tissues and poor prognosis of TNBC patients. A siRNA delivery system targeting FAISL using reduction-responsive nanoparticles effectively inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in TNBC mouse models. Together, these findings uncover a lncRNA-mediated mechanism of regulating FAK proteolysis in the TNBC progression, and highlight the potential of targeting lncRNA FAISL for TNBC treatment.

Focal adhesion kinase-mediated interaction between tumor and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment: implications for cancer-associated therapies and tumor progression

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) expression has been linked to tumor growth, immunosuppression, metastasis, angiogenesis, and therapeutic resistance through kinase-dependent and kinase scaffolding functions in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Hence, targeting FAK alone or with other agents has gained attention as a potential therapeutic strategy. Moreover, mounting evidence shows that FAK activity can influence the tumor immune microenvironment crosstalk to support tumor progression. Recently, tumor immune microenvironment interaction orchestrators have shown to be promising therapeutic agents for cancer immunotherapies. Therefore, this review highlights how FAK regulates the tumor immune microenvironment interplay to promote tumor immune evasive mechanisms and their potential for combination therapies with standard cancer treatments.

Diffuse Gastric Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Molecular Features and Emerging Therapeutics

Diffuse-type gastric cancer (DGC) accounts for approximately one-third of gastric cancer diagnoses but is a more clinically aggressive disease with peritoneal metastases and inferior survival compared with intestinal-type gastric cancer (IGC). The understanding of the pathogenesis of DGC has been relatively limited until recently. Multiomic studies, particularly by The Cancer Genome Atlas, have better characterized gastric adenocarcinoma into molecular subtypes. DGC has unique molecular features, including alterations in CDH1, RHOA, and CLDN18-ARHGAP26 fusions. Preclinical models of DGC characterized by these molecular alterations have generated insight into mechanisms of pathogenesis and signaling pathway abnormalities. The currently approved therapies for treatment of gastric cancer generally provide less clinical benefit in patients with DGC. Based on recent phase II/III clinical trials, there is excitement surrounding Claudin 18.2-based and FGFR2b-directed therapies, which capitalize on unique biomarkers that are enriched in the DGC populations. There are numerous therapies targeting Claudin 18.2 and FGFR2b in various stages of preclinical and clinical development. Additionally, there have been preclinical advancements in exploiting unique therapeutic vulnerabilities in several models of DGC through targeting of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Hippo pathways. These preclinical and clinical advancements represent a promising future for the treatment of DGC.

Navigating the biophysical landscape: how physical cues steer the journey of bone metastatic tumor cells

Many tumors prefer to metastasize to bone, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. The human skeletal system has unique physical properties, that are distinct from other organs, which play a key role in directing the behavior of tumor cells within bone. Understanding the physical journey of tumor cells within bone is crucial. In this review we discuss bone metastasis in the context of how physical cues in the bone vasculature and bone marrow niche regulate the fate of tumor cells. Our objective is to inspire innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for bone metastasis from a mechanobiological perspective.

Dynamics Playing a Key Role in the Covalent Binding of Inhibitors to Focal Adhesion Kinase

Covalent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) have recently garnered considerable attention, yet the rational design of CKIs continues to pose a great challenge. In the discovery of CKIs targeting focal adhesion kinase (FAK), it has been observed that the chemical structure of the linkers plays a key role in achieving covalent targeting of FAK. However, the mechanism behind the observation remains elusive. In this work, we employ a comprehensive suite of advanced computational methods to investigate the mechanism of CKIs covalently targeting FAK. We reveal that the linker of an inhibitor influences the contacts between the warhead and residue(s) and the residence time in active conformation, thereby dictating the inhibitor's capability to bind covalently to FAK. This study reflects the complexity of CKI design and underscores the importance of considering the dynamic interactions and residence times for the successful development of covalent drugs.

Synthesis of new two 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazole compounds: their in vitro anticancer and in silico molecular docking studies

In this study, two new molecules were synthesized from the reaction of 2-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole with aryl halides in the presence of a strong base. The structures newly of synthesized 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazole compounds were characterized using spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR) and chromatographic technique (LC/MS). For discovering an effective anticancer drug, the developed heterocyclic compounds were screened against three different human cancer cell lines (A549, DLD-1, and L929). The results demonstrated that of IC50 values of compound 2a were higher as compared to cisplatin for the A549 and DLD-1 cell lines. The frontier molecular orbital (FMO), and molecular electrostatic potential map (MEP) analyses were studied by using DFT (density functional theory) calculations at B3LYP/6-31G** level of theory. The molecular docking studies of the synthesized compound with lung cancer protein, PDB ID: 1M17, and colon cancer antigen proteins, PDB ID: 2HQ6 were performed to compare with experimental and theoretical data. Compound 2a had shown the best binding affinity with -6.6 kcal/mol. It was observed that the theoretical and experimental studies carried out supported each other.

Non-Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Their Structure and Mechanistic Role in Tumor Progression and Resistance

Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) function as key molecules in the signaling pathways in addition to their impact as a therapeutic target for the treatment of many human diseases, including cancer. PTKs are characterized by their ability to phosphorylate serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues and can thereby rapidly and reversibly alter the function of their protein substrates in the form of significant changes in protein confirmation and affinity for their interaction with protein partners to drive cellular functions under normal and pathological conditions. PTKs are classified into two groups: one of which represents tyrosine kinases, while the other one includes the members of the serine/threonine kinases. The group of tyrosine kinases is subdivided into subgroups: one of them includes the member of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), while the other subgroup includes the member of non-receptor tyrosine kinases (NRTKs). Both these kinase groups function as an "on" or "off" switch in many cellular functions. NRTKs are enzymes which are overexpressed and activated in many cancer types and regulate variable cellular functions in response to extracellular signaling-dependent mechanisms. NRTK-mediated different cellular functions are regulated by kinase-dependent and kinase-independent mechanisms either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. Thus, targeting NRTKs is of great interest to improve the treatment strategy of different tumor types. This review deals with the structure and mechanistic role of NRTKs in tumor progression and resistance and their importance as therapeutic targets in tumor therapy.

The Role of Troponin in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Mechanisms of Elevation, Prognostic Evaluation, and Clinical Decision-Making

Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is a cardiovascular disease with severe consequences, wherein cardiac troponin (Tn) plays a pivotal role in diagnosis and treatment. This article reviews the various roles of Tn in managing APE. It looks at how Tn levels increase, their importance in predicting outcomes, and their use in making clinical decisions. Studies indicate that an elevation in Tn is primarily associated with right ventricular overload, ischemia, and necrosis, changes that directly reflect the extent of right ventricular dysfunction and myocardial injury. Elevated levels of Tn are significantly correlated with both short-term and long-term mortality risks in patients with APE, serving as crucial indicators for prognostic assessment and guiding therapeutic strategies. International guidelines recommend integrating Tn testing with clinical scoring and echocardiography to optimize treatment decisions in patients with APE. Despite the significant value of Tn determination in the management of APE, further research is needed to standardize its application. This paper emphasizes future research directions, including exploring the application of Tn in different patient subgroups with APE and its potential combined use with other biomarkers.

Wnt signaling in cell adhesion, development, and colon cancer

Wnt signaling is essential for embryonic development, influencing processes such as axis formation, cell proliferation and differentiation, cell fate decisions, and axon guidance. It also plays a role in maintaining tissue homeostasis in adult organisms. The loss of normal cell polarity and adhesion caused by Wnt signaling activation is a fundamental step for tumor progression and metastasis. Activating the canonical Wnt pathway is a driving force in many human cancers, especially colorectal, hepatocellular, and mammary carcinomas. Wnt causes the stabilization and nuclear transport of newly synthesized transcriptional regulator β-catenin. The generally accepted view is that the canonical effects of Wnt growth factors are caused by the transcription of β-catenin target genes. Here, we review recent findings that indicate Wnt is a regulator of many other cellular physiological activities, such as macropinocytosis, endosome trafficking, protein stability, focal adhesions, and lysosomal activity. Some of these regulatory responses occur within minutes and do not require new protein synthesis, indicating that there is much more to Wnt beyond the well-established transcriptional role of β-catenin. The main conclusion that emerges from these studies is that in basal cell conditions, the activity of the key protein kinase GSK3, which is inhibited by Wnt pathway activation, normally represses the actin machinery that orchestrates macropinocytosis with implications in cancer. These contributions expand our understanding of the multifaceted roles of Wnt signaling in cellular processes, development, and cancer, providing insights into potential therapeutic targets and strategies.

Photoactivatable substrates show diverse phenotypes of leader cells in collective migration when moving along different extracellular matrix proteins

In cancer metastasis, collectively migrating clusters are discriminated into leader and follower cells that move through extracellular matrices (ECMs) with different characteristics. The impact of changes in ECM protein types on leader cells and migrating clusters is unknown. To address this, we investigated the response of leader cells and migrating clusters upon moving from one ECM protein to another using a photoactivatable substrate bearing photocleavable PEG (PCP), whose surface changes from protein-repellent to protein-adhesive in response to light. We chose laminin and collagen I for our study since they are abundant in two distinct regions in living tissues, namely basement membrane and connective tissue. Using the photoactivatable substrates, the precise deposition of the first ECM protein in the irradiated areas was achieved, followed by creating well-defined cellular confinements. Secondary irradiation enabled the deposition of the second ECM protein in the new irradiated regions, resulting in region-selective heterogeneous and homogenous ECM protein-coated surfaces. Different tendencies in leader cell formation from laminin into laminin compared to those migrating from laminin into collagen were observed. The formation of focal adhesion and actin structures for cells within the same cluster in the ECM proteins responded according to the underlying ECM protein type. Finally, integrin β1 was crucial for the appearance of leader cells for clusters migrating from laminin into collagen. However, when it came to laminin into laminin, integrin β1 was not responsible. This highlights the correlation between leader cells in collective migration and the biochemical signals that arise from underlying extracellular matrix proteins.

FAK regulates tension transmission to the nucleus and endothelial transcriptome independent of kinase activity

The mechanical environment generated through the adhesive interaction of endothelial cells (ECs) with the matrix controls nuclear tension, preventing aberrant gene synthesis and the transition from restrictive to leaky endothelium, a hallmark of acute lung injury (ALI). However, the mechanisms controlling tension transmission to the nucleus and EC-restrictive fate remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that, in a kinase-independent manner, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) safeguards tension transmission to the nucleus to maintain EC-restrictive fate. In FAK-depleted ECs, robust activation of the RhoA-Rho-kinase pathway increased EC tension and phosphorylation of the nuclear envelope protein, emerin, activating DNMT3a. Activated DNMT3a methylates the KLF2 promoter, impairing the synthesis of KLF2 and its target S1PR1 to induce the leaky EC transcriptome. Repleting FAK (wild type or kinase dead) or inhibiting RhoA-emerin-DNMT3a activities in damaged lung ECs restored KLF2 transcription of the restrictive EC transcriptome. Thus, FAK sensing and control of tension transmission to the nucleus govern restrictive endothelium to maintain lung homeostasis.

N6-methyladenosine methylation regulates the tumor microenvironment of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation modification exists in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) primary infection, latency, and lytic reactivation. It also modifies EBV latent genes and lytic genes. EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is a distinctive molecular subtype of GC. We hypothesized EBV and m6A methylation regulators interact with each other in EBVaGC to differentiate it from other types of GC.

AIM

To investigate the mechanisms of m6A methylation regulators in EBVaGC to determine the differentiating factors from other types of GC.

METHODS

First, The Cancer Gene Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases were used to analyze the expression pattern of m6A methylation regulators between EBVaGC and EBV-negative GC (EBVnGC). Second, we identified Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment of m6A-related differentially expressed genes. We quantified the relative abundance of immune cells and inflammatory factors in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Finally, cell counting kit-8 cell proliferation test, transwell test, and flow cytometry were used to verify the effect of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) in EBVaGC cell lines.

RESULTS

m6A methylation regulators were involved in the occurrence and development of EBVaGC. Compared with EBVnGC, the expression levels of m6A methylation regulators Wilms tumor 1-associated protein, RNA binding motif protein 15B, CBL proto-oncogene like 1, leucine rich pentatricopeptide repeat containing, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1, IGFBP1, and insulin-like growth factor 2 binding protein 1 were significantly downregulated in EBVaGC (P < 0.05). The overall survival rate of EBVaGC patients with a lower expression level of IGFBP1 was significantly higher (P = 0.046). GO and KEGG functional enrichment analyses showed that the immunity pathways were significantly activated and rich in immune cell infiltration in EBVaGC. Compared with EBVnGC, the infiltration of activated CD4+ T cells, activated CD8+ T cells, monocytes, activated dendritic cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells were significantly upregulated in EBVaGC (P < 0.001). In EBVaGC, the expression level of proinflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-17, IL-21, and interferon-γ and immunosuppressive factor IL-10 were significantly increased (P < 0.05). In vitro experiments demonstrated that the expression level of IGFBP1 was significantly lower in an EBVaGC cell line (SNU719) than in an EBVnGC cell line (AGS) (P < 0.05). IGFBP1 overexpression significantly attenuated proliferation and migration and promoted the apoptosis levels in SNU719. Interfering IGFBP1 significantly promoted proliferation and migration and attenuated the apoptosis levels in AGS.

CONCLUSION

m6A regulators could remodel the TME of EBVaGC, which is classified as an immune-inflamed phenotype and referred to as a “hot” tumor. Among these regulators, we demonstrated that IGFBP1 affected proliferation, migration, and apoptosis.

Network pharmacology- and cell-based assessments identify the FAK/Src pathway as a molecular target for the antimetastatic effect of momordin Ic against cholangiocarcinoma

Previous studies have indicated the efficacy of momordin Ic (MIc), a plant-derived triterpenoid, against several types of cancers, implying its potential for further development. However, comprehensive insights into the molecular mechanisms and targets of MIc in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the actions of MIc against CCA at the molecular level. Network pharmacology analysis was first employed to predict the mechanisms and targets of MIc. The results unveiled the potential involvement of MIc in apoptosis and cell migration, pinpointing Src and FAK as key targets. Subsequently, cell-based assays, in accordance with FAK/Src-associated metastasis, were conducted, demonstrating the ability of MIc to attenuate the metastatic behaviours of KKU-452 cells. The in vitro results further indicated the capability of MIc to suppress the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, notably by downregulating EMT regulators, including N-cadherin, vimentin, ZEB2 and FOXC1/2 expression. Furthermore, MIc suppressed the activation of the FAK/Src signalling pathway, influencing critical downstream factors such as MMP-9, VEGF, ICAM-1, and c-Myc. Molecular docking simulations also suggested that MIc could interact with FAK and Src domains and restrain kinases from being activated by hindering ATP binding. In conclusion, this study employs a comprehensive approach encompassing network pharmacology analysis, in vitro assays, and molecular docking to unveil the mechanisms and targets of MIc in CCA. MIc mitigates metastatic behaviours and suppresses key pathways, offering a promising avenue for future therapeutic strategies against this aggressive cancer.

N6-methyladenosine methylation regulates the tumor microenvironment of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation modification exists in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) primary infection, latency, and lytic reactivation. It also modifies EBV latent genes and lytic genes. EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is a distinctive molecular subtype of GC. We hypothesized EBV and m6A methylation regulators interact with each other in EBVaGC to differentiate it from other types of GC.

AIM

To investigate the mechanisms of m6A methylation regulators in EBVaGC to determine the differentiating factors from other types of GC.

METHODS

First, The Cancer Gene Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases were used to analyze the expression pattern of m6A methylation regulators between EBVaGC and EBV-negative GC (EBVnGC). Second, we identified Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment of m6A-related differentially expressed genes. We quantified the relative abundance of immune cells and inflammatory factors in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Finally, cell counting kit-8 cell proliferation test, transwell test, and flow cytometry were used to verify the effect of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) in EBVaGC cell lines.

RESULTS

m6A methylation regulators were involved in the occurrence and development of EBVaGC. Compared with EBVnGC, the expression levels of m6A methylation regulators Wilms tumor 1-associated protein, RNA binding motif protein 15B, CBL proto-oncogene like 1, leucine rich pentatricopeptide repeat containing, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1, IGFBP1, and insulin-like growth factor 2 binding protein 1 were significantly downregulated in EBVaGC (P < 0.05). The overall survival rate of EBVaGC patients with a lower expression level of IGFBP1 was significantly higher (P = 0.046). GO and KEGG functional enrichment analyses showed that the immunity pathways were significantly activated and rich in immune cell infiltration in EBVaGC. Compared with EBVnGC, the infiltration of activated CD4+ T cells, activated CD8+ T cells, monocytes, activated dendritic cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells were significantly upregulated in EBVaGC (P < 0.001). In EBVaGC, the expression level of proinflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-17, IL-21, and interferon-γ and immunosuppressive factor IL-10 were significantly increased (P < 0.05). In vitro experiments demonstrated that the expression level of IGFBP1 was significantly lower in an EBVaGC cell line (SNU719) than in an EBVnGC cell line (AGS) (P < 0.05). IGFBP1 overexpression significantly attenuated proliferation and migration and promoted the apoptosis levels in SNU719. Interfering IGFBP1 significantly promoted proliferation and migration and attenuated the apoptosis levels in AGS.

CONCLUSION

m6A regulators could remodel the TME of EBVaGC, which is classified as an immune-inflamed phenotype and referred to as a "hot" tumor. Among these regulators, we demonstrated that IGFBP1 affected proliferation, migration, and apoptosis.

Prospects of focal adhesion kinase inhibitors as a cancer therapy in preclinical and early phase study

INTRODUCTION

FAK, a nonreceptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, plays a crucial role in tumor metastasis, drug resistance, tumor stem cell maintenance, and regulation of the tumor microenvironment. FAK has emerged as a promising target for tumor therapy based on both preclinical and clinical data.

AREAS COVERED

This paper aims to summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying FAK's involvement in tumorigenesis and progression. Encouraging results have emerged from ongoing clinical trials of FAK inhibitors. Additionally, we present an overview of clinical trials for FAK inhibitors, examining their potential as promising treatments. The pertinent studies gathered from databases including PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov.

EXPERT OPINION

Since the first finding in 1990s, targeting FAK has became the focus of interests in many pharmaceutical companies. Through 30 years' discovery, the industry and academy gradually realized the features of FAK target which may not be a driver gene but a solid defense system for the cancer initiation and development. Currently, the ongoing clinical regimens involving FAK inhibition are all the combination strategies in which FAK inhibitors can further strengthen the cancer cell killing effects of other testing agents. The emerging positive signal in clinical trials foresee targeting FAK as class will be an effective mean to fight against cancers.

Potential utility of l-carnitine for preventing liver tumors derived from metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis

BACKGROUND

Recent reports have unveiled the potential utility of l-carnitine to alleviate metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) by enhancing mitochondrial metabolic function. However, its efficacy at preventing the development of HCC has not been assessed fully.

METHODS

l-carnitine (2 g/d) was administered to 11 patients with MASH for 10 weeks, and blood liver function tests were performed. Five patients received a serial liver biopsy, and liver histology and hepatic gene expression were evaluated using this tissue. An atherogenic plus high-fat diet MASH mouse model received long-term l-carnitine administration, and liver histology and liver tumor development were evaluated.

RESULTS

Ten-week l-carnitine administration significantly improved serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels along with a histological improvement in the NAFLD activity score, while steatosis and fibrosis were not improved. Gene expression profiling revealed a significant improvement in the inflammation and profibrotic gene signature as well as the recovery of lipid metabolism. Long-term l-carnitine administration to atherogenic plus high-fat diet MASH mice substantially improved liver histology (inflammation, steatosis, and fibrosis) and significantly reduced the incidence of liver tumors. l-carnitine directly reduced the expression of the MASH-associated and stress-induced transcriptional factor early growth response 1. Early growth response 1 activated the promoter activity of neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally downregulated protein 9 (NEDD9), an oncogenic protein. Thus, l-carnitine reduced the activation of the NEDD9, focal adhesion kinase 1, and AKT oncogenic signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Short-term l-carnitine administration ameliorated MASH through its anti-inflammatory effects. Long-term l-carnitine administration potentially improved the steatosis and fibrosis of MASH and may eventually reduce the risk of HCC.

An arabinose-rich heteropolysaccharide isolated from Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC treats liver cancer by targeting FAK and activating CD40

An undisclosed polysaccharide, BCP80-2, was isolated from Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. Structural investigation revealed that BCP80-2 consists of ten monosaccharide residues including t-α-Araf-(1→, →3,5)-α-Araf-(1→, →5)-α-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-Xylp-(1→, →3)-α-Rhap-(1→, →4)-β-Manp-(1→, t-β-Glcp-(1→, →6)-α-Glcp-(1→, t-β-Galp-(1→, and→3)-α-Galp-(1→. In vivo activity assays showed that BCP80-2 significantly suppressed neoplasmic growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis in zebrafish. Mechanistic studies have shown that BCP80-2 inhibited cell migration of HepG2 cells by suppressing the FAK signaling pathway. Moreover, BCP80-2 also activated immunomodulation and upregulated the secretion of co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD86, CD80, and MHC-II. In conclusion, BCP80-2 inhibited tumor progression by targeting the FAK signaling pathway and activating CD40-induced adaptive immunity.

Development of a Novel, Potent, and Selective Sialyltransferase Inhibitor for Suppressing Cancer Metastasis

Sialyltransferase-catalyzed membrane protein and lipid glycosylation plays a vital role as one of the most abundant post-translational modifications and diversification reactions in eukaryotes. However, aberrant sialylation has been associated with cancer malignancy and metastasis. Sialyltransferases thus represent emerging targets for the development of small molecule cancer drugs. Herein, we report the inhibitory effects of a recently discovered lithocholic acid derivative FCW393 on sialyltransferase catalytic activity, integrin sialyation, cancer-associated signal transduction, MDA-MB-231 and B16F10 cell migration and invasion, and in in vivo studies, on tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis. FCW393 showed effective and selective inhibition of the sialyltransferases ST6GAL1 (IC50 = 7.8 μM) and ST3GAL3 (IC50 = 9.45 μM) relative to ST3GAL1 (IC50 > 400 μM) and ST8SIA4 (IC50 > 100 μM). FCW393 reduced integrin sialylation in breast cancer and melanoma cells dose-dependently and downregulated proteins associated with the integrin-regulated FAK/paxillin and GEF/Rho/ROCK pathways, and with the VEGF-regulated Akt/NFκB/HIF-1α pathway. FCW393 inhibited cell migration (IC50 = 2.6 μM) and invasion in in vitro experiments, and in in vivo studies of tumor-bearing mice, FCW393 reduced tumor size, angiogenesis, and metastatic potential. Based on its demonstrated selectivity, cell permeability, relatively low cytotoxicity (IC50 = 55 μM), and high efficacy, FCW393 shows promising potential as a small molecule experimental tool compound and a lead for further development of a novel cancer therapeutic.

The Molecular Landscape of Lung Metastasis in Primary Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas

Background Lung metastasis in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients is a critical concern, often indicating an advanced disease stage and a poor prognosis. This study explores the molecular complexities of such metastases, identifying specific genes and pathways that may serve as valuable targets for diagnosis and treatment. The findings underscore the potential for significantly improved patient outcomes through targeted therapeutic strategies. Methodology In this research, we systematically collected raw gene expression data from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). By comparing tumorous and normal gene expression profiles from paired patient samples, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Network analysis helped visualize protein interactions and pinpoint crucial hub genes. Through validation and comparison across several datasets, we identified common DEGs. Additionally, we employed Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank testing to examine the relationship between gene expression patterns and patient survival. Result The study identified 145 overlapping DEGs in both HNSCC and LSCC, which are crucial for cancer progression and linked to lung metastasis, offering vital targets for personalized therapy by identifying key genes affecting disease development and patient survival. Pathway analyses linked these to lung metastasis, while protein-protein interaction network construction and hub gene identification highlighted genes crucial for development and patient survival, offering targets for personalized therapy. Conclusion Identifying key genes and pathways in lung metastasis from HNC, this study highlights potential targets for enhanced diagnosis and therapy. It underscores the crucial role of molecular insights in driving forward personalized treatment approaches and improving patient outcomes.

PYK2, a hub of signaling networks in breast cancer progression

Breast cancer (BC) involves complex signaling networks characterized by extensive cross-communication and feedback loops between and within multiple signaling cascades. Many of these signaling pathways are driven by genetic alterations of oncogene and/or tumor-suppressor genes and are influenced by various environmental cues. We describe unique roles of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase (NRTK) PYK2 in signaling integration and feedback looping in BC. PYK2 functions as a signaling hub in various cascades, and its involvement in positive and negative feedback loops enhances signaling robustness, modulates signaling dynamics, and contributes to BC growth, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), stemness, migration, invasion, and metastasis. We also discuss the potential of PYK2 as a therapeutic target in various BC subtypes.

Effect of Focal Adhesion Kinase and Vinculin Expression on Migration Parameters of Normal and Tumor Epitheliocytes

Focal adhesions (FAs) are mechanosensory structures that transform physical stimuli into chemical signals guiding cell migration. Comprehensive studies postulate correlation between the FA parameters and cell motility metrics for individual migrating cells. However, which properties of the FAs are critical for epithelial cell motility in a monolayer remains poorly elucidated. We used high-throughput microscopy to describe relationship between the FA parameters and cell migration in immortalized epithelial keratinocytes (HaCaT) and lung carcinoma cells (A549) with depleted or inhibited vinculin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) FA proteins. To evaluate relationship between the FA morphology and cell migration, we used substrates with varying stiffness in the model of wound healing. Cells cultivated on fibronectin had the highest FA area values, migration rate, and upregulated expression of FAK and vinculin mRNAs, while the smallest FA area and slower migration rate to the wound were specific to cells cultivated on glass. Suppression of vinculin expression in both normal and tumor cells caused decrease of the FA size and fluorescence intensity but did not affect cell migration into the wound. In contrast, downregulation or inactivation of FAK did not affect the FA size but significantly slowed down the wound closure rate by both HaCaT and A549 cell lines. We also showed that the FAK knockdown results in the FA lifetime decrease for the cells cultivated both on glass and fibronectin. Our data indicate that the FA lifetime is the most important parameter defining migration of epithelial cells in a monolayer. The observed change in the cell migration rate in a monolayer caused by changes in expression/activation of FAK kinase makes FAK a promising target for anticancer therapy of lung carcinoma.

Roles and inhibitors of FAK in cancer: current advances and future directions

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that exhibits high expression in various tumors and is associated with a poor prognosis. FAK activation promotes tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis via both kinase-dependent and kinase-independent pathways. Moreover, FAK is crucial for sustaining the tumor microenvironment. The inhibition of FAK impedes tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance in cancer. Therefore, developing targeted inhibitors against FAK presents a promising therapeutic strategy. To date, numerous FAK inhibitors, including IN10018, defactinib, GSK2256098, conteltinib, and APG-2449, have been developed, which have demonstrated positive anti-tumor effects in preclinical studies and are undergoing clinical trials for several types of tumors. Moreover, many novel FAK inhibitors are currently in preclinical studies to advance targeted therapy for tumors with aberrantly activated FAK. The benefits of FAK degraders, especially in terms of their scaffold function, are increasingly evident, holding promising potential for future clinical exploration and breakthroughs. This review aims to clarify FAK's role in cancer, offering a comprehensive overview of the current status and future prospects of FAK-targeted therapy and combination approaches. The goal is to provide valuable insights for advancing anti-cancer treatment strategies.

Exploring the therapeutic potential of focal adhesion kinase inhibition in overcoming chemoresistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase often overexpressed in PDAC. FAK has been linked to cell migration, survival, proliferation, angiogenesis and adhesion. This review first highlights the chemoresistant nature of PDAC. Second, the role of FAK in PDAC cancer progression and resistance is carefully described. Additionally, it discusses recent developments of FAK inhibitors as valuable drugs in the treatment of PDAC, with a focus on diamine-substituted-2,4-pyrimidine-based compounds, which represent the most potent class of FAK inhibitors in clinical trials for the treatment of PDAC disease. To conclude, relevant computational studies performed on FAK inhibitors are reported to highlight the key structural features required for interaction with the protein, with the aim of optimizing this novel targeted therapy.

FAK and p130Cas modulate stiffness-mediated early transcription and cellular metabolism

Cellular metabolism is influenced by the stiffness of the extracellular matrix. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and its binding partner, p130Cas, transmit biomechanical signals about substrate stiffness to the cell to regulate a variety of cellular responses, but their roles in early transcriptional and metabolic responses remain largely unexplored. We cultured mouse embryonic fibroblasts with or without siRNA-mediated FAK or p130Cas knockdown and assessed the early transcriptional responses of these cells to placement on soft and stiff substrates by RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analyses. Exposure to the stiff ECM altered the expression of genes important for metabolic and biosynthetic processes, and these responses were influenced by knockdown of FAK and p130Cas. Our findings reveal that FAK-p130Cas signaling mechanotransduces ECM stiffness to early transcriptional changes that alter cellular metabolism and biosynthesis.

A novel gene signature related to focal adhesions for distinguishing and predicting the prognosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma

Background

Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is a devastating and difficult-to-treat type of lung cancer, and the prognosis of LUSC is the worst. The functional roles of focal adhesion-related genes were explored in LUSC based on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).

Methods

RNA sequencing data and clinical characteristics of LUSC patients in TCGA-LUSC were obtained from the TCGA database. Through systematic analysis, we screened the prognostic genes and determined the focal adhesion-related pathways closely associated with LUSC.

Results

We identified 444 prognostic genes and focal adhesion-related pathways intimately associated with LUSC. According to the focal adhesion-related genes, TCGA-LUSC patients were well divided into two groups: the low-risk group (G1) and the high-risk group (G2). A differential expression analysis identified 44 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) upregulated in the low-risk G1 group and 379 DEGs upregulated in the high-risk G2 group. The upregulated DEGs in the G1 group were primarily related to tyrosine metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, retinol metabolism, platinum drug resistance, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, while the downregulated DEGs in the G1 group were primarily related to ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, proteoglycans in cancer, small cell lung cancer, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and TGF-beta signaling pathway. The immune activity of the G1 group was lower than that of the G2 group, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of five chemotherapy drugs (i.e., gemcitabine, methotrexate, vinorelbine, paclitaxel, and cisplatin) was significantly different between the G1 and G2 groups. Furthermore, a 10-gene prognostic model was constructed to predict the prognosis for LUSC patients: ITGA3, VAV2, FLNC, FLT4, HGF, MYL2, ITGB1, PDGFRA, CCND2, and PPP1CB.

Conclusion

The status of focal adhesion-related genes has a close relationship with tumor classification and immunity in LUSC patients. A novel focal adhesion-related signature had good prognostic and predictive performance for LUSC. Our findings may provide new insight into the diagnosis and treatment of LUSC.

Focal adhesion kinase confers lenvatinib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma via the regulation of lysine-deficient kinase 1

Lenvatinib is a clinically effective multikinase inhibitor approved for first-line therapy of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although resistance against lenvatinib often emerges and limits its antitumor activity, the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in endogenous and acquired resistance remain elusive. In this study, we identified focal adhesion kinase (FAK) as a critical contributor to lenvatinib resistance in HCC. The elevated expression and phosphorylation of FAK were observed in both acquired and endogenous lenvatinib-resistant (LR) HCC cells. Furthermore, inhibition of FAK reversed lenvatinib resistance in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, FAK promoted lenvatinib resistance through regulating lysine-deficient kinase 1 (WNK1). Phosphorylation of WNK1 was significantly increased in LR-HCC cells. Further, WNK1 inhibitor WNK463 resensitized either established or endogenous LR-HCC cells to lenvatinib treatment. In addition, overexpression of WNK1 desensitized parental HCC cells to lenvatinib treatment. Conclusively, our results establish a crucial role and novel mechanism of FAK in lenvatinib resistance and suggest that targeting the FAK/WNK1 axis is a promising therapeutic strategy in HCC patients showing lenvatinib resistance.

Molecular and functional insight into focal adhesion kinases: Therapeutic implications for oral malignancies

Oral carcinoma is the sixth most common cancer globally, with one death occurring every hour. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is an intercellular protein tyrosine kinase, a key indicator of the development of oral cancer. FAK overexpression leads to the initiation and significant progression of metastasis in head and neck cancers, indicating its vital role in cancer progression and potential as a biomarker for early oral malignant transformation. The present review elaborates on FAK's function in oral malignancies since it could serve as a biomarker of the initial stages of oral malignant transformation and a possible predictive factor for risk assessment.

Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase 2 results in a macrophage polarization shift to M2 which attenuates local and systemic inflammation and reduces heterotopic ossification after polysystem extremity trauma

Introduction

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a complex pathology often observed in combat injured casualties who have sustained severe, high energy polytraumatic extremity injuries. Once HO has developed, prophylactic therapies are limited outside of surgical excision. Tourniquet-induced ischemia injury (IR) exacerbates trauma-mediated musculoskeletal tissue injury, inflammation, osteogenic progenitor cell development and HO formation. Others have shown that focal adhesion kinase-2 (FAK2) plays a key role in regulating early inflammatory signaling events. Therefore, we hypothesized that targeting FAK2 prophylactically would mitigate extremity trauma induced IR inflammation and HO formation.

Methods

We tested whether the continuous infusion of a FAK2 inhibitor (Defactinib, PF-573228; 6.94 µg/kg/min for 14 days) can mitigate ectopic bone formation (HO) using an established blast-related extremity injury model involving femoral fracture, quadriceps crush injury, three hours of tourniquet-induced limb ischemia, and hindlimb amputation through the fracture site. Tissue inflammation, infiltrating cells, osteogenic progenitor cell content were assessed at POD-7. Micro-computed tomography imaging was used to quantify mature HO at POD-56.

Results

In comparison to vehicle control-treated rats, FAK2 administration resulted in no marked wound healing complications or weight loss. FAK2 treatment decreased HO by 43%. At POD-7, marked reductions in tissue proinflammatory gene expression and assayable osteogenic progenitor cells were measured, albeit no significant changes in expression patterns of angiogenic, chondrogenic and osteogenic genes. At the same timepoint, injured tissue from FAK-treated rats had fewer infiltrating cells. Additionally, gene expression analyses of tissue infiltrating cells resulted in a more measurable shift from an M1 inflammatory to an M2 anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype in the FAK2 inhibitor-treated group.

Discussion

Our findings suggest that FAK2 inhibition may be a novel strategy to dampen trauma-induced inflammation and attenuate HO in patients at high risk as a consequence of severe musculoskeletal polytrauma.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 2,4-diaminopyrimidine cinnamyl derivatives as inhibitors of FAK with potent anti-gastric cancer activities

In this study, twenty-one novel 2,4-diaminopyrimidine cinnamyl derivatives as inhibitors targeting FAK were designed and synthesized based on the structure of TAE-226, and the inhibitory effects of these compounds on both the FAK enzyme and three cancer cell lines (MGC-803, HCT-116, and KYSE30) were investigated. Among them, compound 12s displayed potent inhibitory potency on FAK (IC50 = 47 nM), and demonstrated more significant antiproliferative activities in MGC-803, HCT-116 and KYSE30 cells (IC50 values were 0.24, 0.45 and 0.44 μM, respectively) compared to TAE-226. Furthermore, compound 12s significantly inhibited FAK activation leading to the negative regulation of FAK-related signaling pathways such as AKT/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways. Molecular docking study suggested that compound 12s could well occupy the ATP-binding pocket site of FAK similar to TAE-226. In addition, compound 12s also efficiently inhibited the proliferation, induced apoptosis and cellular senescence in MGC-803 cells. In conclusion, compound 12s emerges a potent FAK inhibitor that could exert potent inhibitory activity against gastric cancer cells.

Bibliometric analysis of the global research status and trends of mechanotransduction in cancer

BACKGROUND

The development of cancer is thought to involve the dynamic crosstalk between the tumor cells and the microenvironment they inhabit. Such crosstalk is thought to involve mechanotransduction, a process whereby the cells sense mechanical cues such as stiffness, and translate these into biochemical signals, which have an impact on the subsequent cellular activities. Bibliometric analysis is a statistical method that involves investigating different aspects (including authors' names and affiliations, article keywords, journals and citations) of large volumes of literature. Despite an increase in mechanotransduction-related research in recent years, there are currently no bibliometric studies that describe the global status and trends of mechanotransduction-related research in the cancer field.

AIM

To investigate the global research status and trends of mechanotransduction in cancer from a bibliometric viewpoint.

METHODS

Literature on mechanotransduction in cancer published from January 1, 1900 to December 31, 2022 was retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. Excel and GraphPad software carried out the statistical analysis of the relevant author, journal, organization, and country information. The co-authorship, keyword co-occurrence, and keyword burst analysis were visualized with VOSviewer and CiteSpace.

RESULTS

Of 597 publications from 745 institutions in 45 countries were published in 268 journals with 35510 citation times. With 270 articles, the United States is a well-established global leader in this field, and the University of California system, the most productive (n = 36) and influential institution (n = 4705 citations), is the most highly active in collaborating with other organizations. Cancers was the most frequent publisher with the highest H-index. The most productive researcher was Valerie M. Weaver, with 10 publications. The combined analysis of concurrent and burst keywords revealed that the future research hotspots of mechanotransduction in cancer were related to the plasma membrane, autophagy, piezo1/2, heterogeneity, cancer diagnosis, and post-transcriptional modifications.

CONCLUSION

Mechanotransduction-related cancer research remains a hot topic. The United States is in the leading position of global research on mechano-oncology after almost 30 years of investigations. Research group cooperations exist but remain largely domestic, lacking cross-national communications. The next big topic in this field is to explore how the plasma membrane and its localized mechanosensor can transduce mechanical force through post-transcriptional modifications and thereby participate in cellular activity regulations and cancer development.

The Effect of Adipocyte-Secreted Factors in Activating Focal Adhesion Kinase-Mediated Cell Signaling Pathway towards Metastasis in Breast Cancer Cells

Obesity-associated perturbations in the normal secretion of adipocytokines from white adipocytes can drive the metastatic progression of cancer. However, the association between obesity-induced changes in secretory factors of white adipocytes and subsequent transactivation of the downstream effector proteins impacting metastasis in breast cancer cells remains unclear. Focal adhesion kinase, a cytoplasmic signal transducer, regulates the biological phenomenon of metastasis by activating downstream targets such as beta-catenin and MMP9. Thus, the possible role of phosphorylated FAK in potentiating cancer cell migration was investigated. To elucidate this potential relationship, MCF7 (ER+), MDA-MB-231 (Triple Negative) breast cancer cells, and MCF-10A non-tumorigenic breast cells were exposed to in vitro murine adipocyte-conditioned medium derived from 3T3-L1 MBX cells differentiated to obesity with fatty acid supplementation. Our results show that the conditioned medium derived from these obese adipocytes enhanced motility and invasiveness of breast cancer cells. Importantly, no such changes were observed in the non-tumorigenic breast cells. Our results also show that increased FAK autophosphorylation was followed by increased expression of beta-catenin and MMP9 in the breast cancer cells when exposed to obese adipocyte-conditioned medium, but not in the MCF10A cells. These results indicate that adipocyte-derived secretory factors induced FAK activation through phosphorylation. This in turn increased breast cancer cell migration and invasion by activating its downstream effector proteins beta-catenin and MMP9.

A review on the role of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1 antisense RNA 1 in the carcinogenesis and tumor progression

Gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase 1 antisense RNA 1 (BBOX1-AS1), located on human chromosome 11 p14, emerges as a critical player in tumorigenesis with diverse oncogenic effects. Aberrant expression of BBOX1-AS1 intricately regulates various cellular processes, including cell growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, invasion, metastasis, cell death, and stemness. Notably, the expression of BBOX1-AS1 was significantly correlated with clinical-pathological characteristics and tumor prognoses, and it could also be used for the diagnosis of lung and esophageal cancers. Through its involvement in the ceRNA network, BBOX1-AS1 competitively binds to eight miRNAs in ten different cancer types. Additionally, BBOX1-AS1 can directly modulate downstream protein-coding genes or act as an mRNA stabilizer. The implications of BBOX1-AS1 extend to critical signaling pathways, including Hedgehog, Wnt/β-catenin, and MELK/FAK pathways. Moreover, it influences drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. The present study provides a systematic review of the clinical significance of BBOX1-AS1's aberrant expression in diverse tumor types. It sheds light on the intricate molecular mechanisms through which BBOX1-AS1 influences cancer initiation and progression and outlines potential avenues for future research in this field.

The PMA phorbol ester tumor promoter increases canonical Wnt signaling via macropinocytosis

Activation of the Wnt pathway lies at the core of many human cancers. Wnt and macropinocytosis are often active in the same processes, and understanding how Wnt signaling and membrane trafficking cooperate should improve our understanding of embryonic development and cancer. Here, we show that a macropinocytosis activator, the tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), enhances Wnt signaling. Experiments using the Xenopus embryo as an in vivo model showed marked cooperation between the PMA phorbol ester and Wnt signaling, which was blocked by inhibitors of macropinocytosis, Rac1 activity, and lysosome acidification. Human colorectal cancer tissue arrays and xenografts in mice showed a correlation of cancer progression with increased macropinocytosis/multivesicular body/lysosome markers and decreased GSK3 levels. The crosstalk between canonical Wnt, focal adhesions, lysosomes, and macropinocytosis suggests possible therapeutic targets for cancer progression in Wnt-driven cancers.

Focal adhesion kinase activation by calcium-dependent calpain is involved in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cell aggressiveness

Signalling events downstream the B-cell receptor (BCR) are central for the survival and progression of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), regulated through calpain, interacts with molecules of BCR signalling, cytoskeletal modelling and disease progression, such as Src/Lyn, cortactin and HS1. Hypothesizing that FAK might play a key role in CLL pathogenesis, we observed a down-modulation of FAK whole form, associated with FAK cleavage due to calpain activity upon BCR stimulation. Patients, whose cells were able to release Ca++ after BCR stimulation, had less amount of full-length FAK, which translated into a higher presence of cleaved/activated form of the protein phosphorylated at Y397, these features being mostly shown by immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGHV)-unmutated poor-prognosis patients. Moreover, we found that cortactin and HS1 proteins were overexpressed in those cells, suggesting a possible interplay with FAK. Treatment with the FAK inhibitor Defactinib was able to induce apoptosis in CLL cells. In conclusion, the malignant phenotype in unfavourable-prognosis patients seems to be encouraged by the overexpression of cortactin and HS1, that, together with FAK, may be involved in a druggable pathogenetic pathway in CLL.

Effects of collagen, chitosan and mixture on fibroblast responses and angiogenic activities in 2D and 3D in vitro models

Despite accumulating evidences have demonstrated the potential of collagen and chitosan on tissue repair, it remains unclear on their combination effects. Here, we examined the regenerative effects of single collagen, chitosan and their mixture on fibroblasts and endothelial cells at cellular levels. The results showed that fibroblast responses, as indicated by high proliferative rate, increased spheroid diameter and migrated area existing from spheroid edge, and decreased wound area, were significantly promoted by either collagen or chitosan stimulation. Similarly, both collagen and chitosan resulted in increased endothelial cell proliferation and migration with accelerated tube-like network formation and upregulated VE-cadherin expression, although collagen strongly provided this effect. While the 1:1 mixture (100:100 μg/mL of chitosan to collagen) treatment caused a reduction in fibroblast viability, the lower ratio of chitosan (1:10 mixture; 10:100 μg/mL) did not produce any impact on both fibroblast and endothelial cell viabilities. The 1:10 mixture also significantly enhanced the additional effects on fibroblast responses and angiogenic activities as shown by higher endothelial growth, proliferation and migration with accelerated capillary-like network formation than those treated with the single substance. Further investigation of signaling proteins found that collagen significantly increased expressions of p-Fak, p-Akt and Cdk5 whereas chitosan upregulated p-Fak and Cdk5 expressions. Comparing to the single treatments, p-Fak, p-Akt and Cdk5 were higher expressed in the 1:10 mixture. These observations indicate that proper collagen-chitosan mixture provides the combination effects on fibroblast responses and angiogenic activities when a high concentration of collagen is used, possibly through Fak/Akt and Cdk5 signaling pathways. Therefore, this study helps to define the clinical use of collagen and chitosan as promising biomaterials for tissue repair.

Identification of defactinib derivatives targeting focal adhesion kinase using ensemble docking, molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) belongs to the nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, which selectively phosphorylate tyrosine residues on substrate proteins. FAK is associated with bladder, esophageal, gastric, neck, breast, ovarian and lung cancers. Thus, FAK has been considered as a potential target for tumor treatment. Currently, there are six adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-competitive FAK inhibitors tested in clinical trials but no approved inhibitors targeting FAK. Defactinib (VS-6063) is a second-generation FAK inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.6 nM. The binding model of VS-6063 with FAK may provide a reference model for developing new antitumor FAK-targeting drugs. In this study, the VS-6063/FAK binding model was constructed using ensemble docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Furthermore, the molecular mechanics/generalized Born (GB) surface area (MM/GBSA) method was employed to estimate the binding free energy between VS-6063 and FAK. The key residues involved in VS-6063/FAK binding were also determined using per-residue energy decomposition analysis. Based on the binding model, VS-6063 could be separated into seven regions to enhance its binding affinity with FAK. Meanwhile, 60 novel defactinib-based compounds were designed and verified using ensemble docking. Overall, the present study improves our understanding of the binding mechanism of human FAK with VS-6063 and provides new insights into future drug designs targeting FAK.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Focal adhesion kinase: from biological functions to therapeutic strategies

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a nonreceptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, is a vital participant in primary cellular functions, such as proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion. In addition, FAK regulates cancer stem cell activities and contributes to the formation of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Importantly, increased FAK expression and activity are strongly associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes and metastatic characteristics in numerous tumors. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that modulating FAK activity by application of FAK inhibitors alone or in combination treatment regimens could be effective for cancer therapy. Based on these findings, several agents targeting FAK have been exploited in diverse preclinical tumor models. This article briefly describes the structure and function of FAK, as well as research progress on FAK inhibitors in combination therapies. We also discuss the challenges and future directions regarding anti-FAK combination therapies.

Off-target pharmacological activity at various kinases: Potential functional and pathological side effects

In drug discovery, during the lead optimization and candidate characterization stages, novel small molecules are frequently evaluated in a battery of in vitro pharmacology assays to identify potential unintended, off-target interactions with various receptors, transporters, ion channels, and enzymes, including kinases. Furthermore, these screening panels may also provide utility at later stages of development to provide a mechanistic understanding of unexpected safety findings. Here, we present a compendium of the most likely functional and pathological outcomes associated with interaction(s) to a panel of 95 kinases based on an extensive curation of the scientific literature. This panel of kinases was designed by AbbVie based on safety-related data extracted from the literature, as well as from over 20 years of institutional knowledge generated from discovery efforts. For each kinase, the scientific literature was reviewed using online databases and the most often reported functional and pathological effects were summarized. This work should serve as a practical guide for small molecule drug discovery scientists and clinical investigators to predict and/or interpret adverse effects related to pharmacological interactions with these kinases.

The PMA Phorbol Ester Tumor Promoter Increases Canonical Wnt Signaling Via Macropinocytosis

Activation of the Wnt pathway lies at the core of many human cancers. Wnt and macropinocytosis are often active in the same processes, and understanding how Wnt signaling and membrane trafficking cooperate should improve our understanding of embryonic development and cancer. Here we show that a macropinocytosis activator, the tumor promoter Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), enhances Wnt signaling. Experiments using the Xenopus embryo as an in vivo model showed marked cooperation between the PMA phorbol ester and Wnt signaling, which was blocked by inhibitors of macropinocytosis, Rac1 activity, and lysosome acidification. Human colorectal cancer tissue arrays and xenografts in mice showed a correlation of cancer progression with increased macropinocytosis/multivesicular body/lysosome markers and decreased GSK3 levels. The crosstalk between canonical Wnt, focal adhesions, lysosomes, and macropinocytosis suggests possible therapeutic targets for cancer progression in Wnt-driven cancers.

Breast stiffness, a risk factor for cancer and the role of radiology for diagnosis

Over the last five decades, breast density has been associated with increased risk of developing breast cancer. Mammographically dense breasts are considered those belonging to the heterogeneously dense breasts, and extremely dense breasts subgroups according to the American College of Radiology's Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS). There is a statistically significant correlation between the increased mammographic density and the presence of more glandular tissue alone. However, the strength of this correlation is weak. Although the mechanisms driving breast density-related tumor initiation and progression are still unknown, there is evidence suggesting that certain molecular pathways participating in epithelial-stromal interactions may play a pivotal role in the deposition of fibrillar collagen, increased matrix stiffness, and cell migration that favor breast density and carcinogenesis. This article describes these molecular mechanisms as potential "landscapers" for breast density-related cancer. We also introduce the term "Breast Compactness" to reflect collagen density of breast tissue on chest CT scan and the use of breast stiffness measurements as imaging biomarkers for breast cancer screening and risk stratification.

Targeting FAK/PYK2 with SJP1602 for Anti-Tumor Activity in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) presents significant challenges due to its aggressive nature and limited treatment options. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has emerged as a critical factor promoting tumor growth and metastasis in TNBC. Despite encouraging results from preclinical and early clinical trials with various FAK inhibitors, none have yet achieved clinical success in TNBC treatment. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of a novel dual inhibitor of FAK and PYK2, named SJP1602, for TNBC. In vitro experiments demonstrate that SJP1602 effectively inhibits FAK and PYK2 activities, showing potent effects on both kinases. SJP1602 shows concentration-dependent inhibition of cell growth, migration, invasion, and 3D spheroid formation in TNBC cell lines, surpassing the efficacy of other FAK inhibitors. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats indicate favorable bioavailability and sustained plasma concentrations of SJP1602, supporting its potential as a therapeutic agent. Furthermore, in TNBC xenograft models, SJP1602 exhibits significant dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth. These promising results emphasize the potential of SJP1602 as a potent dual inhibitor of FAK and PYK2, deserving further investigation in clinical trials for TNBC treatment.

Biology of GD2 ganglioside: implications for cancer immunotherapy

Part of the broader glycosphingolipid family, gangliosides are composed of a ceramide bound to a sialic acid-containing glycan chain, and locate at the plasma membrane. Gangliosides are produced through sequential steps of glycosylation and sialylation. This diversity of composition is reflected in differences in expression patterns and functions of the various gangliosides. Ganglioside GD2 designates different subspecies following a basic structure containing three carbohydrate residues and two sialic acids. GD2 expression, usually restrained to limited tissues, is frequently altered in various neuroectoderm-derived cancers. While GD2 is of evident interest, its glycolipid nature has rendered research challenging. Physiological GD2 expression has been linked to developmental processes. Passing this stage, varying levels of GD2, physiologically expressed mainly in the central nervous system, affect composition and formation of membrane microdomains involved in surface receptor signaling. Overexpressed in cancer, GD2 has been shown to enhance cell survival and invasion. Furthermore, binding of antibodies leads to immune-independent cell death mechanisms. In addition, GD2 contributes to T-cell dysfunction, and functions as an immune checkpoint. Given the cancer-associated functions, GD2 has been a source of interest for immunotherapy. As a potential biomarker, methods are being developed to quantify GD2 from patients' samples. In addition, various therapeutic strategies are tested. Based on initial success with antibodies, derivates such as bispecific antibodies and immunocytokines have been developed, engaging patient immune system. Cytotoxic effectors or payloads may be redirected based on anti-GD2 antibodies. Finally, vaccines can be used to mount an immune response in patients. We review here the pertinent biological information on GD2 which may be of use for optimizing current immunotherapeutic strategies.

The amide derivative of anticopalic acid induces non-apoptotic cell death in triple-negative breast cancer cells by inhibiting FAK activation

Anticopalic acid (ACP), a labdane type diterpenoid obtained from Kaempferia elegans rhizomes, together with 21 semi-synthetic derivatives, were evaluated for their cancer cytotoxic activity. Most derivatives displayed higher cytotoxic activity than the parent compound ACP in a panel of nine cancer cell lines. Among the tested compounds, the amide 4p showed the highest cytotoxic activity toward leukemia cell lines, HL-60 and MOLT-3, with IC50 values of 6.81 ± 1.99 and 3.72 ± 0.26 µM, respectively. More interestingly, the amide derivative 4l exhibited cytotoxic activity with an IC50 of 13.73 ± 0.04 µM against the MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cell line, which is the most aggressive type of breast cancer. Mechanistic studies revealed that 4l induced cell death in MDA-MB-231 cells through non-apoptotic regulated cell death. In addition, western blot analysis showed that compound 4l decreased the phosphorylation of FAK protein in a concentration-dependent manner. Molecular docking simulations elucidated that compound 4l could potentially inhibit FAK activation by binding to a pocket of FAK kinase domain. The data suggested that compound 4l could be a potential FAK inhibitor for treating triple-negative breast cancer and worth being further investigated.

On the Value of In Vitro Cell Systems for Mechanobiology from the Perspective of Yes-Associated Protein/Transcriptional Co-Activator with a PDZ-Binding Motif and Focal Adhesion Kinase and Their Involvement in Wound Healing, Cancer, Aging, and Senescence

Mechanobiology comprises how cells perceive different mechanical stimuli and integrate them into a process called mechanotransduction; therefore, the related mechanosignaling cascades are generally important for biomedical research. The ongoing discovery of key molecules and the subsequent elucidation of their roles in mechanobiology are fundamental to understanding cell responses and tissue conditions, such as homeostasis, aging, senescence, wound healing, and cancer. Regarding the available literature on these topics, it becomes abundantly clear that in vitro cell systems from different species and tissues have been and are extremely valuable tools for enabling the discovery and functional elucidation of key mechanobiological players. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the significant contributions of in vitro cell systems to the identification and characterization of three such key players using the selected examples of yes-associated protein (YAP), its paralog transcriptional co-activator with a PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and their involvement in wound healing, cancer, aging, and senescence. In addition, the reader is given suggestions as to which future prospects emerge from the in vitro studies discussed herein and which research questions still remain open.

CSF2 upregulates CXCL3 expression in adipocytes to promote metastasis of breast cancer via the FAK signaling pathway

Recent studies have demonstrated that cancer-associated adipocytes (CAAs) in the tumor microenvironment are involved in the malignant progression of breast cancer. However, the underlying mechanism of CAA formation and its effects on the development of breast cancer are still unknown. Here, we show that CSF2 is highly expressed in both CAAs and breast cancer cells. CSF2 promotes inflammatory phenotypic changes of adipocytes through the Stat3 signaling pathway, leading to the secretion of multiple cytokines and proteases, particularly C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (CXCL3). Adipocyte-derived CXCL3 binds to its specific receptor CXCR2 on breast cancer cells and activates the FAK pathway, enhancing the mesenchymal phenotype, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells. In addition, a combination treatment targeting CSF2 and CXCR2 shows a synergistic inhibitory effect on adipocyte-induced lung metastasis of mouse 4T1 cells in vivo. These findings elucidate a novel mechanism of breast cancer metastasis and provide a potential therapeutic strategy for breast cancer metastasis.

Identification and validation of a novel prognostic model for gastric cancer based on m7G-related genes

Background

The role of N7-methyladenosine (m7G)-related genes in the progression and prognosis of gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. This study aimed to explore prognostic biomarkers for GC based on m7G methylation regulators and to construct a prognostic risk model.

Methods

RNA sequencing profiles with corresponding clinicopathological information associated with GC of which the histological type was stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), respectively. A total of 29 m7G regulators were extracted from previous studies. According to the expression similarity of m7G regulators, the GC samples obtained from TCGA were further classified into 2 clusters demonstrating different overall survival (OS) rates and genetic heterogeneity, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between these 2 clusters were defined as m7G-related genes. Univariate regression analysis and regression analysis were then used to obtain the prognostic m7G-related genes. The samples in TCGA and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) were used to verify the differential expression and prognostic value of these m7G-related genes contained in the prognostic model. Subsequently, the risk score was combined with other prognostic factors to develop a nomogram. The predictive ability of the nomogram was evaluated by the standard receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to identify activation pathways in both groups. Finally, the association between the prognostic model and the immune characteristics of GC were appraised.

Results

A prognostic model consisting of 11 m7G-related genes was constructed. GC patients in the high-risk group were shown to have a poor prognosis and this result was further demonstrated in each group. The risk model can be applied for patients with different clinical features. The results of GSEA showed that cell adhesion, cell junction, and focal adhesion were highly enriched in the high-risk group. In addition, we found that the expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) was significantly elevated in the low-risk group, whereas programmed cell death ligand 2 (PD-L2) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4 (TNFRSF4) were overexpressed in the high-risk group.

Conclusions

We successfully built and verified a m7G relevant prognostic model for predicting prognosis and providing a new train of thought for improving the treatment of GC.

FAK inhibitor PF-562271 inhibits the migration and proliferation of high-grade serous ovarian cancer cells through FAK and FAK mediated cell cycle arrest

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a promising therapeutic target for various cancers and its inhibitor development is in full swing. PF-562271 is a classic FAK inhibitor that has shown promising preclinical data and has been found to exhibit an anti-migration effect on some cancer cells. However, its anticancer effect on high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) has not been reported. In this study, we evaluated the anti-migration and anti-proliferation effects of PF-562271 against HGSOC SKOV3 and A2780 cells, as well as the underlying mechanism. The results demonstrated that FAK was overexpressed in clinical HGSOC tissues and was positively correlated with the pathological progression of HGSOC. Moreover, HGSOC patients with high FAK expression levels exhibited low survival rates. PF-562271 treatment significantly inhibited the cell adhesion and migration of SKOV3 and A2780 cells by inhibiting p-FAK expression and decreasing the FA surface area. Additionally, PF-562271 treatment inhibited colony formation and induced cell senescence through G1 phase cell cycle arrest mediated DNA replication inhibition. Taken together, the findings demonstrated that FAK inhibitor PF-562271 significantly inhibits HGSOC cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation process through FAK and/or FAK mediated cell cycle arrest, and suggested that PF-562271 could serve as a potential oncotherapeutic agent for HGSOC targeting treatment.