1
|
Reyaz E, Puri N, Selvapandiyan A. Global Remodeling of Host Proteome in Response to Leishmania Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:5-19. [PMID: 38084821 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania possesses an intrinsic ability to modulate a multitude of pathways in the host, toward aiding its own proliferation. In response, the host reprograms its cellular, immunological, and metabolic machinery to evade the parasite's lethal impact. Besides inducing various antioxidant signaling pathways to counter the elevated stress response proteins like heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Leishmania also attempts to delay host cell apoptosis by promoting anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-2. The downstream modulation of apoptotic proteins is regulated by effector pathways, including the PI3K/Akt survival pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway, and STAT phosphorylation. In addition, Leishmania assists in its infection in a time-dependent manner by modulating the level of various proteins of autophagic machinery. Immune effector cells, such as mast cells and neutrophils, entrap and kill the pathogen by secreting various granular proteins. In contrast, the host macrophages exert their leishmanicidal effect by secreting various cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-12, etc. An interplay of various signaling pathways occurs in an organized network that is highly specific to both pathogen and host species. This Review analyzes the modulation of expression of proteins, including the cytokines, providing a realistic approach toward understanding the pathophysiology of disease and predicting some prominent markers for disease intervention and vaccine support strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enam Reyaz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Niti Puri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rodríguez-González J, Gutiérrez-Kobeh L. Apoptosis and its pathways as targets for intracellular pathogens to persist in cells. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:60. [PMID: 38112844 PMCID: PMC10730641 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a finely programmed process of cell death in which cells silently dismantle and actively participate in several operations such as immune response, differentiation, and cell growth. It can be initiated by three main pathways: the extrinsic, the perforin granzyme, and the intrinsic that culminate in the activation of several proteins in charge of tearing down the cell. On the other hand, apoptosis represents an ordeal for pathogens that live inside cells and maintain a strong dependency with them; thus, they have evolved multiple strategies to manipulate host cell apoptosis on their behalf. It has been widely documented that diverse intracellular bacteria, fungi, and parasites can interfere with most steps of the host cell apoptotic machinery to inhibit or induce apoptosis. Indeed, the inhibition of apoptosis is considered a virulence property shared by many intracellular pathogens to ensure productive replication. Some pathogens intervene at an early stage by interfering with the sensing of extracellular signals or transduction pathways. Others sense cellular stress or target the apoptosis regulator proteins of the Bcl-2 family or caspases. In many cases, the exact molecular mechanisms leading to the interference with the host cell apoptotic cascade are still unknown. However, intense research has been conducted to elucidate the strategies employed by intracellular pathogens to modulate host cell death. In this review, we summarize the main routes of activation of apoptosis and present several processes used by different bacteria, fungi, and parasites to modulate the apoptosis of their host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodríguez-González
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez,", Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Delegación Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, México
- Laboratorio de Estudios Epidemiológicos, Clínicos, Diseños Experimentales e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma "Benito Juárez" de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez,", Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Delegación Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, México.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Englert H, Göbel J, Khong D, Omidi M, Wolska N, Konrath S, Frye M, Mailer RK, Beerens M, Gerwers JC, Preston RJS, Odeberg J, Butler LM, Maas C, Stavrou EX, Fuchs TA, Renné T. Targeting NETs using dual-active DNase1 variants. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1181761. [PMID: 37287977 PMCID: PMC10242134 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1181761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) are key mediators of immunothrombotic mechanisms and defective clearance of NETs from the circulation underlies an array of thrombotic, inflammatory, infectious, and autoimmune diseases. Efficient NET degradation depends on the combined activity of two distinct DNases, DNase1 and DNase1-like 3 (DNase1L3) that preferentially digest double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and chromatin, respectively. Methods Here, we engineered a dual-active DNase with combined DNase1 and DNase1L3 activities and characterized the enzyme for its NET degrading potential in vitro. Furthermore, we produced a mouse model with transgenic expression of the dual-active DNase and analyzed body fluids of these animals for DNase1 and DNase 1L3 activities. We systematically substituted 20 amino acid stretches in DNase1 that were not conserved among DNase1 and DNase1L3 with homologous DNase1L3 sequences. Results We found that the ability of DNase1L3 to degrade chromatin is embedded into three discrete areas of the enzyme's core body, not the C-terminal domain as suggested by the state-of-the-art. Further, combined transfer of the aforementioned areas of DNase1L3 to DNase1 generated a dual-active DNase1 enzyme with additional chromatin degrading activity. The dual-active DNase1 mutant was superior to native DNase1 and DNase1L3 in degrading dsDNA and chromatin, respectively. Transgenic expression of the dual-active DNase1 mutant in hepatocytes of mice lacking endogenous DNases revealed that the engineered enzyme was stable in the circulation, released into serum and filtered to the bile but not into the urine. Conclusion Therefore, the dual-active DNase1 mutant is a promising tool for neutralization of DNA and NETs with potential therapeutic applications for interference with thromboinflammatory disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Englert
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Josephine Göbel
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Danika Khong
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maryam Omidi
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nina Wolska
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Konrath
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maike Frye
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Reiner K. Mailer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manu Beerens
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian C. Gerwers
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roger J. S. Preston
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jacob Odeberg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, CBH, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lynn M. Butler
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, CBH, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Coen Maas
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Evi X. Stavrou
- Medicine Service, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Louis Stokes Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Tobias A. Fuchs
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Neutrolis, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Thomas Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rashidi S, Mansouri R, Ali-Hassanzadeh M, Muro A, Nguewa P, Manzano-Román R. The most prominent modulated annexins during parasitic infections. Acta Trop 2023; 243:106942. [PMID: 37172709 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Annexins (ANXs) exert different functions in cell biological and pathological processes and are thus known as double or multi-faceted proteins. These sophisticated proteins might express on both parasite structure and secretion and in parasite-infected host cells. In addition to the characterization of these pivotal proteins, describing their mechanism of action can be also fruitful in recognizing their roles in the pathogenesis of parasitic infections. Accordingly, this study presents the most prominent ANXs thus far identified and their relevant functions in parasites and infected host cells during pathogenesis, especially in the most important intracellular protozoan parasitic infections including leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, malaria and trypanosomiasis. The data provided in this study demonstrate that the helminth parasites most probably express and secret ANXs to develop pathogenesis while the modulation of the host-ANXs could be employed as a crucial strategy by intracellular protozoan parasites. Moreover, such data highlight that the use of analogs of both parasite and host ANX peptides (which mimic or regulate ANXs physiological functions through various strategies) might suggest novel therapeutic insights into the treatment of parasitic infections. Furthermore, due to the prominent immunoregulatory activities of ANXs during most parasitic infections and the expression levels of these proteins in some parasitic infected tissues, such multifunctional proteins might be also potentially relevant as vaccine and diagnostic biomarkers. We also suggest some prospects and insights that could be useful and applicable to form the basis of future experimental studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Rashidi
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Reza Mansouri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali-Hassanzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Antonio Muro
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (e-INTRO), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Paul Nguewa
- University of Navarra, ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology. IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), c/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Raúl Manzano-Román
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (e-INTRO), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
de Sá KSG, Amaral LA, Rodrigues TS, Ishimoto AY, de Andrade WAC, de Almeida L, Freitas-Castro F, Batah SS, Oliveira SC, Pastorello MT, Fabro AT, Zamboni DS. Gasdermin-D activation promotes NLRP3 activation and host resistance to Leishmania infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1049. [PMID: 36828815 PMCID: PMC9958042 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular parasites from the Leishmania genus cause Leishmaniasis, a disease affecting millions of people worldwide. NLRP3 inflammasome is key for disease outcome, but the molecular mechanisms upstream of the inflammasome activation are still unclear. Here, we demonstrate that despite the absence of pyroptosis, Gasdermin-D (GSDMD) is active at the early stages of Leishmania infection in macrophages, allowing transient cell permeabilization, potassium efflux, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Further, GSDMD is processed into a non-canonical 25 kDa fragment. Gsdmd-/- macrophages and mice exhibit less NLRP3 inflammasome activation and are highly susceptible to infection by several Leishmania species, confirming the role of GSDMD for inflammasome-mediated host resistance. Active NLRP3 inflammasome and GSDMD are present in skin biopsies of patients, demonstrating activation of this pathway in human leishmaniasis. Altogether, our findings reveal that Leishmania subverts the normal functions of GSDMD, an important molecule to promote inflammasome activation and immunity in Leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keyla S G de Sá
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Luana A Amaral
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Tamara S Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Adriene Y Ishimoto
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Warrison A C de Andrade
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Leticia de Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe Freitas-Castro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Sabrina S Batah
- Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Sergio C Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mônica T Pastorello
- Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre T Fabro
- Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
- Serviço de Patologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lipka S, Ostendorf L, Schneider U, Hiepe F, Apel F, Alexander T. Increased levels of immature and activated low density granulocytes and altered degradation of neutrophil extracellular traps in granulomatosis with polyangiitis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282919. [PMID: 36920946 PMCID: PMC10016653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA) is a small vessel vasculitis typically associated with release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by activated neutrophils. In this study, we further aimed to investigate the contributions of neutrophils and NETs to the complex disease pathogenesis. We characterized the phenotype of neutrophils and their capacity to induce NETs. In addition, the level of circulating NETs, determined by neutrophil elastase/DNA complexes, and the capacity of patient sera to degrade NETs were investigated from blood samples of 12 GPA patients, 21 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 21 healthy donors (HD). We found that GPA patients had significantly increased levels of low-density granulocytes (LDGs) compared to HD, which displayed an activated and more immature phenotype. While the propensity of normal-density granulocytes to release NETs and the levels of circulating NETs were not significantly different from HD, patient sera from GPA patients degraded NETs less effectively, which weakly correlated with markers of disease activity. In conclusion, increased levels of immature and activated LDGs and altered degradation of circulating NETs may contribute to pathogenesis of GPA, potentially by providing a source of autoantigens that trigger or further enhance autoimmune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Lipka
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ Berlin)–a Leibniz Institute, Autoimmunology Group, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lennard Ostendorf
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ Berlin)–a Leibniz Institute, Autoimmunology Group, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine–Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and the Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology–Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and the Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Udo Schneider
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology–Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and the Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Hiepe
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ Berlin)–a Leibniz Institute, Autoimmunology Group, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology–Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and the Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Falko Apel
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Alexander
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ Berlin)–a Leibniz Institute, Autoimmunology Group, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology–Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and the Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Besedovsky HO, Del Rey A. To protect or to kill: A persisting Darwinian immune dilemma. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 103:205-214. [PMID: 35470014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system, which evolved as a protective system, can paradoxically mediate lethal effects when it is over-activated. These effects can be traced back to infected insects and are mainly mediated by phylogenetically old cytokines that have been found already in starfishes and sponges. We hypothesize that these anti-homeostatic effects are important for restricting the cumulative risk of transmission of highly mutating environmental pathogens that may endanger species, particularly when they start to originate and expand. Considering the Darwinian view that evolution is a permanent process, this anti-homeostatic program is preserved and expressed even when there is no risk for the species. Here, we review these aspects and discuss how evolutionary-imposed anti-homeostatic immune programs are expressed during acute and chronic human diseases, which can be further aggravated in the absence of medical interventions. The relevance of early identification of ancestral biomarkers that predict a shift from protective to deleterious immune outcomes is emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo O Besedovsky
- Research Group Immunophysiology, Division Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Adriana Del Rey
- Research Group Immunophysiology, Division Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nette F, Guerra de Souza AC, Laskay T, Ohms M, Dömer D, Drömann D, Rapoport DH. Method for simultaneous tracking of thousands of unlabeled cells within a transparent 3D matrix. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270456. [PMID: 35749549 PMCID: PMC9232129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional tracking of cells is one of the most powerful methods to investigate multicellular phenomena, such as ontogenesis, tumor formation or wound healing. However, 3D tracking in a biological environment usually requires fluorescent labeling of the cells and elaborate equipment, such as automated light sheet or confocal microscopy. Here we present a simple method for 3D tracking large numbers of unlabeled cells in a collagen matrix. Using a small lensless imaging setup, consisting of an LED and a photo sensor only, we were able to simultaneously track ~3000 human neutrophil granulocytes in a collagen droplet within an unusually large field of view (>50 mm2) at a time resolution of 4 seconds and a spatial resolution of ~1.5 μm in xy- and ~30 μm in z-direction. The setup, which is small enough to fit into any conventional incubator, was used to investigate chemotaxis towards interleukin-8 (IL-8 or CXCL8) and N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). The influence of varying stiffness and pore size of the embedding collagen matrix could also be quantified. Furthermore, we demonstrate our setup to be capable of telling apart healthy neutrophils from those where a condition of inflammation was (I) induced by exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and (II) caused by a pre-existing asthma condition. Over the course of our experiments we have tracked more than 420.000 cells. The large cell numbers increase statistical relevance to not only quantify cellular behavior in research, but to make it suitable for future diagnostic applications, too.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Falk Nette
- Fraunhofer Research and Development Center for Marine and Cellular Biotechnology, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Tamás Laskay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mareike Ohms
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Dömer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Daniel Drömann
- Medical Clinic III Pneumology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Daniel Hans Rapoport
- Institute for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang S, Moreau F, Chadee K. Gasdermins in Innate Host Defense Against Entamoeba histolytica and Other Protozoan Parasites. Front Immunol 2022; 13:900553. [PMID: 35795683 PMCID: PMC9251357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.900553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gasdermins (GSDMs) are a group of proteins that are cleaved by inflammatory caspases to induce pore formation in the plasma membrane to cause membrane permeabilization and lytic cell death or pyroptosis. All GSDMs share a conserved structure, containing a cytotoxic N-terminal (NT) pore-forming domain and a C-terminal (CT) repressor domain. Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) in contact with macrophages, triggers outside-in signaling to activate inflammatory caspase-4/1 via the noncanonical and canonical pathway to promote cleavage of gasdermin D (GSDMD). Cleavage of GSDMD removes the auto-inhibition that masks the active pore-forming NT domain in the full-length protein by interactions with GSDM-CT. The cleaved NT-GSDMD monomers then oligomerize to form pores in the plasma membrane to facilitate the release of IL-1β and IL-18 with a measured amount of pyroptosis. Pyroptosis is an effective way to counteract intracellular parasites, which exploit replicative niche to avoid killing. To date, most GSDMs have been verified to perform pore-forming activity and GSDMD-induced pyroptosis is rapidly emerging as a mechanism of anti-microbial host defence. Here, we review our comprehensive and current knowledge on the expression, activation, biological functions, and regulation of GSDMD cleavage with emphases on physiological scenario and related dysfunctions of each GSDM member as executioner of cell death, cytokine secretion and inflammation against Eh and other protozoan parasitic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Leishmania infantum Infection of Primary Human Myeloid Cells. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061243. [PMID: 35744760 PMCID: PMC9230042 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating phagocytic cells often serve as cellular targets for a large number of pathogens such as Leishmania parasites. Studying primary human cells in an infectious context requires lengthy procedures for cell isolation that may affect the analysis performed. Using whole blood and a no-lyse and no-wash flow cytometric assay (NoNo assay), we monitored the Leishmania infantum infection of primary human cells. We demonstrated, using fluorescent parasites, that among monocyte cell populations, L. infantum preferentially infects classical (CD14+CD16−) and intermediate (CD14+CD16+) primary human monocytes in whole blood. Because classical monocytes are the preponderant population, they represent the larger L. infantum reservoir. Moreover, we also found that, concomitantly to monocyte infection, a subset of PMNs is infected early in whole blood. Of interest, in whole blood, PMNs are less infected compared to classical monocytes. Overall, by using this NoNo assay, we provided a novel avenue in our understanding of host–leishmania interactions.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kumar R, Bhatia M, Pai K. Role of Chemokines in the Pathogenesis of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5441-5461. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220509171244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL; also known as kala-azar), caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani is characterized by the inability of the host to generate an effective immune response. The manifestations of the disease depends on involvement of various immune components such as activation of macrophages, cell mediated immunity, secretion of cytokines and chemokines, etc. Macrophages are the final host cells for Leishmania parasites to multiply, and they are the key to a controlled or aggravated response that leads to clinical symptoms. The two most common macrophage phenotypes are M1 and M2. The pro-inflammatory microenvironment (mainly by IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, and TNF-α cytokines) and tissue injury driven by classically activated macrophages (M1-like) and wound healing driven by alternatively activated macrophages (M2-like) in an anti-inflammatory environment (mainly by IL-10, TGF-β, chemokine ligand (CCL)1, CCL2, CCL17, CCL18, and CCL22). Moreover, on polarized Th cells, chemokine receptors are expressed differently. Typically, CXCR3 and CCR5 are preferentially expressed on polarized Th1 cells, whereas CCR3, CCR4 and CCR8 have been associated with the Th2 phenotype. Further, the ability of the host to produce a cell-mediated immune response capable of regulating and/or eliminating the parasite is critical in the fight against the disease. Here, we review the interactions between parasites and chemokines and chemokines receptors in the pathogenesis of VL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kalpana Pai
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
DeSouza-Vieira T. The metamorphosis of neutrophil transcriptional program during Leishmania infection. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12922. [PMID: 35437801 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of neutrophils in the course of Leishmania infection remains controversial, displaying tremendous variability depending on the species of parasite, stage of infection, host genetic background, and methodological discrepancies among studies. Although neutrophils have long been categorized as short-lived cells with limited capacity to express proteins de novo, recent advances have revealed significant plasticity in neutrophil transcriptional programs and intrapopulation heterogeneity, which can be regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors that together determine the profile of neutrophil effector response. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of neutrophil transcriptional plasticity, neutrotime, evidence of Leishmania-mediated alterations in neutrophil transcriptome leading to the rise of subpopulations, and finally, functional implications of those findings to the course of Leishmania infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago DeSouza-Vieira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular de Proteases, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Immune Responses in Leishmaniases: An Overview. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7040054. [PMID: 35448829 PMCID: PMC9029249 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic, widespread, and neglected disease that affects more than 90 countries in the world. More than 20 Leishmania species cause different forms of leishmaniasis that range in severity from cutaneous lesions to systemic infection. The diversity of leishmaniasis forms is due to the species of parasite, vector, environmental and social factors, genetic background, nutritional status, as well as immunocompetence of the host. Here, we discuss the role of the immune system, its molecules, and responses in the establishment, development, and outcome of Leishmaniasis, focusing on innate immune cells and Leishmania major interactions.
Collapse
|
14
|
Rodríguez-González J, Wilkins-Rodríguez AA, Gutiérrez-Kobeh L. Involvement of Akt and the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL in the inhibition of apoptosis of dendritic cells by Leishmania mexicana. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12917. [PMID: 35340042 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular parasite Leishmania mexicana inhibits camptothecin (CPT)-induced apoptosis of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC) through the down-regulation of p38 and JNK phosphorylation, while the kinase Akt is maintained active for 24 hours. In addition, the infection of moDC with L. mexicana promastigotes increases the protein presence of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL. In the present work we aimed to investigate the role of Akt in the inhibition of apoptosis of moDC by L. mexicana and in the modulation of the expression of the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and Bcl-xL. moDC were infected with L. mexicana metacyclic promastigotes and treated with CPT, an Akt inhibitor, or both and the MOMP and protein presence of active caspase 3, Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and Bcl-xL were evaluated. Our results show that the specific inhibition of Akt reverts the apoptosis protective effect exerted by L. mexicana on moDC reflected by a reduction in MOMP, caspase 3 activation, and upregulation of Bcl-xL. Interestingly, we also found that the infection of moDC with L. mexicana promastigotes induces a decrease in Bcl-2 along with an isoform change of Mcl-1, this independently to Akt activity. We demonstrated that Akt is deeply involved in the inhibition of apoptosis of moDC by L. mexicana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodríguez-González
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, México.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Posgrado, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Arturo A Wilkins-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, México
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sanz CR, Miró G, Sevane N, Reyes-Palomares A, Dunner S. Modulation of Host Immune Response during Leishmania infantum Natural Infection: A Whole-Transcriptome Analysis of the Popliteal Lymph Nodes in Dogs. Front Immunol 2022; 12:794627. [PMID: 35058931 PMCID: PMC8763708 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.794627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum, the etiological agent of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) in Europe, was responsible of the largest outbreak of human leishmaniosis in Spain. The parasite infects and survives within myeloid lineage cells, causing a potentially fatal disease if left untreated. The only treatment option relies on chemotherapy, although immunotherapy strategies are being considered as novel approaches to prevent progression of the disease. To this aim, a deeper characterization of the molecular mechanisms behind the immunopathogenesis of leishmaniosis is necessary. Thus, we evaluated, for the first time, the host immune response during L. infantum infection through transcriptome sequencing of the popliteal lymph nodes aspirates of dogs with CanL. Differential expression and weighted gene co-expression network analyses were performed, resulting in the identification of 5,461 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and four key modules in sick dogs, compared to controls. As expected, defense response was the highest enriched biological process in the DEGs, with six genes related to immune response against pathogens (CHI3L1, SLPI, ACOD1, CCL5, MPO, BPI) included among the ten most expressed genes; and two of the key co-expression modules were associated with regulation of immune response, which also positively correlated with clinical stage and blood monocyte concentration. In particular, sick dogs displayed significant changes in the expression of Th1, Th2, Th17 and Tr1 cytokines (e. g. TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-21, IL-17, IL-15), markers of T cell and NK cell exhaustion (e. g. LAG3, CD244, Blimp-1, JUN), and B cell, monocyte and macrophage disrupted functionality (e. g. CD40LG, MAPK4, IL-1R, NLRP3, BCMA). In addition, we found an overexpression of XBP1 and some other genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress and the IRE1 branch of the unfolded protein response, as well as one co-expression module associated with these processes, which could be induced by L. infantum to prevent host cell apoptosis and modulate inflammation-induced lymphangiogenesis at lymph nodes. Moreover, 21 lncRNAs were differentially expressed in sick dogs, and one key co-expression module was associated with chromatin organization, suggesting that epigenetic mechanisms could also contribute to dampening host immune response during natural L. infantum infection in the lymph nodes of dogs suffering from clinical leishmaniosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina R Sanz
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Sevane
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Armando Reyes-Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Dunner
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Leishmania Promastigotes Enhance Neutrophil Recruitment through the Production of CXCL8 by Endothelial Cells. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111380. [PMID: 34832536 PMCID: PMC8623338 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells represent one of the first cell types encountered by Leishmania promastigotes when inoculated into the skin of the human hosts by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. However, little is known on their role in the early recruitment of phagocytic cells and in the establishment of the infection. Initially, neutrophils, rapidly recruited to the site of promastigotes deposition, phagocytize Leishmania promastigotes, which elude the killing mechanisms of the host cells, survive, and infect other phagocytic cells. Here, we show that Leishmania promastigotes co-incubated with HMEC-1, a microvascular endothelial cell line, exhibited significant morphological changes and loss of infectivity. Moreover, promastigotes of different Leishmania species stimulated the production of CXCL8 by HMEC-1 in a dose- and TLR4-dependent manner. Interestingly, we observed that the conditioned media from Leishmania-stimulated HMEC-1 cells attracted leukocytes, mostly neutrophils, after 2 h of incubation. After 24 h, a higher percentage of monocytes was detected in conditioned media of unstimulated HMEC-1 cells, whereas neutrophils still predominated in conditioned medium from Leishmania-stimulated cells. The same supernatants did not contain CCL5, a chemokine recruiting T cells and monocytes. On the contrary, inhibition of the production of CCL5 induced by TNF-α was seen. These data indicate that the interaction of Leishmania promastigotes with endothelial cells leads to the production of chemokines and the recruitment of neutrophils, which contribute to the establishment of Leishmania infection.
Collapse
|
17
|
Bosurgi L, Rothlin CV. Management of cell death in parasitic infections. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:481-492. [PMID: 34279684 PMCID: PMC8443503 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00875-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For a long time, host cell death during parasitic infection has been considered a reflection of tissue damage, and often associated with disease pathogenesis. However, during their evolution, protozoan and helminth parasites have developed strategies to interfere with cell death so as to spread and survive in the infected host, thereby ascribing a more intriguing role to infection-associated cell death. In this review, we examine the mechanisms used by intracellular and extracellular parasites to respectively inhibit or trigger programmed cell death. We further dissect the role of the prototypical “eat-me signal” phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) which, by being exposed on the cell surface of damaged host cells as well as on some viable parasites via a process of apoptotic mimicry, leads to their recognition and up-take by the neighboring phagocytes. Although barely dissected so far, the engagement of different PtdSer receptors on macrophages, by shaping the host immune response, affects the overall infection outcome in models of both protozoan and helminth infections. In this scenario, further understanding of the molecular and cellular regulation of the PtdSer exposing cell-macrophage interaction might allow the identification of new therapeutic targets for the management of parasitic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Bosurgi
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany. .,Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Strasse 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lima TS, Mallya S, Jankeel A, Messaoudi I, Lodoen MB. Toxoplasma gondii Extends the Life Span of Infected Human Neutrophils by Inducing Cytosolic PCNA and Blocking Activation of Apoptotic Caspases. mBio 2021; 12:e02031-20. [PMID: 33500339 PMCID: PMC7858050 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02031-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite that has the remarkable ability to infect and replicate in neutrophils, immune cells with an arsenal of antimicrobial effector mechanisms. We report that T. gondii infection extends the life span of primary human peripheral blood neutrophils by delaying spontaneous apoptosis, serum starvation-induced apoptosis, and tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α)-mediated apoptosis. T. gondii blockade of apoptosis was associated with an inhibition of processing and activation of the apoptotic caspases caspase-8 and -3, decreased phosphatidylserine exposure on the plasma membrane, and reduced cell death. We performed a global transcriptome analysis of T. gondii-infected peripheral blood neutrophils using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and identified gene expression changes associated with DNA replication and DNA repair pathways, which in mature neutrophils are indicative of changes in regulators of cell survival. Consistent with the RNA-Seq data, T. gondii infection upregulated transcript and protein expression of PCNA, which is found in the cytosol of human neutrophils, where it functions as a key inhibitor of apoptotic pro-caspases. Infection of neutrophils resulted in increased interaction of PCNA with pro-caspase-3. Inhibition of this interaction with an AlkB homologue 2 PCNA-interacting motif (APIM) peptide reversed the infection-induced delay in cell death. Taken together, these findings indicate a novel strategy by which T. gondii manipulates cell life span in primary human neutrophils, which may allow the parasite to maintain an intracellular replicative niche and avoid immune clearance.IMPORTANCEToxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can cause life-threatening disease in immunocompromised individuals and in the developing fetus. Interestingly, T. gondii has evolved strategies to successfully manipulate the host immune system to establish a productive infection and evade host defense mechanisms. Although it is well documented that neutrophils are mobilized during acute T. gondii infection and infiltrate the site of infection, these cells can also be actively infected by T. gondii and serve as a replicative niche for the parasite. However, there is a limited understanding of the molecular processes occurring within T. gondii-infected neutrophils. This study reveals that T. gondii extends the life span of human neutrophils by inducing the expression of PCNA, which prevents activation of apoptotic caspases, thus delaying apoptosis. This strategy may allow the parasite to preserve its replicative intracellular niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane S Lima
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sharmila Mallya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Allen Jankeel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Melissa B Lodoen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Solano-Gálvez SG, Álvarez-Hernández DA, Gutiérrez-Kobeh L, Vázquez-López R. Leishmania: manipulation of signaling pathways to inhibit host cell apoptosis. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2021; 8:20499361211014977. [PMID: 34104433 PMCID: PMC8165860 DOI: 10.1177/20499361211014977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of homeostasis in living systems requires the elimination of unwanted cells which is performed, among other mechanisms, by type I cell death or apoptosis. This type of programmed cell death involves several morphological changes such as cytoplasm shrinkage, chromatin condensation (pyknosis), nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), and plasma membrane blebbing that culminate with the formation of apoptotic bodies. In addition to the maintenance of homeostasis, apoptosis also represents an important defense mechanism for cells against intracellular microorganisms. In counterpart, diverse intracellular pathogens have developed a wide array of strategies to evade apoptosis and persist inside cells. These strategies include the manipulation of signaling pathways involved in the inhibition of apoptosis where mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) play a key role. Leishmania is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes a wide spectrum of diseases known as leishmaniasis. This parasite displays different strategies, including apoptosis inhibition, to down-regulate host cell defense mechanisms in order to perpetuate infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra-Georgina Solano-Gálvez
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diego-Abelardo Álvarez-Hernández
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, CICSA Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucán Estado de México, México
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Bloomsbury, London, UK
| | - Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosalino Vázquez-López
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Av. Universidad Anáhuac 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucán Estado de México, Naucalpan, 52786, México
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kupani M, Pandey RK, Mehrotra S. Neutrophils and Visceral Leishmaniasis: Impact on innate immune response and cross-talks with macrophages and dendritic cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2255-2267. [PMID: 33345353 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils with their array of microbicidal activities are the first innate immune cells to guard against infection. They are also most crucial for the host's initial defense against Leishmania parasites which cause clinically diverse diseases ranging from self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) to a more severe visceral form, visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Neutrophils are recruited in large numbers at the infection site after bite of sandfly, which is the vector for the disease. The initial interaction of neutrophils with the parasites may modulate the subsequent innate and adaptive immune responses and hence affect the disease outcome. The purpose of this review is to comprehensively appraise the role of neutrophils during the early stages of Leishmania infection with a focus on the visceral form of the disease. In the past decade, new insights regarding the role of neutrophils in VL have surfaced which have been extensively elaborated in the present review. In addition, since much of the information regarding neutrophil-Leishmania early interaction has accumulated through studies on mouse models of CL, these studies are also revisited. We begin by reviewing the factors which drive the recruitment of neutrophils at the site of injection by the sandfly. We then discuss the studies delineating the molecular mechanisms involved in the uptake of the Leishmania parasite by neutrophils and how the parasite subverts their microbicidal functions. In the end, the interaction of infected neutrophils with macrophages and dendritic cells is summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manu Kupani
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rajeev K Pandey
- Research & Development, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjana Mehrotra
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bogdan C. Macrophages as host, effector and immunoregulatory cells in leishmaniasis: Impact of tissue micro-environment and metabolism. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100041. [PMID: 33604563 PMCID: PMC7885870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania are protozoan parasites that predominantly reside in myeloid cells within their mammalian hosts. Monocytes and macrophages play a central role in the pathogenesis of all forms of leishmaniasis, including cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. The present review will highlight the diverse roles of macrophages in leishmaniasis as initial replicative niche, antimicrobial effectors, immunoregulators and as safe hideaway for parasites persisting after clinical cure. These multiplex activities are either ascribed to defined subpopulations of macrophages (e.g., Ly6ChighCCR2+ inflammatory monocytes/monocyte-derived dendritic cells) or result from different activation statuses of tissue macrophages (e.g., macrophages carrying markers of of classical [M1] or alternative activation [M2]). The latter are shaped by immune- and stromal cell-derived cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β), micro milieu factors (e.g., hypoxia, tonicity, amino acid availability), host cell-derived enzymes, secretory products and metabolites (e.g., heme oxygenase-1, arginase 1, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, NOS2/NO, NOX2/ROS, lipids) as well as by parasite products (e.g., leishmanolysin/gp63, lipophosphoglycan). Exciting avenues of current research address the transcriptional, epigenetic and translational reprogramming of macrophages in a Leishmania species- and tissue context-dependent manner.
Collapse
Key Words
- (L)CL, (localized) cutaneous leishmaniasis
- AHR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- AMP, antimicrobial peptide
- Arg, arginase
- Arginase
- CAMP, cathelicidin-type antimicrobial peptide
- CR, complement receptor
- DC, dendritic cells
- DCL, diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis
- HO-1, heme oxygenase 1
- Hypoxia
- IDO, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase
- IFN, interferon
- IFNAR, type I IFN (IFN-α/β) receptor
- IL, interleukin
- Interferon-α/β
- Interferon-γ
- JAK, Janus kinase
- LPG, lipophosphoglycan
- LRV1, Leishmania RNA virus 1
- Leishmaniasis
- Macrophages
- Metabolism
- NCX1, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 1
- NFAT5, nuclear factor of activated T cells 5
- NK cell, natural killer cell
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOS2 (iNOS), type 2 (or inducible) nitric oxide synthase
- NOX2, NADPH oxidase 2 (gp91 or cytochrome b558 β-subunit of Phox)
- Nitric oxide
- OXPHOS, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
- PKDL, post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis
- Phagocyte NADPH oxidase
- Phox, phagocyte NADPH oxidase
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOCS, suppressor of cytokine signaling
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- Th1 (Th2), type 1 (type2) T helper cell
- Tonicity
- VL, visceral leishmaniasis
- mTOR, mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bouchery T, Moyat M, Sotillo J, Silverstein S, Volpe B, Coakley G, Tsourouktsoglou TD, Becker L, Shah K, Kulagin M, Guiet R, Camberis M, Schmidt A, Seitz A, Giacomin P, Le Gros G, Papayannopoulos V, Loukas A, Harris NL. Hookworms Evade Host Immunity by Secreting a Deoxyribonuclease to Degrade Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:277-289.e6. [PMID: 32053791 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hookworms cause a major neglected tropical disease, occurring after larvae penetrate the host skin. Neutrophils are phagocytes that kill large pathogens by releasing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), but whether they target hookworms during skin infection is unknown. Using a murine hookworm, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, we observed neutrophils being rapidly recruited and deploying NETs around skin-penetrating larvae. Neutrophils depletion or NET inhibition altered larvae behavior and enhanced the number of adult worms following murine infection. Nevertheless, larvae were able to mitigate the effect of NETs by secreting a deoxyribonuclease (Nb-DNase II) to degrade the DNA backbone. Critically, neutrophils were able to kill larvae in vitro, which was enhanced by neutralizing Nb-DNase II. Homologs of Nb-DNase II are present in other nematodes, including the human hookworm, Necator americanus, which also evaded NETs in vitro. These findings highlight the importance of neutrophils in hookworm infection and a potential conserved mechanism of immune evasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Bouchery
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, SV, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Mati Moyat
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, SV, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4814, Australia; Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid 28222, Spain
| | - Solomon Silverstein
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Beatrice Volpe
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, SV, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Gillian Coakley
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | | | - Luke Becker
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4814, Australia
| | - Kathleen Shah
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, SV, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Manuel Kulagin
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, SV, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Romain Guiet
- Bioimaging and Optics Core Facility, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Mali Camberis
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Alfonso Schmidt
- Hugh Green Cytometry Centre, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Arne Seitz
- Bioimaging and Optics Core Facility, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Paul Giacomin
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4814, Australia
| | - Graham Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | | | - Alex Loukas
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4814, Australia
| | - Nicola L Harris
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tsourouktsoglou TD, Warnatsch A, Ioannou M, Hoving D, Wang Q, Papayannopoulos V. Histones, DNA, and Citrullination Promote Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Inflammation by Regulating the Localization and Activation of TLR4. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
|
24
|
Ohms M, Möller S, Laskay T. An Attempt to Polarize Human Neutrophils Toward N1 and N2 Phenotypes in vitro. Front Immunol 2020; 11:532. [PMID: 32411122 PMCID: PMC7198726 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils act as the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Although traditionally considered in context of their antimicrobial effector functions, the importance of tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) in the development of cancer has become increasingly clear during the last decade. With regard to their high plasticity, neutrophils were shown to acquire an anti-tumorigenic N1 or a pro-tumorigenic N2 phenotype. Despite the urgent need to get a comprehensive understanding of the interaction of TANs with their tumor microenvironment, most studies still rely on murine tumor models. Here we present for the first time a polarization attempt to generate N1 and N2 neutrophils from primary human neutrophils in vitro. Our results underscore that N1-polarized neutrophils have a pro-inflammatory phenotype characterized among others by a higher level of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and high secretion of interferon (IFN)γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10)/C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Further, we demonstrate that neutrophils incubated under a tumor-mimicking in vitro environment show a high cell surface expression of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) and secrete high levels of interleukin (IL)-8. These findings suggest that it is feasible to polarize blood-derived primary human neutrophils toward N1- and N2-like phenotypes in vitro. Further, we hypothesized that the presence of anti-inflammatory neutrophil phenotype is not a phenomenon limited to cancer but also occurs when neutrophils are infected with intracellular pathogens. Indeed, our findings indicate that N2-polarized neutrophils exert a markedly decreased capacity to kill the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani and therefore permit parasite persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Ohms
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sonja Möller
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tamás Laskay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Role of Host and Parasite MIF Cytokines during Leishmania Infection. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5010046. [PMID: 32244916 PMCID: PMC7157535 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an immunoregulatory cytokine that has been extensively characterized in human disease and in mouse models. Its pro-inflammatory functions in mammals includes the retention of tissue macrophages and a unique ability to counteract the immunosuppressive activity of glucocorticoids. MIF also acts as a survival factor by preventing activation-induced apoptosis and by promoting sustained expression of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and nitric oxide. The pro-inflammatory activity of MIF has been shown to be protective against Leishmania major infection in mouse models of cutaneous disease, however the precise role of this cytokine in human infections is less clear. Moreover, various species of Leishmania produce their own MIF orthologs, and there is evidence that these may drive an inflammatory environment that is detrimental to the host response. Herein the immune response to Leishmania in mouse models and humans will be reviewed, and the properties and activities of mammalian and Leishmania MIF will be integrated into the current understandings in this field. Furthermore, the prospect of targeting Leishmania MIF for therapeutic purposes will be discussed.
Collapse
|
26
|
Toepp AJ, Petersen CA. The balancing act: Immunology of leishmaniosis. Res Vet Sci 2020; 130:19-25. [PMID: 32109759 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune control of Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of most canine leishmaniosis (CanL), requires a balancing act between inflammatory and regulatory responses. This balance is specifically between the proinflammatory T helper 1 type (Th1) CD4+ T cells that are responsible for controlling parasite replication and T regulatory 1 cells which mediate an immunosuppressive, regulatory, response needed to dampen overabundant inflammation but if predominant, result in CanL progression. How this delicate immune cell interaction occurs in the dog will be highlighted in this review, focusing on the progressive changes observed within myeloid lineage cells (predominantly macrophages), B cells and T cells. After exposure to parasites, macrophages should become activated, eliminating L. infantum through release of reactive oxygen species. Unfortunately, multiple parasite and host factors can prevent macrophage activation allowing parasites to persist within them. T cells balance between a productive TH1 type CD4+ response capable of producing IFN-γ which aids macrophage activation versus T cell exhaustion which reduces T cell proliferation, IFN-γ production and allows parasite expansion within macrophages. Neutrophils and Th17 cells add to the inflammatory state, aiding in parasite removal, but also leading to pathology. A regulatory B cell population increases IL-10 production and down regulates the TH1 response allowing parasite growth. All of these immune challenges affect the balance between progression to clinical disease and maintaining sub-clinical disease. Vaccines and immunotherapies targeted at recovering or maintaining T and B cell function can be important factors in mending the immune balance required to survive CanL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Toepp
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA 52241, USA
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, IA 52241, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Phosphatidylserine-exposing blood cells, microparticles and neutrophil extracellular traps increase procoagulant activity in patients with pancreatic cancer. Thromb Res 2020; 188:5-16. [PMID: 32032826 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Patients with pancreatic cancer (PC) are at increased risk of venous thrombosis, but the precise mechanisms of hypercoagulable state in PC remain unclear. We aimed to identify how phosphatidylserine positive (PS+) blood cells (BCs), PS+ microparticles (MPs) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) regulate procoagulant activity (PCA) in PC, and to assess the relationship between PCA and PC staging. A total of 83 PC patients with different stages of disease were compared to 30 healthy controls, with confocal microscopy and flow cytometry used to assess MP and cellular PS exposure. MP and cell PCA was determined using both fibrin production assays and procoagulant enzyme complex analyses, and coagulation time was further measured. Patients with stage I PC and healthy controls exhibited significantly lower frequencies of PS+ MPs and BCs relative to those with more advanced disease, which may partly due to the increased levels of inflammation cytokines in advanced disease. Functional coagulation assays indicated that PS+ MPs and BCs derived from patients with stage II/III/IV PC directly contribute to elevated FXa, thrombin, and fibrin formation, and to more rapid coagulation relative to healthy control samples. In inhibition assays, lactadherin, which antagonizes PS, led to a roughly 80% inhibition of PCA. We further used isolated NETs to stimulate endothelial cells, revealing that this led to morphological changes including retraction from cell-cell junctions and a more pro-coagulative phenotype, with DNase I and activated protein C treatment reversing these changes. In patients with stage III PC, curative resection surgery significantly reduced PCA, whereas non-curative surgery did not have a marked impact based on studies of pre- and post-operative samples. These results highlight the pathogenic activity of PS+ cells, MPs, and NETs in promoting a prothrombotic environment within individuals suffering from advanced PC. Targeting PS and NETs in these patients may thus be a viable means of preventing pathological thrombosis.
Collapse
|
28
|
Conceição-Silva F, Morgado FN. Leishmania Spp-Host Interaction: There Is Always an Onset, but Is There an End? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:330. [PMID: 31608245 PMCID: PMC6761226 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
For a long time Leishmaniasis had been considered as a neglected tropical disease. Recently, it has become a priority in public health all over the world for different aspects such as geographic spread, number of population living at risk of infection as well as the potential lethality and/or the development of disfiguring lesions in the, respectively, visceral and tegumentary forms of the disease. As a result, several groups have been bending over this issue and many valuable data have been published. Nevertheless, parasite-host interactions are still not fully known and, consequently, we do not entirely understand the infection dynamics and parasite persistence. This knowledge may point targets for modulation or blockage, being very useful in the development of measures to interfere in the course of infection/ disease and to minimize the risks and morbidity. In the present review we will discuss some aspects of the Leishmania spp-mammalian host interaction in the onset of infection and after the clinical cure of the lesions. We will also examine the information already available concerning the parasite strategy to evade immune response mainly at the beginning of the infection, as well as during the parasite persistence. This knowledge can improve the conditions of treatment, follow-up and cure control of patients, minimizing the potential damages this protozoosis can cause to infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Conceição-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda N Morgado
- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Oikonomidis IL, Tsouloufi TK, Mylonakis ME, Psalla D, Soubasis N, Rallis T, Kritsepi-Konstantinou M. Circulating and bone marrow myeloid cells containing Leishmania amastigotes in a case of advanced canine leishmaniosis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:726-731. [PMID: 31272298 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719862599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-y-old male Poodle mix was presented with intermittent vomiting, anorexia, and weight loss. Physical examination revealed emaciation, lethargy, dehydration, hypothermia, respiratory distress, and splenomegaly. Based on clinicopathologic, serologic, and parasitologic findings, diagnoses of severe leishmaniosis and dirofilariasis were made. Extracellular, intraneutrophilic, and intramonocytic Leishmania amastigotes were observed on blood smear and buffy coat smear examination. In blood smears, 0.2% of neutrophils were observed to be infected; in buffy coat smears, 0.5% of neutrophils and 0.1% of monocytes were found to be infected. Leishmania amastigotes were also found engulfed by eosinophils and neutrophil precursors in bone marrow aspiration cytology. The detection of Leishmania amastigotes in blood smears is rare, and the clinical significance is uncertain. In circulating blood, Leishmania amastigotes are primarily found phagocytized by neutrophils. Although debatable, there is growing evidence that neutrophils are used as carriers enabling the "silent entry" of the protozoa into macrophages ("Trojan horse" theory). To date, cytologic screening of blood smears for the diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis is not a routine practice. Clinical pathologists and practitioners should be aware that Leishmania amastigotes may be present in neutrophils and less frequently monocytes during blood smear evaluation; neutrophil precursors and eosinophils may also be parasitized in bone marrow specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis L Oikonomidis
- Diagnostic Laboratory (Oikonomidis, Tsouloufi, Kritsepi-Konstantinou), Clinic of Companion Animal Medicine (Mylonakis, Soubasis, Rallis).,Laboratory of Pathology (Psalla), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodora K Tsouloufi
- Diagnostic Laboratory (Oikonomidis, Tsouloufi, Kritsepi-Konstantinou), Clinic of Companion Animal Medicine (Mylonakis, Soubasis, Rallis).,Laboratory of Pathology (Psalla), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mathios E Mylonakis
- Diagnostic Laboratory (Oikonomidis, Tsouloufi, Kritsepi-Konstantinou), Clinic of Companion Animal Medicine (Mylonakis, Soubasis, Rallis).,Laboratory of Pathology (Psalla), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Psalla
- Diagnostic Laboratory (Oikonomidis, Tsouloufi, Kritsepi-Konstantinou), Clinic of Companion Animal Medicine (Mylonakis, Soubasis, Rallis).,Laboratory of Pathology (Psalla), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nectarios Soubasis
- Diagnostic Laboratory (Oikonomidis, Tsouloufi, Kritsepi-Konstantinou), Clinic of Companion Animal Medicine (Mylonakis, Soubasis, Rallis).,Laboratory of Pathology (Psalla), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Timoleon Rallis
- Diagnostic Laboratory (Oikonomidis, Tsouloufi, Kritsepi-Konstantinou), Clinic of Companion Animal Medicine (Mylonakis, Soubasis, Rallis).,Laboratory of Pathology (Psalla), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Kritsepi-Konstantinou
- Diagnostic Laboratory (Oikonomidis, Tsouloufi, Kritsepi-Konstantinou), Clinic of Companion Animal Medicine (Mylonakis, Soubasis, Rallis).,Laboratory of Pathology (Psalla), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Soultawi C, Fortier Y, Soundaramourty C, Estaquier J, Laforge M. Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Dynamics During Infection. EXPERIENTIA. SUPPLEMENTUM 2019; 109:221-233. [PMID: 30535601 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74932-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microbes have developed a series of strategies to overcome the defense mechanisms of the infected host. During pathogen-host coevolution, they develop strategy to manipulate cellular machinery particularly in subverting mitochondrion function. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that constantly remodel their structure. In particular, shaping and cellular distribution of the mitochondrial network is maintained in large part by the conserved activities of mitochondrial division, fusion, motility, and tethering. Mitochondria have been long recognized for their role in providing energy production, calcium metabolism, and apoptosis. More recently, mitochondria have been also shown to serve as a platform for innate immune response. In this context, mitochondrial dynamics and shaping is not only essential to maintain cristae structure and bioenergetic to fuel cellular demands but contribute to regulate cellular function such as innate immune response and mitochondrial permeabilization. Due to their key role in cell survival, mitochondria represent attractive targets for pathogens. Therefore, microbes by manipulating mitochondrial dynamics may escape to host cellular control. Herein, we describe how mitochondrial bioenergetics, dynamics, and shaping are impacted during microbe infections and how this interplay benefits to pathogens contributing to the diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Soultawi
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Yasmina Fortier
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France. .,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - Mireille Laforge
- CNRS FR3636, Faculty of Medecine des Saint-Pères, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Oualha R, Barhoumi M, Marzouki S, Harigua-Souiai E, Ben Ahmed M, Guizani I. Infection of Human Neutrophils With Leishmania infantum or Leishmania major Strains Triggers Activation and Differential Cytokines Release. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:153. [PMID: 31134162 PMCID: PMC6524560 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are neglected diseases, caused by intracellular protozoan parasites of the Leishmania (L.) genus. Although the principal host cells of the parasites are macrophages, neutrophils are the first cells rapidly recruited to the site of parasites inoculation, where they play an important role in the early recognition and elimination of the parasites. The nature of early interactions between neutrophils and Leishmania could influence the outcome of infection. Herein we aimed to evaluate whether different Leishmania strains, responsible for distinct clinical manifestations, could influence ex vivo functional activity of neutrophils. Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were isolated from 14 healthy volunteers and the ex vivo infection of these cells was done with two L. infantum and one L. major strains. Infection parameters were determined and neutrophils activation was assessed by oxidative burst, degranulation, DNA release and apoptosis; cytokine production was measured by a multiplex flow cytometry analysis. Intracellular amastigotes were rescued to determine Leishmania strains survival. The results showed that L. infantum and L. major promastigotes similarly infected the neutrophils. Oxidative burst, neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase activity and apoptosis were significantly increased in infected neutrophils but with no differences between strains. The L. infantum-infected neutrophils induced more DNA release than those infected by L. major. Furthermore, Leishmania strains induced high amounts of IL-8 and stimulated the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β by human neutrophils. We observed that only one strain promoted IL-6 release by these neutrophils. The production of TNF-α was also differently induced by the parasites strains. All these results demonstrate that L. infantum and L. major strains were able to induce globally a similar ex vivo activation and apoptosis of neutrophils; however, they differentially triggered cytokines release from these cells. In addition, rescue of intracellular parasites indicated different survival rates further emphasizing on the influence of parasite strains within a species on the fate of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafeh Oualha
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology - LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mourad Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology - LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Marzouki
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections - LR16IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Emna Harigua-Souiai
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology - LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Melika Ben Ahmed
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections - LR16IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ikram Guizani
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology - LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yam AO, Chtanova T. Imaging the neutrophil: Intravital microscopy provides a dynamic view of neutrophil functions in host immunity. Cell Immunol 2019; 350:103898. [PMID: 30712753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first cellular responders of the immune system. They employ their impressive arsenal of microbicidal molecules to provide rapid and efficient defense against pathogens. However, the role of neutrophils extends far beyond microbial destruction to include tissue repair and remodeling, provision of signals to the adaptive immune system and body homeostasis. Intravital imaging has allowed the visualization of neutrophils in their native environment in both health and disease and provided crucial insights into their mechanisms of action. In the last few years the power of intravital imaging has been considerably extended by the introduction of photoconvertible proteins and intracellular signaling reporter mice. This review will highlight recent advances in our understanding of neutrophil biology based on the use of intravital microscopy to visualize their modus operandi in vivo including migration in and out of inflamed tissues, host-pathogen interactions and cell fate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O Yam
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tatyana Chtanova
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Neutrophil activation is an important mechanism of host defense against pathogens. Chronic inflammation and autoimmunity are often associated with abnormalities in phenotype and functions of neutrophils. Since effector functions of immune cells during inflammation are tightly linked to their metabolic state, changes in neutrophil metabolome upon activation have been investigated in this study. Human neutrophils from healthy blood donors (n = 6) were treated either with tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), whereas untreated neutrophils were used as control. Since apoptotic cells are abundant at sites of inflammation, the metabolome of aged, mainly apoptotic neutrophils was analyzed too. NMR spectroscopy of water-soluble metabolites revealed a clear distinction between aged neutrophils and neutrophils in control and activated samples. Higher levels of NAD+ (4- to 9-fold) and lower levels of ATP (0.3-fold), glutathione (0.8-fold), hypotaurine (0.8-fold), and phosphocholine (0.6-fold) were detected in aged neutrophils than in the other samples. Differences in metabolic profiles between LPS and TNF-α-stimulated cells as well as between stimulated and control neutrophils were statistically not significant. Replication with additional six blood donors confirmed increased NAD+ levels in aged cells compared to activated and control neutrophils.
Collapse
|
34
|
Thunström Salzer A, Niemiec MJ, Hosseinzadeh A, Stylianou M, Åström F, Röhm M, Ahlm C, Wahlin A, Ermert D, Urban CF. Assessment of Neutrophil Chemotaxis Upon G-CSF Treatment of Healthy Stem Cell Donors and in Allogeneic Transplant Recipients. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1968. [PMID: 30254629 PMCID: PMC6141688 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are crucial for the human innate immunity and constitute the majority of leukocytes in circulation. Thus, blood neutrophil counts serve as a measure for the immune system's functionality. Hematological patients often have low neutrophil counts due to disease or chemotherapy. To increase neutrophil counts and thereby preventing infections in high-risk patients, recombinant G-CSF is widely used as adjunct therapy to stimulate the maturation of neutrophils. In addition, G-CSF is utilized to recruit stem cells (SCs) into the peripheral blood of SC donors. Still, the actual functionality of neutrophils resulting from G-CSF treatment remains insufficiently understood. We tested the ex vivo functionality of neutrophils isolated from blood of G-CSF-treated healthy SC donors. We quantified chemotaxis, oxidative burst, and phagocytosis before and after treatment and detected significantly reduced chemotactic activity upon G-CSF treatment. Similarly, in vitro treatment of previously untreated neutrophils with G-CSF led to reduced chemotactic activity. In addition, we revealed that this effect persists in the allogeneic SC recipients up to 4 weeks after neutrophil engraftment. Our data indicates that neutrophil quantity, as a sole measure of immunocompetence in high-risk patients should be considered cautiously as neutrophil functionality might be affected by the primary treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Thunström Salzer
- Department of Radiation Sciences, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology & Laboratory of Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria J Niemiec
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Laboratory of Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ava Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Laboratory of Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marios Stylianou
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Laboratory of Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Åström
- Department of Radiation Sciences, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marc Röhm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Laboratory of Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Laboratory of Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Wahlin
- Department of Radiation Sciences, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden
| | - David Ermert
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Laboratory of Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Constantin F Urban
- Department of Clinical Microbiology & Laboratory of Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Solano-Gálvez SG, Abadi-Chiriti J, Gutiérrez-Velez L, Rodríguez-Puente E, Konstat-Korzenny E, Álvarez-Hernández DA, Franyuti-Kelly G, Gutiérrez-Kobeh L, Vázquez-López R. Apoptosis: Activation and Inhibition in Health and Disease. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:E54. [PMID: 29973578 PMCID: PMC6163961 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many types of cell death, each involving multiple and complex molecular events. Cell death can occur accidentally when exposed to extreme physical, chemical, or mechanical conditions, or it can also be regulated, which involves a genetically coded complex machinery to carry out the process. Apoptosis is an example of the latter. Apoptotic cell death can be triggered through different intracellular signalling pathways that lead to morphological changes and eventually cell death. This is a normal and biological process carried out during maturation, remodelling, growth, and development in tissues. To maintain tissue homeostasis, regulatory, and inhibitory mechanisms must control apoptosis. Paradoxically, these same pathways are utilized during infection by distinct intracellular microorganisms to evade recognition by the immune system and therefore survive, reproduce and develop. In cancer, neoplastic cells inhibit apoptosis, thus allowing their survival and increasing their capability to invade different tissues and organs. The purpose of this work is to review the generalities of the molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways involved in apoptosis induction and inhibition. Additionally, we compile the current evidence of apoptosis modulation during cancer and Leishmania infection as a model of apoptosis regulation by an intracellular microorganism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Georgina Solano-Gálvez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - Jack Abadi-Chiriti
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucán Estado de México 52786, México.
| | - Luis Gutiérrez-Velez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucán Estado de México 52786, México.
| | - Eduardo Rodríguez-Puente
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucán Estado de México 52786, México.
| | - Enrique Konstat-Korzenny
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucán Estado de México 52786, México.
| | - Diego-Abelardo Álvarez-Hernández
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucán Estado de México 52786, México.
| | - Giorgio Franyuti-Kelly
- Medical IMPACT, Infectious Disease Department, Mexico City 53900, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico.
| | - Rosalino Vázquez-López
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucán Estado de México 52786, México.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Martínez-López M, Soto M, Iborra S, Sancho D. Leishmania Hijacks Myeloid Cells for Immune Escape. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:883. [PMID: 29867798 PMCID: PMC5949370 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, a group of neglected tropical diseases whose clinical manifestations vary depending on the infectious Leishmania species but also on host factors. Recognition of the parasite by host myeloid immune cells is a key to trigger an effective Leishmania-specific immunity. However, the parasite is able to persist in host myeloid cells by evading, delaying and manipulating host immunity in order to escape host resistance and ensure its transmission. Neutrophils are first in infiltrating infection sites and could act either favoring or protecting against infection, depending on factors such as the genetic background of the host or the parasite species. Macrophages are the main host cells where the parasites grow and divide. However, macrophages are also the main effector population involved in parasite clearance. Parasite elimination by macrophages requires the priming and development of an effector Th1 adaptive immunity driven by specific subtypes of dendritic cells. Herein, we will provide a comprehensive outline of how myeloid cells regulate innate and adaptive immunity against Leishmania, and the mechanisms used by the parasites to promote their evasion and sabotage. Understanding the interactions between Leishmania and the host myeloid cells may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches and improved vaccination to leishmaniases, an important worldwide health problem in which current therapeutic or preventive approaches are limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Martínez-López
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Carlos III", Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Soto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Iborra
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Carlos III", Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sancho
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Carlos III", Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hashemi N, Sharifi M, Masjedi M, Tolouei S, Hashemi M, Mortazavidehkordi N, Mohaghegh MA, Hashemi C, Hejazi SH. Locked nucleic acid -anti- let-7a induces apoptosis and necrosis in macrophages infected with Leishmania major. Microb Pathog 2018; 119:193-199. [PMID: 29655615 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania are etiologic agents which are intracellular pathogens of vertebrates and replicate inside infected macrophages. Leishmania have developed complex strategies to reverse host immune responses in favor of it. One of the major species causing cutaneous involvements is Leishmania major. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are non-coding small RNAs encoding 22-nucleotide (nt) long RNAs. miRNAs affect diverse biological processes, including cell cycle, proliferation, differentiation, growth and development, metabolism, aging, apoptosis, gene expression and immune regulation. This study aimed at evaluating apoptosis and necrosis after transfection locked nucleic acid (LNA) inhibitor of let-7a in the human macrophages miRNAs upon infectionwith L. major. MATERIALS AND METHODS Inhibition of let-7a in macrophages was derived originally from the human monocytes (MDM), using locked nucleic acid (LNA) antagomir. The total cellular RNA was extracted 24 and 48 h post transfection. The levels o Let-7a expression was measured by qPCR Real Time using specific primer. Annexin-V/Propidium Iodide staining method was performed to detect apoptosis and necrosis in the MDM cells. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS Let-7a inhibition increased the MDM cells apoptosis and necrosis using flow cytometry method. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that inhibition of let-7a could be a new approach in treatment of leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Hashemi
- North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Department of Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Sharifi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Masjedi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sepideh Tolouei
- Department of Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mitra Hashemi
- Deputy of Research and Technology, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Ali Mohaghegh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Cyrus Hashemi
- North Khorasan, Social Security Organization, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Department of Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Coxiella burnetii Inhibits Neutrophil Apoptosis by Exploiting Survival Pathways and Antiapoptotic Protein Mcl-1. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00504-17. [PMID: 29311244 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00504-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that neutrophils play an important role in host defense against Coxiella burnetii infection in mice. In this study, avirulent strain C. burnetii Nine Mile phase II (NMII) was used to examine if C. burnetii can modulate mouse bone marrow-derived neutrophil apoptosis. The results indicated that NMII can inhibit neutrophil apoptosis. Western blotting demonstrated that caspase-3 cleavage was decreased in NMII-infected neutrophils, while phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (Erk1) were increased. Additionally, p38, Erk1/2, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), or NF-κB inhibitors reduced the ability of NMII to inhibit neutrophil apoptosis. These results suggest that NMII-mediated inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis depends on its ability to activate neutrophil MAPK pathways. Antiapoptotic protein myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) was significantly increased in NMII-infected neutrophils, and an Mcl-1 inhibitor significantly reduced the ability of NMII to inhibit neutrophil apoptosis. Mcl-1 protein stability was enhanced by phosphorylation at Thr-163 by Erk, and the protein levels were regulated by p38, Erk, PI3K, and NF-κB. Furthermore, the observation that a type IV secretion system (T4SS)-deficient dotA mutant showed a significantly reduced ability to inhibit neutrophil apoptosis compared to wild-type (WT) NMII suggests that T4SS-secreted factors may be involved in NMII-induced inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that NMII inhibits neutrophil apoptosis through inhibition of caspase-3 cleavage and activation of MAPK survival pathways with subsequent expression and stabilization of antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1, a process that may partially require the T4SS.
Collapse
|
39
|
Rodríguez-González J, Wilkins-Rodríguez AA, Gutiérrez-Kobeh L. Role of glutathione, ROS, and Bcl-xL in the inhibition of apoptosis of monocyte-derived dendritic cells by Leishmania mexicana promastigotes. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1225-1235. [PMID: 29476339 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the principal host cells of the obligate intracellular parasite Leishmania that can survive and reproduce within cells due to the ability to regulate different cellular events, including apoptosis. Inhibition of host cell apoptosis is a strategy employed by multiple pathogens to ensure their survival in the infected cell. We have previously reported that Leishmania mexicana promastigotes and amastigotes inhibit camptothecin-induced apoptosis of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) through the downregulation of p38 and JNK phosphorylation. The upregulation of glutathione (GSH), the most important regulator of reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration, has proven to protect cells from apoptosis through the inhibition of JNK1. Another mechanism employed by cells for the protection of apoptosis is the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family. The aim of this study was to determine if GSH, ROS, and Bcl-xL participate in the inhibition of camptothecin-induced apoptosis of moDC by L. mexicana promastigotes. GSH quantification assays showed that camptothecin and BSO (an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis) strongly decreased intracellular GSH concentration in moDC, while infection with L. mexicana promastigotes had no effect in the level of GSH. On the other hand, infection with L. mexicana promastigotes of BSO- and camptothecin-treated moDC diminished the concentration of ROS and induced the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL. Our findings suggest that inhibition of camptothecin-induced apoptosis of moDC by L. mexicana promastigotes is preferentially regulated by the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family rather than by the redox status of the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodríguez-González
- Unidad Periférica de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Delegación Tlalpan, C.P, 14080, Ciudad de México, México.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Posgrado, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Arturo A Wilkins-Rodríguez
- Unidad Periférica de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Delegación Tlalpan, C.P, 14080, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh
- Unidad Periférica de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Delegación Tlalpan, C.P, 14080, Ciudad de México, México.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Alvarez-Jiménez VD, Leyva-Paredes K, García-Martínez M, Vázquez-Flores L, García-Paredes VG, Campillo-Navarro M, Romo-Cruz I, Rosales-García VH, Castañeda-Casimiro J, González-Pozos S, Hernández JM, Wong-Baeza C, García-Pérez BE, Ortiz-Navarrete V, Estrada-Parra S, Serafín-López J, Wong-Baeza I, Chacón-Salinas R, Estrada-García I. Extracellular Vesicles Released from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Neutrophils Promote Macrophage Autophagy and Decrease Intracellular Mycobacterial Survival. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29520273 PMCID: PMC5827556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In the lungs, macrophages and neutrophils are the first immune cells that have contact with the infecting mycobacteria. Neutrophils are phagocytic cells that kill microorganisms through several mechanisms, which include the lytic enzymes and antimicrobial peptides that are found in their lysosomes, and the production of reactive oxygen species. Neutrophils also release extracellular vesicles (EVs) (100-1,000 nm in diameter) to the extracellular milieu; these EVs consist of a lipid bilayer surrounding a hydrophilic core and participate in intercellular communication. We previously demonstrated that human neutrophils infected in vitro with Mtb H37Rv release EVs (EV-TB), but the effect of these EVs on other cells relevant for the control of Mtb infection, such as macrophages, has not been completely analyzed. In this study, we characterized the EVs produced by non-stimulated human neutrophils (EV-NS), and the EVs produced by neutrophils stimulated with an activator (PMA), a peptide derived from bacterial proteins (fMLF) or Mtb, and observed that the four EVs differed in their size. Ligands for toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/6 were detected in EV-TB, and these EVs favored a modest increase in the expression of the co-stimulatory molecules CD80, a higher expression of CD86, and the production of higher amounts of TNF-α and IL-6, and of lower amounts of TGF-β, in autologous human macrophages, compared with the other EVs. EV-TB reduced the amount of intracellular Mtb in macrophages, and increased superoxide anion production in these cells. TLR2/6 ligation and superoxide anion production are known inducers of autophagy; accordingly, we found that EV-TB induced higher expression of the autophagy-related marker LC3-II in macrophages, and the co-localization of LC3-II with Mtb inside infected macrophages. The intracellular mycobacterial load increased when autophagy was inhibited with wortmannin in these cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that neutrophils produce different EVs in response to diverse activators, and that EV-TB activate macrophages and promote the clearance of intracellular Mtb through early superoxide anion production and autophagy induction, which is a novel role for neutrophil-derived EVs in the immune response to Mtb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta D Alvarez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kahiry Leyva-Paredes
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mariano García-Martínez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Vázquez-Flores
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Víctor Gabriel García-Paredes
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcia Campillo-Navarro
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Israel Romo-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Víctor Hugo Rosales-García
- Laboratorio de Citometría de Flujo de Diagnóstico Molecular de Leucemias y Terapia Celular SA. De CV. (DILETEC), Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorios Nacionales de Servicios Experimentales (LANSE), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessica Castañeda-Casimiro
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sirenia González-Pozos
- Laboratorios Nacionales de Servicios Experimentales (LANSE), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Wong-Baeza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Blanca Estela García-Pérez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vianney Ortiz-Navarrete
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Estrada-Parra
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jeanet Serafín-López
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isabel Wong-Baeza
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rommel Chacón-Salinas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.,Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iris Estrada-García
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Samavedam UK, Mitschker N, Kasprick A, Bieber K, Schmidt E, Laskay T, Recke A, Goletz S, Vidarsson G, Schulze FS, Armbrust M, Schulze Dieckhoff K, Pas HH, Jonkman MF, Kalies K, Zillikens D, Gupta Y, Ibrahim SM, Ludwig RJ. Whole-Genome Expression Profiling in Skin Reveals SYK As a Key Regulator of Inflammation in Experimental Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita. Front Immunol 2018; 9:249. [PMID: 29497423 PMCID: PMC5818881 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the morbidity and limited therapeutic options of autoimmune diseases, there is a high, and thus far, unmet medical need for development of novel treatments. Pemphigoid diseases, such as epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), are prototypical autoimmune diseases that are caused by autoantibodies targeting structural proteins of the skin, leading to inflammation, mediated by myeloid cells. To identify novel treatment targets, we performed cutaneous genome-wide mRNA expression profiling in 190 outbred mice after EBA induction. Comparison of genome-wide mRNA expression profiles in diseased and healthy mice, and construction of a co-expression network identified Sykb (spleen tyrosine kinase, SYK) as a major hub gene. Aligned, pharmacological SYK inhibition protected mice from experimental EBA. Using lineage-specific SYK-deficient mice, we identified SYK expression on myeloid cells to be required to induce EBA. Within the predicted co-expression network, interactions of Sykb with several partners (e.g., Tlr13, Jdp2, and Nfkbid) were validated by curated databases. Additionally, novel gene interaction partners of SYK were experimentally validated. Collectively, our results identify SYK expression in myeloid cells as a requirement to promote inflammation in autoantibody-driven pathologies. This should encourage exploitation of SYK and SYK-regulated genes as potential therapeutic targets for EBA and potentially other autoantibody-mediated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Unni K Samavedam
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nina Mitschker
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anika Kasprick
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Bieber
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tamás Laskay
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andreas Recke
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - S Goletz
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Sanquin Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Franziska S Schulze
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mikko Armbrust
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Hendri H Pas
- Center for Blistering Diseases, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marcel F Jonkman
- Center for Blistering Diseases, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Kathrin Kalies
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Detlef Zillikens
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Yask Gupta
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Saleh M Ibrahim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ralf J Ludwig
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Regli IB, Passelli K, Hurrell BP, Tacchini-Cottier F. Survival Mechanisms Used by Some Leishmania Species to Escape Neutrophil Killing. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1558. [PMID: 29250059 PMCID: PMC5715327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in human blood. Upon microbial infection, they are massively and rapidly recruited from the circulation to sites of infection where they efficiently kill pathogens. To this end, neutrophils possess a variety of weapons that can be mobilized and become effective within hours following infection. However, several microbes including some Leishmania spp. have evolved a variety of mechanisms to escape neutrophil killing using these cells as a basis to better invade the host. In addition, neutrophils are also present in unhealing cutaneous lesions where their role remains to be defined. Here, we will review recent progress in the field and discuss the different strategies applied by some Leishmania parasites to escape from being killed by neutrophils and as recently described for Leishmania mexicana, even replicate within these cells. Subversion of neutrophil killing functions by Leishmania is a strategy that allows parasite spreading in the host with a consequent deleterious impact, transforming the primary protective role of neutrophils into a deleterious one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo B Regli
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Immunology Research and Training Collaborative Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katiuska Passelli
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Immunology Research and Training Collaborative Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin P Hurrell
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Immunology Research and Training Collaborative Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Immunology Research and Training Collaborative Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Boström S, Schmiegelow C, Abu Abed U, Minja DTR, Lusingu J, Brinkmann V, Honkpehedji YJ, Loembe MM, Adegnika AA, Mordmüller B, Troye-Blomberg M, Amulic B. Neutrophil alterations in pregnancy-associated malaria and induction of neutrophil chemotaxis by Plasmodium falciparum. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 28380252 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated malaria (PAM) is a severe form of the disease caused by sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (iRBCs) in the developing placenta. Pathogenesis of PAM is partially based on immunopathology, with frequent monocyte infiltration into the placenta. Neutrophils are abundant blood cells that are essential for immune defence but may also cause inflammatory pathology. Their role in PAM remains unclear. We analysed neutrophil alterations in the context of PAM to better understand their contribution to disease development. Pregnant women exposed to Plasmodium falciparum had decreased numbers of circulating neutrophils. Placental-like BeWo cells stimulated with malaria parasites produced the neutrophil chemoattractant IL-8 and recruited neutrophils in a trans-well assay. Finally, immunostaining of a PAM placenta confirmed neutrophil accumulation in the intervillous space. Our data indicate neutrophils may play a role in placental malaria and should be more closely examined as an etiological agent in the pathophysiology of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Boström
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Schmiegelow
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - U Abu Abed
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - D T R Minja
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - J Lusingu
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - V Brinkmann
- Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Y J Honkpehedji
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M M Loembe
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Département de Bactério-Virologie, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon
| | - A A Adegnika
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - B Mordmüller
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Troye-Blomberg
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Amulic
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Canine neutrophils activate effector mechanisms in response to Leishmania infantum. Vet Parasitol 2017; 248:10-20. [PMID: 29173534 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis caused by L. infantum is a severe zoonotic disease. Although macrophages are the definitive host cells, neutrophils are the first cells to encounter the parasite soon after its inoculation in the dermis by the phlebotomine vector. To study the interaction of dog neutrophils and L. infantum promastigotes, blood neutrophils were isolated from healthy donors and the infection was established in vitro. In the majority of the dogs, L. infantum was efficiently phagocytized by neutrophils, and oxidative (superoxide production) and non-oxidative (neutrophil elastase exocytosis) intracellular effector mechanisms were activated, but the release of neutrophil extracellular traps was minimized. Furthermore, promastigotes and culture supernatants induced neutrophil migration, but the prior contact with Leishmania inhibits chemotaxis, which might contribute to neutrophil retention at the inoculation site. Neutrophil-parasite interaction resulted in a decrease in parasite viability, although some intracellular promastigotes survive and maintain their proliferative capacity. These findings indicate that dog neutrophils are competent effector cells able to control the initial L. infantum infection. However, some parasites evade intracellular effector mechanisms and can be transferred to the definitive host cell, the macrophage, contributing to the development of canine leishmaniosis.
Collapse
|
45
|
Kinkead LC, Fayram DC, Allen LAH. Francisella novicida inhibits spontaneous apoptosis and extends human neutrophil lifespan. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:815-828. [PMID: 28550119 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ma0117-014r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Francisella novicida is a Gram-negative bacterium that is closely related to the highly virulent facultative intracellular pathogen, Francisella tularensis Data published by us and others demonstrate that F. tularensis virulence correlates directly with its ability to impair constitutive apoptosis and extend human neutrophil lifespan. In contrast, F. novicida is attenuated in humans, and the mechanisms that account for this are incompletely defined. Our published data demonstrate that F. novicida binds natural IgG that is present in normal human serum, which in turn, elicits NADPH oxidase activation that does not occur in response to F. tularensis As it is established that phagocytosis and oxidant production markedly accelerate neutrophil death, we predicted that F. novicida may influence the neutrophil lifespan in an opsonin-dependent manner. To test this hypothesis, we quantified bacterial uptake, phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, and changes in nuclear morphology, as well as the kinetics of procaspase-3, -8, and -9 processing and activation. To our surprise, we discovered that F. novicida not only failed to accelerate neutrophil death but also diminished and delayed apoptosis in a dose-dependent, but opsonin-independent, manner. In keeping with this, studies of conditioned media (CM) showed that neutrophil longevity could be uncoupled from phagocytosis and that F. novicida stimulated neutrophil secretion of CXCL8. Taken together, the results of this study reveal shared and unique aspects of the mechanisms used by Francisella species to manipulate neutrophil lifespan and as such, advance understanding of cell death regulation during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Kinkead
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Drew C Fayram
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Lee-Ann H Allen
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; .,Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; and
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kobayashi SD, Malachowa N, DeLeo FR. Influence of Microbes on Neutrophil Life and Death. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:159. [PMID: 28507953 PMCID: PMC5410578 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte in humans and they are among the first white cells recruited to infected tissues. These leukocytes are essential for the innate immune response to bacteria and fungi. Inasmuch as neutrophils produce or contain potent microbicides that can be toxic to the host, neutrophil turnover and homeostasis is a highly regulated process that prevents unintended host tissue damage. Indeed, constitutive neutrophil apoptosis and subsequent removal of these cells by mononuclear phagocytes is a primary means by which neutrophil homeostasis is maintained in healthy individuals. Processes that alter normal neutrophil turnover and removal of effete cells can lead to host tissue damage and disease. The interaction of neutrophils with microbes and molecules produced by microbes often alters neutrophil turnover. The ability of microbes to alter the fate of neutrophils is highly varied, can be microbe-specific, and ranges from prolonging the neutrophil lifespan to causing rapid neutrophil lysis after phagocytosis. Here we provide a brief overview of these processes and their associated impact on innate host defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthHamilton, MT, USA
| | - Natalia Malachowa
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthHamilton, MT, USA
| | - Frank R DeLeo
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthHamilton, MT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Belkhelfa-Slimani R, Djerdjouri B. Caffeic acid and quercetin exert caspases-independent apoptotic effects on Leishmania major promastigotes, and reactivate the death of infected phagocytes derived from BALB/c mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
48
|
Martinez NE, Zimmermann TJ, Goosmann C, Alexander T, Hedberg C, Ziegler S, Zychlinsky A, Waldmann H. Tetrahydroisoquinolines: New Inhibitors of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) Formation. Chembiochem 2017; 18:888-893. [PMID: 28240414 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are short-lived leukocytes that migrate to sites of infection as part of the acute immune response, where they phagocytose, degranulate, and form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). During NET formation, the nuclear lobules of neutrophils disappear and the chromatin expands and, accessorized with neutrophilic granule proteins, is expelled. NETs can be pathogenic in, for example, sepsis, cancer, and autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the identification of inhibitors of NET formation is of great interest. Screening of a focused library of natural-product-inspired compounds by using a previously validated phenotypic NET assay identified a group of tetrahydroisoquinolines as new NET formation inhibitors. This compound class opens up new avenues for the study of cellular death through NET formation (NETosis) at different stages, and might inspire new medicinal chemistry programs aimed at NET-dependent diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Martinez
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Lehrbereich Chem. Biologie, Fakultät Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Campus Charité Mitte, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias J Zimmermann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Lehrbereich Chem. Biologie, Fakultät Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Goosmann
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Campus Charité Mitte, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Alexander
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Hedberg
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå Center for Microbial Research, Umeå University, KBC, C4, Linnaeus väg 10, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arturo Zychlinsky
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Campus Charité Mitte, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Lehrbereich Chem. Biologie, Fakultät Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Warnatsch A, Tsourouktsoglou TD, Branzk N, Wang Q, Reincke S, Herbst S, Gutierrez M, Papayannopoulos V. Reactive Oxygen Species Localization Programs Inflammation to Clear Microbes of Different Size. Immunity 2017; 46:421-432. [PMID: 28314592 PMCID: PMC5965455 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
How the number of immune cells recruited to sites of infection is determined and adjusted to differences in the cellular stoichiometry between host and pathogen is unknown. Here, we have uncovered a role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) as sensors of microbe size. By sensing the differential localization of ROS generated in response to microbes of different size, neutrophils tuned their interleukin (IL)-1β expression via the selective oxidation of NF-κB, in order to implement distinct inflammatory programs. Small microbes triggered ROS intracellularly, suppressing IL-1β expression to limit neutrophil recruitment as each phagocyte eliminated numerous pathogens. In contrast, large microbes triggered ROS extracellularly, amplifying IL-1β expression to recruit numerous neutrophils forming cooperative clusters. Defects in ROS-mediated microbe size sensing resulted in large neutrophil infiltrates and clusters in response to small microbes that contribute to inflammatory disease. These findings highlight the impact of ROS localization on signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Warnatsch
- Antimicrobial Defence Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Nora Branzk
- Antimicrobial Defence Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Qian Wang
- Antimicrobial Defence Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Susanna Reincke
- Antimicrobial Defence Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Susanne Herbst
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Maximiliano Gutierrez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Behnen M, Möller S, Brozek A, Klinger M, Laskay T. Extracellular Acidification Inhibits the ROS-Dependent Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Front Immunol 2017; 8:184. [PMID: 28293240 PMCID: PMC5329032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory microenvironment is commonly characterized by extracellular acidosis (pH < 7.35). Sensitivity to pH, CO2 or bicarbonate concentrations allows neutrophils to react to changes in their environment and to detect inflamed areas in the tissue. One important antimicrobial effector mechanism is the production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are released during a programmed reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent cell death, the so-called NETosis. Although several functions of neutrophils have been analyzed under acidic conditions, the effect of extracellular acidosis on NETosis remains mainly unexplored and the available experimental results are contradictory. We performed a comprehensive study with the aim to elucidate the effect of extracellular acidosis on ROS-dependent NETosis of primary human neutrophils and to identify the underlying mechanisms. The study was performed in parallel in a CO2–bicabonate-buffered culture medium, which mimics in vivo conditions, and under HEPES-buffered conditions to verify the effect of pH independent of CO2 or bicarbonate. We could clearly show that extracellular acidosis (pH 6.5, 6.0, and 5.5) and intracellular acidification inhibit the release of ROS-dependent NETs upon stimulation of neutrophils with phorbol myristate acetate and immobilized immune complexes. Moreover, our findings suggest that the diminished NET release is a consequence of reduced ROS production and diminished glycolysis of neutrophils under acidic conditions. It was suggested previously that neutrophils can sense the border of inflamed tissue by the pH gradient and that a drop in pH serves as an indicator for the progress of inflammation. Following this hypothesis, our data indicate that an acidic inflammatory environment results in inhibition of extracellular operating effector mechanisms of neutrophils such as release of ROS and NETs. This way the release of toxic components and tissue damage can be avoided. However, we observed that major antimicrobial effector mechanisms such as phagocytosis and the killing of pathogens by neutrophils remain functional under acidic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Behnen
- Department for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Sonja Möller
- Department for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Antonia Brozek
- Department for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | | | - Tamás Laskay
- Department for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| |
Collapse
|