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Li H, Shi Y, Li Y, Wu S, Yang R, Liu Q, Sun L. DNA damage response-related signatures characterize the immune landscape and predict the prognosis of HCC via integrating single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 137:112475. [PMID: 38909498 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The occurrence and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are significantly affected by DNA damage response (DDR). Exploring DDR-related biomarkers can help predict the prognosis and immune characteristics of HCC. METHODS First, the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) dataset GSE242889 was processed and performed manual annotation. Then we found the marker genes of DDR-active subgroups based on "AUCell" algorithm. The "Limma" R package was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between tumor and normal samples of HCC. The risk prognostic model was constructed by filtering genes using univariate Cox and LASSO regression analyses. Finally, the signatures were analyzed for immune infiltration, gene mutation, and drug sensitivity. Last but not least, KPNA2, which had the largest coefficient in our model was validated by experiments including western blot, MTT, colony formation and γ-H2AX assays. RESULTS We constructed a prognostic model based on 5 DDR marker genes including KIF2C, CDC20, KPNA2, UBE2S and ADH1B for HCC. We also proved that the model had an excellent performance in both training and validation cohorts. Patients in the high-risk group had a poorer prognosis, different immune features, gene mutation frequency, immunotherapy response and drug sensitivity compared with the low-risk group. Besides, our experimental results proved that KPNA2 was up-regulated in liver cancer cells than in hepatocytes. More importantly, the knockdown of KPNA2 significantly inhibited cell variability, proliferation and promoted DNA damage. CONCLUSIONS We innovatively integrated scRNA-seq and bulk RNA sequencing to construct the DDR-related prognostic model. Our model could effectively predict the prognosis, immune landscape and therapy response of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqi Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Shaobo Wu
- Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, PR China
| | - Ruida Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Qingguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
| | - Liankang Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
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2
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Gong X, Peng L, Wang F, Liu J, Tang Y, Peng Y, Niu S, Yin J, Guo L, Lu H, Liu Y, Yang Y. Repeated Omicron infection dampens immune imprinting from previous vaccination and induces broad neutralizing antibodies against Omicron sub-variants. J Infect 2024; 89:106208. [PMID: 38908522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Similar with influenza virus, antigenic drift is highly relevant to SARS-CoV-2 evolution, and immune imprinting has been found to limit the performance of updated vaccines based on the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2. We aimed to investigate whether repeated exposure to Omicron variant could reduce the immune imprinting from previous vaccination. METHODS A total of 194 participants with different status of vaccination (unvaccinated, regular vaccination and booster vaccination) confirmed for first infection and re-infection with BA.5, BF.7 and XBB variants were enrolled, and the neutralizing profiles against wild type (WT) SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron sub-variants were analyzed. RESULTS Neutralizing potency against the corresponding infected variant is significantly hampered along with the doses of vaccination during first infection. However, for the participants with first infection of BA.5/BF.7 variants and re-infection of XBB variant, immune imprinting was obviously alleviated, indicated as significantly increased ratio of the corresponding infected variant/WT ID50 titers and higher percentage of samples with high neutralizing activities (ID50 > 500) against BA.5, BF.7 and XBB variants. Moreover, repeated Omicron infection could induce strong neutralizing potency with broad neutralizing profiles against a series of other Omicron sub-variants, both in the vaccine naive and vaccine experienced individuals. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that repeated Omicron infection dampens immune imprinting from vaccination with WT SARS-CoV-2 and induces broad neutralizing profiles against Omicron sub-variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Gong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuxiang Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiexiang Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Clinical School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yimin Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun Peng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiyu Niu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Juzhen Yin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Liping Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen, China.
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3
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Cable JM, Reinoso-Vizcaino NM, White RE, Luftig MA. Epstein-Barr virus protein EBNA-LP engages YY1 through leucine-rich motifs to promote naïve B cell transformation. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011950. [PMID: 39083560 PMCID: PMC11318927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with numerous cancers including B cell lymphomas. In vitro, EBV transforms primary B cells into immortalized Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines (LCLs) which serves as a model to study the role of viral proteins in EBV malignancies. EBV induced cellular transformation is driven by viral proteins including EBV-Nuclear Antigens (EBNAs). EBNA-LP is important for the transformation of naïve but not memory B cells. While EBNA-LP was thought to promote gene activation by EBNA2, EBNA-LP Knockout (LPKO) virus-infected cells express EBNA2-activated cellular genes efficiently. Therefore, a gap in knowledge exists as to what roles EBNA-LP plays in naïve B cell transformation. We developed a trans-complementation assay wherein transfection with wild-type EBNA-LP rescues the transformation of peripheral blood- and cord blood-derived naïve B cells by LPKO virus. Despite EBNA-LP phosphorylation sites being important in EBNA2 co-activation; neither phospho-mutant nor phospho-mimetic EBNA-LP was defective in rescuing naïve B cell outgrowth. However, we identified conserved leucine-rich motifs in EBNA-LP that were required for transformation of adult naïve and cord blood B cells. Because cellular PPAR-g coactivator (PGC) proteins use leucine-rich motifs to engage transcription factors including YY1, a key regulator of DNA looping and metabolism, we examined the role of EBNA-LP in engaging transcription factors. We found a significant overlap between EBNA-LP and YY1 in ChIP-Seq data. By Cut&Run, YY1 peaks unique to WT compared to LPKO LCLs occur at more highly expressed genes. Moreover, Cas9 knockout of YY1 in primary B cells prior to EBV infection indicated YY1 to be important for EBV-mediated transformation. We confirmed EBNA-LP and YY1 biochemical association in LCLs by endogenous co-immunoprecipitation and found that the EBNA-LP leucine-rich motifs were required for YY1 interaction in LCLs. We propose that EBNA-LP engages YY1 through conserved leucine-rich motifs to promote EBV transformation of naïve B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M. Cable
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicolás M. Reinoso-Vizcaino
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert E. White
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Micah A. Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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4
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McGough L, Cobey S. A speed limit on serial strain replacement from original antigenic sin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400202121. [PMID: 38857397 PMCID: PMC11194583 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400202121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens evolve to escape immunity, yet it remains difficult to predict whether immune pressure will lead to diversification, serial replacement of one variant by another, or more complex patterns. Pathogen strain dynamics are mediated by cross-protective immunity, whereby exposure to one strain partially protects against infection by antigenically diverged strains. There is growing evidence that this protection is influenced by early exposures, a phenomenon referred to as original antigenic sin (OAS) or imprinting. In this paper, we derive constraints on the emergence of the pattern of successive strain replacements demonstrated by influenza, SARS-CoV-2, seasonal coronaviruses, and other pathogens. We find that OAS implies that the limited diversity found with successive strain replacement can only be maintained if [Formula: see text] is less than a threshold set by the characteristic antigenic distances for cross-protection and for the creation of new immune memory. This bound implies a "speed limit" on the evolution of new strains and a minimum variance of the distribution of infecting strains in antigenic space at any time. To carry out this analysis, we develop a theoretical model of pathogen evolution in antigenic space that implements OAS by decoupling the antigenic distances required for protection from infection and strain-specific memory creation. Our results demonstrate that OAS can play an integral role in the emergence of strain structure from host immune dynamics, preventing highly transmissible pathogens from maintaining serial strain replacement without diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren McGough
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionThe University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637
| | - Sarah Cobey
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionThe University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637
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5
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Ruan W, Zhou X, Wang T, Liu H, Zhang G, Sun J, Lin K. Assessing the causal relationship between circulating immune cells and abdominal aortic aneurysm by bi-directional Mendelian randomization analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13733. [PMID: 38877212 PMCID: PMC11178833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64789-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Although there is an association between abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and circulating immune cell phenotypes, the exact causal relationship remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the causal relationships between immune cell phenotypes and AAA risk using a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization approach. Data from genome-wide association studies pertaining to 731 immune cell traits and AAA were systematically analyzed. Using strict selection criteria, we identified 339 immune traits that are associated with at least 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms. A comprehensive MR analysis was conducted using several methods including Inverse Variance Weighted, Weighted Median Estimator, MR-Egger regression, Weighted Mode, and Simple Median methods. CD24 on switched memory cells (OR = 0.922, 95% CI 0.914-0.929, P = 2.62e-79) at the median fluorescence intensities level, and SSC-A on HLA-DR + natural killer cells (OR = 0.873, 95% CI 0.861-0.885, P = 8.96e-81) at the morphological parameter level, exhibited the strongest causal associations with AAA. In the reverse analysis, no significant causal effects of AAA on immune traits were found. The study elucidates the causal involvement of multiple circulating immune cell phenotypes in AAA development, signifying their potential as diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets. These identified immune traits may be crucial in modulating AAA-related inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Ruan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Center of Biostatistics, Design, Measurement and Evaluation (CBDME), Department of Clinical Research Management, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- Center of Biostatistics, Design, Measurement and Evaluation (CBDME), Department of Clinical Research Management, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huizhen Liu
- Center of Biostatistics, Design, Measurement and Evaluation (CBDME), Department of Clinical Research Management, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiying Zhang
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaoyan Sun
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Lin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Lam N, Lee Y, Farber DL. A guide to adaptive immune memory. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01040-6. [PMID: 38831162 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Immune memory - comprising T cells, B cells and plasma cells and their secreted antibodies - is crucial for human survival. It enables the rapid and effective clearance of a pathogen after re-exposure, to minimize damage to the host. When antigen-experienced, memory T cells become activated, they proliferate and produce effector molecules at faster rates and in greater magnitudes than antigen-inexperienced, naive cells. Similarly, memory B cells become activated and differentiate into antibody-secreting cells more rapidly than naive B cells, and they undergo processes that increase their affinity for antigen. The ability of T cells and B cells to form memory cells after antigen exposure is the rationale behind vaccination. Understanding immune memory not only is crucial for the design of more-efficacious vaccines but also has important implications for immunotherapies in infectious disease and cancer. This 'guide to' article provides an overview of the current understanding of the phenotype, function, location, and pathways for the generation, maintenance and protective capacity of memory T cells and memory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Lam
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - YoonSeung Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Caetano DG, Toledo TS, de Lima ACS, Giacoia-Gripp CBW, de Almeida DV, de Lima SMB, Azevedo ADS, Morata M, Grinsztejn B, Cardoso SW, da Costa MD, Brandão LGP, Bispo de Filippis AM, Scott-Algara D, Coelho LE, Côrtes FH. Impact of HIV-Related Immune Impairment of Yellow Fever Vaccine Immunogenicity in People Living with HIV-ANRS 12403. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:578. [PMID: 38932307 PMCID: PMC11209244 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The yellow fever (YF) vaccine is one of the safest and most effective vaccines currently available. Still, its administration in people living with HIV (PLWH) is limited due to safety concerns and a lack of consensus regarding decreased immunogenicity and long-lasting protection for this population. The mechanisms associated with impaired YF vaccine immunogenicity in PLWH are not fully understood, but the general immune deregulation during HIV infection may play an important role. To assess if HIV infection impacts YF vaccine immunogenicity and if markers of immune deregulation could predict lower immunogenicity, we evaluated the association of YF neutralization antibody (NAb) titers with the pre-vaccination frequency of activated and exhausted T cells, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and frequency of T cells, B cells, and monocyte subsets in PLWH and HIV-negative controls. We observed impaired YF vaccine immunogenicity in PLWH with lower titers of YF-NAbs 30 days after vaccination, mainly in individuals with CD4 count <350 cells/mm3. At the baseline, those individuals were characterized by having a higher frequency of activated and exhausted T cells and tissue-like memory B cells. Elevated levels of those markers were also observed in individuals with CD4 count between 500 and 350 cells/mm3. We observed a negative correlation between the pre-vaccination level of CD8+ T cell exhaustion and CD4+ T cell activation with YF-NAb titers at D365 and the pre-vaccination level of IP-10 with YF-NAb titers at D30 and D365. Our results emphasize the impact of immune activation, exhaustion, and inflammation in YF vaccine immunogenicity in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Gama Caetano
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (D.G.C.); (T.S.T.); (A.C.S.d.L.); (C.B.W.G.-G.); (D.V.d.A.)
| | - Thais Stelzer Toledo
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (D.G.C.); (T.S.T.); (A.C.S.d.L.); (C.B.W.G.-G.); (D.V.d.A.)
| | - Ana Carolina Souza de Lima
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (D.G.C.); (T.S.T.); (A.C.S.d.L.); (C.B.W.G.-G.); (D.V.d.A.)
| | - Carmem Beatriz Wagner Giacoia-Gripp
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (D.G.C.); (T.S.T.); (A.C.S.d.L.); (C.B.W.G.-G.); (D.V.d.A.)
| | - Dalziza Victalina de Almeida
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (D.G.C.); (T.S.T.); (A.C.S.d.L.); (C.B.W.G.-G.); (D.V.d.A.)
| | - Sheila Maria Barbosa de Lima
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-Clínico (DEDEP), Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
| | - Adriana de Souza Azevedo
- Laboratório de Análise Imunomolecular (LANIM), Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
| | - Michelle Morata
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.M.); (B.G.); (S.W.C.); (L.E.C.)
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.M.); (B.G.); (S.W.C.); (L.E.C.)
| | - Sandra Wagner Cardoso
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.M.); (B.G.); (S.W.C.); (L.E.C.)
| | - Marcellus Dias da Costa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Imunização e Vigilância em Saúde (LIVS), Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.D.d.C.); (L.G.P.B.)
| | - Luciana Gomes Pedro Brandão
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Imunização e Vigilância em Saúde (LIVS), Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.D.d.C.); (L.G.P.B.)
| | | | | | - Lara Esteves Coelho
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.M.); (B.G.); (S.W.C.); (L.E.C.)
| | - Fernanda Heloise Côrtes
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (D.G.C.); (T.S.T.); (A.C.S.d.L.); (C.B.W.G.-G.); (D.V.d.A.)
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8
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Azizi A, Mehdipour F, Samadi M, Rasolmali R, Talei AR, Ghaderi A. Atypical memory B cells increase in the peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer regardless of lymph node involvement. BMC Immunol 2024; 25:25. [PMID: 38702630 PMCID: PMC11067195 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-024-00620-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common cancer in females. The immune system has a crucial role in the fight against cancer. B and T cells, the two main components of the adaptive immunity, are critical players that specifically target tumor cells. However, B cells, in contrast to T cells, and their role in cancer inhibition or progression is less investigated. Accordingly, in this study, we assessed and compared the frequency of naïve and different subsets of memory B cells in the peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer and healthy women. RESULTS We found no significant differences in the frequencies of peripheral CD19+ B cells between the patients and controls. However, there was a significant decrease in the frequency of CD19+IgM+ B cells in patients compared to the control group (P=0.030). Moreover, the patients exhibited higher percentages of atypical memory B cells (CD19+CD27‒IgM‒, P=0.006) and a non-significant increasing trend in switched memory B cells (CD19+CD27+IgM‒, P=0.074). Further analysis revealed a higher frequency of atypical memory B cells (aMBCs) in the peripheral blood of patients without lymph node involvement as well as those with a tumor size greater than 2cm or with estrogen receptor (ER) negative/progesterone receptor (PR) negative tumors, compared with controls (P=0.030, P=0.040, P=0.031 and P=0.054, respectively). CONCLUSION Atypical memory B cells (CD19+CD27‒IgM‒) showed a significant increase in the peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer compared to the control group. This increase seems to be associated with tumor characteristics. Nevertheless, additional research is necessary to determine the precise role of these cells during breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Azizi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Mehdipour
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Morteza Samadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Reza Rasolmali
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz Central Hospital, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdol-Rasoul Talei
- Breast Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Ghaderi
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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9
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McGough L, Cobey S. A speed limit on serial strain replacement from original antigenic sin. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.04.574172. [PMID: 38260288 PMCID: PMC10802292 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.04.574172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Many pathogens evolve to escape immunity, yet it remains difficult to predict whether immune pressure will lead to diversification, serial replacement of one variant by another, or more complex patterns. Pathogen strain dynamics are mediated by cross-protective immunity, whereby exposure to one strain partially protects against infection by antigenically diverged strains. There is growing evidence that this protection is influenced by early exposures, a phenomenon referred to as original antigenic sin (OAS) or imprinting. In this paper, we derive new constraints on the emergence of the pattern of successive strain replacements demonstrated by influenza, SARS-CoV-2, seasonal coronaviruses, and other pathogens. We find that OAS implies that the limited diversity found with successive strain replacement can only be maintained if R 0 is less than a threshold set by the characteristic antigenic distances for cross-protection and for the creation of new immune memory. This bound implies a "speed limit" on the evolution of new strains and a minimum variance of the distribution of infecting strains in antigenic space at any time. To carry out this analysis, we develop a theoretical model of pathogen evolution in antigenic space that implements OAS by decoupling the antigenic distances required for protection from infection and strain-specific memory creation. Our results demonstrate that OAS can play an integral role in the emergence of strain structure from host immune dynamics, preventing highly transmissible pathogens from maintaining serial strain replacement without diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren McGough
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Sarah Cobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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10
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Tortorici MA, Addetia A, Seo AJ, Brown J, Sprouse K, Logue J, Clark E, Franko N, Chu H, Veesler D. Persistent immune imprinting occurs after vaccination with the COVID-19 XBB.1.5 mRNA booster in humans. Immunity 2024; 57:904-911.e4. [PMID: 38490197 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Immune imprinting describes how the first exposure to a virus shapes immunological outcomes of subsequent exposures to antigenically related strains. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron breakthrough infections and bivalent COVID-19 vaccination primarily recall cross-reactive memory B cells induced by prior Wuhan-Hu-1 spike mRNA vaccination rather than priming Omicron-specific naive B cells. These findings indicate that immune imprinting occurs after repeated Wuhan-Hu-1 spike exposures, but whether it can be overcome remains unclear. To understand the persistence of immune imprinting, we investigated memory and plasma antibody responses after administration of the updated XBB.1.5 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine booster. We showed that the XBB.1.5 booster elicited neutralizing antibody responses against current variants that were dominated by recall of pre-existing memory B cells previously induced by the Wuhan-Hu-1 spike. Therefore, immune imprinting persists after multiple exposures to Omicron spikes through vaccination and infection, including post XBB.1.5 booster vaccination, which will need to be considered to guide future vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amin Addetia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Albert J Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jack Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kaiti Sprouse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jenni Logue
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Erica Clark
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nicholas Franko
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Helen Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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11
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Berman-Riu M, Cunill V, Clemente A, López-Gómez A, Pons J, Ferrer JM. Dysfunctional mitochondria, disrupted levels of reactive oxygen species, and autophagy in B cells from common variable immunodeficiency patients. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1362995. [PMID: 38596676 PMCID: PMC11002182 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1362995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) patients are characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia and poor response to vaccination due to deficient generation of memory and antibody-secreting B cells. B lymphocytes are essential for the development of humoral immune responses, and mitochondrial function, hreactive oxygen species (ROS) production and autophagy are crucial for determining B-cell fate. However, the role of those basic cell functions in the differentiation of human B cells remains poorly investigated. Methods We used flow cytometry to evaluate mitochondrial function, ROS production and autophagy processes in human naïve and memory B-cell subpopulations in unstimulated and stimulated PBMCs cultures. We aimed to determine whether any alterations in these processes could impact B-cell fate and contribute to the lack of B-cell differentiation observed in CVID patients. Results We described that naïve CD19+CD27- and memory CD19+CD27+ B cells subpopulations from healthy controls differ in terms of their dependence on these processes for their homeostasis, and demonstrated that different stimuli exert a preferential cell type dependent effect. The evaluation of mitochondrial function, ROS production and autophagy in naïve and memory B cells from CVID patients disclosed subpopulation specific alterations. Dysfunctional mitochondria and autophagy were more prominent in unstimulated CVID CD19+CD27- and CD19+CD27+ B cells than in their healthy counterparts. Although naïve CD19+CD27- B cells from CVID patients had higher basal ROS levels than controls, their ROS increase after stimulation was lower, suggesting a disruption in ROS homeostasis. On the other hand, memory CD19+CD27+ B cells from CVID patients had both lower ROS basal levels and a diminished ROS production after stimulation with anti-B cell receptor (BCR) and IL-21. Conclusion The failure in ROS cell signalling could impair CVID naïve B cell activation and differentiation to memory B cells. Decreased levels of ROS in CVID memory CD19+CD27+ B cells, which negatively correlate with their in vitro cell death and autophagy, could be detrimental and lead to their previously demonstrated premature death. The final consequence would be the failure to generate a functional B cell compartment in CVID patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Berman-Riu
- Department of Immunology, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma, Spain
- Human Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Vanesa Cunill
- Department of Immunology, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma, Spain
- Human Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Antonio Clemente
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio López-Gómez
- Department of Immunology, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma, Spain
- Human Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Jaime Pons
- Department of Immunology, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma, Spain
- Human Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joana M. Ferrer
- Department of Immunology, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma, Spain
- Human Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Moscatelli OG, Russell AK, Henneken LM, Hardy MY, Mazarakis N, Higgins R, Ekin J, McLeod H, Simkin P, Licciardi PV, Bryant VL, Tye-Din JA. Impaired IgM Memory B Cell Function Is Common in Coeliac Disease but Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccination Induces Robust Protective Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:214. [PMID: 38400197 PMCID: PMC10891918 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Coeliac disease (CD) is associated with hyposplenism, an acquired impairment of spleen function associated with reduced IgM memory B cells and increased susceptibility to serious pneumococcal infection. Little is known about the immune implications of hyposplenism in CD or the optimal pneumococcal vaccination strategy. In this study, the immune effects of hyposplenism in CD, and the accuracy of screening approaches and protective responses induced by two different pneumococcal vaccines were examined. Active and treated CD cohorts, and healthy and surgically splenectomised controls underwent testing for the presence of Howell-Jolly bodies and pitted red cells, spleen ultrasound, and immune assessment of IgM memory B cell frequency and IgM memory B cell responses to T cell-dependent (TD) or T cell-independent (TI) stimulation. Responses following conjugate (TD) and polysaccharide (TI) pneumococcal vaccination were compared using ELISA and opsonophagocytic assays. Although hyposplenism is rare in treated CD (5.1%), functional B cell defects are common (28-61%) and are not detected by current clinical tests. Conjugate pneumococcal vaccination induced superior and sustained protection against clinically relevant serotypes. Clinical practice guidelines in CD should recommend routine pneumococcal vaccination, ideally with a conjugate vaccine, of all patients in lieu of hyposplenism screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G. Moscatelli
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (O.G.M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Amy K. Russell
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (O.G.M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lee M. Henneken
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (O.G.M.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Melinda Y. Hardy
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (O.G.M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Nadia Mazarakis
- The Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Rachel Higgins
- The Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jesse Ekin
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (O.G.M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Harry McLeod
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (O.G.M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Paul Simkin
- Department of Radiology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Paul V. Licciardi
- The Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Vanessa L. Bryant
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (O.G.M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jason A. Tye-Din
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (O.G.M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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13
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Fang X, Cui S, Lee H, Min JW, Lim SW, Oh EJ, Yang CW, Shin YJ, Chung BH. Combined Use of Tocilizumab and Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate the Development of an Anti-HLA-A2.1 Antibody in a Highly Sensitized Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1378. [PMID: 38338657 PMCID: PMC10855827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sensitization to HLA can result in allograft loss for kidney transplantation (KT) patients. Therefore, it is required to develop an appropriate desensitization (DSZ) technique to remove HLA-donor-specific anti-HLA antibody (DSA) before KT. The aim of this research was to investigate whether combined use of the IL-6 receptor-blocking antibody, tocilizumab (TCZ), and bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) could attenuate humoral immune responses in an allo-sensitized mouse model developed using HLA.A2 transgenic mice. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were sensitized with skin allografts from C57BL/6-Tg (HLA-A2.1)1Enge/J mice and treated with TCZ, BM-MSC, or both TCZ and BM-MSC. We compared HLA.A2-specific IgG levels and subsets of T cells and B cells using flow cytometry among groups. HLA.A2-specific IgG level was decreased in all treated groups in comparison with that in the allo-sensitized control (Allo-CONT) group. Its decrease was the most significant in the TCZ + BM-MSC group. Regarding the B cell subset, combined use of TCZ and BM-MSC increased proportions of pre-pro B cells but decreased proportions of mature B cells in BM (p < 0.05 vs. control). In the spleen, an increase in transitional memory was observed with a significant decrease in marginal, follicular, and long-lived plasma B cells (p < 0.05 vs. control) in the TCZ + BM-MSC group. In T cell subsets, Th2 and Th17 cells were significantly decreased, but Treg cells were significantly increased in the TCZ+BM-MSC group compared to those in the Allo-CONT group in the spleen. Regarding RNA levels, IL-10 and Foxp3 showed increased expression, whereas IL-23 and IFN-γ showed decreased expression in the TCZ + BM-MSC group. In conclusion, combined use of TCZ and BM-MSC can inhibit B cell maturation and up-regulate Treg cells, finally resulting in the reduction of HLA.A2-specific IgG in a highly sensitized mouse model. This study suggests that the combined use of TCZ and BM-MSC can be proposed as a novel strategy in a desensitization protocol for highly sensitized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianying Fang
- Transplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (X.F.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (J.W.M.); (S.W.L.); (E.-J.O.); (C.W.Y.)
| | - Sheng Cui
- Transplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (X.F.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (J.W.M.); (S.W.L.); (E.-J.O.); (C.W.Y.)
| | - Hanbi Lee
- Transplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (X.F.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (J.W.M.); (S.W.L.); (E.-J.O.); (C.W.Y.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Min
- Transplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (X.F.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (J.W.M.); (S.W.L.); (E.-J.O.); (C.W.Y.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, The College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si 14647, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Woo Lim
- Transplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (X.F.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (J.W.M.); (S.W.L.); (E.-J.O.); (C.W.Y.)
| | - Eun-Jee Oh
- Transplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (X.F.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (J.W.M.); (S.W.L.); (E.-J.O.); (C.W.Y.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Woo Yang
- Transplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (X.F.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (J.W.M.); (S.W.L.); (E.-J.O.); (C.W.Y.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Jin Shin
- Transplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (X.F.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (J.W.M.); (S.W.L.); (E.-J.O.); (C.W.Y.)
| | - Byung Ha Chung
- Transplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (X.F.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (J.W.M.); (S.W.L.); (E.-J.O.); (C.W.Y.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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14
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Cable JM, Reinoso-Vizcaino NM, White RE, Luftig MA. Epstein-Barr virus protein EBNA-LP engages YY1 through leucine-rich motifs to promote naïve B cell transformation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.07.574580. [PMID: 38260266 PMCID: PMC10802455 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.07.574580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with numerous cancers including B cell lymphomas. In vitro, EBV transforms primary B cells into immortalized Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines (LCLs) which serves as a model to study the role of viral proteins in EBV malignancies. EBV induced cellular transformation is driven by viral proteins including EBV-Nuclear Antigens (EBNAs). EBNA-LP is important for the transformation of naïve but not memory B cells. While EBNA-LP was thought to promote gene activation by EBNA2, EBNA-LP Knock Out (LPKO) virus-infected cells express EBNA2-activated genes efficiently. Therefore, a gap in knowledge exists as to what roles EBNA-LP plays in naïve B cell transformation. We developed a trans-complementation assay wherein transfection with wild-type EBNA-LP rescues the transformation of peripheral blood- and cord blood-derived naïve B cells by LPKO virus. Despite EBNA-LP phosphorylation sites being important in EBNA2 co-activation; neither phospho-mutant nor phospho-mimetic EBNA-LP was defective in rescuing naïve B cell outgrowth. However, we identified conserved leucine-rich motifs in EBNA-LP that were required for transformation of adult naïve and cord blood B cells. Because cellular PPAR-γ coactivator (PGC) proteins use leucine-rich motifs to engage transcription factors including YY1, a key regulator of DNA looping and metabolism, we examined the role of EBNA-LP in engaging cellular transcription factors. We found a significant overlap between EBNA-LP and YY1 in ChIP-Seq data and confirmed their biochemical association in LCLs by endogenous co-immunoprecipitation. Moreover, we found that the EBNA-LP leucine-rich motifs were required for YY1 interaction in LCLs. Finally, we used Cas9 to knockout YY1 in primary total B cells and naïve B cells prior to EBV infection and found YY1 to be essential for EBV-mediated transformation. We propose that EBNA-LP engages YY1 through conserved leucine-rich motifs to promote EBV transformation of naïve B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M Cable
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nicolás M Reinoso-Vizcaino
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Robert E. White
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Micah A Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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15
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Budeus B, Kibler A, Küppers R. Human IgM-expressing memory B cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1308378. [PMID: 38143767 PMCID: PMC10748387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1308378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of T cell dependent (TD) humoral immune responses is the generation of long-lived memory B cells. The generation of these cells occurs primarily in the germinal center (GC) reaction, where antigen-activated B cells undergo affinity maturation as a major consequence of the combined processes of proliferation, somatic hypermutation of their immunoglobulin V (IgV) region genes, and selection for improved affinity of their B-cell antigen receptors. As many B cells also undergo class-switching to IgG or IgA in these TD responses, there was traditionally a focus on class-switched memory B cells in both murine and human studies on memory B cells. However, it has become clear that there is also a large subset of IgM-expressing memory B cells, which have important phenotypic and functional similarities but also differences to class-switched memory B cells. There is an ongoing discussion about the origin of distinct subsets of human IgM+ B cells with somatically mutated IgV genes. We argue here that the vast majority of human IgM-expressing B cells with somatically mutated IgV genes in adults is indeed derived from GC reactions, even though a generation of some mostly lowly mutated IgM+ B cells from other differentiation pathways, mainly in early life, may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany
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16
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Kuloğlu ZE, Talay ZG, Albayrak Ö, Ergönül Ö, Can F. B Cell Subtypes in Individuals Received mRNA or Inactivated Vaccine Boosters After Fully Vaccinated with CoronaVac: A Longitudinal Study. INFECTIOUS DISEASES & CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 5:257-261. [PMID: 38633562 PMCID: PMC10986697 DOI: 10.36519/idcm.2023.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the changes in the B cell subpopulations after homologous or heterologous COVID-19 boosters. Blood samples were collected after baseline (3-5 months after two doses of CoronaVac), 1 and 3 months after BNT162b2 (n=28 and n=6), and CoronaVac (n=7 and n=4) boosters. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and stained with B cell markers, the ratios of naïve (CD19+CD20+CD27-), memory (CD19+CD20+CD27+), memory B cells expressing IgG (CD19+CD20+CD27+IgG+), and effector memory B cells (CD19+CD20+CD27+CD38+) were identified with flow cytometry. Significantly higher expression of memory B cells was observed in one month with BNT162b2 (12.16% one month, 5.98% three months) and CoronaVac (14.18% one month, 9.00% three months) boosters. IgG expressing memory B cell expression was significantly higher with BNT162b2 than with CoronaVac booster in one month (22.70% and 13.95%, respectively). The ratio of effector B cells in the first month after CoronaVac booster (25.44%) was significantly higher than the BNT162b2 booster (9.90%, p =0.0263).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Ece Kuloğlu
- Koç University IsBank Research Center for Infectious Diseases (KUISCID), İstanbul, Türkiye
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Zeynep Gülçe Talay
- Koç University IsBank Research Center for Infectious Diseases (KUISCID), İstanbul, Türkiye
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Özgür Albayrak
- Koç University Hospital Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Önder Ergönül
- Koç University IsBank Research Center for Infectious Diseases (KUISCID), İstanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Koç University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Füsun Can
- Koç University IsBank Research Center for Infectious Diseases (KUISCID), İstanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Koç University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Türkiye
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17
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Bedi R, Bayless NL, Glanville J. Challenges and Progress in Designing Broad-Spectrum Vaccines Against Rapidly Mutating Viruses. Annu Rev Biomed Data Sci 2023; 6:419-441. [PMID: 37196356 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-020722-041304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Viruses evolve to evade prior immunity, causing significant disease burden. Vaccine effectiveness deteriorates as pathogens mutate, requiring redesign. This is a problem that has grown worse due to population increase, global travel, and farming practices. Thus, there is significant interest in developing broad-spectrum vaccines that mitigate disease severity and ideally inhibit disease transmission without requiring frequent updates. Even in cases where vaccines against rapidly mutating pathogens have been somewhat effective, such as seasonal influenza and SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), designing vaccines that provide broad-spectrum immunity against routinely observed viral variation remains a desirable but not yet achieved goal. This review highlights the key theoretical advances in understanding the interplay between polymorphism and vaccine efficacy, challenges in designing broad-spectrum vaccines, and technology advances and possible avenues forward. We also discuss data-driven approaches for monitoring vaccine efficacy and predicting viral escape from vaccine-induced protection. In each case, we consider illustrative examples in vaccine development from influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)-three examples of highly prevalent rapidly mutating viruses with distinct phylogenetics and unique histories of vaccine technology development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Bedi
- Centivax Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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18
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Lane LC, Cheetham TD, Razvi S, Allinson K, Pearce SHS. Expansion of the immature B lymphocyte compartment in Graves' disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2023; 189:208-216. [PMID: 37536284 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The specific mechanisms driving autoimmunity in Graves' disease (GD) remain largely unknown. Kappa-deleting recombination excision circles (KRECs) are circular DNA molecules generated during B cell maturation in the bone marrow which provide a measure of B cell production and proliferation. We aimed to investigate the association between KRECs and B cell subpopulations, with thyroid status and clinical outcome in GD patients. METHODS Kappa-deleting recombination excision circles were measured by quantitative real-time PCR using a triple-insert plasmid control in 132 GD patients and 140 healthy controls. In addition, KRECs in GD patients on withdrawal of antithyroid drug (ATD) and 6-10 weeks later were analysed according to a clinical outcome at 1 year. Flow cytometry was performed on isolated CD19+ B cells to quantitate 7 B lymphocyte subpopulations in 65 GD patients. RESULTS Circulating KRECs were higher in GD vs. controls (P = 1.5 × 10-9) and demonstrated a positive correlation to thyroid hormones and autoantibodies (free thyroxine: P = 2.14 × 10-5, rho = .30; free triiodothyronine: P = 1.99 × 10-7, rho = .37; thyroid stimulating hormone receptor autoantibodies: P = 1.36 × 10-5, rho = .23). Higher KRECs in GD patients 6-10 weeks after ATD withdrawal were associated with relapse of hyperthyroidism at 1 year (P = .04). The KRECs were positively correlated to the total CD19+ B cell count (P = 3.2 × 10-7). CONCLUSIONS This study reports a robust association between KRECs and GD, highlighting the importance of B cells in the pathogenesis of GD and the influence of thyroid status on B cell activity. The findings indicate a potential role for KRECs as a marker of disease activity and outcome in GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Claire Lane
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
- Endocrine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, The Great North Children's Hospital, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy David Cheetham
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, The Great North Children's Hospital, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Salman Razvi
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Endocrinology, Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust, Gateshead, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen Allinson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Henry Schofield Pearce
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
- Endocrine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
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19
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Chakma CR, Good-Jacobson KL. Requirements of IL-4 during the Generation of B Cell Memory. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1853-1860. [PMID: 37276051 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
IL-4 has long been established as a key regulator of Th cells and for promoting effective B cell survival and isotype class switching. Yet, despite having been extensively studied, the specific role of IL-4 in generating humoral memory in vivo is unclear. In this review, we explore the recent studies that unravel the cellular sources and spatiotemporal production of IL-4, the relationship between IL-4 and IL-21 during germinal center responses and the formation of Ab-secreting cells, and the current understanding of whether IL-4 promotes or suppresses memory B cell generation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa R Chakma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim L Good-Jacobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Micoli F, Stefanetti G, MacLennan CA. Exploring the variables influencing the immune response of traditional and innovative glycoconjugate vaccines. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1201693. [PMID: 37261327 PMCID: PMC10227950 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1201693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are cost-effective tools for reducing morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases. The rapid evolution of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, the introduction of tetravalent meningococcal conjugate vaccines, mass vaccination campaigns in Africa with a meningococcal A conjugate vaccine, and the recent licensure and introduction of glycoconjugates against S. Typhi underlie the continued importance of research on glycoconjugate vaccines. More innovative ways to produce carbohydrate-based vaccines have been developed over the years, including bioconjugation, Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMV) and the Multiple antigen-presenting system (MAPS). Several variables in the design of these vaccines can affect the induced immune responses. We review immunogenicity studies comparing conjugate vaccines that differ in design variables, such as saccharide chain length and conjugation chemistry, as well as carrier protein and saccharide to protein ratio. We evaluate how a better understanding of the effects of these different parameters is key to designing improved glycoconjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Stefanetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Calman A. MacLennan
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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21
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Kumar NP, Padmapriyadarsini C, Rajamanickam A, Bhavani PK, Nancy A, Jeyadeepa B, Renji RM, Babu S. BCG vaccination induces enhanced humoral responses in elderly individuals. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 139:102320. [PMID: 36758395 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have reported the beneficial effects of Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccination, including non-specific cross-protection against other infectious diseases. METHODS We investigated the impact of BCG vaccination on the frequencies of B cell subsets as well as total antibody levels in healthy elderly individuals at one month post vaccination. We also compared the above-mentioned parameters in post-vaccinated individuals to unvaccinated controls. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that BCG vaccination induced enhanced frequencies of immature, classical and activated memory B cells and plasma cells and diminished frequencies of naïve and atypical memory B cells. BCG vaccination induced significantly increased levels of total IgG subclass isotypes compared to baseline. Similarly, all of the above parameters were significantly higher in vaccinated individuals compared to unvaccinated controls. CONCLUSION BCG vaccination was associated with enhanced B cell subsets, suggesting its potential utility by enhancing heterologous immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anuradha Rajamanickam
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | | | - Arul Nancy
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - B Jeyadeepa
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Rachel Mariam Renji
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Subash Babu
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
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22
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Swift M, Horns F, Quake SR. Lineage tracing reveals fate bias and transcriptional memory in human B cells. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201792. [PMID: 36639222 PMCID: PMC9840405 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We combined single-cell transcriptomics and lineage tracing to understand fate choice in human B cells. Using the antibody sequences of B cells, we tracked clones during in vitro differentiation. Clonal analysis revealed a subset of IgM+ B cells which were more proliferative than other B-cell types. Whereas the population of B cells adopted diverse states during differentiation, clones had a restricted set of fates available to them; there were two times more single-fate clones than expected given population-level cell-type diversity. This implicated a molecular memory of initial cell states that was propagated through differentiation. We then identified the genes which had strongest coherence within clones. These genes significantly overlapped known B-cell fate determination programs, suggesting the genes which determine cell identity are most robustly controlled on a clonal level. Persistent clonal identities were also observed in human plasma cells from bone marrow, indicating that these transcriptional programs maintain long-term cell identities in vivo. Thus, we show how cell-intrinsic fate bias influences differentiation outcomes in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Swift
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Felix Horns
- Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
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23
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Aguilar-Bretones M, Fouchier RA, Koopmans MP, van Nierop GP. Impact of antigenic evolution and original antigenic sin on SARS-CoV-2 immunity. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e162192. [PMID: 36594464 PMCID: PMC9797340 DOI: 10.1172/jci162192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and vaccinations targeting the spike protein (S) offer protective immunity against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This immunity may further be shaped by cross-reactivity with common cold coronaviruses. Mutations arising in S that are associated with altered intrinsic virus properties and immune escape result in the continued circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Potentially, vaccine updates will be required to protect against future variants of concern, as for influenza. To offer potent protection against future variants, these second-generation vaccines may need to redirect immunity to epitopes associated with immune escape and not merely boost immunity toward conserved domains in preimmune individuals. For influenza, efficacy of repeated vaccination is hampered by original antigenic sin, an attribute of immune memory that leads to greater induction of antibodies specific to the first-encountered variant of an immunogen compared with subsequent variants. In this Review, recent findings on original antigenic sin are discussed in the context of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Unanswered questions and future directions are highlighted, with an emphasis on the impact on disease outcome and vaccine design.
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24
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Huang M, Malovic E, Ealy A, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Microglial immune regulation by epigenetic reprogramming through histone H3K27 acetylation in neuroinflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1052925. [PMID: 37033967 PMCID: PMC10073546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1052925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic reprogramming is the ability of innate immune cells to form memories of environmental stimuli (priming), allowing for heightened responses to secondary stressors. Herein, we explored microglial epigenetic marks using the known inflammagen LPS as a memory priming trigger and Parkinsonian-linked environmental neurotoxic stressor manganese (Mn) as the secondary environmental trigger. To mimic physiological responses, the memory priming trigger LPS treatment was removed by triple-washing to allow the cells' acute inflammatory response to reset back before applying the secondary insult. Our results show that after the secondary Mn insult, levels of key proinflammatory markers, including nitrite release, iNOS mRNA and protein expression, Il-6, Il-α and cytokines were exaggerated in LPS-primed microglia. Our paradigm implies primed microglia retain immune memory that can be reprogrammed to augment inflammatory response by secondary environmental stress. To ascertain the molecular underpinning of this neuroimmune memory, we further hypothesize that epigenetic reprogramming contributes to the retention of a heightened immune response. Interestingly, Mn-exposed, LPS-primed microglia showed enhanced deposition of H3K27ac and H3K4me3 along with H3K4me1. We further confirmed the results using a PD mouse model (MitoPark) and postmortem human PD brains, thereby adding clinical relevance to our findings. Co-treatment with the p300/H3K27ac inhibitor GNE-049 reduced p300 expression and H3K27ac deposition, decreased iNOS, and increased ARG1 and IRF4 levels. Lastly, since mitochondrial stress is a driver of environmentally linked Parkinson's disease (PD) progression, we examined the effects of GNE-049 on primary trigger-induced mitochondrial stress. GNE-049 reduced mitochondrial superoxide, mitochondrial circularity and stress, and mitochondrial membrane depolarization, suggesting beneficial consequences of GNE-049 on mitochondrial function. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that proinflammatory primary triggers can shape microglial memory via the epigenetic mark H3K27ac and that inhibiting H3K27ac deposition can prevent primary trigger immune memory formation and attenuate subsequent secondary inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhong Huang
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Emir Malovic
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Alyssa Ealy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Huajun Jin
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Anumantha G. Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Anumantha G. Kanthasamy,
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25
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Xie Y, Tian X, Zhang X, Yao H, Wu N. Immune interference in effectiveness of influenza and COVID-19 vaccination. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1167214. [PMID: 37153582 PMCID: PMC10154574 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1167214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are known to function as the most effective interventional therapeutics for controlling infectious diseases, including polio, smallpox, rabies, tuberculosis, influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Smallpox has been eliminated completely and polio is almost extinct because of vaccines. Rabies vaccines and Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines could effectively protect humans against respective infections. However, both influenza vaccines and COVID-19 vaccines are unable to eliminate these two infectious diseases of their highly variable antigenic sites in viral proteins. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) could be negatively influenced (i.e., interfered with) by immune imprinting of previous infections or vaccinations, and repeated vaccinations could interfere with VE against infections due to mismatch between vaccine strains and endemic viral strains. Moreover, VE could also be interfered with when more than one kind of vaccine is administrated concomitantly (i.e., co-administrated), suggesting that the VE could be modulated by the vaccine-induced immunity. In this review, we revisit the evidence that support the interfered VE result from immune imprinting or repeated vaccinations in influenza and COVID-19 vaccine, and the interference in co-administration of these two types of vaccines is also discussed. Regarding the development of next-generation COVID-19 vaccines, the researchers should focus on the induction of cross-reactive T-cell responses and naive B-cell responses to overcome negative effects from the immune system itself. The strategy of co-administrating influenza and COVID-19 vaccine needs to be considered more carefully and more clinical data is needed to verify this strategy to be safe and immunogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuebin Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaodi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hangping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Nanping Wu,
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26
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Koers J, Pollastro S, Tol S, Niewold ITG, van Schouwenburg PA, de Vries N, Rispens T. Improving naive B cell isolation by absence of CD45RB glycosylation and CD27 expression in combination with BCR isotype. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1630-1639. [PMID: 35862268 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In past years ex vivo and in vivo experimental approaches involving human naive B cells have proven fundamental for elucidation of mechanisms promoting B cell differentiation in both health and disease. For such studies, it is paramount that isolation strategies yield a population of bona fide naive B cells, i.e., B cells that are phenotypically and functionally naive, clonally non-expanded, and have non-mutated BCR variable regions. In this study different combinations of common as well as recently identified B cell markers were compared to isolate naive B cells from human peripheral blood. High-throughput BCR sequencing was performed to analyze levels of somatic hypermutation and clonal expansion. Additionally, contamination from mature mutated B cells intrinsic to each cell-sorting strategy was evaluated and how this impacts the purity of obtained populations. Our results show that current naive B cell isolation strategies harbor contamination from non-naive B cells, and use of CD27-IgD+ is adequate but can be improved by including markers for CD45RB glycosylation and IgM. The finetuning of naive B cell classification provided herein will harmonize research lines using naive B cells, and will improve B cell profiling during health and disease, e.g. during diagnosis, treatment, and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Koers
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University medical centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Pollastro
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University medical centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Tol
- Sanquin Research, Department of Research facilities, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University medical centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse T G Niewold
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ARC, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline A van Schouwenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Niek de Vries
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ARC, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University medical centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Pelham SJ, Caldirola MS, Avery DT, Mackie J, Rao G, Gothe F, Peters TJ, Guerin A, Neumann D, Vokurkova D, Hwa V, Zhang W, Lyu SC, Chang I, Manohar M, Nadeau KC, Gaillard MI, Bezrodnik L, Iotova V, Zwirner NW, Gutierrez M, Al-Herz W, Goodnow CC, Vargas-Hernández A, Forbes Satter LR, Hambleton S, Deenick EK, Ma CS, Tangye SG. STAT5B restrains human B-cell differentiation to maintain humoral immune homeostasis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:931-946. [PMID: 35469842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphocyte differentiation is regulated by coordinated actions of cytokines and signaling pathways. IL-21 activates STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5 and is fundamental for the differentiation of human B cells into memory cells and antibody-secreting cells. While STAT1 is largely nonessential and STAT3 is critical for this process, the role of STAT5 is unknown. OBJECTIVES This study sought to delineate unique roles of STAT5 in activation and differentiation of human naive and memory B cells. METHODS STAT activation was assessed by phospho-flow cytometry cell sorting. Differential gene expression was determined by RNA-sequencing and quantitative PCR. The requirement for STAT5B in B-cell and CD4+ T-cell differentiation was assessed using CRISPR-mediated STAT5B deletion from B-cell lines and investigating primary lymphocytes from individuals with germline STAT5B mutations. RESULTS IL-21 activated STAT5 and strongly induced SOCS3 in human naive, but not memory, B cells. Deletion of STAT5B in B-cell lines diminished IL-21-mediated SOCS3 induction. PBMCs from STAT5B-null individuals contained expanded populations of immunoglobulin class-switched B cells, CD21loTbet+ B cells, and follicular T helper cells. IL-21 induced greater differentiation of STAT5B-deficient B cells into plasmablasts in vitro than B cells from healthy donors, correlating with higher expression levels of transcription factors promoting plasma cell formation. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal novel roles for STAT5B in regulating IL-21-induced human B-cell differentiation. This is achieved by inducing SOCS3 to attenuate IL-21 signaling, and BCL6 to repress class switching and plasma cell generation. Thus, STAT5B is critical for restraining IL-21-mediated B-cell differentiation. These findings provide insights into mechanisms underpinning B-cell responses during primary and subsequent antigen encounter and explain autoimmunity and dysfunctional humoral immunity in STAT5B deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Pelham
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maria Soledad Caldirola
- Grupo de Inmunología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas, Hospital de Niños "Dr. Ricardo Gutierrez," Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Joseph Mackie
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Geetha Rao
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Florian Gothe
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timothy J Peters
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Antoine Guerin
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Neumann
- Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Doris Vokurkova
- Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Shu-Chen Lyu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, Calif
| | - Iris Chang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, Calif
| | - Monali Manohar
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, Calif; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, Calif; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Maria Isabel Gaillard
- Grupo de Inmunología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas, Hospital de Niños "Dr. Ricardo Gutierrez," Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Bezrodnik
- Grupo de Inmunología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas, Hospital de Niños "Dr. Ricardo Gutierrez," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Center for Clinical Immunology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Violeta Iotova
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University-Varna, Varna, Bulgaria; Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital "St Marina," Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Norberto Walter Zwirner
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mavel Gutierrez
- Rocky Mountain Hospital for Children/Presbyterian St Luke's Medical Center, Denver, Colo
| | - Waleed Al-Herz
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alexander Vargas-Hernández
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Allergy, Immunology, and Retrovirology, William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Lisa R Forbes Satter
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Allergy, Immunology, and Retrovirology, William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, National Health Service Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elissa K Deenick
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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28
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Ansari A, Sachan S, Jit BP, Sharma A, Coshic P, Sette A, Weiskopf D, Gupta N. An efficient immunoassay for the B cell help function of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory CD4 + T cells. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100224. [PMID: 35571764 PMCID: PMC9085463 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The B cell "help" function of CD4+ T cells is an important mechanism of adaptive immunity. Here, we describe improved antigen-specific T-B cocultures for quantitative measurement of T cell-dependent B cell responses, with as few as ∼90 T cells. Utilizing M. tuberculosis (Mtb), we show that early priming and activation of CD4+ T cells is important for productive interaction between T and B cells and that similar effects are achieved by supplementing cocultures with monocytes. We find that monocytes promote survivability of B cells via BAFF and stem cell growth factor (SCGF)/C-type lectin domain family 11 member A (CLEC11A), but this alone does not fully recapitulate the effects of monocyte supplementation. Importantly, we demonstrate improved activation and immunological output of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific memory CD4+ T-B cell cocultures with the inclusion of monocytes. This method may therefore provide a more sensitive assay to evaluate the B cell help quality of memory CD4+ T cells, for example, after vaccination or natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asgar Ansari
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shilpa Sachan
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Bimal Prasad Jit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Poonam Coshic
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nimesh Gupta
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
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29
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Bitencourt J, Peralta-Álvarez MP, Wilkie M, Jacobs A, Wright D, Salman Almujri S, Li S, Harris SA, Smith SG, Elias SC, White AD, Satti I, Sharpe SS, O’Shea MK, McShane H, Tanner R. Induction of Functional Specific Antibodies, IgG-Secreting Plasmablasts and Memory B Cells Following BCG Vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 12:798207. [PMID: 35069580 PMCID: PMC8767055 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.798207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health problem and the only currently-licensed vaccine, BCG, is inadequate. Many TB vaccine candidates are designed to be given as a boost to BCG; an understanding of the BCG-induced immune response is therefore critical, and the opportunity to relate this to circumstances where BCG does confer protection may direct the design of more efficacious vaccines. While the T cell response to BCG vaccination has been well-characterized, there is a paucity of literature on the humoral response. We demonstrate BCG vaccine-mediated induction of specific antibodies in different human populations and macaque species which represent important preclinical models for TB vaccine development. We observe a strong correlation between antibody titers in serum versus plasma with modestly higher titers in serum. We also report for the first time the rapid and transient induction of antibody-secreting plasmablasts following BCG vaccination, together with a robust and durable memory B cell response in humans. Finally, we demonstrate a functional role for BCG vaccine-induced specific antibodies in opsonizing mycobacteria and enhancing macrophage phagocytosis in vitro, which may contribute to the BCG vaccine-mediated control of mycobacterial growth observed. Taken together, our findings indicate that the humoral immune response in the context of BCG vaccination merits further attention to determine whether TB vaccine candidates could benefit from the induction of humoral as well as cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bitencourt
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IGM/Fiocruz), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Morven Wilkie
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Jacobs
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Daniel Wright
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Salem Salman Almujri
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shuailin Li
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie A. Harris
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Steven G. Smith
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Biosciences, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sean C. Elias
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. White
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Iman Satti
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sally S. Sharpe
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew K. O’Shea
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Tanner
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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30
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Giannotta G, Giannotta N. mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines and Long-Lived Plasma Cells: A Complicated Relationship. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1503. [PMID: 34960249 PMCID: PMC8703557 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
mRNA COVID-19 vaccines have hegemonized the world market, and their administration to the population promises to stop the pandemic. However, the waning of the humoral immune response, which does not seem to last so many months after the completion of the vaccination program, has led us to study the molecular immunological mechanisms of waning immunity in the case of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. We consulted the published scientific literature and from the few articles we found, we were convinced that there is an immunological memory problem after vaccination. Although mRNA vaccines have been demonstrated to induce antigen-specific memory B cells (MBCs) in the human population, there is no evidence that these vaccines induce the production of long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs), in a SARS-CoV-2 virus naïve population. This obstacle, in our point of view, is caused by the presence, in almost all subjects, of a cellular T and B cross-reactive memory produced during past exposures to the common cold coronaviruses. Due to this interference, it is difficult for a vaccination with the Spike protein alone, without adjuvants capable of prolonging the late phase of the generation of the immunological memory, to be able to determine the production of protective LLPCs. This would explain the possibility of previously and completely vaccinated subjects to become infected, already 4-6 months after the completion of the vaccination cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Giannotta
- Medical and Surgery Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Magna Græcia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
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31
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Schreiner P, Velasquez MP, Gottschalk S, Zhang J, Fan Y. Unifying heterogeneous expression data to predict targets for CAR-T cell therapy. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:2000109. [PMID: 34858726 PMCID: PMC8632331 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.2000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy combines antigen-specific properties of monoclonal antibodies with the lytic capacity of T cells. An effective and safe CAR-T cell therapy strategy relies on identifying an antigen that has high expression and is tumor specific. This strategy has been successfully used to treat patients with CD19+ B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Finding a suitable target antigen for other cancers such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has proven challenging, as the majority of currently targeted AML antigens are also expressed on hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) or mature myeloid cells. Herein, we developed a computational method to perform a data transformation to enable the comparison of publicly available gene expression data across different datasets or assay platforms. The resulting transformed expression values (TEVs) were used in our antigen prediction algorithm to assess suitable tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) that could be targeted with CAR-T cells. We validated this method by identifying B-ALL antigens with known clinical effectiveness, such as CD19 and CD22. Our algorithm predicted TAAs being currently explored preclinically and in clinical CAR-T AML therapy trials, as well as novel TAAs in pediatric megakaryoblastic AML. Thus, this analytical approach presents a promising new strategy to mine diverse datasets for identifying TAAs suitable for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schreiner
- The Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mireya Paulina Velasquez
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cell Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cell Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- The Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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32
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Tjiam MC, Fernandez S, French MA. Characterising the Phenotypic Diversity of Antigen-Specific Memory B Cells Before and After Vaccination. Front Immunol 2021; 12:738123. [PMID: 34650561 PMCID: PMC8505969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.738123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of B cell subsets and their contribution to vaccine-induced immunity in humans are not well elucidated but hold important implications for rational vaccine design. Prior studies demonstrate that B cell subsets distinguished by immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype expression exhibit divergent activation-induced fates. Here, the antigen-specific B cell response to tetanus toxoid (TTd) booster vaccination was examined in healthy adults, using a dual-TTd tetramer staining flow cytometry protocol. Unsupervised analyses of the data revealed that prior to vaccination, IgM-expressing CD27+ B cells accounted for the majority of TTd-binding B cells. 7 days following vaccination, there was an acute expansion of TTd-binding plasmablasts (PB) predominantly expressing IgG, and a minority expressing IgA or IgM. Frequencies of all PB subsets returned to baseline at days 14 and 21. TTd-binding IgG+ and IgA+ memory B cells (MBC) exhibited a steady and delayed maximal expansion compared to PB, peaking in frequencies at day 14. In contrast, the number of TTd-binding IgM+IgD+CD27+ B cells and IgM-only CD27+ B cells remain unchanged following vaccination. To examine TTd-binding capacity of IgG+ MBC and IgM+IgD+CD27+ B cells, surface TTd-tetramer was normalised to expression of the B cell receptor-associated CD79b subunit. CD79b-normalised TTd binding increased in IgG+ MBC, but remained unchanged in IgM+IgD+CD27+ B cells, and correlated with the functional affinity index of plasma TTd-specific IgG antibodies, following vaccination. Finally, frequencies of activated (PD-1+ICOS+) circulating follicular helper T cells (cTFH), particularly of the CXCR3-CCR6- cTFH2 cell phenotype, at their peak expansion, strongly predicted antigen-binding capacity of IgG+ MBC. These data highlight the phenotypic and functional diversity of the B cell memory compartment, in their temporal kinetics, antigen-binding capacities and association with cTFH cells, and are important parameters for consideration in assessing vaccine-induced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Christian Tjiam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Sonia Fernandez
- Division of Immunology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Martyn A French
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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33
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Kibler A, Budeus B, Homp E, Bronischewski K, Berg V, Sellmann L, Murke F, Heinold A, Heinemann FM, Lindemann M, Bekeredjian-Ding I, Horn PA, Kirschning CJ, Küppers R, Seifert M. Systematic memory B cell archiving and random display shape the human splenic marginal zone throughout life. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211756. [PMID: 33538775 PMCID: PMC7868796 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human memory B cells (MBCs) are generated and diversified in secondary lymphoid tissues throughout the organism. A paired immunoglobulin (Ig)-gene repertoire analysis of peripheral blood (PB) and splenic MBCs from infant, adult, and elderly humans revealed that throughout life, circulating MBCs are comprehensively archived in the spleen. Archive MBC clones are systematically preserved and uncoupled from class-switching. Clonality in the spleen increases steadily, but boosts at midlife, thereby outcompeting small clones. The splenic marginal zone (sMZ) represents a primed MBC compartment, generated from a stochastic exchange within the archive memory pool. This is supported by functional assays, showing that PB and splenic CD21+ MBCs acquire transient CD21high expression upon NOTCH2-stimulation. Our study provides insight that the human MBC system in PB and spleen is composed of three interwoven compartments: the dynamic relationship of circulating, archive, and its subset of primed (sMZ) memory changes with age, thereby contributing to immune aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kibler
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bettina Budeus
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Homp
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kevin Bronischewski
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Victoria Berg
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ludger Sellmann
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Murke
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinold
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Falko M Heinemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Monika Lindemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Peter A Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marc Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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34
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Szodoray P, Andersen TK, Heinzelbecker J, Imbery JF, Huszthy PC, Stanford SM, Bogen B, Landsverk OB, Bottini N, Tveita A, Munthe LA, Nakken B. Integration of T helper and BCR signals governs enhanced plasma cell differentiation of memory B cells by regulation of CD45 phosphatase activity. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109525. [PMID: 34380042 PMCID: PMC8435664 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity relies on the efficient differentiation of memory B cells (MBCs) into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). T helper (Th) signals upregulate B cell receptor (BCR) signaling by potentiating Src family kinases through increasing CD45 phosphatase activity (CD45 PA). In this study, we show that high CD45 PA in MBCs enhances BCR signaling and is essential for their effective ASC differentiation. Mechanistically, Th signals upregulate CD45 PA through intensifying the surface binding of a CD45 ligand, Galectin-1. CD45 PA works as a sensor of T cell help and defines high-affinity germinal center (GC) plasma cell (PC) precursors characterized by IRF4 expression in vivo. Increasing T cell help in vitro results in an incremental CD45 PA increase and enhances ASC differentiation by facilitating effective induction of the transcription factors IRF4 and BLIMP1. This study connects Th signals with BCR signaling through Galectin-1-dependent regulation of CD45 PA and provides a mechanism for efficient ASC differentiation of MBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Szodoray
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tor Kristian Andersen
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia Heinzelbecker
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - John F Imbery
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter C Huszthy
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephanie M Stanford
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC #0656, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole B Landsverk
- Department of Pathology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC #0656, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anders Tveita
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig A Munthe
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Britt Nakken
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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35
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The dynamic epigenetic regulation of the inactive X chromosome in healthy human B cells is dysregulated in lupus patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2024624118. [PMID: 34103397 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024624118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is a female-predominant disease characterized by autoimmune B cells and pathogenic autoantibody production. Individuals with two or more X chromosomes are at increased risk for SLE, suggesting that X-linked genes contribute to the observed sex bias of this disease. To normalize X-linked gene expression between sexes, one X in female cells is randomly selected for transcriptional silencing through X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), resulting in allele-specific enrichment of epigenetic modifications, including histone methylation and the long noncoding RNA XIST/Xist on the inactive X (Xi). As we have previously shown that epigenetic regulation of the Xi in female lymphocytes from mice is unexpectedly dynamic, we used RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence to profile epigenetic features of the Xi at the single-cell level in human B cell subsets from pediatric and adult SLE patients and healthy controls. Our data reveal that abnormal XCI maintenance in B cells is a feature of SLE. Using single-cell and bulk-cell RNA sequencing datasets, we found that X-linked immunity genes escape XCI in specific healthy human B cell subsets and that human SLE B cells exhibit aberrant expression of X-linked genes and XIST RNA interactome genes. Our data reveal that mislocalized XIST RNA, coupled with a dramatic reduction in heterochromatic modifications at the Xi in SLE, predispose for aberrant X-linked gene expression from the Xi, thus defining a genetic and epigenetic pathway that affects X-linked gene expression in human SLE B cells and likely contributes to the female bias in SLE.
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36
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Schnaack OH, Nourmohammad A. Optimal evolutionary decision-making to store immune memory. eLife 2021; 10:61346. [PMID: 33908347 PMCID: PMC8116052 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system provides a diverse set of molecules that can mount specific responses against a multitude of pathogens. Memory is a key feature of adaptive immunity, which allows organisms to respond more readily upon re-infections. However, differentiation of memory cells is still one of the least understood cell fate decisions. Here, we introduce a mathematical framework to characterize optimal strategies to store memory to maximize the utility of immune response over an organism's lifetime. We show that memory production should be actively regulated to balance between affinity and cross-reactivity of immune receptors for an effective protection against evolving pathogens. Moreover, we predict that specificity of memory should depend on the organism's lifespan, and shorter lived organisms with fewer pathogenic encounters should store more cross-reactive memory. Our framework provides a baseline to gauge the efficacy of immune memory in light of an organism's coevolutionary history with pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar H Schnaack
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-organization, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Armita Nourmohammad
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-organization, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
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37
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Performance of Four IgM Antibody Assays in the Diagnosis of Measles Virus Primary Infection and Cases with a Serological Profile Indicating Reinfection. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:JCM.02047-20. [PMID: 33627321 PMCID: PMC8091831 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02047-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The object of this study was to determine the diagnostic performance of four commercially available IgM tests in the diagnosis of measles virus (MeV) primary infection and cases with a serological profile indicating reinfection. Sera from 187 patients with MeV primary infection, 30 patients with suspected reinfection (after vaccine failure), and 153 patients with rash-like symptoms after exclusion of MeV infection were retested with four IgM tests. The object of this study was to determine the diagnostic performance of four commercially available IgM tests in the diagnosis of measles virus (MeV) primary infection and cases with a serological profile indicating reinfection. Sera from 187 patients with MeV primary infection, 30 patients with suspected reinfection (after vaccine failure), and 153 patients with rash-like symptoms after exclusion of MeV infection were retested with four IgM tests. MeV infection was verified by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), and primary and suspected reinfections were differentiated by IgG avidity and neutralization assays. All IgM assays displayed significant agreement (Cohen’s κ, ≥0.604; all P < 0.001) and a higher diagnostic accuracy in primary infection than in suspected reinfection (indicated by high IgG avidity and significantly higher anti-MeV-IgG and neutralizing titers). In the overall cohort, the areas under the curve (AUC) were comparable among all tests, ranging from 0.875 to 0.931, with ranges increasing to 0.911 to 0.930 in the primary infection and decreasing to 0.765 to 0.940 in the setting of high anti-MeV-IgG avidity, and all tests displayed high specificity (81.1 to 92.2%). Of note, IgM tests with the highest diagnostic accuracy had discriminatory abilities not significantly different than PCR from serum. Although reinfections pose a challenge for IgM testing, IgM assays remain a cornerstone in the diagnosis of MeV infections. Especially in samples with a serological profile indicating reinfections, IgM tests displayed an equal or even superior diagnostic ability compared to PCR from serum.
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38
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Rogers KJ, Vijay R, Butler NS. Anti-malarial humoral immunity: the long and short of it. Microbes Infect 2021; 23:104807. [PMID: 33684519 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Humoral immunity is critical for limiting Plasmodium parasite infections and the severity of malaria. Naturally acquired immunity against malaria occurs inefficiently and protection is relatively short-lived. Here we review recent advances and explore emerging hypotheses regarding the molecular and cellular pathways that regulate Plasmodium parasite-specific B cell responses and durable anti-malarial humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai J Rogers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Rahul Vijay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Noah S Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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39
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Sutton HJ, Aye R, Idris AH, Vistein R, Nduati E, Kai O, Mwacharo J, Li X, Gao X, Andrews TD, Koutsakos M, Nguyen THO, Nekrasov M, Milburn P, Eltahla A, Berry AA, Kc N, Chakravarty S, Sim BKL, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, Hoffman SL, Lyke KE, Bejon P, Luciani F, Kedzierska K, Seder RA, Ndungu FM, Cockburn IA. Atypical B cells are part of an alternative lineage of B cells that participates in responses to vaccination and infection in humans. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108684. [PMID: 33567273 PMCID: PMC7873835 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of circulating human B cells is unknown. We use single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to examine the diversity of both antigen-specific and total B cells in healthy subjects and malaria-exposed individuals. This reveals two B cell lineages: a classical lineage of activated and resting memory B cells and an alternative lineage, which includes previously described atypical B cells. Although atypical B cells have previously been associated with disease states, the alternative lineage is common in healthy controls, as well as malaria-exposed individuals. We further track Plasmodium-specific B cells after malaria vaccination in naive volunteers. We find that alternative lineage cells are primed after the initial immunization and respond to booster doses. However, alternative lineage cells develop an atypical phenotype with repeated boosts. The data highlight that atypical cells are part of a wider alternative lineage of B cells that are a normal component of healthy immune responses. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals two distinct B cell lineages An alternative lineage contains CXCR3+ and atypical B cells Alternative B cells are primed after primary vaccination and respond to boosters Alternative B cells adopt a more atypical phenotype following repeated antigen exposure
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Sutton
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Racheal Aye
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; KEMRI - Wellcome Research Programme/Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Azza H Idris
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rachel Vistein
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eunice Nduati
- KEMRI - Wellcome Research Programme/Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Oscar Kai
- KEMRI - Wellcome Research Programme/Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Jedida Mwacharo
- KEMRI - Wellcome Research Programme/Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - T Daniel Andrews
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Maxim Nekrasov
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Biomolecular Resource Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Peter Milburn
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Biomolecular Resource Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Auda Eltahla
- School of Medical Science, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Andrea A Berry
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | | | | | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Kirsten E Lyke
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI - Wellcome Research Programme/Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Fabio Luciani
- School of Medical Science, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Francis M Ndungu
- KEMRI - Wellcome Research Programme/Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Ian A Cockburn
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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BAFF Inhibition Effectively Suppresses the Development of Anti-HLA.A2 Antibody in the Highly Sensitized Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020861. [PMID: 33467096 PMCID: PMC7830620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell activating factor (BAFF) is a cytokine that plays a role in the survival, proliferation and differentiation of B cells. We proposed to observe the effects of BAFF inhibition on the humoral immune responses of an allosensitized mouse model using HLA.A2 transgenic mice. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were sensitized with skin allografts from C57BL/6-Tg (HLA-A2.1)1Enge/J mice and were treated with anti-BAFF monoclonal antibody (mAb) (named Sandy-2) or control IgG1 antibody. HLA.A2-specific IgG was reduced in BAFF-inhibited mice compared to the control group (Δ-13.62 vs. Δ27.07, p < 0.05). BAFF inhibition also resulted in increased pre-pro and immature B cell proportions and decreased mature B cells in the bone marrow (p < 0.05 vs. control). In the spleen, an increase in transitional B cells was observed with a significant decrease in marginal and follicular B cells (p < 0.05 vs. control). There was no significant difference in the proportions of long-lived plasma and memory B cells. Microarray analysis showed that 19 gene probes were significantly up- (>2-fold, p < 0.05) or down-regulated (≤2-fold, p < 0.05) in the BAFF-inhibited group. BAFF inhibition successfully reduced alloimmune responses through the reduction in alloantibody production and suppression of B cell differentiation and maturation. Our data suggest that BAFF suppression may serve as a useful target in desensitization therapy.
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Booth JS, Toapanta FR. B and T Cell Immunity in Tissues and Across the Ages. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010024. [PMID: 33419014 PMCID: PMC7825307 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B and T cells are key components of the adaptive immune system and coordinate multiple facets of immunity including responses to infection, vaccines, allergens, and the environment. In humans, B- and T-cell immunity has been determined using primarily peripheral blood specimens. Conversely, human tissues have scarcely been studied but they host multiple adaptive immune cells capable of mounting immune responses to pathogens and participate in tissue homeostasis. Mucosal tissues, such as the intestines and respiratory track, are constantly bombarded by foreign antigens and contain tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells that exhibit superior protective capacity to pathogens. Also, tissue-resident memory B (BRM) cells have been identified in mice but whether humans have a similar population remains to be confirmed. Moreover, the immune system evolves throughout the lifespan of humans and undergoes multiple changes in its immunobiology. Recent studies have shown that age-related changes in tissues are not necessarily reflected in peripheral blood specimens, highlighting the importance of tissue localization and subset delineation as essential determinants of functional B and T cells at different life stages. This review describes our current knowledge of the main B- and T-cell subsets in peripheral blood and tissues across age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaum S. Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21075, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Franklin R. Toapanta
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21075, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence:
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Burton AR, Maini MK. Human antiviral B cell responses: Emerging lessons from hepatitis B and COVID-19. Immunol Rev 2021; 299:108-117. [PMID: 33559128 PMCID: PMC8014162 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Humoral immunity is a critical component of the coordinated response required to resolve viral infections and mediate protection following pathogen clearance or vaccination. A better understanding of factors shaping the memory B cell response will allow tailored development of efficient preventative vaccines against emerging acute viral infections, therapeutic vaccines, and immunotherapies for chronic viral infections. Here, we use recent data obtained by profiling antigen-specific B cell responses in hepatitis B as a framework to explore lessons that can be learnt from different viral infections about the diverse influences on humoral immunity. Hepatitis B provides a paradigm where successful B cell responses in resolved or vaccinated individuals can be contrasted to the failed response in chronic infection, while also exemplifying the degree to which B cell responses within infected individuals can differ to two antigens from the same virus. Drawing on studies in other human and murine infections, including emerging data from COVID-19, we consider the influence of antigen quantity and structure on the quality of the B cell response, the role of differential CD4 help, the importance of germinal center vs extrafollicular responses and the emerging concept that responses residing in non-lymphoid organs can participate in B cell memory.
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Wiggins KJ, Scharer CD. Roadmap to a plasma cell: Epigenetic and transcriptional cues that guide B cell differentiation. Immunol Rev 2020; 300:54-64. [PMID: 33278036 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) or plasma cells secrete antibodies and form a cornerstone of humoral immunity. B cells that receive activation signals in the presence or absence of T cells initiate a differentiation program that requires epigenetic and transcriptional reprogramming in order to ultimately form ASC. Reprogramming is accomplished through the interplay of transcription factors that initiate gene expression programs and epigenetic mechanisms that maintain these programs and cell fates. An important consideration is that all of these factors are operating in the context of cell division. Recent technical advances now allow mechanistic studies to move beyond genetic studies to identify the promoters and enhancer repertoires that are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms and transcription factors in rare cell types and differentiation stages in vivo. This review will detail efforts to integrate transcriptional and epigenetic changes during B cell differentiation with cell division in vivo. What has emerged is a multiphased differentiation model that requires distinct transcription factors and epigenetic programs at each step. The identification of markers that define each phase will help facilitate the manipulation of B cell differentiation for vaccine development or to treat diseases where antibodies are a component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenan J Wiggins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Abdelwahab FA, Hassanein KM, Hetta HF, Abdelmalek MO, Zahran AM, El-Badawy O. Impact of deranged B cell subsets distribution in the development of HCV-related cirrhosis and HCC in type two diabetes mellitus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20383. [PMID: 33230233 PMCID: PMC7683559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II diabetes (T2D) may worsen the course of hepatitis C virus infection with a greater risk of liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In chronic viral infections, the deranged B cell subset signifies uncontrolled disease. The study aimed to verify the relation between B cell subsets' distribution and liver disease progression in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients with T2D. A total of 67 CHC patients were divided into two groups; 33 non-diabetic and 34 with T2D. Each group was subdivided into CHC-without LC or HCC (N-CHC), CHC-with LC (CHC-LC), and CHC-with HCC (CHC-HCC). Twenty-seven healthy individuals also participated as controls. Flow cytometry was used to analyze CD19+ B cell subsets based on the expression of CD24 and CD38. CD19+CD24hiCD38hi Immature/transitional B cells elevated in diabetic than non-diabetic patients. In diabetic patients, while CD19+CD24+CD38- primarily memory B cells were higher in CHC-N and CHC-HCC groups than LC with a good predictive accuracy of LC, the opposite was observed for CD19+CD24-CD38- new memory B cells. Only in diabetic patients, the CD19+CD24intCD38int naïve mature B cells were high in CHC-HCC patients with good prognostic accuracy of HCC. Merely in diabetic patients, several correlations were observed between B cell subsets and liver function. Immature/transitional B cells increase remarkably in diabetic CHCpatients and might have a role in liver disease progression. Memory and Naïve B cells are good potential predictors of LC and HCCin diabetic CHCpatients, respectively. Further studies are needed to investigate the role of the CD19+CD24-CD38- new memory B cells in disease progression in CHC patients.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/genetics
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/immunology
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD19/genetics
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/classification
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/virology
- CD24 Antigen/genetics
- CD24 Antigen/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Case-Control Studies
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Hepacivirus/growth & development
- Hepacivirus/pathogenicity
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/pathology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Immunophenotyping
- Liver Cirrhosis/etiology
- Liver Cirrhosis/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis/virology
- Liver Neoplasms/etiology
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Middle Aged
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khaled M Hassanein
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0595, USA
| | - Mohamed O Abdelmalek
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Zahran
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Omnia El-Badawy
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt.
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Moroney JB, Vasudev A, Pertsemlidis A, Zan H, Casali P. Integrative transcriptome and chromatin landscape analysis reveals distinct epigenetic regulations in human memory B cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5435. [PMID: 33116135 PMCID: PMC7595102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) are long-lived and produce high-affinity, generally, class-switched antibodies. Here, we use a multiparameter approach involving CD27 to segregate naïve B cells (NBC), IgD+ unswitched (unsw)MBCs and IgG+ or IgA+ class-switched (sw)MBCs from humans of different age, sex and race. Conserved antibody variable gene expression indicates that MBCs emerge through unbiased selection from NBCs. Integrative analyses of mRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs, chromatin accessibility and cis-regulatory elements uncover a core mRNA-ncRNA transcriptional signature shared by IgG+ and IgA+ swMBCs and distinct from NBCs, while unswMBCs display a transitional transcriptome. Some swMBC transcriptional signature loci are accessible but not expressed in NBCs. Profiling miRNAs reveals downregulated MIR181, and concomitantly upregulated MIR181 target genes such as RASSF6, TOX, TRERF1, TRPV3 and RORα, in swMBCs. Finally, lncRNAs differentially expressed in swMBCs cluster proximal to the IgH chain locus on chromosome 14. Our findings thus provide new insights into MBC transcriptional programs and epigenetic regulation, opening new investigative avenues on these critical cell elements in human health and disease. Human memory B cells differentiate from naïve B cells and can express different immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes resulted from class-switch recombination. Here the authors describe, using transcriptional and epigenetic data from human memory B cells and integrated multi-omics analyses, the differentiation regulation and trajectory of IgG+, IgA+ and IgD+ memory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Moroney
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Anusha Vasudev
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Alexander Pertsemlidis
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Hong Zan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Paolo Casali
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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46
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IgM + memory B cells induced in response to Plasmodium berghei adopt a germinal centre B cell phenotype during secondary infection. Parasitology 2020; 147:994-998. [PMID: 32279662 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202000061x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence started to delineate multiple layers of memory B cells, with distinct effector functions during recall responses. Whereas most studies examining long-lived memory B cell responses have focussed on the IgG+ memory B cell compartment, IgM+ memory B cells have only recently started to receive attention. It has been proposed that unlike IgG+ memory B cells, which differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells upon antigen re-encounter, IgM+ memory B cells might have the additional capacity to establish secondary germinal centre (GC) responses. The precise function of IgM+ memory B cells in the humoral immune response to malaria has not been fully defined. Using a murine model of severe malaria infection and adoptive transfer strategies we found that IgM+ memory B cells induced in responses to P. berghei ANKA readily proliferate upon re-infection and adopt a GC B cell-like phenotype. The results suggest that that IgM+ memory B cells might play an important role in populating secondary GCs after re-infection with Plasmodium, thereby initiating the induction of B cell clones with enhanced affinity for antigen, at faster rates than naive B cells.
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47
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Peripheral B Cell Subsets in Autoimmune Diseases: Clinical Implications and Effects of B Cell-Targeted Therapies. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:9518137. [PMID: 32280720 PMCID: PMC7125470 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9518137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) play a fundamental role in humoral immunity. The aberrant function of ASCs is related to a number of disease states, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. Recent insights into activated B cell subsets, including naïve B cell to ASC stages and their resultant cellular disturbances, suggest that aberrant ASC differentiation occurs during autoimmune diseases and is closely related to disease severity. However, the mechanisms underlying highly active ASC differentiation and the B cell subsets in autoimmune patients remain undefined. Here, we first review the processes of ASC generation. From the perspective of novel therapeutic target discovery, prediction of disease progression, and current clinical challenges, we further summarize the aberrant activity of B cell subsets including specialized memory CD11chiT-bet+ B cells that participate in the maintenance of autoreactive ASC populations. An improved understanding of subgroups may also enhance the knowledge of antigen-specific B cell differentiation. We further discuss the influence of current B cell therapies on B cell subsets, specifically focusing on systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and myasthenia gravis.
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48
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A model for establishment, maintenance and reactivation of the immune response after vaccination against Ebola virus. J Theor Biol 2020; 495:110254. [PMID: 32205143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa has triggered accelerated development of several preventive vaccines against Ebola virus. Under the EBOVAC1 consortium, three phase I studies were carried out to assess safety and immunogenicity of a two-dose heterologous vaccination regimen developed by Janssen Vaccines and Prevention in collaboration with Bavarian Nordic. To describe the immune response induced by the two-dose heterologous vaccine regimen, we propose a mechanistic ODE based model, which takes into account the role of immunological memory. We perform identifiability and sensitivity analysis of the proposed model to establish which kind of biological data are ideally needed in order to accurately estimate parameters, and additionally, which of those are non-identifiable based on the available data. Antibody concentrations data from phase I studies have been used to calibrate the model and show its ability in reproducing the observed antibody dynamics. Together with other factors, the establishment of an effective and reactive immunological memory is of pivotal importance for several prophylactic vaccines. We show that introducing a memory compartment in our calibrated model allows to evaluate the magnitude of the immune response induced by a booster dose and its long-term persistence afterwards.
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49
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Auladell M, Nguyen TH, Garcillán B, Mackay F, Kedzierska K, Fox A. Distinguishing naive- from memory-derived human B cells during acute responses. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e01090. [PMID: 31844520 PMCID: PMC6851823 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives A fundamental question in influenza research is whether antibody titre decline upon successive exposure to variant strains is consequent to recall of cross‐reactive memory B cells that competitively inhibit naive B‐cell responses. In connection, it is not clear whether naive and memory B cells remain phenotypically distinct acutely after activation such that they may be distinguished ex vivo. Methods Here, we first compared the capacity of anti‐Ig and Toll‐like‐receptor (TLR) 7/8 and TLR9 agonists (R848 and CpG) to augment human B‐cell differentiation induced by IL‐21 and sCD40L. The conditions that induced optimal differentiation were then used to compare the post‐activation phenotype of sort‐purified naive and memory B‐cell subsets by FACS and antibody‐secreting cell (ASC) ELISPOT. Results Sort‐purified naive and memory B cells underwent robust plasmablast and ASC formation when stimulated with R848, but not CpG, and co‐cultured with monocytes. This coincided with increased IL‐1β and IL‐6 production when B cells were co‐cultured with monocytes and stimulated with R848, but not CpG. Naive B cells underwent equivalent ASC generation, but exhibited less class‐switch and modulation of CD27, CD38 and CD20 expression than memory B cells after stimulation with R848 and monocytes for 6 days. Conclusion Stimulation with R848, IL‐21 and sCD40L in the presence of monocytes induces robust differentiation and ASC generation from both naive and memory B‐cells. However, naive and memory B cells retain key phenotypic differences after activation that may facilitate ex vivo discrimination and better characterisation of acute responses to variant antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Auladell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Thi Ho Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Beatriz Garcillán
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Fabienne Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Annette Fox
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza VIDRL at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
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50
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Sanz I, Wei C, Jenks SA, Cashman KS, Tipton C, Woodruff MC, Hom J, Lee FEH. Challenges and Opportunities for Consistent Classification of Human B Cell and Plasma Cell Populations. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2458. [PMID: 31681331 PMCID: PMC6813733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasingly recognized role of different types of B cells and plasma cells in protective and pathogenic immune responses combined with technological advances have generated a plethora of information regarding the heterogeneity of this human immune compartment. Unfortunately, the lack of a consistent classification of human B cells also creates significant imprecision on the adjudication of different phenotypes to well-defined populations. Additional confusion in the field stems from: the use of non-discriminatory, overlapping markers to define some populations, the extrapolation of mouse concepts to humans, and the assignation of functional significance to populations often defined by insufficient surface markers. In this review, we shall discuss the current understanding of human B cell heterogeneity and define major parental populations and associated subsets while discussing their functional significance. We shall also identify current challenges and opportunities. It stands to reason that a unified approach will not only permit comparison of separate studies but also improve our ability to define deviations from normative values and to create a clean framework for the identification, functional significance, and disease association with new populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Sanz
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chungwen Wei
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Scott A Jenks
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kevin S Cashman
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher Tipton
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Matthew C Woodruff
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer Hom
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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