1
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Yu R, Zhao F, Xu Z, Zhang G, Du B, Shu Q. Current status and future of cancer vaccines: A bibliographic study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24404. [PMID: 38293405 PMCID: PMC10826732 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer vaccines are an important component of tumour immunotherapy. An increasing number of studies have shown that cancer vaccines have considerable clinical benefits. With the development of tumour precision medicine, cancer vaccines have become important because of their individualised targeting effects. However, few bibliometric studies have conducted comprehensive systematic reviews in this field. This study aimed to assess the scientific output and trends in cancer vaccine research from a global perspective. Methods We collected publications on cancer vaccines from the Web of Science Core Collection database, which was limited to articles and reviews in English. Microsoft Excel, VOS Viewer, and CiteSpace V were used for quantitative and visual analyses. Results A total of 7807 articles were included. From 1991 to 2022, the number of publications increased annually. The United States had the highest number of articles published in this field (48.28 %), the highest citation frequency (183,964 times), and the highest H-index (182). The National Institutes of Health topped the list with 476 articles. Schlom J had the highest number of published articles (128) and was the main investigator in this field. The journal, Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy, had published the highest number of articles in related fields. In recent years, tumour microenvironment, immune checkpoint inhibitors, particle vaccines, tumour antigens, and dendritic cells have become research hotspots related to cancer vaccines. Conclusion Cancer vaccines are a popular research topic in the field of tumour immunotherapy. Related research and publications will enter a boom stage. "Immune checkpoint inhibitors", "tumour microenvironment" and "dendritic cells" may become future research hotspots, while "T-cell suppressor" is a potential puzzle to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yu
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangmin Zhao
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeting Xu
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gaochenxi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingqing Du
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qijin Shu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Kumar M, Gupta S, Kalia K, Kumar D. Role of Phytoconstituents in Cancer Treatment: A Review. RECENT ADVANCES IN FOOD, NUTRITION & AGRICULTURE 2024; 15:115-137. [PMID: 38369892 DOI: 10.2174/012772574x274566231220051254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Over the years, natural compounds have become a significant advancement in cancer treatment, primarily due to their effectiveness, safety, bio-functionality, and wide range of molecular structures. They are now increasingly preferred in drug discovery due to these attributes. These compounds, whether occurring naturally or with synthetic modifications, find applications in various fields like biology, medicine, and engineering. While chemotherapy has been a successful method for treating cancer, it comes with systemic toxicity. To address this issue, researchers and medical practitioners are exploring the concept of combinational chemotherapy. This approach aims to reduce toxicity by using a mix of natural substances and their derivatives in clinical trials and prescription medications. Among the most extensively studied natural anticancer compounds are quercetin, curcumin, vincristine, and vinblastine. These compounds play crucial roles as immunotherapeutics and chemosensitizers, both as standalone treatments and in combination therapies with specific mechanisms. This review article provides a concise overview of the functions, potentials, and combinations of natural anticancer compounds in cancer treatment, along with their mechanisms of action and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, IEC College of Eng & Tech. Gautam Buddha Nagar, India
| | | | | | - Dharmendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, IEC College of Eng & Tech. Gautam Buddha Nagar, India
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3
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Lee KW, Yam JWP, Mao X. Dendritic Cell Vaccines: A Shift from Conventional Approach to New Generations. Cells 2023; 12:2147. [PMID: 37681880 PMCID: PMC10486560 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the emerging era of cancer immunotherapy, immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) and adoptive cell transfer therapies (ACTs) have gained significant attention. However, their therapeutic efficacies are limited due to the presence of cold type tumors, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and immune-related side effects. On the other hand, dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines have been suggested as a new cancer immunotherapy regimen that can address the limitations encountered by ICBs and ACTs. Despite the success of the first generation of DC-based vaccines, represented by the first FDA-approved DC-based therapeutic cancer vaccine Provenge, several challenges remain unsolved. Therefore, new DC vaccine strategies have been actively investigated. This review addresses the limitations of the currently most adopted classical DC vaccine and evaluates new generations of DC vaccines in detail, including biomaterial-based, immunogenic cell death-inducing, mRNA-pulsed, DC small extracellular vesicle (sEV)-based, and tumor sEV-based DC vaccines. These innovative DC vaccines are envisioned to provide a significant breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy landscape and are expected to be supported by further preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Won Lee
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (K.-W.L.); (J.W.P.Y.)
| | - Judy Wai Ping Yam
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (K.-W.L.); (J.W.P.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaowen Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
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4
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Liu JL, Yang M, Bai JG, Liu Z, Wang XS. “Cold” colorectal cancer faces a bottleneck in immunotherapy. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 15:240-250. [PMID: 36908324 PMCID: PMC9994051 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v15.i2.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of immunotherapy and the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are changing the way we think about cancer treatment. ICIs have shown clinical benefits in a variety of tumor types, and ICI-based immunotherapy has shown effective clinical outcomes in immunologically “hot” tumors. However, for immunologically “cold” tumors such as colorectal cancer (CRC), only a limited number of patients are currently benefiting from ICIs due to limitations such as individual differences and low response rates. In this review, we discuss the classification and differences between hot and cold CRC and the current status of research on cold CRC, and summarize the treatment strategies and challenges of immunotherapy for cold CRC. We also explain the mechanism, biology, and role of immunotherapy for cold CRC, which will help clarify the future development of immunotherapy for cold CRC and discovery of more emerging strategies for the treatment of cold CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Liang Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jun-Ge Bai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xi-Shan Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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5
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Choi A, Javius-Jones K, Hong S, Park H. Cell-Based Drug Delivery Systems with Innate Homing Capability as a Novel Nanocarrier Platform. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:509-525. [PMID: 36742991 PMCID: PMC9893846 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s394389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have been designed to treat various diseases. However, many problems remain, such as inadequate tumor targeting and poor therapeutic outcomes. To overcome these obstacles, cell-based drug delivery systems have been developed. Candidates for cell-mediated drug delivery include blood cells, immune cells, and stem cells with innate tumor tropism and low immunogenicity; they act as a disguise to deliver the therapeutic payload. In drug delivery systems, therapeutic agents are encapsulated intracellularly or attached to the surface of the plasma membrane and transported to the desired site. Here, we review the pros and cons of cell-based therapies and discuss their homing mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, different strategies to load therapeutic agents inside or on the surface of circulating cells and the current applications for a wide range of disease treatments are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anseo Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaila Javius-Jones
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Seungpyo Hong
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hansoo Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Correspondence: Hansoo Park; Seungpyo Hong, School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea, Tel +82-2 820 5804, Fax +82-2 813 8159, Email ;
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6
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Alimardani V, Rahiminezhad Z, DehghanKhold M, Farahavar G, Jafari M, Abedi M, Moradi L, Niroumand U, Ashfaq M, Abolmaali SS, Yousefi G. Nanotechnology-based cell-mediated delivery systems for cancer therapy and diagnosis. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:189-221. [PMID: 36074253 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The global prevalence of cancer is increasing, necessitating new additions to traditional treatments and diagnoses to address shortcomings such as ineffectiveness, complications, and high cost. In this context, nano and microparticulate carriers stand out due to their unique properties such as controlled release, higher bioavailability, and lower toxicity. Despite their popularity, they face several challenges including rapid liver uptake, low chemical stability in blood circulation, immunogenicity concerns, and acute adverse effects. Cell-mediated delivery systems are important topics to research because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, prolonged delivery, high loading capacity, and targeted drug delivery capabilities. To date, a variety of cells including blood, immune, cancer, and stem cells, sperm, and bacteria have been combined with nanoparticles to develop efficient targeted cancer delivery or diagnosis systems. The review paper aimed to provide an overview of the potential applications of cell-based delivery systems in cancer therapy and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Alimardani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Rahiminezhad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahvash DehghanKhold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ghazal Farahavar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Jafari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Abedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Leila Moradi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Uranous Niroumand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ashfaq
- University Centre for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Gharaun, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India. .,Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharaun, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India.
| | - Samira Sadat Abolmaali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. .,Center for Drug Delivery in Nanotechnology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Gholamhossein Yousefi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. .,Center for Drug Delivery in Nanotechnology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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7
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Gilboa E, Boczkowski D, Nair SK. The Quest for mRNA Vaccines. Nucleic Acid Ther 2022; 32:449-456. [PMID: 36346283 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2021.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 is nothing short of a medical revolution. Given its chemical lability the use of mRNA as a therapeutic has been counterintuitive and met with skepticism. The development of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines was the culmination of long and painstaking efforts by many investigators spanning over 30 years and culminating with the seminal studies of Kariko and Weissman. This review will describe one chapter in this saga, studies that have shown that mRNA can function as a therapeutic. It started with our seminal observation that dendritic cells (DCs) transfected with mRNA in vitro administered to mice inhibits tumor growth, and led to first-in-human clinical trials with mRNA vaccines in cancer patients. The clinical development of this patient-specific DCs-mRNA approach and use on a larger scale was hindered by the challenges associated with personalized cell therapies. Confirmed and extended by many investigators, these studies did serve as impetus and motivation that led scientists to persevere, eventually leading to the development of simple, broadly applicable, and highly effective protocols of directly injecting mRNA into patients, culminating in the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Gilboa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - David Boczkowski
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Smita K Nair
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, and Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Naeem A, Hu P, Yang M, Zhang J, Liu Y, Zhu W, Zheng Q. Natural Products as Anticancer Agents: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238367. [PMID: 36500466 PMCID: PMC9737905 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products have been an invaluable and useful source of anticancer agents over the years. Several compounds have been synthesized from natural products by modifying their structures or by using naturally occurring compounds as building blocks in the synthesis of these compounds for various purposes in different fields, such as biology, medicine, and engineering. Multiple modern and costly treatments have been applied to combat cancer and limit its lethality, but the results are not significantly refreshing. Natural products, which are a significant source of new therapeutic drugs, are currently being investigated as potential cytotoxic agents and have shown a positive trend in preclinical research and have prompted numerous innovative strategies in order to combat cancer and expedite the clinical research. Natural products are becoming increasingly important for drug discovery due to their high molecular diversity and novel biofunctionality. Furthermore, natural products can provide superior efficacy and safety due to their unique molecular properties. The objective of the current review is to provide an overview of the emergence of natural products for the treatment and prevention of cancer, such as chemosensitizers, immunotherapeutics, combinatorial therapies with other anticancer drugs, novel formulations of natural products, and the molecular mechanisms underlying their anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Naeem
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Pengyi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation, Health Commission of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang 330006, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Quality Evaluation on Anti-Inflammatory Chinese Herbs, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Weifeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Qin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- Correspondence:
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9
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Wei C, Ma Y, Wang F, Liao Y, Chen Y, Zhao B, Zhao Q, Wang D, Tang D. Igniting Hope for Tumor Immunotherapy: Promoting the "Hot and Cold" Tumor Transition. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2022; 16:11795549221120708. [PMID: 36147198 PMCID: PMC9486259 DOI: 10.1177/11795549221120708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has ushered a new era for immunotherapy against malignant tumors through the killing effects of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in long-lasting tumor suppression and regression. Nevertheless, given that ICIs are highly dependent on T cells in the TME and that most tumors lack T-cell infiltration, promoting the conversion of such immunosuppressive "cold" tumors to "hot" tumors is currently a key challenge in tumor immunotherapy. Herein, we systematically outlined the mechanisms underlying the formation of the immunosuppressive TME in cold tumors, including the role of immunosuppressive cells, impaired antigen presentation, transforming growth factor-β, STAT3 signaling, adenosine, and interferon-γ signaling. Moreover, therapeutic strategies for promoting cold tumors to hot tumors with adequate T-cell infiltration were also discussed. Finally, the prospects of therapeutic tools such as oncolytic viruses, nanoparticles, and photothermal therapy in restoring immune activity in cold tumors were thoroughly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wei
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou
University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yichao Ma
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou
University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Clinical Medical College, Dalian
Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yiqun Liao
- Clinical Medical College, Dalian
Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuji Chen
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou
University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Clinical Medical College, Dalian
Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou
University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daorong Wang
- Department of General Surgery,
Institute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Northern Jiangsu People’s
Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dong Tang
- Department of General Surgery,
Institute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Northern Jiangsu People’s
Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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10
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Helmin-Basa A, Gackowska L, Balcerowska S, Ornawka M, Naruszewicz N, Wiese-Szadkowska M. The application of the natural killer cells, macrophages and dendritic cells in treating various types of cancer. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Innate immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are involved in the surveillance and clearance of tumor. Intensive research has exposed the mechanisms of recognition and elimination of tumor cells by these immune cells as well as how cancers evade immune response. Hence, harnessing the immune cells has proven to be an effective therapy in treating a variety of cancers. Strategies aimed to harness and augment effector function of these cells for cancer therapy have been the subject of intense researches over the decades. Different immunotherapeutic possibilities are currently being investigated for anti-tumor activity. Pharmacological agents known to influence immune cell migration and function include therapeutic antibodies, modified antibody molecules, toll-like receptor agonists, nucleic acids, chemokine inhibitors, fusion proteins, immunomodulatory drugs, vaccines, adoptive cell transfer and oncolytic virus–based therapy. In this review, we will focus on the preclinical and clinical applications of NK cell, macrophage and DC immunotherapy in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Helmin-Basa
- Department of Immunology , Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun , 85-094 Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Lidia Gackowska
- Department of Immunology , Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun , 85-094 Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Sara Balcerowska
- Department of Immunology , Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun , 85-094 Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Marcelina Ornawka
- Department of Immunology , Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun , 85-094 Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Natalia Naruszewicz
- Department of Immunology , Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun , 85-094 Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wiese-Szadkowska
- Department of Immunology , Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun , 85-094 Bydgoszcz , Poland
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11
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Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy in Hot and Cold Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137325. [PMID: 35806328 PMCID: PMC9266676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells mediate innate and adaptive immune responses and are directly involved in the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes that kill tumor cells. Dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy has clinical benefits. Dendritic cell subsets are diverse, and tumors can be hot or cold, depending on their immunogenicity; this heterogeneity affects the success of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. Here, we review the ontogeny of dendritic cells and dendritic cell subsets. We also review the characteristics of hot and cold tumors and briefly introduce therapeutic trials related to hot and cold tumors. Lastly, we discuss dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy in hot and cold tumors.
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12
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Volovat SR, Ursulescu CL, Moisii LG, Volovat C, Boboc D, Scripcariu D, Amurariti F, Stefanescu C, Stolniceanu CR, Agop M, Lungulescu C, Volovat CC. The Landscape of Nanovectors for Modulation in Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:397. [PMID: 35214129 PMCID: PMC8875018 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy represents a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer, which functions via the reprogramming and activation of antitumor immunity. However, adverse events resulting from immunotherapy that are related to the low specificity of tumor cell-targeting represent a limitation of immunotherapy's efficacy. The potential of nanotechnologies is represented by the possibilities of immunotherapeutical agents being carried by nanoparticles with various material types, shapes, sizes, coated ligands, associated loading methods, hydrophilicities, elasticities, and biocompatibilities. In this review, the principal types of nanovectors (nanopharmaceutics and bioinspired nanoparticles) are summarized along with the shortcomings in nanoparticle delivery and the main factors that modulate efficacy (the EPR effect, protein coronas, and microbiota). The mechanisms by which nanovectors can target cancer cells, the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), and the peripheral immune system are also presented. A possible mathematical model for the cellular communication mechanisms related to exosomes as nanocarriers is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona-Ruxandra Volovat
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iaşi, Romania; (S.-R.V.); (D.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Corina Lupascu Ursulescu
- Department of Radiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iaşi, Romania; (C.L.U.); (L.G.M.); (C.C.V.)
| | - Liliana Gheorghe Moisii
- Department of Radiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iaşi, Romania; (C.L.U.); (L.G.M.); (C.C.V.)
| | - Constantin Volovat
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iaşi, Romania; (S.-R.V.); (D.B.); (F.A.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, “Euroclinic” Center of Oncology, 2 Vasile Conta Str., 700106 Iaşi, Romania
| | - Diana Boboc
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iaşi, Romania; (S.-R.V.); (D.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Dragos Scripcariu
- Department of Surgery, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iaşi, Romania;
| | - Florin Amurariti
- Department of Medical Oncology-Radiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iaşi, Romania; (S.-R.V.); (D.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Cipriana Stefanescu
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iaşi, Romania; (C.S.); (C.R.S.)
| | - Cati Raluca Stolniceanu
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iaşi, Romania; (C.S.); (C.R.S.)
| | - Maricel Agop
- Physics Department, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University, Prof. Dr. Docent Dimitrie Mangeron Rd., No. 59A, 700050 Iaşi, Romania;
| | - Cristian Lungulescu
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Cristian Constantin Volovat
- Department of Radiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Str., 700115 Iaşi, Romania; (C.L.U.); (L.G.M.); (C.C.V.)
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Konda P, Roque III JA, Lifshits LM, Alcos A, Azzam E, Shi G, Cameron CG, McFarland SA, Gujar S. Photodynamic therapy of melanoma with new, structurally similar, NIR-absorbing ruthenium (II) complexes promotes tumor growth control via distinct hallmarks of immunogenic cell death. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:210-228. [PMID: 35141014 PMCID: PMC8822289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapies that generate T cell-based anti-cancer immune responses are critical for clinical success and are favored over traditional therapies. One way to elicit T cell immune responses and generate long-lasting anti-cancer immunity is through induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD), a form of regulated cell death that promotes antigenicity and adjuvanticity within dying cells. Therefore, research in the last decade has focused on developing cancer therapies which stimulate ICD. Herein, we report novel photodynamic therapy (PDT) compounds with immunomodulatory and ICD inducing properties. PDT is a clinically approved, minimally invasive anti-cancer treatment option and has been extensively investigated for its tumor-destroying properties, lower side effects, and immune activation capabilities. In this study, we explore two structurally related ruthenium compounds, ML19B01 and ML19B02, that can be activated with near infrared light to elicit superior cytotoxic properties. In addition to its direct cell killing abilities, we investigated the effect of our PSs on immunological pathways upon activation. PDT treatment with ML19B01 and ML19B02 induced differential expression of reactive oxygen species, proinflammatory response-mediating genes, and heat shock proteins. Dying melanoma cells induced by ML19B01-PDT and ML19B02-PDT contained ICD hallmarks such as calreticulin, ATP, and HMGB1, initiated activation of antigen presenting cells, and were efficiently phagocytosed by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Most importantly, despite the distinct profiles of ICD hallmark inducing capacities, vaccination with both PDT-induced dying cancer cells established anti-tumor immunity that protected mice against subsequent challenge with melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathyusha Konda
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada
| | - John A Roque III
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at ArlingtonArlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at GreensboroGreensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA
| | - Liubov M Lifshits
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at ArlingtonArlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA
| | - Angelita Alcos
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada
| | - Eissa Azzam
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada
| | - Ge Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at ArlingtonArlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at ArlingtonArlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at ArlingtonArlington, Texas 76019-0065, USA
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research InstituteHalifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada
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14
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Terenziani R, Zoppi S, Fumarola C, Alfieri R, Bonelli M. Immunotherapeutic Approaches in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2793. [PMID: 34199722 PMCID: PMC8200040 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive malignant disease affecting the mesothelium, commonly associated to asbestos exposure. The current therapeutic actions, based on cisplatin/pemetrexed treatment, are limited due to the late stage at which most patients are diagnosed and to the intrinsic chemo-resistance of the tumor. Another relevant point is the absence of approved therapies in the second line setting following progression of MPM after chemotherapy. Considering the poor prognosis of the disease and the fact that the incidence of this tumor is expected to increase in the next decade, novel therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. In the last few years, several studies have investigated the efficacy and safety of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the treatment of unresectable advanced MPM, and a number of trials with immunotherapeutic agents are ongoing in both first line and second line settings. In this review, we describe the most promising emerging immunotherapy treatments for MPM (ICIs, engineered T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), dendritic cells (DCs) vaccines), focusing on the biological and immunological features of this tumor as well as on the issues surrounding clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roberta Alfieri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (R.T.); (S.Z.); (C.F.)
| | - Mara Bonelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (R.T.); (S.Z.); (C.F.)
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Vacchelli E, Martins I, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Galon J, Sautès-Fridman C, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: Peptide vaccines in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1557-1576. [PMID: 23264902 PMCID: PMC3525611 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic vaccination constitutes one of the most prominent medical achievements of history. This concept was first demonstrated by the pioneer work of Edward Jenner, dating back to the late 1790s, after which an array of preparations that confer life-long protective immunity against several infectious agents has been developed. The ensuing implementation of nation-wide vaccination programs has de facto abated the incidence of dreadful diseases including rabies, typhoid, cholera and many others. Among all, the most impressive result of vaccination campaigns is surely represented by the eradication of natural smallpox infection, which was definitively certified by the WHO in 1980. The idea of employing vaccines as anticancer interventions was first theorized in the 1890s by Paul Ehrlich and William Coley. However, it soon became clear that while vaccination could be efficiently employed as a preventive measure against infectious agents, anticancer vaccines would have to (1) operate as therapeutic, rather than preventive, interventions (at least in the vast majority of settings), and (2) circumvent the fact that tumor cells often fail to elicit immune responses. During the past 30 y, along with the recognition that the immune system is not irresponsive to tumors (as it was initially thought) and that malignant cells express tumor-associated antigens whereby they can be discriminated from normal cells, considerable efforts have been dedicated to the development of anticancer vaccines. Some of these approaches, encompassing cell-based, DNA-based and purified component-based preparations, have already been shown to exert conspicuous anticancer effects in cohorts of patients affected by both hematological and solid malignancies. In this Trial Watch, we will summarize the results of recent clinical trials that have evaluated/are evaluating purified peptides or full-length proteins as therapeutic interventions against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
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16
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Senovilla L, Vacchelli E, Galon J, Adjemian S, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Sautès-Fridman C, Ma Y, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: Prognostic and predictive value of the immune infiltrate in cancer. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1323-1343. [PMID: 23243596 PMCID: PMC3518505 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors are constituted of a variety of cellular components, including bona fide malignant cells as well as endothelial, structural and immune cells. On one hand, the tumor stroma exerts major pro-tumorigenic and immunosuppressive functions, reflecting the capacity of cancer cells to shape the microenvironment to satisfy their own metabolic and immunological needs. On the other hand, there is a component of tumor-infiltrating leucocytes (TILs) that has been specifically recruited in the attempt to control tumor growth. Along with the recognition of the critical role played by the immune system in oncogenesis, tumor progression and response to therapy, increasing attention has been attracted by the potential prognostic and/or predictive role of the immune infiltrate in this setting. Data from large clinical studies demonstrate indeed that a robust infiltration of neoplastic lesions by specific immune cell populations, including (but not limited to) CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, Th1 and Th17 CD4+ T cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and M1 macrophages constitutes an independent prognostic indicator in several types of cancer. Conversely, high levels of intratumoral CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells, Th2 CD4+ T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, M2 macrophages and neutrophils have frequently been associated with dismal prognosis. So far, only a few studies have addressed the true predictive potential of TILs in cancer patients, generally comforting the notion that—at least in some clinical settings—the immune infiltrate can reliably predict if a specific patient will respond to therapy or not. In this Trial Watch, we will summarize the results of clinical trials that have evaluated/are evaluating the prognostic and predictive value of the immune infiltrate in the context of solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Senovilla
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Orsay, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
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17
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Park R, Eshrat F, Al-Jumayli M, Saeed A, Saeed A. Immuno-Oncotherapeutic Approaches in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E447. [PMID: 32784389 PMCID: PMC7563532 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma has limited treatment options, but there has been extensive growth recently with cabozantinib, regorafenib, lenvatinib, nivolumab, atezolizumab, and bevacizumab, which are some of the treatments that have received FDA approval just over the last three years. Because HCC tumor microenvironment is potentially immunogenic and typically characterized by inflammation, immunotherapy has been proposed as a potential novel therapeutic approach, which has prompted studies in advanced HCC patients investigating various immune-therapeutic strategies such as CAR-T cell therapy, checkpoint inhibitors, and onco-vaccines. The anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors nivolumab and pembrolizumab have been FDA approved as a second line treatment in patients who progressed or are intolerant to Sorafenib. To build up on the success of PD-1 monotherapy, combinatorial regimens with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors plus VEGF targeted agents have shown positive results in various malignancies including HCC. The combination of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab is the new addition to the HCC treatment armamentarium following a pivotal study that demonstrated an improvement in OS over frontline sorafenib. Other novel immune-based approaches and oncolytic viruses are in the early phases of clinical evaluation. These innovative approaches enhance the intensity of cancer-directed immune responses and will potentially impact the outlook of this aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Park
- MetroWest Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA 01702, USA;
| | - Fariha Eshrat
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Kansas University Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (F.E.); (M.A.-J.)
| | - Mohammed Al-Jumayli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Kansas University Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (F.E.); (M.A.-J.)
| | - Azhar Saeed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
| | - Anwaar Saeed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Kansas University Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (F.E.); (M.A.-J.)
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18
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Lathwal A, Kumar R, Raghava GP. Computer-aided designing of oncolytic viruses for overcoming translational challenges of cancer immunotherapy. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1198-1205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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19
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Jain S, Kumar S. Cancer immunotherapy: dawn of the death of cancer? Int Rev Immunol 2020; 39:1-18. [PMID: 32530336 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1775827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the proficient evaders of the immune system which claims millions of lives every year. Developing therapeutics against cancer is extremely challenging as cancer involves aberrations in self, most of which are not detected by the immune system. Conventional therapeutics like chemotherapy, radiotherapy are not only toxic but they significantly lower the quality of life. Immunotherapy, which gained momentum in the 20th century, is emerging as one of the alternatives to the conventional therapies and is relatively less harmful but more costly. This review explores the modern advances in an array of such therapies and try to compare them along with a limited analysis of concerns associated with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhant Jain
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sahil Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
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20
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Liu Y, Xu P, Liu H, Fang C, Guo H, Chen X, Tan M, Zhang Y, Min W. Silencing IDO2 in dendritic cells: A novel strategy to strengthen cancer immunotherapy in a murine lung cancer model. Int J Oncol 2020; 57:587-597. [PMID: 32468023 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
While dendritic cell (DC)‑based immunotherapy has achieved satisfactory results in animal models, its effects were not satisfactory as initially expected in clinical applications, despite the safety and varying degrees of effectiveness in various types of cancer. Improving the efficacy of the DC‑based vaccine is essential for cancer immunotherapy. The present study aimed to investigate methods with which to amplify and enhance the antitumor immune response of a DC‑based tumor vaccine by silencing the expression of indoleamine 2,3‑dioxygenase 2 (IDO2), a tryptophan rate‑limiting metabolic enzyme in DCs. In vitro experiments revealed that the silencing of IDO2 in DCs did not affect the differentiation of DCs, whereas it increased their expression of costimulatory molecules following stimulation with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α and tumor lysate from Lewis lung cancer (LLC) cells. In a mixed co‑culture system, the IDO2‑silenced DCs promoted the proliferation of T‑cells and reduced the induction of regulatory T‑cells (Tregs). Further in vivo experiments revealed that the silencing of IDO2 in DCs markedly suppressed the growth of tumor cells. Moreover, treatment with the IDO2‑silenced DC‑based cancer vaccine enhanced cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity, whereas it decreased T‑cell apoptosis and the percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs. On the whole, the present study provides evidence that the silencing of the tryptophan rate‑limiting metabolic enzyme, IDO2, has the potential to enhance the efficacy of DC‑based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Liu
- Medical Laboratory, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330098, P.R. China
| | - Ping Xu
- Medical Laboratory, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330098, P.R. China
| | - Huan Liu
- Medical Laboratory, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330098, P.R. China
| | - Chunjuan Fang
- Medical Laboratory, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330098, P.R. China
| | - Haihe Guo
- Medical Laboratory, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330098, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Medical Laboratory, Jiangxi University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330098, P.R. China
| | - Manman Tan
- Institute of Immunotherapy, Nanchang University and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Science, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330098, P.R. China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- Institute of Immunotherapy, Nanchang University and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Science, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330098, P.R. China
| | - Weiping Min
- Institute of Immunotherapy, Nanchang University and Jiangxi Academy of Medical Science, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330098, P.R. China
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21
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Wei BM, Hanlon D, Khalil D, Han P, Tatsuno K, Sobolev O, Edelson RL. Extracorporeal Photochemotherapy: Mechanistic Insights Driving Recent Advances and Future Directions. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 93:145-159. [PMID: 32226344 PMCID: PMC7087063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells, necessary for the initiation and maintenance of antigen-specific immunity and tolerance. Decades of research have been driven by hopes to harness the immunological capabilities of DCs and achieve physiological partnership with the immune system for therapeutic ends. Potential applications for DC-based immunotherapy include treatments for cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. However, DCs have poor availability in peripheral and lymphoid tissues and have poor survivability in culture, leading to the development of multiple strategies to generate and manipulate large numbers of DCs ex vivo. Among these is Extracorporeal Photopheresis (ECP), a widely used cancer immunotherapy. Recent advancements have uncovered that stimulation of monocyte-to-DC maturation via physiologic inflammatory signaling lies at the mechanistic core of ECP. Here, we describe the landscape of DC-based immunotherapy, the historical context of ECP, the current mechanistic understanding of ex vivo monocyte-to-DC maturation in ECP, and the implications of this understanding on making scientifically driven improvements to modern ECP protocols and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Douglas Hanlon
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - David Khalil
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Patrick Han
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Kazuki Tatsuno
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Olga Sobolev
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Richard L. Edelson
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Richard L. Edelson, MD, PO Box 208059, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT, 06520-8059; Tel: 203-785-4092, Fax: 203-737-5318,
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22
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Imai J, Ohashi S, Sakai T. Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation-Dependent Processing in Cross-Presentation and Its Potential for Dendritic Cell Vaccinations: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020153. [PMID: 32070016 PMCID: PMC7076524 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
While the success of dendritic cell (DC) vaccination largely depends on cross-presentation (CP) efficiency, the precise molecular mechanism of CP is not yet characterized. Recent research revealed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD), which was first identified as part of the protein quality control system in the ER, plays a pivotal role in the processing of extracellular proteins in CP. The discovery of ERAD-dependent processing strongly suggests that the properties of extracellular antigens are one of the keys to effective DC vaccination, in addition to DC subsets and the maturation of these cells. In this review, we address recent advances in CP, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of the ERAD-dependent processing of extracellular proteins. As ERAD itself and the ERAD-dependent processing in CP share cellular machinery, enhancing the recognition of extracellular proteins, such as the ERAD substrate, by ex vivo methods may serve to improve the efficacy of DC vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Imai
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-27-352-1180
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The Impact of Focused Ultrasound in Two Tumor Models: Temporal Alterations in the Natural History on Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Cell Response. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020350. [PMID: 32033171 PMCID: PMC7072338 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Image-guided focused ultrasound (FUS) has been successfully employed as an ablative treatment for solid malignancies by exposing immune cells to tumor debris/antigens, consequently inducing an immune response within the tumor microenvironment (TME). To date, immunomodulation effects of non-ablative pulsed-FUS (pFUS) on the TME are poorly understood. In this study, the temporal differences of cytokines, chemokines, and trophic factors (CCTFs) and immune cell populations induced by pFUS were interrogated in murine B16 melanoma or 4T1 breast cancer cells subcutaneously inoculated into C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice. Natural history growth characteristics during the course of 11 days showed a progressive increase in size for both tumors, and proteomic analysis revealed a shift toward an immunosuppressive TME. With respect to tumor natural growth, pFUS applied to tumors on days 1, 5, or 9 demonstrated a decrease in the growth rate 24 h post-sonication. Flow cytometry analysis of tumors, LNs, and Sp, as well as CCTF profiles, relative DNA damage, and adaptive T-cell localization within tumors, demonstrated dynamic innate and adaptive immune-modulation following pFUS in early time points of B16 tumors and in advanced 4T1 tumors. These results provide insight into the temporal dynamics in the treatment-associated TME, which could be used to evaluate an immunomodulatory approach in different tumor types.
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24
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Han P, Hanlon D, Sobolev O, Chaudhury R, Edelson RL. Ex vivo dendritic cell generation-A critical comparison of current approaches. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 349:251-307. [PMID: 31759433 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells, required for the initiation of naïve and memory T cell responses and regulation of adaptive immunity. The discovery of DCs in 1973, which culminated in the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2011 for Ralph Steinman and colleagues, initially focused on the identification of adherent mononuclear cell fractions with uniquely stellate dendritic morphology, followed by key discoveries of their critical immunologic role in initiating and maintaining antigen-specific immunity and tolerance. The medical promise of marshaling these key capabilities of DCs for therapeutic modulation of antigen-specific immune responses has guided decades of research in hopes to achieve genuine physiologic partnership with the immune system. The potential uses of DCs in immunotherapeutic applications include cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmune disorders; thus, methods for rapid and reliable large-scale production of DCs have been of great academic and clinical interest. However, difficulties in obtaining DCs from lymphoid and peripheral tissues, low numbers and poor survival in culture, have led to advancements in ex vivo production of DCs, both for probing molecular details of DC function as well as for experimenting with their clinical utility. Here, we review the development of a diverse array of DC production methodologies, ranging from cytokine-based strategies to genetic engineering tools devised for enhancing DC-specific immunologic functions. Further, we explore the current state of DC therapies in clinic, as well as emerging insights into physiologic production of DCs inspired by existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Han
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Douglas Hanlon
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Olga Sobolev
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rabib Chaudhury
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Richard L Edelson
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.
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25
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Approaches to treat immune hot, altered and cold tumours with combination immunotherapies. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:197-218. [PMID: 30610226 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-018-0007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1927] [Impact Index Per Article: 385.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies are the most rapidly growing drug class and have a major impact in oncology and on human health. It is increasingly clear that the effectiveness of immunomodulatory strategies depends on the presence of a baseline immune response and on unleashing of pre-existing immunity. Therefore, a general consensus emerged on the central part played by effector T cells in the antitumour responses. Recent technological, analytical and mechanistic advances in immunology have enabled the identification of patients who are more likely to respond to immunotherapy. In this Review, we focus on defining hot, altered and cold tumours, the complexity of the tumour microenvironment, the Immunoscore and immune contexture of tumours, and we describe approaches to treat such tumours with combination immunotherapies, including checkpoint inhibitors. In the upcoming era of combination immunotherapy, it is becoming critical to understand the mechanisms responsible for hot, altered or cold immune tumours in order to boost a weak antitumour immunity. The impact of combination therapy on the immune response to convert an immune cold into a hot tumour will be discussed.
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26
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Gorabi AM, Hajighasemi S, Sathyapalan T, Sahebkar A. Cell transfer-based immunotherapies in cancer: A review. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:790-800. [PMID: 31633881 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In cell transfer therapy (CTT), immune cells such as innate immune-derived natural killer cells and dendritic cells as well as acquired immune-related T lymphocytes such as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and cytokine-activated or genetically modified peripheral blood T cells are used in the management of cancer. These therapies are increasingly becoming the most used treatment modality in cancer after tumor resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. In adoptive cell transfer, the lymphocytes isolated from either a donor or the patient are modified ex vivo and reinfused to target malignant cells. Transferring in vitro-manipulated immune cells produces a continuous antitumor immune response. In this review, we evaluate the recent advances in CTT for the management of various malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armita M Gorabi
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Hajighasemi
- Faculty of Paramedicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Merle M, Fischbacher D, Liepert A, Grabrucker C, Kroell T, Kremser A, Dreyssig J, Freudenreich M, Schuster F, Borkhardt A, Kraemer D, Koehne CH, Kolb HJ, Schmid C, Schmetzer HM. Serum Chemokine-release Profiles in AML-patients Might Contribute to Predict the Clinical Course of the Disease. Immunol Invest 2019; 49:365-385. [PMID: 31535582 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2019.1661429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In cancer or hematologic disorders, chemokines act as growth- or survival factors, regulating hematopoiesis and angiogenesis, determining metastatic spread and controlling leukocyte infiltration into tumors to inhibit antitumor immune responses. The aim was to quantify the release of CXCL8, -9, -10, CCL2, -5, and IL-12 in AML/MDS-pts' serum by cytometric bead array and to correlate data with clinical subtypes and courses. Minimal differences in serum-levels subdivided into various groups (e.g. age groups, FAB-types, blast-proportions, cytogenetic-risk-groups) were seen, but higher release of CXCL8, -9, -10 and lower release of CCL2 and -5 tendentially correlated with more favorable subtypes (<50 years of age, <80% blasts in PB). Comparing different stages of the disease higher CCL5-release in persisting disease and a significantly higher CCL2-release at relapse were found compared to first diagnosis - pointing to a change of 'disease activity' on a chemokine level. Correlations with later on achieved response to immunotherapy and occurrence of GVHD were seen: Higher values of CXCL8, -9, -10 and CCL2 and lower CCL5-values correlated with achieved response to immunotherapy. Predictive cut-off-values were evaluated separating the groups in 'responders' and 'non-responders'. Higher levels of CCL2 and -5 but lower levels of CXCL8, -9, -10 correlated with occurrence of GVHD. We conclude, that in AML-pts' serum higher values of CXCL8, -9, -10 and lower values of CCL5 and in part of CCL2 correlate with more favorable subtypes and improved antitumor'-reactive function. This knowledge can contribute to develop immune-modifying strategies that promote antileukemic adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Merle
- Department for Hematopoietic Transplantations, Med III, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - D Fischbacher
- Department for Hematopoietic Transplantations, Med III, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A Liepert
- Department for Hematopoietic Transplantations, Med III, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Grabrucker
- Department for Hematopoietic Transplantations, Med III, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - T Kroell
- Department for Hematopoietic Transplantations, Med III, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A Kremser
- Department for Hematopoietic Transplantations, Med III, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J Dreyssig
- Department for Hematopoietic Transplantations, Med III, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M Freudenreich
- Department for Hematopoietic Transplantations, Med III, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - F Schuster
- Department for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A Borkhardt
- Department for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - D Kraemer
- Department for Hematology, Municipal Hospital Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - C-H Koehne
- Department for Hematology, Municipal Hospital Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - H J Kolb
- Department for Hematopoietic Transplantations, Med III, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Helmholtz Center, Clinical Cooperative Group Human Cell Transplantation (CCG-HCT), Munich, Germany
| | - C Schmid
- Department for Hematology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - H M Schmetzer
- Department for Hematopoietic Transplantations, Med III, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Helmholtz Center, Clinical Cooperative Group Human Cell Transplantation (CCG-HCT), Munich, Germany
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Zhang Y, Lin S, Wang XY, Zhu G. Nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 11:e1559. [PMID: 31172659 PMCID: PMC7040494 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The past few decades have witnessed the booming field of cancer immunotherapy. Cancer therapeutic vaccines, either alone or in combination with other immunotherapies such as adoptive cell therapy or immune checkpoint blockade therapy, are an attractive class of cancer immunotherapeutics. However, cancer vaccines have thus far shown suboptimal efficacy in the clinic. Nanomedicines offer unique opportunities to improve the efficacy of these vaccines. A variety of nanoplatforms have been investigated to deliver molecular or cellular or subcellular vaccines to target lymphoid tissues and cells, thereby promoting the potency and durability of anti-tumor immunity while reducing adverse side effects. In this article, we reviewed the key parameters and features of nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy; we highlighted recent advances in the development of cancer nanovaccines based on synthetic nanocarriers, biogenic nanocarriers, as well as semi-biogenic nanocarriers; and we summarized newly emerging types of nanovaccines, such as those based on stimulator of interferon genes agonists, cancer neoantigens, mRNA vaccines, as well as artificial antigen-presenting cells. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Shuibin Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Guizhi Zhu
- Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- The Developmental Therapeutics Program, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Donohoe C, Senge MO, Arnaut LG, Gomes-da-Silva LC. Cell death in photodynamic therapy: From oxidative stress to anti-tumor immunity. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1872:188308. [PMID: 31401103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a promising approach for cancer treatment that relies on the administration of a photosensitizer followed by tumor illumination. The generated oxidative stress may activate multiple mechanisms of cell death which are counteracted by cells through adaptive stress responses that target homeostasis rescue. The present renaissance of PDT was leveraged by the acknowledgment that this therapy has an immediate impact locally, in the illumination volume, but that subsequently it may also elicit immune responses with systemic impact. The investigation of the mechanisms of cell death under the oxidative stress of PDT is of paramount importance to understand how the immune system is activated and, ultimately, to make PDT a more appealing/relevant therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Donohoe
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Center, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Luís G Arnaut
- CQC, Coimbra Chemistry Center, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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Yang J, Zhang H, Zhu Z, Gao Y, Xiang B, Wei Q. The immunostimulatory effects and pro-apoptotic activity of rhCNB against Lewis lung cancer is mediated by Toll-like receptor 4. Cancer Med 2019; 8:4441-4453. [PMID: 31218844 PMCID: PMC6675711 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recombinant human calcineurin B subunit (rhCNB) has been shown to be an immune‐stimulatory protein promoting cytokine production and inducing phenotypic maturation of Dendritic cells (DCs). In vivo, it has good antitumor efficacy, and has potential as an antitumor drug. Exogenous rhCNB was found to be internalized into tumor cells via the Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) complex, but it was not known whether its immuno‐modulatory and antitumor functions involved entry by this same route. Methods The production and secretion of the cytokines and chemokines in innate immune cells induced by rhCNB were determined by ELISA, and the expression of CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHCII was analyzed by FACs. Experimental Lewis lung cancer (LLC) model was prepared in C57 BL/6 wild‐type (WT) mice, TLR4−/− mice or their littermates by the inoculation of LLCs in their right armpit, and then administrated daily intraperitoneal injections (0.2 mL) of normal saline, rhCNB 20 mg/kg, and rhCNB 40 mg/kg, respectively. Results Recombinant human calcineurin B subunit promoted the production of antitumor cytokines by innate immune cells, and culture supernatants of rhCNB‐stimulated immune cells induced apoptosis of LLCs. In addition, rhCNB up‐regulated CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHCII expression in macrophages and DCs in TLR4+ cells but failed to do so in TLR4 deficient cells. rhCNB also induced the formation of CD4+ and CD8+T cells in splenocytes from WT mice, but not from TLR4‐deficient littermates. Intraperitoneal administration of WT C57BL/6 mice with rhCNB resulted in a 50% reduction in LLC tumor growth, but failed to inhibit tumor growth in TLR4−/− littermates. Conclusions The in vivo antitumor and immunomodulatory effects of rhCNB are mediated by the TLR4. This conclusion is important for the further understanding and development of rhCNB as an antitumor drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinju Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China.,National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yadan Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Benqiong Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qun Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
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31
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Wiegering V, Peter L, Frietsch M, Schlegel PG, Eyrich M. Differences of Immune Reconstitution of Dendritic Cells in Pediatric GvHD Patients After Allogenic Stem Cell Transplantation. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2019; 41:e101-e107. [PMID: 30557171 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000001342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a life-saving procedure for children with a variety of (non) malignant conditions. GvHD is a severe complication with high morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis remains unclear. We studied dendritic cell (DC) reconstitution to detect potential differences, which may improve our knowledge in the development of chronic GvHD (cGvHD). PROCEDURE We examined immune reconstitution (T, B, and NK cells and dendritic cells) at defined time points in a pediatric cohort who underwent 61 allogeneic HSCTs. RESULTS Regarding DC reconstitution we found a fast reconstitution of the DC compartment negatively correlated with age. After HSCT, both myeloid DC (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) counts recover to pre-HSCT levels within 2 months. Higher CCR7 positive cell counts were found in patients receiving TBI during engraftment and during the whole posttransplant period we found a correlation with an improved outcome. In cGVHD patients decreased total DC counts and increased pDCs were found after day+100. No relevant correlation was achieved regarding to HLA-matching, stem cell manipulation of the graft as well as HSCT-indication compared with different DC counts. DISCUSSION Pathogenesis of cGvHD remains complex. Our data suggest an influence of dendritic cells, which may contribute to the clinical picture and should be further investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Wiegering
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
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32
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Lee H, Lee HW, La Lee Y, Jeon YH, Jeong SY, Lee SW, Lee J, Ahn BC. Optimization of Dendritic Cell-Mediated Cytotoxic T-Cell Activation by Tracking of Dendritic Cell Migration Using Reporter Gene Imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 20:398-406. [PMID: 29027077 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to optimize the dendritic cell (DC)-mediated T-cell activation using reporter gene imaging and flow cytometric analysis in living mice. PROCEDURES A murine dendritic cell line (DC2.4) co-expressing effluc and Thy1.1 genes were established by transfection with retroviral vectors. Thy1.1 positive cells were sorted by magnetic bead separation system (DC2.4/effluc). Cell proliferation assay and phenotype analysis to determine the effects of gene transduction on the function of dendritic cells between parental DC2.4 and DC2.4/effluc were performed. To optimize the DC-mediated immune response by cell number or frequency, different cell numbers (5 × 105, 1 × 106, and 2 × 106 DC2.4/effluc) or different frequencies of DC2.4/effluc (first, second, and third injections) were injected in the right footpad of mice. The migration of the DC2.4/effluc into the draining popliteal lymph node of mice was monitored by bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Flow cytometric analysis was performed with splenocytes to determine the cytotoxic T-cell population after injection of DC2.4/effluc. RESULTS Parental DC2.4 and DC2.4/effluc exhibit no significant differences in their proliferation and phenotype. BLI signals were observed in the draining popliteal lymph node at day 1 after injection of DC2.4/effluc in 1 × 106 and 2 × 106 cells-injected groups. The highest BLI signal intensity was detected in 2 × 106 cells-injected mice. On day 11, the BLI signal was detected in only 2 × 106 cell-injected group but not in other groups. Optimized cell numbers (2 × 106) were injected in three animal groups with a different frequency (first, second, and third injection groups). The BLI signal was detected at day 1 and maintained until day 7 in the first injection group, but there is low signal intensity in the second and the third injection groups. Although the expression levels of Thy1.1 gene in the first injection group were very high, there reveals no expression of Thy1.1 gene in the second and the third injection groups. The number of tumor-specific CD8+ T-cells in the spleen significantly increased, as the number of DC injections increases. CONCLUSIONS Successful optimization of DC-mediated cytotoxic T-cell activation in living mice using reporter gene imaging and flow cytometric analysis was achieved. The optimization of DC-mediated cytotoxic T-cell activation could be applied for the future DC-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongje Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, 50, Samduk-dong 2-ga, Jung Gu, Daegu, 700-721, South Korea.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dongnam Institution of Radiological & Medical Sciences (DIRAMS), Busan, South Korea
| | - Ho Won Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, 50, Samduk-dong 2-ga, Jung Gu, Daegu, 700-721, South Korea
| | - You La Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, 50, Samduk-dong 2-ga, Jung Gu, Daegu, 700-721, South Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Jeon
- Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Shin Young Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, 50, Samduk-dong 2-ga, Jung Gu, Daegu, 700-721, South Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, 50, Samduk-dong 2-ga, Jung Gu, Daegu, 700-721, South Korea
| | - Jaetae Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, 50, Samduk-dong 2-ga, Jung Gu, Daegu, 700-721, South Korea.,Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, 50, Samduk-dong 2-ga, Jung Gu, Daegu, 700-721, South Korea.
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33
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Zhang R, Billingsley MM, Mitchell MJ. Biomaterials for vaccine-based cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2018; 292:256-276. [PMID: 30312721 PMCID: PMC6355332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic cancer vaccines as a means to generate immune reactivity against tumors has been explored since the early discovery of tumor-specific antigens by Georg Klein in the 1960s. However, challenges including weak immunogenicity, systemic toxicity, and off-target effects of cancer vaccines remain as barriers to their broad clinical translation. Advances in the design and implementation of biomaterials are now enabling enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity of cancer vaccines by controlling the presentation and release of vaccine components to immune cells and their microenvironment. Here, we discuss the rational design and clinical status of several classes of cancer vaccines (including DNA, mRNA, peptide/protein, and cell-based vaccines) along with novel biomaterial-based delivery technologies that improve their safety and efficacy. Further, strategies for designing new platforms for personalized cancer vaccines are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Margaret M Billingsley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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Yi DH, Stetter N, Jakobsen K, Jonsson R, Appel S. 3-Day monocyte-derived dendritic cells stimulated with a combination of OK432, TLR7/8 ligand, and prostaglandin E 2 are a promising alternative for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1611-1620. [PMID: 30069688 PMCID: PMC11028251 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Numerous trials using dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccinations for the treatment of cancer are being carried out. However, an improvement of the quality of DC used is highly warranted. We here generated human monocyte-derived dendritic cells using a 3 day protocol and stimulated the cells using a combination of OK432 (Picibanil), TLR7/8 ligand CL097, and reduced amounts of prostaglandin (PG)E2. We analyzed phenotype, migratory, and T-cell stimulatory capacity compared to a cytokine cocktail consisting of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, and PGE2. The OK432 cocktail stimulated cells had a similar mature phenotype with upregulated co-stimulatory molecules, HLA-DR and CCR7 as the cytokine cocktail-matured cells and a similar cytokine profile except increased amounts of IL-12p70. Chemotaxis towards CCL19 was reduced compared to the cytokine cocktail, but increased compared to OK432 alone. The T-cell stimulatory capacity was similar to the cytokine cocktail stimulated cells. In conclusion, the OK432 cocktail has the advantage of inducing IL-12p70 production without impairing phenotype or T-cell stimulatory capacity of the cells and might, therefore, be an advantageous alternative to be used in DC-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dag Heiro Yi
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 87, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nadine Stetter
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 87, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjerstin Jakobsen
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 87, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Roland Jonsson
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 87, 5021, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Rheumatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Silke Appel
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 87, 5021, Bergen, Norway.
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van de Loosdrecht AA, van Wetering S, Santegoets SJAM, Singh SK, Eeltink CM, den Hartog Y, Koppes M, Kaspers J, Ossenkoppele GJ, Kruisbeek AM, de Gruijl TD. A novel allogeneic off-the-shelf dendritic cell vaccine for post-remission treatment of elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1505-1518. [PMID: 30039426 PMCID: PMC6182404 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In elderly acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients post-remission treatment options are associated with high comorbidity rates and poor survival. Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy is a promising alternative treatment strategy. A novel allogeneic DC vaccine, DCP-001, was developed from an AML-derived cell line that uniquely combines the positive features of allogeneic DC vaccines and expression of multi-leukemia-associated antigens. Here, we present data from a phase I study conducted with DCP-001 in 12 advanced-stage elderly AML patients. Patients enrolled were in complete remission (CR1/CR2) (n = 5) or had smoldering disease (n = 7). All patients were at high risk of relapse and ineligible for post-remission intensification therapies. A standard 3 + 3 dose escalation design with extension to six patients in the highest dose was performed. Patients received four biweekly intradermal DCP-001 injections at different dose levels (10, 25, and 50 million cells DCP-001) and were monitored for clinical and immunological responses. Primary objectives of the study (feasibility and safety) were achieved with 10/12 patients completing the vaccination program. Treatment was well tolerated. A clear-cut distinction between patients with and without detectable circulating leukemic blasts during the vaccination period was noted. Patients with no circulating blasts showed an unusually prolonged survival [median overall survival 36 months (range 7–63) from the start of vaccination] whereas patients with circulating blasts, died within 6 months. Long-term survival was correlated with maintained T cell levels and induction of multi-functional immune responses. It is concluded that DCP-001 in elderly AML patients is safe, feasible and generates both cellular and humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan A van de Loosdrecht
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Saskia J A M Santegoets
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Corien M Eeltink
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne den Hartog
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Malika Koppes
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorn Kaspers
- DCPrime BV, Galileiweg 8, 2333 BD, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gert J Ossenkoppele
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Su Z, Wang X, Zheng L, Lyu T, Figini M, Wang B, Procissi D, Shangguan J, Sun C, Pan L, Qin L, Zhang B, Velichko Y, Salem R, Yaghmai V, Larson AC, Zhang Z. MRI-guided interventional natural killer cell delivery for liver tumor treatment. Cancer Med 2018; 7:1860-1869. [PMID: 29601672 PMCID: PMC5943467 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While natural killer (NK) cell‐based adoptive transfer immunotherapy (ATI) provides only modest clinical success in cancer patients. This study was hypothesized that MRI‐guided transcatheter intra‐hepatic arterial (IHA) infusion permits local delivery to liver tumors to improve outcomes during NK‐based ATI in a rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Mouse NK cells were labeled with clinically applicable iron nanocomplexes. Twenty rat HCC models were assigned to three groups: transcatheter IHA saline infusion as the control group, transcatheter IHA NK infusion group, and intravenous (IV) NK infusion group. MRI studies were performed at baseline and at 24 h, 48 h, and 8 days postinfusion. There was a significant difference in tumor R2* values between baseline and 24 h following the selective transcatheter IHA NK delivery to the tumors (P = 0.039) when compared to IV NK infusion (P = 0.803). At 8 days postinfusion, there were significant differences in tumor volumes between the control, IV, and IHA NK infusion groups (control vs. IV, P = 0.196; control vs. IHA, P < 0.001; and IV vs. IHA, P = 0.001). Moreover, there was a strong correlation between tumor R2* value change (∆R2*) at 24 h postinfusion and tumor volume change (∆volume) at 8 days in IHA group (R2 = 0.704, P < 0.001). Clinically applicable labeled NK cells with 12‐h labeling time can be tracked by MRI. Transcatheter IHA infusion improves NK cell homing efficacy and immunotherapeutic efficiency. The change in tumor R2* value 24 h postinfusion is an important early biomarker for prediction of longitudinal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanliang Su
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
| | - Xifu Wang
- Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
| | - Linfeng Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
| | - Tianchu Lyu
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
| | - Matteo Figini
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
| | - Daniel Procissi
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
| | - Junjie Shangguan
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
| | - Chong Sun
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
| | - Liang Pan
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
| | - Lei Qin
- Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
| | - Bin Zhang
- Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
| | - Yury Velichko
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
| | - Riad Salem
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
| | - Vahid Yaghmai
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
| | - Andrew C Larson
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
| | - Zhuoli Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
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37
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Obleukhova I, Kiryishina N, Falaleeva S, Lopatnikova J, Kurilin V, Kozlov V, Vitsin A, Cherkasov A, Kulikova E, Sennikov S. Use of antigen-primed dendritic cells for inducing antitumor immune responses in vitro in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:1297-1306. [PMID: 29399182 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is associated with a reduction in immature and mature circulating dendritic cells (DCs), and with an impaired migratory capacity, compared with healthy donors. Therefore, modern approaches to the in vitro generation of DCs loaded with tumor antigens and their use for inducing antitumor immune responses in vivo are being investigated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the phenotypic and functional characteristics of peripheral blood DC subsets in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and the development of an antitumor cytotoxic response by mononuclear cells (MNCs) from patients using in vitro generated antigen-primed DCs. Heparinized peripheral venous blood samples were obtained from 10 healthy donors and 20 patients with a histologically verified diagnosis of NSCLC. The ability of antigen-activated DCs to stimulate the activity of MNCs against autologous tumor cells was evaluated using a cytotoxic test. Peripheral blood DC subsets from patients with NSCLC were identified to be decreased and to exhibit an impaired ability to mature, compared with healthy donors. Furthermore, DCs generated from MNCs from patients with NSCLC were able to stimulate a specific cytotoxic response when loaded with autologous tumor lysates or RNA and matured, in vitro. A perforin and granzyme B-dependent mode of cytotoxicity was primarily induced. The ability of DCs loaded with tumor antigens to increase the cytotoxic activity of MNCs against NSCLC cells in vitro indicates the effective induction and co-stimulation of T lymphocytes by the generated DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Obleukhova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology' Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Novosibirsk 630099, Russia
| | | | - Svetlana Falaleeva
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology' Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Novosibirsk 630099, Russia
| | - Julia Lopatnikova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology' Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Novosibirsk 630099, Russia
| | - Vasiliy Kurilin
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology' Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Novosibirsk 630099, Russia
| | - Vadim Kozlov
- Novosibirsk Regional Clinical Oncology Center, Novosibirsk 630108, Russia
| | | | | | - Ekaterina Kulikova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology' Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Novosibirsk 630099, Russia
| | - Sergey Sennikov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology' Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Novosibirsk 630099, Russia
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38
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Mikyskova R, Indrova M, Stepanek I, Kanchev I, Bieblova J, Vosahlikova S, Moserova I, Truxova I, Fucikova J, Bartunkova J, Spisek R, Sedlacek R, Reinis M. Dendritic cells pulsed with tumor cells killed by high hydrostatic pressure inhibit prostate tumor growth in TRAMP mice. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1362528. [PMID: 29209567 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1362528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines pulsed with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP)-inactivated tumor cells have recently been shown to be a promising tool for prostate cancer chemoimmunotherapy. In this study, DC-based vaccines, both pulsed and unpulsed, were as effective as docetaxel (DTX) in reducing prostate tumors in the orthotopic transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. However, we did not observe any additive or synergic effects of chemoimmunotherapy on the tumor growth, while only the combination of DTX and pulsed dendritic cells resulted in significantly lower proliferation detected by Ki67 staining in histological samples. The DC-based vaccine pulsed with HHP-treated tumor cells was also combined with another type of cytostatic, cyclophosphamide, with similar results. In another clinically relevant setting, minimal residual tumor disease after surgery, administration of DC-based vaccines after the surgery of poorly immunogenic transplanted TRAMP-C2, as well as in immunogenic TC-1 tumors, reduced the growth of tumor recurrences. To identify the effector cell populations after DC vaccine application, mice were twice immunized with both pulsed and unpulsed DC vaccine, and the cytotoxicity of the spleen cells populations was tested. The effector cell subpopulations were defined as CD4+ and NK1.1+, which suggests rather unspecific therapeutic effects of the DC-based vaccines in our settings. Taken together, our data demonstrate that DC-based vaccines represent a rational tool for the treatment of human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Mikyskova
- Department of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic.,Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Indrova
- Department of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic.,Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Stepanek
- Department of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic.,Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Kanchev
- Department of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic.,Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Bieblova
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Jitka Fucikova
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.,SOTIO, a.s., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jirina Bartunkova
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.,SOTIO, a.s., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.,SOTIO, a.s., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Department of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic.,Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Reinis
- Department of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the AS CR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic.,Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic
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39
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Integrating Next-Generation Dendritic Cell Vaccines into the Current Cancer Immunotherapy Landscape. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:577-593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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40
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Markov OV, Mironova NL, Vlassov VV, Zenkova MA. Antitumor Vaccines Based on Dendritic Cells: From Experiments using Animal Tumor Models to Clinical Trials. Acta Naturae 2017; 9:27-38. [PMID: 29104773 PMCID: PMC5662271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The routine methods used to treat oncological diseases have a number of drawbacks, including non-specific action and severe side effects for patients. Furthermore, tumor diseases are associated with a suppression of the immune system that often leads to the inefficiency of standard treatment methods. The development of novel immunotherapeutic approaches having specific antitumor action and that activate the immune system is of crucial importance. Vaccines based on dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with tumor antigens ex vivo that can activate antitumor cytotoxic T-cell responses stand out among different antitumor immunotherapeutic approaches. This review is focused on analyzing different methods of DC-based vaccine preparation and current research in antitumor DC-based vaccines using animal tumor models and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. V. Markov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentieva Ave. 8, Novosibirsk, 630090 , Russia
| | - N. L. Mironova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentieva Ave. 8, Novosibirsk, 630090 , Russia
| | - V. V. Vlassov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentieva Ave. 8, Novosibirsk, 630090 , Russia
| | - M. A. Zenkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Lavrentieva Ave. 8, Novosibirsk, 630090 , Russia
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41
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Rossowska J, Anger N, Szczygieł A, Mierzejewska J, Pajtasz-Piasecka E. Intratumoral Lentivector-Mediated TGF-β1 Gene Downregulation As a Potent Strategy for Enhancing the Antitumor Effect of Therapy Composed of Cyclophosphamide and Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:713. [PMID: 28713366 PMCID: PMC5492852 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with dendritic cells (DCs) stimulated with tumor antigens can induce specific cellular immune response that recognizes a high spectrum of tumor antigens. However, the ability of cancer cells to produce immunosuppressive factors drastically decreases the antitumor activity of DCs. The main purpose of the study was to improve the effectiveness of DC-based immunotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy composed of cyclophosphamide (CY) and DCs by application of lentivectors (LVs)-encoding short hairpin RNA specific for TGF-β1 (shTGFβ1 LVs). We observed that s.c. inoculation of both MC38 cells with silenced expression of TGF-β1 (MC38/shTGF-β1) and direct intratumoral application of shTGFβ1 LVs contributed to reduction of suppressor activity of myeloid cells and Tregs in tumor. Contrary to expectations, in mice bearing wild tumor, the application of shTGFβ1 LVs prior to vaccination with bone marrow-derived DC stimulated with tumor antigens (BMDC/TAg) did not influence myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) infiltration into tumor. As a result, we observed only minor MC38 tumor growth inhibition (TGI) accompanied by systemic antitumor response activation comparable to that obtained for negative control (shN). However, when the proposed scheme was complemented by pretreatment with a low dose of CY, we noticed high MC38 TGI together with decreased number of MDSCs in tumor and induction of Th1-type response. Moreover, in both schemes of treatment, LVs (shTGFβ1 as well as shN) induced high influx of CTLs into tumor associated probably with the viral antigen introduction into tumor microenvironment. Concluding, the application of shTGFβ1 LVs alone or in combination with DC-based vaccines is not sufficient for long-lasting elimination of suppression in tumor. However, simultaneous reduction of TGF-β1 in tumor microenvironment and its remodeling by pretreatment with a low dose of CY facilitates the settlement of peritumorally inoculated DCs and supports them in restoration and activation of a potent antitumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rossowska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Anger
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szczygieł
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jagoda Mierzejewska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pajtasz-Piasecka
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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42
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Constantino J, Gomes C, Falcão A, Neves BM, Cruz MT. Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy: a basic review and recent advances. Immunol Res 2017; 65:798-810. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8931-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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43
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Signorini L, Delbue S, Ferrante P, Bregni M. Review on the immunotherapy strategies against metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Immunotherapy 2017; 8:1245-61. [PMID: 27605072 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies throughout the world and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in Western countries. Recent progress in CRC treatment options, such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and target therapy, has improved the prognosis, but advanced disease with recurrence or distant metastasis is usually incurable and has an unfavorable prognosis. The introduction of immunotherapy-associated strategies, both active and passive, to the treatment of CRC aims to overcome the limits of classical treatments. We review the state of the art for CRC with respect to different immunotherapeutic approaches, such as the use of cancer vaccines and/or adoptive cellular therapy, their most current advances and limitations and perspectives for further improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Signorini
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical & Dental Sciences, Via Pascal, 36, University of Milano, 20123 Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical & Dental Sciences, Via Pascal, 36, University of Milano, 20123 Milano, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical & Dental Sciences, Via Pascal, 36, University of Milano, 20123 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Bregni
- Ospedale di Circolo di Busto Arsizio, Via A. Da Brescia, 1, 21052 Busto Arsizio VA, Italy
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44
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Lövgren T, Sarhan D, Truxová I, Choudhary B, Maas R, Melief J, Nyström M, Edbäck U, Vermeij R, Scurti G, Nishimura M, Masucci G, Karlsson-Parra A, Lundqvist A, Adamson L, Kiessling R. Enhanced stimulation of human tumor-specific T cells by dendritic cells matured in the presence of interferon-γ and multiple toll-like receptor agonists. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:1333-1344. [PMID: 28601925 PMCID: PMC5626805 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have been demonstrated to elicit immunological responses in numerous cancer immunotherapy trials. However, long-lasting clinical effects are infrequent. We therefore sought to establish a protocol to generate DC with greater immunostimulatory capacity. Immature DC were generated from healthy donor monocytes by culturing in the presence of IL-4 and GM-CSF and were further differentiated into mature DC by the addition of cocktails containing different cytokines and toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. Overall, addition of IFNγ and the TLR7/8 agonist R848 during maturation was essential for the production of high levels of IL-12p70 which was further augmented by adding the TLR3 agonist poly I:C. In addition, the DC matured with IFNγ, R848, and poly I:C also induced upregulation of several other pro-inflammatory and Th1-skewing cytokines/chemokines, co-stimulatory receptors, and the chemokine receptor CCR7. For most cytokines and chemokines the production was even further potentiated by addition of the TLR4 agonist LPS. Concurrently, upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was modest. Most importantly, DC matured with IFNγ, R848, and poly I:C had the ability to activate IFNγ production in allogeneic T cells and this was further enhanced by adding LPS to the cocktail. Furthermore, epitope-specific stimulation of TCR-transduced T cells by peptide- or whole tumor lysate-loaded DC was efficiently stimulated only by DC matured in the full maturation cocktail containing IFNγ and the three TLR ligands R848, poly I:C, and LPS. We suggest that this cocktail is used for future clinical trials of anti-cancer DC vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Lövgren
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Cancer Center Karolinska R8:01, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Dhifaf Sarhan
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Iva Truxová
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bhavesh Choudhary
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roeltje Maas
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeroen Melief
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Nyström
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Edbäck
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Renee Vermeij
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gina Scurti
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | | | - Giuseppe Masucci
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alex Karlsson-Parra
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lundqvist
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Adamson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolf Kiessling
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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45
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Sennikov SV, Khantakova JN, Kulikova EV, Obleukhova IA, Shevchenko JA. Modern strategies and capabilities for activation of the immune response against tumor cells. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317698380. [PMID: 28513301 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317698380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells and the most potent stimulators of various immune responses, such as antitumor responses. Modern studies have not shown an effective antitumor immune response development in patients with malignant tumors. The major cause is the decrease in functional activity of dendritic cells in cancer patients through irregularities in the maturation process to a functionally active form and in the antigen presentation process to naive T lymphocytes. This review describes the main stages of cellular antitumor immune response induction in vitro, aimed at resolving the problems that are blocking the full functioning of dendritic cells, and additional stimulation of antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Vital'evich Sennikov
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology," Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Julia Nikolaevna Khantakova
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology," Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Vladimirovna Kulikova
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology," Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina Alexandrovna Obleukhova
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology," Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Julia Alexandrovna Shevchenko
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology," Novosibirsk, Russia
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46
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Xu X, Liu X, Long J, Hu Z, Zheng Q, Zhang C, Li L, Wang Y, Jia Y, Qiu W, Zhou J, Yao W, Zeng Z. Interleukin-10 reorganizes the cytoskeleton of mature dendritic cells leading to their impaired biophysical properties and motilities. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172523. [PMID: 28234961 PMCID: PMC5325303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interlukin-10 (IL-10) is an immunomodulatory cytokine which predominantly induces immune-tolerance. It has been also identified as a major cytokine in the tumor microenvironment that markedly mediates tumor immune escape. Previous studies on the roles of IL-10 in tumor immunosuppression mainly focus on its biochemical effects. But the effects of IL-10 on the biophysical characteristics of immune cells are ill-defined. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells and play a key role in the anti-tumor immune response. IL-10 can affect the immune regulatory functions of DCs in various ways. In this study, we aim to explore the effects of IL-10 on the biophysical functions of mature DCs (mDCs). mDCs were treated with different concentrations of IL-10 and their biophysical characteristics were identified. The results showed that the biophysical properties of mDCs, including electrophoresis mobility, osmotic fragility and deformability, as well as their motilities, were impaired by IL-10. Meanwhile, the cytoskeleton (F-actin) of mDCs was reorganized by IL-10. IL-10 caused the alternations in the expressions of fasin1 and profilin1 as well as the phosphorylation of cofilin1 in a concentration-dependent fashion. Moreover, Fourier transformed infrared resonance data showed that IL-10 made the status of gene transcription and metabolic turnover of mDCs more active. These results demonstrate a new aspect of IL-10's actions on the immune system and represent one of the mechanisms for immune escape of tumors. It may provide a valuable clue to optimize and improve the efficiency of DC-based immunotherapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
- Engineering Center of Medical Biotechnology Application, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
- School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
- Hemorheology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Xianmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
- Engineering Center of Medical Biotechnology Application, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
- School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
- Hemorheology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Jinhua Long
- Department of Head and Neck, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R.China
| | - Zuquan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
- Engineering Center of Medical Biotechnology Application, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
- School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Qinni Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Chunlin Zhang
- Engineering Center of Medical Biotechnology Application, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Nephropathy & Rheumatism, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Duyun, P.R.China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
- Engineering Center of Medical Biotechnology Application, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
- School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Yi Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
- Engineering Center of Medical Biotechnology Application, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
- School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
- Engineering Center of Medical Biotechnology Application, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
- School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
- Engineering Center of Medical Biotechnology Application, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
- School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Weijuan Yao
- Hemorheology Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P.R.China
| | - Zhu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Medical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
- Engineering Center of Medical Biotechnology Application, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
- School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, P.R. China
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47
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Waisman A, Lukas D, Clausen BE, Yogev N. Dendritic cells as gatekeepers of tolerance. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 39:153-163. [PMID: 27456849 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are unique hematopoietic cells, linking innate and adaptive immune responses. In particular, they are considered as the most potent antigen presenting cells, governing both T cell immunity and tolerance. In view of their exceptional ability to present antigen and to interact with T cells, DC play distinct roles in shaping T cell development, differentiation and function. The outcome of the DC-T cell interaction is determined by the state of DC maturation, the type of DC subset, the cytokine microenvironment and the tissue location. Both regulatory T cells (Tregs) and DC are indispensable for maintaining central and peripheral tolerance. Over the past decade, accumulating data indicate that DC critically contribute to Treg differentiation and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Dominika Lukas
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Björn E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nir Yogev
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Shahjahan Miah SM, Erick TK, Emerich DF. Dendritic Cell-Based Cancer Therapies: Current Status and Future Directions. CELL THERAPY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57153-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Zheng Y, Yang Y, Wu S, Zhu Y, Tang X, Liu X. Combining MPDL3280A with adoptive cell immunotherapy exerts better antitumor effects against cervical cancer. Bioengineered 2016; 8:367-373. [PMID: 27754760 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1230573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As the second most common gynecologic malignant tumors with a high mortality rate, cervical cancer jeopardizes women's life worldwide. The low cure rate in cervical cancer patients is mainly attributed to the lack of effective therapies. One feasible novel strategy is to develop immune-based approaches such as adoptive cell immunotherapy of DCCIKs which represents a promising nontoxic antineoplastic immunotherapy preferred in clinic practice. However, the therapeutic effect is not as efficient as anticipated. Possible explanations are tumors exploit immunoregulatory check-points such as programmed death 1(PD1)/PDL1 which provides tumor cells an escape strategy of circumventing immunologic rejection from immune surveillance by hampering activated tumor-specific T cell activities and rendering them functionally exhausted. With reduced transformation activity and enhanced antigenicity, a modified HPV16 E7 (HPV16mE7) was used to load DCs with silenced SOCS1 mediated by a recombinant adenovirus to improve the targetability and efficiency against cervical cancer. Combined with anti-PDL1 antibody MPDL3280A therapy, the co-cultured DCCIKs were transfused into murine models bearing tumor of HPV16 E6/E7 expressing CaSki cells for in vitro/in vivo antitumor activity assay. Although all of the animals succumbed to CaSki tumors even after adoptive DCCIKs transfer or MPDL3280A immunotherapy, the infusion of PDL1 blocking monoclonal antibody with activated T cells cured 40% of animals. These data support PDL1 blockade improves the efficacy of adoptive DCCIKs therapy, providing a new approach of immunotherapy against cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- a The Central Laboratory , Shenzhen Guangming New District People's Hospital , Shenzhen , P.R. China
| | - Yicheng Yang
- b Department of Dermatology , Shenzhen Baoan Shajing People's Hospital , Shenzhen , P.R. China
| | - Shu Wu
- a The Central Laboratory , Shenzhen Guangming New District People's Hospital , Shenzhen , P.R. China
| | - Yongqiang Zhu
- c Department of Medical Genetics , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Tang
- d Huainan First People's Hospital and First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College , Anhui University of Science and Technology , Huainan , P.R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Liu
- e Department of Urology , the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , P.R. China
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Steinman L, Bar-Or A, Behne JM, Benitez-Ribas D, Chin PS, Clare-Salzler M, Healey D, Kim JI, Kranz DM, Lutterotti A, Martin R, Schippling S, Villoslada P, Wei CH, Weiner HL, Zamvil SS, Yeaman MR, Smith TJ. Restoring immune tolerance in neuromyelitis optica: Part I. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2016; 3:e276. [PMID: 27648463 PMCID: PMC5015539 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and spectrum disorder (NMO/SD) represent a vexing process and its clinical variants appear to have at their pathogenic core the loss of immune tolerance to the aquaporin-4 water channel protein. This process results in a characteristic pattern of astrocyte dysfunction, loss, and demyelination that predominantly affects the spinal cord and optic nerves. Although several empirical therapies are currently used in the treatment of NMO/SD, none has been proven effective in prospective, adequately powered, randomized trials. Furthermore, most of the current therapies subject patients to long-term immunologic suppression that can cause serious infections and development of cancers. The following is the first of a 2-part description of several key immune mechanisms in NMO/SD that might be amenable to therapeutic restoration of immune tolerance. It is intended to provide a roadmap for how potential immune tolerance restorative techniques might be applied to patients with NMO/SD. This initial installment provides a background rationale underlying attempts at immune tolerization. It provides specific examples of innovative approaches that have emerged recently as a consequence of technical advances. In several autoimmune diseases, these strategies have been reduced to practice. Therefore, in theory, the identification of aquaporin-4 as the dominant autoantigen makes NMO/SD an ideal candidate for the development of tolerizing therapies or cures for this increasingly recognized disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Steinman
- Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Neuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Forest Landing Court (H.L.W.), Rockville, MD; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (S.S.Z.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (H.L.W.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Medicine (S.S.Z.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism and Endocrine Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (T.J.S.)
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Neuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Forest Landing Court (H.L.W.), Rockville, MD; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (S.S.Z.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (H.L.W.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Medicine (S.S.Z.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism and Endocrine Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (T.J.S.)
| | - Jacinta M Behne
- Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Neuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Forest Landing Court (H.L.W.), Rockville, MD; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (S.S.Z.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (H.L.W.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Medicine (S.S.Z.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism and Endocrine Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (T.J.S.)
| | - Daniel Benitez-Ribas
- Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Neuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Forest Landing Court (H.L.W.), Rockville, MD; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (S.S.Z.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (H.L.W.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Medicine (S.S.Z.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism and Endocrine Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (T.J.S.)
| | - Peter S Chin
- Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Neuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Forest Landing Court (H.L.W.), Rockville, MD; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (S.S.Z.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (H.L.W.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Medicine (S.S.Z.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism and Endocrine Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (T.J.S.)
| | - Michael Clare-Salzler
- Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Neuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Forest Landing Court (H.L.W.), Rockville, MD; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (S.S.Z.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (H.L.W.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Medicine (S.S.Z.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism and Endocrine Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (T.J.S.)
| | - Donald Healey
- Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Neuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Forest Landing Court (H.L.W.), Rockville, MD; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (S.S.Z.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (H.L.W.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Medicine (S.S.Z.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism and Endocrine Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (T.J.S.)
| | - James I Kim
- Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Neuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Forest Landing Court (H.L.W.), Rockville, MD; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (S.S.Z.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (H.L.W.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Medicine (S.S.Z.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism and Endocrine Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (T.J.S.)
| | - David M Kranz
- Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Neuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Forest Landing Court (H.L.W.), Rockville, MD; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (S.S.Z.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (H.L.W.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Medicine (S.S.Z.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism and Endocrine Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (T.J.S.)
| | - Andreas Lutterotti
- Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Neuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Forest Landing Court (H.L.W.), Rockville, MD; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (S.S.Z.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (H.L.W.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Medicine (S.S.Z.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism and Endocrine Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (T.J.S.)
| | - Roland Martin
- Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Neuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Forest Landing Court (H.L.W.), Rockville, MD; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (S.S.Z.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (H.L.W.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Medicine (S.S.Z.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism and Endocrine Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (T.J.S.)
| | - Sven Schippling
- Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Neuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Forest Landing Court (H.L.W.), Rockville, MD; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (S.S.Z.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (H.L.W.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Medicine (S.S.Z.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism and Endocrine Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (T.J.S.)
| | - Pablo Villoslada
- Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Neuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Forest Landing Court (H.L.W.), Rockville, MD; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (S.S.Z.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (H.L.W.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Medicine (S.S.Z.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism and Endocrine Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (T.J.S.)
| | - Cheng-Hong Wei
- Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Neuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Forest Landing Court (H.L.W.), Rockville, MD; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (S.S.Z.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (H.L.W.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Medicine (S.S.Z.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism and Endocrine Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (T.J.S.)
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Neuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Forest Landing Court (H.L.W.), Rockville, MD; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (S.S.Z.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (H.L.W.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Medicine (S.S.Z.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism and Endocrine Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (T.J.S.)
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Neuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Forest Landing Court (H.L.W.), Rockville, MD; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (S.S.Z.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (H.L.W.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Medicine (S.S.Z.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism and Endocrine Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (T.J.S.)
| | - Michael R Yeaman
- Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Neuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Forest Landing Court (H.L.W.), Rockville, MD; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (S.S.Z.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (H.L.W.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Medicine (S.S.Z.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism and Endocrine Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (T.J.S.)
| | - Terry J Smith
- Department of Neurology (L.S.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA; Neuroimmunology Unit and Experimental Therapeutics Program (A.B.-O.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; The Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation (J.M.B.), San Diego, CA; Department of Gastroenterology (D.B.-R., P.V.), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd and Center of Neuroimmunology & Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Genentech, Inc. (P.S.C.), South San Francisco, CA; Department of Pathology (M.C.-S.), University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville; Opexa Therapeutics (D.H.), The Woodlands, TX; Department of Surgery (J.I.K.), Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry (D.M.K.), University of Illinois, Urbana; Neuroimmunology and MS Research (A.L., R.M., S.S.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Switzerland; Forest Landing Court (H.L.W.), Rockville, MD; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (S.S.Z.), Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (H.L.W.), University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Department of Medicine (S.S.Z.), Divisions of Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles; Harbor-UCLA Medical Center & LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center (M.R.Y.), Torrance, CA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism and Endocrine Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (T.J.S.)
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